S Unit yp There + be ‘There used to be a village here. ‘Now there’s a shopping centre. A. In Unit Four, we studied: There is.../There are... (Present) Here are some more forms of There + be: (Present Perfect (until now, recently) > There has been an accident this morning. ‘Have there been any plane crashes this month? There have been some good films recently. There hasn't been a letter for you. Past Simple (then, in the past] | There was a solar eclipse in 1999. Was there any milk? | There were three accidents in Cornwall yesterday. There weren't any pictures in the book. | Past Perfect (until then, before the main past] The traffic stopped because there had been an accident. Had there been a problem? Future I hope there will be good weather during the holiday. Perhaps there won't be anyone at the disco. There is going to be an exam tomorrow. There isn’t going to be a party this year. | There are going to be a lot of students at the meeting. | | Are there going to be 2 lot of people? | Modal verbs There may be a fight if John meets Barry. There may not be any exams next week There might be a snowstorm tomorrow. Might there be an orchestra at the party? | There must be @ dog in the garden. | can hear it barking. | Must there be so much noise? There can't be a lion in the bedroom. Can't there be better facilities? Used to a oo There used to be a steam railway between Dover and London. _ We use There should be/ought to be in two situations: 1. There should be a party to celebrate the end of term. We w good idea to have a party or There ought to be a party. " 2. There should be a train at nine o'clack = We expect there will be @ train or There ought to be a train at nine o'clock. mre B. To describe the weather, we use There + be + noun or It + verb or adjective There is @ lot of cloud/snow/mist etc. Itrained/snowed etc. It was cloudy/sunny//wet ete. We use it + take to talk about the length of a journey, activity etc. It took an hour to reach London. Jt takes a long time to learn German. @Unit Be used to doing, get used to doing Cinderella is used to working hard. But now she has to get used to being a princess. ‘A. We use be used with the preposition to + verb + -ing. “/'m used to doing something...” means that we often do it, We want to emphasise that the action is not strange for us. It is a habit: J won't miss the 6 a.m. train. I'm used to getting up early. (= getting up early is nat @ problem for me.) He will pass the exam easily. He's used to studying hard. (= studying hard is not @ prablem for him.} We can use be used to to talk about past, present or future time: When I lived in London, | was used to travelling by underground, She’s been used to working hard since she was a child. It seems strange now but you'll soon be used to working here. We also use be used to + noun or pronoun I'm used to the English weather. She isn’t used to life in a big city. I'm not afraid of flying. I'm used to it. Remember: We say /'m used to getting up,... (Not: Hveed-se-gat--) because to is a preposition, not part of the infinitive: She was used to studying. 5 B. We use get used to + verb +-ing or + noun when something strange becomes familiar There is a change At first, | didn't like England but t've got used to living here. (= I've changed. It was @ problem but it isn’t a problem now.) Most people soon get used to wearing contact lenses. When you go to a new school, you have to get used to it Has the dog got used to its new owner? ©. Notice that used to do (see Unit 21) and be/get used to doing are different in meaning: J used to five in Birmingham. (something | did in the past but not now) J was used to living in Birmingham. (we are emphasising: it wasn’t strange for me) We can use used to do only about the past. We can use be/get used to doing in all tenses. @Pve got a Unit &> More about have and have got Well, 'm having a game of chess A. Have/have got as possession In Unit 9, we studied have and have got: | have/I've got a car. = | possess a car. When have means possess we cannot use a continuous tense: Ihave @car. Not: tara-heving-e-car Questions and short answers are like this: Has she got a headache? Yes, she has. or No, she hasn't Do they have a car? Yes, they do. or No, they don't. Does he have a horse. Yes, he does. or No, he doesn't. We usually only use have got in the Present Simple tense. In other tenses we use have: He had a house but it burnt down. Not: Hehad-gete-houson | will have @ new garage soon Not: Hwilhave-getann B. Have as action verb We can also use have (without got) to describe an action. In this case we can use a continuous tense: Jam having a bath. They've been having a party. We always use do/does /did/didn’t to form Present Simple and Past Simple questions and negatives of have breakfast/have a walk/have a party etc, Does he have breakfast in the morning? We didn’t have @ walk because we were tired. Did you have a go doing some exercises? Compare: Ive got @ shower. Ihave a shower every day. Here are some of the most common expressions with have: Meals and food: to have breakfast/lunch/dinner/supper/a snack/a picnic/ some fish and chips etc. Drink: to have a cup of tea/a coffee/an aperitif etc. Activities*: to have a walk/a swim/a ride etc: Games: to have a game of chess/of cards/of monopoly ete. Daily life: to have @ shower/a bath/a wash/a shave/a sleep/a rest etc. Special occasions: to have a party/a meeting/a celebration etc. Other uses: to have a joke/a look/a talk/a love affair/a try/a go ete There is @ shower in my house. J wash myself in the shower every day. * With these expressions we can also use go for: go for a walk/a ride etc. (See elso Unit 978) @Tom's doing his homework. ‘Maggie's making a cup of tea. A. Make We often use make about making something new (producing). For example: = about cooking or preparing food: make a cake, make some tea, make a sandwich make dinner/breakfast/lunch/supper ~ about mistakes/noise/mess: make @ mistake, make noise, make a mess = for certain activities: make a phone call, make a TV programme, make a film - Also make progress We also use make + someone + adjective when someone/something causes a feeling in another person: