pages 2-5
© Multiply and divide two or more algebraic fractions ~ pages 5-7
© Add or subtract two or more algebraic fractions > pages 7-8
© Convert an expression with linear factors in the
denominator into partial fractions > pages 9-11
© Convert an expression with repeated linear factors
in the denominator into partial fractions > pages 12-13
© Divide algebraic expressions > pages 14-17
© Convert an improper fraction into partial fraction form > pages 17-18
Pe
“ 1 Factorise each polynomial
“ a xe 6x45 b x°-16
© 9x27 25 € Vear 1, Section 1.3
2. Simplify fully the following algebraic
fractions. :
a 2-9 az+5x-12
+ 9x +18 6x?-7x-3
Zoe
le Year 1, Section 7.1
=x?+3x+18
3. For any integers n and m, decide whether
the following will always be odd, always be
even, or could be either.
You can use proof by contradiction to
prove that there is an infinite number
of prime numbers. Very large prime a gn bn-m
numbers are used to encode chip and pin © 3m d 2-5
transactions. + Example 4, page 3 Year 1, Section 7.6 Chapter 1
(1.1) Proof by contradiction
Acontradiction is a disagreement between two statements, which means that both cannot be true.
Proof by contradiction is a powerful technique.
= To prove a statement by contradiction you start by assuming Ca Remieene
is not true. You then use logical steps to show that this RhSLSSersthe falsehood
assumption leads to something impossible (either a fannie ttenenre
contradiction of the assumption, or a contradiction of a called the negation of
fact you know to be true). You can conclude that your that statement.
assumption was incorrect, and the original statement was true.
Prove by contradiction that there is no greatest odd integer.
Begin by assuming the original statement is false.
Assumption: there is a greatest odd
This is the negation of the original statement.
integes n
n+ 2s also an integer and n+ 2> 4
nt 2 biakosaiintege sndin it Zie a You need to use logical steps to reach a
n+ 2 = odd + even = odd
So there exists an odd integer greater than
‘This contradicts the assumption that the
greatest odd integer is n.
contradiction. Show all of your working.
The existence of an odd integer greater than n
contradicts your initial assumption.
Therefore, there is no greatest odd integer. ——
Gann
Prove by contradiction that if nis even, then n must be even.
Finish your proof by concluding that the original
statement must be true.
Assumption This is the negation of the original statement.
that n? is eve
there exists a number n such
but mis odd.
is odd so write m= 2k +1 -——_ You can write any odd number in the form 2k + 1
n= (2k+1)2=4k2 44k +1 where kis an integer.
(2k? + 2k) +1
So n? is odd. All multiples of 2 are even numbers, so 1 more
than a multiple of 2 is an odd number.
This contradicts the assumption that 1? is
a Finish your proof by concluding that the original
‘statement must be true.
a
b
© An irrational number cannot be expressed in the form i where a
and b are integers,
™ Arational number can be written as”, where a and b are integers.
CED aise
‘set of all rational
numbers. Algebraic methods
Prove by contradiction that V2 is an irrational number.
Assumption: V2 is a rational number. Begin by assuming the original statement is false.
Then V2 for some integers, a and b.
b io | Thisis the definition ofa rational number.
Also assume that this fraction cannot be
reduced further: there are no common factors -—_f@and b did havea common factor you could just
between a and bh, cancel until this fraction was in its simplest form.
So 2
Z Square both sides and make a? the subject.
This means that a® must be even, so ais also Th
even,
If ais even, then it can be expressed in the
We proved this result in Example 2.
form a = 2n, where n is an integer
So a° = 2b? becomes (2n)® = 262 which
means An? = 26? or 2
This means that b? must be even, so bis also
Again using the result from Example 2
even
Hf and b are both even, they will have a
common factor of 2.
This contradicts the statement that a and b
All even numbers are divisible by 2.
have no common factors
Finish your proof by concluding that the original
Therefore V2 is an irrational number.
statement must be true.
Prove by contradiction that there are infinitely many prime numbers.
‘Assumption: there is a finite number of prime Begin by assuming the original statement is false.
numbers
List all the prime numbers that exist:
Po Pos Pax oo Py) I
Consider the number
This isa list of all possible prime numbers,
This new number is one more than the product of
N= py X po Ps % ou. & Ppt ae
Pi 8 Pe *P P the existing prime numbers.
When you divide N by any of the prime
numbers Py, Pos Pas «Px YOU get a remainder
Of 1, So none of the prime numbers Ps. Po Pa
« Pnis a factor of N.
N must either be prime oF have a prim . ,
a Mince be ener (eve Fie This contradicts the assumption that the list.
factor which is not in the ist of all possible =
ales aiaialaeiaiiaiiaaiel 1 Pa Pr --sPyContains all the prime numbers.
prime numbers.
This is a contradiction
Conclude your proof by stating that the original
Therefore, there is an infinite number of prime ~——
statement must be true.
numbers, Chapter 1
Select the statement that is the negation of ‘All multiples of three are even’.
A All multiples of three are odd.
B Atleast one multiple of three is odd.
