Biostatistic Chpt.1

Faculty of medicine and Pharmacy / Al-mergib University - Biostatistics for Premedical students - Academic year 2022/2023
Dr. A. A. Aziz
Dr. M.O. Alshrani
Chapter I
PRESENTATION DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF

STATISTICAL DATA
1.1 Some Basic Concepts:
1) STATISTICS:
The science of collecting, classifying, presenting and interpreting
numerical data.
Statistics is classified to two subcategories which:
A. Descriptive Statistics: it includes the collection presentation and
description of numerical data.
B. Inferential Statistics: the technique of interpreting the value
resulting from descriptive technique and then using them to make
decisions.
2) BIOSTATISTICS:
When the data being analyzed are derived from the biological sciences
and medicine.
3) POPULATION:(Statistical population)
A collection, or set, of individuals, objects, or measurements whose
properties are to be analyzed.
4) SAMPLE:
A subset of population.
5) DATA: it is the raw material of statistics which contains information
and numbers collected from observed subjects.
 Sources of Data:
1-Routinely kept Records
2-Surveys
3-Experiments
4-External Data.
6) Variable:
An observed characteristic that takes different values in different
subjects.
If the values of the variable cannot be exactly predicted for the object.
Then we call it random variable.
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Dr. A. A. Aziz
Dr. M.O. Alshrani
 Types Of the variables :

1-Quantitative (Numerical) :
can be measured in usual sense like height , weight, temperature,
number of children in the family,…..etc.
2-Qualitative (Categorical) :
Not capable of being measured in sense of heights and weights but it
just considers quality. E.g. gender, car type,…etc.
 The Numerical variable can also be classified into:

1-Discrete Variable: No values between any two consecutive values of
the variable like the number of children in the family.
(points)
2-Continuous Variable: There is an infinite number of values between

any two values of the variable like height and age.
(Intervals)
Scales (Levels) Of Measurement:

A. Nominal Scale (Labels):
classifies data into mutually exclusive exhausting categories in which no
order or ranking can be imposed on the data.
Examples: Gender(M/F), Blood Type(A,B,AB,O).
B. Ordinal Scale:
classifies data into categories that can be ranked, however, precise
differences between the ranks does not exist.
Examples: feeling(Very Unhappy, Unhappy, Ok, Happy , Very happy) .
C. Interval Scale :
ranks data and precise differences between units of measure do
exist, however, no meaningful zero. Moreover, ratios can not be
computed.
Examples : Celsius temperature, The date.
D. Ratio Scale :
posses all characteristics of Interval measurement, and there is a
true zero. These variables can be meaningfully added, subtracted,
multiplied, divided (ratios).
Examples: Height, Weight.
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Dr. A. A. Aziz
Dr. M.O. Alshrani
 Summary
7) PARAMETER:
A numerical characteristic of an entire population µ, , P.
8) STATISTIC:
A numerical characteristic of sample ̅ , , ̂ .
9) The Dataset:
It is a collection of data usually presented in tabular form.
For example:
Patient Smoking
Gender Height(in cm) Weight(in kg)
Number Status
209432 M 167 65 S
209561 F 166 62 N
195665 F 172 69 N
304111 M 184 77 S
455420 F 170 79 S
107324 M 188 89 S
204552 M 176 96 S
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Dr. A. A. Aziz
Dr. M.O. Alshrani
 Sampling Methods:
1. Random Sampling:
random samples are selected by using chance methods or random
numbers. Every subject in the population has the same chance of
being selected.
2. Systematic Sampling:
can be obtained by numbering each subject of the population and
selecting every kth subject.
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Dr. A. A. Aziz
Dr. M.O. Alshrani
3. Stratified Sampling:
can be obtained by dividing the population into groups (strata)
according to some characteristic that is important for the study,
then sampling from each group.
4. Cluster Sampling:
here the population is divided into groups ( clusters ) by some
means such as geographical areas. Then the researcher randomly
selects some of these clusters and uses all members of the selected
clusters
5
Dr. A. A. Aziz
Dr. M.O. Alshrani
1.2 Statistical Tables:
1) Simple Tables: (Single variable data).

Organizing data into a table or a graph by putting them into non-
overlapping classes ( intervals) or categories.
Class( or Category) Frequency

…………………………………. ………………………
…………………………………. ……………………...
…………………………………… ………………………
……………………………………. …………………….
…………………………………….. ……………………
………………………………….. …………………..
……………………………………. ……………………..
Example1:
The following data is representing the group of blood of 20 patients.
O AB O B A B O A B O
A O A B O B O O AB A
Question:
Put this data in Frequency distribution simple table.
Solution:
Group of blood Frequency "fi"