C No multiples of three are even,
Write down the negation of each statement.
a Allrich people are happy.
b There are no prime numbers between 10 million and 11 million.
€ If p and q are prime numbers then (pq + 1) isa prime number.
d All numbers of the form 2" - | are either prime numbers or multiples of 3.
€ Atleast one of the above four statements is true.
‘Statement: If n° is odd then n is odd.
a Write down the negation of this statement.
b Prove the original statement by contradiction.
Prove the following statements by contradiction.
a There is no greatest even integer.
b If is even then nis even.
If pqis even then at least one of p and q is even.
4 If p + q is odd then at least one of p and q is odd.
a Prove that if ab is an irrational number then at least one of @ and b is an irrational number.
(3 marks)
b Prove that if a + b is an irrational number then at least one of « and b is an irrational
number, (3 marks)
¢ A student makes the following statement:
If a+ bisa rational number then at least one of a and b is a rational number.
Show by means of a counterexample that this statement is not true, (1 mark)
Use proof by contradiction to show that there exist
no integers a and for which 21a + 145 = 1.
q@pD ‘Assume the opposite is true,
‘and then divide both sides by the
highest common factor of 21 and 14.
a Prove by contradiction that i wis a multiple of 3, BR gadidernumbersin the form
niga multiple of 3. G marks) aR endsheee
b Hence prove by contradiction that V3 is an
irrational number. G marks) Algebraic methods
® _8 Use proof by contradiction to prove the statement:
“There are no integer solutions to the equation
xtayta??
[ int } You can assume that x and y_
are positive, since (x) = x*.
EB) 9 Prove by contradiction that V2 is irrational. (5 marks)
B®) 10 This student has attempted to use proof by contradiction to show that there is no least positive
rational number:
‘Assumption: There is a least positive rational number. Grea
Let this least positive rational number be 1 You might have to
\ a analyse student
‘As mis rational, n =“ where a and b are integers.
4 working like this
n in your exam. The
_question says, the
Since a and b are integers, 7= is a rational number that is less than n, | | @ffOfs sOthere should
6 only be one error in
This contradicts the statement that m is the least positive rational number. the proof.
Therefore, there is no least positive rational number.
a Identify the error in the student's proof. (1 mark)
b Prove by contradiction that there is no least positive rational number. (5 marks)
@® Algebraic fractions
Algebraic fractions work in the same way as numeric fractions. You can simplify them by cancelling
common factors and finding common denominators.
= To multiply fractions, cancel any common factors, then multiply the numerators and
multiply the denominators.
Simplify the following products:
©
3.5 a
95% ba
+ 1e=
a
Cex = 1)
5 Chapter 1
® To divide two fractions, multiply the first fraction by the reciprocal of the second fraction.
Simplify:
eXt2, e+ Alix = 4)
oxt4* Bxt2)
a4
Sts
2 Simplity:
1 @-9 weo3y yt
a (x+2)x bayaae* oy
2, 42-25, 2v45
ped 4dye3 . wo3x 4x-107> 8
x43 45x 4 tay 4 B46 ; Seto a
8 2410x425 “+3 0 15 2 *@nyp
GP) 3 Show that (4 marks)
2n2— My 40 x24 8x 416 , 8x24 20-48 _ a
©) 4 Show that ASS Gana as Plo case gs 75 AM find the values
of the constants a and 6, where a and b are integers. (4 marks) Algebraic methods
24 dy
@® 5 a Simplify fully *28= 74 marks) EBDD simpiryand then solve the
2x?-+ 10x logarithmic equation.
€ Year 1, Section 14.6
b Given that
Inl(x? + 2x — 24)x? — 3x)) = 2 + Inl(2x? + 1Oxix? + 3 - 18) find x in terms of e. (4marks)
@ 6 we * SP an @D ore tate cach im
} sepa
2 ‘ Year 1, Section 12.5
a Show that ffx) = 2+ 13548 (4 marks) *
b Hence differentiate f(x) and find (4). (GB marks)
= To add or subtract two fractions, find a common denominator.
Simplify the following:
= Sat 2b
6x
eet
@+3 WFD
eet) tx + 3)
“(e+ 3x4) + EHD
= ce + 1) = 1+ 3)
owt e+
_2xt2-tr-3
+ Dee
!
w+ Fe
7 Chapter 1
3 Ax
—_*__
~ 3-1) as
“w+ De)
G+ 1
oes
1 Write as a single fraction:
1 3.2
asta bi-F
2 Write as a single fraction:
3__2) 4
x oxtl © teat x-
ative n-hieedd f 3 +
3 2 2643) 736
3 Write as a single fraction:
2 1 1.3 2 3
8 By2eel xe! bathe? 46x49 wadned
2 3 ~ 3 x42 val
xP y-x xt43x+20 xitdvt4 w?-x-12) x? 45x46
6x+1 4 f eo
© 4 Express Pe Dea Ts yg 8S Single fraction in its simplest form. (4 marks)
5 Express cach of the following as a fraction in its simplest form.
3,2 ,1 p4_-2,_! 3,2, 4
x+1 "x42 3x x-2° 2x41 x-1 xt) x-3
4Qx-I) 7 ingle ft in its simplest fe 4
© 6 Express Box? ot Gx aT #82 Single fraction in its simplest form. (4 marks)
6 36
©@ 7 e=x+ Tatra NERA 24
w= 2x +12
(r+ Dir -4)
a Show that g(x) (4marks)
b Using algebraic long division, or otherwise, further show that g(x) (4 marks) Algebraic methods
@® Partial fractions
= A single fraction with two distinct linear factors in the denominator can be split into two
separate fractions with linear denominators. This is called splitting it into partial fractions.