A 5
B 5
AB 2
O 8
Total "∑ 20
Example2:
The following data is representing the degrees of students in one
subject.
65 60 65 65 50 50 42 40 30 60
42 40 30 50 92 50 42 60 65 60
50 42 50 42 60 60 50 65 40 60
60 68 65 50 68 60 65 92 92 92
80 65 68 68 68 65 68 80 65 92
Question:
Put this data in Frequency distribution simple table.
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Dr. A. A. Aziz
Dr. M.O. Alshrani
Solution:
Arrange the degrees in increasing or decreasing order after determine
how many students "frequency" corresponding to each degree.
Then summarize the data in simple frequency distribution table as:
Total
Degree 30 40 42 50 60 68 80 92
"∑
Frequency "fi" 2 3 5 8 10 9 6 2 50
Example3:
The numbers of medical tests that 17 patients did are shown below:
1,2,0,2,1,3,2,2,1,3,4,2,1,2,2,1,1
Make a table to organize these data .
Solution:
No. of medical Total
0 1 2 3 4
tests "∑
Frequency "fi" 1 6 7 2 1 17
2) Frequency Tables having intervals.

If the data is large with few frequencies, we can build the
frequency distribution table with intervals by following steps:
i- Find the Range which is difference between the smallest and

largest number in the data
R = Max - Min
ii- Number of intervals "K" :
√
iii- Width of interval "W":
Then, the frequency distribution table with intervals can be constructed.

Example4:
Put the following data in frequency distribution table with intervals:
38 36 40 36 30 28 22 16 37 31
40 30 36 40 33 31 31 15 15 20
23 41 36 32 26 19 18 23 23 30
35 28 27 21 17 19 17 30 38 30
22 23 16 15 22 29 36 32 35 37
15 15 19 34 35 36 41 40 34 30
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Dr. A. A. Aziz
Dr. M.O. Alshrani
Solution
i- R = Max - Min
= 41 – 15 = 26
ii- √
√ ( )
iii-
Now, we can construct our intervals as :
Class Intervals Frequency "f"

15 – 19 10
19 – 23 8
23 – 27 5
27 – 31 10
31 – 35 8
35 – 39 13
39 – 43 6
∑
Example5:
Put the following data in (grouped data) frequency distribution table with
intervals:
68 63 42 27 30 36 28 32 79 27
22 24 25 44 23 65 43 25 74 51
36 42 28 31 28 25 45 12 57 51
12 32 49 38 42 27 31 50 38 21
16 24 69 47 23 22 43 27 49 28
23 19 46 30 43 49 12
Solution
i- The Range : R = Max – Min = 79 – 12 = 67

ii- Number of intervals : K
√ √
iii- Width of interval :
8
Dr. A. A. Aziz
Dr. M.O. Alshrani
Class Intervals Frequency "f"

9 – 19 4
19 – 29 20
29 – 39 10
39 – 49 10
49 – 59 7
59 – 69 3
69 – 79 3
∑
Note :
There are two kinds of frequency distribution tables:
Table No.1 Table No.2

Class Intervals Frequency Class Intervals Frequency
60 – 62 5 60 – 62 5
63 – 65 15 62 – 64 15
66 – 68 45 64 – 66 45
69 – 71 27 66 – 68 27
72 - 74 8 68 - 70 8
gaps No gaps
- The table N0.1 called discontinuity.

- The table N0.2 called continuity
- Change the discontinuity interval to continuity interval
The discontinuity interval can be changed to continuity interval by

doing the following steps:
 The true lower limit = The lower limit – 0.5

 The true upper limit = The upper limit + 0.5
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Dr. A. A. Aziz
Dr. M.O. Alshrani
For example:
Table No.1
class limits True class limits Frequency
60 – 62 59.5 – 62.5 5
63 – 65 62.5 – 65.5 15
66 – 68 65.5 – 68.5 45
69 – 71 68.5 – 71.5 27
72 - 74 71.5 – 75.5 8
Notes:
The width of interval and the center of interval "class midpoint" can be
The width of interval and the center of interval "class midpoint" can be
calculated as :
 The width of interval = The true upper limit - The true lower limit
 The center of interval =
Ex. The width of interval [59.5 – 62.5] = 62.5 – 59.5 = 3
Class midpoint [interval center] =
3) Other types of frequencies:

i. Relative Frequency distributions:
The relative frequency distribution is a table includes two columns one of
them is for "class intervals", and another one is for relative frequency that
may be obtained from this rule:
Class Limits Frequency Relative Frequency( RF)

12----19 7
20 ----27 17
28 ----35 10
36 ----43 4
44 ----51 1
52 ----59 1
∑ 40
11
Dr. A. A. Aziz
Dr. M.O. Alshrani
ii. Cumulative Frequency distributions:

There are two of cumulative frequency distributions which are:
- Increasing cumulative frequency.
- Decreasing cumulative frequency.
Example:
frequency distribution Increasing cumulative Decreasing cumulative

table frequency frequency
Increasing Decreasing
Class Frequency Cumulative Cumulative
Classes Classes
interval fi Frequency Frequency
(ICF) (DCF)
10 – 20 3 Less than 20 3 Greater than 11 51
70 - 80 3 Less than 80 50 Greater than 71 3
∑ 50
- Homework
Q1) Define the following:
STATISTICS – POPULATION – DATA – Variable - Scales (Levels) Of
Measurement – PARAMETER – STATISTIC - Sampling Methods.
Q2) The amount of protein (in grams) for a variety of fast-food

sandwiches is reported here.
23 30 20 27 44 26 35 20 29 29
25 15 18 27 19 22 12 26 34 15
27 35 26 43 35 14 24 12 23 31
40 35 38 57 22 42 24 21 27 33
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Dr. A. A. Aziz
Dr. M.O. Alshrani
Find:
1. Frequency distribution table.
2. Increasing and Decreasing cumulative frequency.
3. Relative frequency.
4. Class midpoints.
Q3) Complete the following frequency distribution table:
Increasing Decreasing
Class Frequency Relative Cumulative Cumulative
interval fi Frequency Frequency Frequency
(ICF) (DCF)
4–6 …… …… 3 ……
6–8 …… 0.125 …… ……
8 – 10 …… …… 18 ……
10 – 12 …… 0.25 …… ……
12 – 14 9 …… …… ……
14 – 16 …… …… …… ……
16 – 18 …… 0.0625 48 ……
Q4) Consider the following data:

34 56 45 34 23 12 23 34 55 66
77 88 99 90 45 56 65 78 87 98
89 23 12 21 32 35 48
Construct a frequency of this data in 4 classes of equal length.
Q5) From the following data :
xi O A AB B A- AB- ∑
Frequency 12 14 22 A 5 10 90
Find A?
12
Dr. A. A. Aziz
Dr. M.O. Alshrani
1.3- GRAPICAL DISTRIBUTION:

1) The Histogram [frequency histogram:
Example:
intervals Frequency fi Class midpoint
10 – 20 3 15
20 – 30 6 25
30 – 40 10 35
40 – 50 15 45
50 – 60 8 55
60 – 70 5 65
70 – 80 3 75
2) The Frequency Polygon:

Example:
intervals Frequency fi
10 – 20 3
20 – 30 6
30 – 40 10
40 – 50 15
50 – 60 8
60 – 70 5
70 – 80 3
13
Dr. A. A. Aziz
Dr. M.O. Alshrani
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Frequency Polygon of Student Grades
3) The Frequency Curve:

Example:
intervals Frequency fi
10 – 20 3
20 – 30 6
30 – 40 10
40 – 50 15
50 – 60 8
60 – 70 5
70 – 80 3
16
14
12
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
14
Dr. A. A. Aziz
Dr. M.O. Alshrani
4) Bar Chart:
Example: The table shows the number of people in 2021 by age interval.
Frequency
Age interval
Number of people
37488 0–4
38672 5–9
35335 10 – 14
33520 15 – 19
27783 20 – 24
20290 25 – 29
Number of people
45000
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0- 4 5.- 9 10. - 14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29
5) Pie Chart [circle blocks]:

Example1: represent the following data by pie chart:
0 1 2 3 2 2 2 2 2
2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0
2 2 2 2 4 4 4 1 2
Solution
- Relative frequency of the block = ∑
- Measure [angle] of block =
∑
15
Dr. A. A. Aziz
Dr. M.O. Alshrani
Interval Frequency Angle

0 5
1 6
2 16
3 6
4 3
Sum 36
Pie Chart
4 0
3
1
- Homework:
Q1) The following table is for the number of 24 patients, the question
is to represent it by a Bar Chart and Pie Chart?
Value Frequency
weak 2
good 8
very good 4
excellent 5
mean 5
Sum 24
16

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Faculty of medicine and Pharmacy / Al-mergib University - Biostatistics for Premedical students - Academic year 2022/2023

PRESENTATION DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF

1.1 Some Basic Concepts:

 Types Of the variables :

 The Numerical variable can also be classified into:

2-Continuous Variable: There is an infinite number of values between

Scales (Levels) Of Measurement:

1.2 Statistical Tables:

1) Simple Tables: (Single variable data).

Class( or Category) Frequency

Group of blood Frequency "fi"

2) Frequency Tables having intervals.

i- Find the Range which is difference between the smallest and

iii- Width of interval "W":

Then, the frequency distribution table with intervals can be constructed.

Class Intervals Frequency "f"

i- The Range : R = Max – Min = 79 – 12 = 67

Class Intervals Frequency "f"

Table No.1 Table No.2

- The table N0.1 called discontinuity.

- Change the discontinuity interval to continuity interval

The discontinuity interval can be changed to continuity interval by

 The true lower limit = The lower limit – 0.5

Ex. The width of interval [59.5 – 62.5] = 62.5 – 59.5 = 3

Class midpoint [interval center] =

3) Other types of frequencies:

Class Limits Frequency Relative Frequency( RF)

ii. Cumulative Frequency distributions:

frequency distribution Increasing cumulative Decreasing cumulative

Q2) The amount of protein (in grams) for a variety of fast-food

Q4) Consider the following data:

1.3- GRAPICAL DISTRIBUTION:

2) The Frequency Polygon:

Frequency Polygon of Student Grades

3) The Frequency Curve:

5) Pie Chart [circle blocks]:

Interval Frequency Angle

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