———17——-A and Bare constants to be found.
5 AB
G+ DG) eet x4 The expression is rewritten Gp Partial fractions are used for
I 1____1____ as the sum of two partial binomial expansions d az
The denominator contains two fractions.
integration. > Chapter 12
linear factors: (x + 1) and (x - 4).
There are two methods to find the constants 4 and B: by substitution and by equating coefficients.
Gand
6x -
Split = 300+)
{
into partial fractions by: a substitution b equating coefficients.
a Orn?
@- a+)
(x = 3)x + 1)
Gx - 2 = Ale + 1) + Ble - 3)
6x3-2=A3+ 1+ BG -3)
1G=4A
A=4
Gx=2
“= Sheed
ex-2 A B
&=3ee) v= 3 7x47
= Ae ++ Bor- 3)
(r= Be +)
Ax + 1) + Bux = 3)
= (A+ Bix + (4 ~ 3B)
6x-2
Equate coefficients of x:
G=A+B w
Equate constant terms:
-2=A-3B
= 2)
9
6=4B
= Be2
Substitute B= 2 in (l) >G=A+2
4 Chapter 1
= The method of partial fractions can also be
used when there are more than two distinct
linear factors in the denominator.
7
(v= 2)(x + 6)(x + 3)
i A B c
can be split into 5 + xa
The constants 4, Band C can again be found by
either substitution or by equating coefficients.
For example, the expression
Gane
6x7 + Sx-2
xr DQx+ 1D =
Given that £
SURED This method cannot be used fora
‘epeated linear factor in the denominator.
9
For example the expression yee
A B €
cannot be rewritten 25 5 +a tear
because (x ~ 1) is a repeated factor. There is
‘more on this in the next section.
find the values of the constants 4, B and C.
(2x + 1) + Bx(2x + 1) +
(2x +1)
x — 12x + 1)
let v= 0:
Gx?+5x-2 _2
Se xce= Wax+ 1) = x
10 Algebraic methods
1 Express the following as partial fractions:
a —6x=2 bp —2xtul
(x= 2)" +3) (x+ Der+4)
2v-13 Hint
‘aes LEDD First factorise the denominator,
© 2 Show that GS y-— a) Sa be written in the form 74— where A and Bare
+a =) F+x
constants © ote found. (3 marks)
© 3 The expression 4 — can be written in partial fractions as 3.
(=r +8) x48
Find the values of the constants A and B.
2x? - 12x - 26
© 4 = Bae Dey?
Given that h(x) can be expressed in the form A> S&S , find the values of
A, Band C (4 marks)
© 5 Given that, for x < ~ *3Qx+DGx-2) = q+ Where D, Eand Fare
constants. Find the values of D, E and F. (4 marks)
6 Express the following as partial fractions:
a 28-12-26 p rls? 8042 ¢ oS = 19x 32
G+ De 20+5) xx + Gx -2) + Dot 200-3)
©® 7 Express the following as partial fractions:
7 6x24 7x -3 b 8x49
Bax 10x? + 3x-4
Ciers
CED Fist facorise the denominator
as a sum of fractions with linear denominators.
1 Chapter 1
@® Repeated factors
= A single fraction with a repeated linear factor in the denominator can be split into two or
more separate fractions.
In this case, there is a special method for dealing with the repeated linear factor.
Aand Band Care
.—
7 . constants to be found.
x43 (x43"
2x+9
(r= Sor + 3P
The denominator contains three linear
factors: (x ~ 5), (+3) and (x +3).
(v+3) isa repeated linear factor.
The expression is rewritten
as the sum of three partial
fractions. Notice that
(= 5), (x +3) and (x +3)?
Example are the denominators.
Lx? + 14x +5 sae A B é
Show that @wrlpOx+) can be written in the form Reel? where 4, Band C
are constants to be found.
let
MWwe+ 14x45 _ A eat
(e+ De2x4) HD” 4D” Axed
_ Ate + 2x + 1) + Bl2x + 1) + Clr + 17
| (e+ 12x +1)
Hence 1x? + 14x45
= A(x + (2x + 1) + Bl2x +1) + Clx + 1)? (1)
Let
1-1445=4x0+Bx14+Cx0
1B
Mx? + 14x +5
"
Hence y+ Mex+ 1)
= a oe =. i EETEDD check your answer using the
- simultaneous equations function on your
So A= 4, B= -2 and C= 3. calculator.
12 Algebraic methods
zr)
Bx2+x41
© tO ee tore
Given that f(x) can be expressed in the form You might also like