The teacher made me angry. The ghost story made them afraid. The film made us happy. B. Do We often use de about doing a piece of work or doing a job (process). For example: = about education: do the homework, do an exam, do research, do an exercise = about housework and personal activities: do the shopping, do the washing up. do the ironing, do your hair - about activities: do a crossword, do a puzzle = about work: do a job, do some work, do your best = Also do someone a favour (= to do something special to help someone) C. Get, take and pay are also used in certain expressions. For example: Get He was ill but he got better quickly. (recovered) Please help me to get dinner. (prepare) It was raining, so they got wet. (became) She got some pasta from the shop. {bought} She got some bad news last night. (received) They got there just after nine o'clock. (arrived) They're getting ready for the disco. (preparing themselves) Take She took care of her brother. Drivers mustn't take risks. He took the opportunity to see the film. 1 took a holiday in Spain. Vil take an exam in June. (Not: gike-er-oxern) She takes the medicine every day. (Not: eet-medieine-“pite) Pay You must pay attention to the referee. aCc nit > Make, let someone do something. get someone to do something Ge. oO Imadener giveme ber money, “Ho etme escape, Sho goto tgivener back the money A. After make and let, we use the infinitive without to. After get we use the infinitive with to. Look at the following examples: The soldiers made the spy tell thern the secret. The bad weather made them cancel the match, The police let the prisoner go. His father doesn’t let = him ‘smoke. 1 got the manager to help me, The student got the teacher to correct his homework. 4. We use make when someone obliges/doesn't oblige someone to do something or when something or someone causes /doesn't cause something to happen: She didn't make him sell his car. = She didn't oblige him to sell. They made the spy tell them everything. They forced the spy to tell Did they make you wash up when you were a child? = Did they oblige you to wash... 2. We use let when someone permits /doesn't permit us to do something They let him go They gave him permission to go. That looks difficult, Let me help. = ... Allow me to help. 3. We use get someone to ... when we want to say that someone does something for us because we ask them: J didn’t have an umbrella, so | got Joe to lend me his. = | asked Joe to lend me his and he did. She got her parents to buy her a car. B. After allow, cause, force and persuade we use the same construction as get: His father doesn't allow him to smoke. The bad weather caused them to cancel the matoh. They forced him to tell them the secret. ! persuaded Joe to lend me his bicycle, For more verbs which follow this pattern see Unit 98. @A. A phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and a particle (e.g. up, down, forward) or a verb and a preposition (e.g. for, after, on). The phrasal verb has a different meaning from the verb on its own: Tom looked after the baby. (look + after = care for) Maggie turned up at eight o'clock. (turn + up = appear unexpectedly) B, There are four main types of phrasal verb: 1. Type One: there is no objact: The car broke down. He got up. Look out! Please shut up! to break down —_—_Bil’s car broke down. (= it stopped working) get on/get off* ‘| got on at the bus station and got off at the park. to give up** The problem's too difficult - | give up! (= il stop trying) to take off* * The plane took off fram London Airport. to wake up Maggie woke up early. (= opened her eyes after sleeping) * see also Type Three ——** see also Type Two 2. Type Two: We can say either: He turned off the television. 11 verb + participle + noun or: He turned the television off. 2 verb + noun + participle But if we use a pronoun (her, him, it, them etc.), we must use construction 2: He turned it off. Not: He-tuenad-eftie to look up He looked up the word in a dictionary. (= found the meaning) ta put on She put on her new skirt. (= she got dressed in) He put on the radio. (+ switched on) to take off He took off his clothes and had @ bath. to turn off He turned off the light. (= switched off) 3. Type Three: the object must come after the preposition: The nurse looked after the baby. (verb + preposition + object) If we use @ pronoun, it must come after the preposition: The nurse looked after her. to get on/get off I got on the bus at the airport. to look for She looked for her passport. (= searched, tried to find) to look after He looked after the baby. (= took care of) 4, Type Four: These phrasal verbs consist of a verb + two items (a particle and @ preposition). The object must come after the preposition, as in Type 3: He puts up with her bad behaviour. (tolerates) to keep up with ‘She keeps up with the news. ( she knows the latest news) to look forward to Sue's looking forward to Christmas. (= she’s excited about the future) to put up with I can’t put up with the noise. (| can’t tolerate it) ‘See Appendix 9 for a mare camprehensive list. @Unit Gp Action verbs an state verbs > oe ‘Tarzan is rescuing Jane. A. Action verbs describe actions: Harry ran away from the prison. The guards were firing their guns. Michelle pulled Harry into the helicopter. Most verbs are verbs of action, for example: break, cut, dance, read, study, take, write. We can use these verbs in simple tenses (ran] or continuous tenses (were firing), State verbs describe states: Ihave a car. She likes pop music. They know French and Spanish. We do not use state verbs in continuous tenses: I have a car. Not: Lemhewing-ocor B, State verbs include 4. verbs about mental activity: believe forget know notice recognise remember understand He believes in God. Not: Heie-betewing in God J don't recognise her. Not: Lomasnresegmeie Hor Do you understand? Not: Ara youunearobanding? 2. verbs which describe emotional states: desire hate like love prefer want She loves her parents. Not: Shicdewing Hom paHonie: Which one do you prefer? Not: Wirieh-one-ane-you-prafonring? He wants @ new car. Not: Hevesanting-aHoweae 3. certain other verbs: belong cost fit include mean need own matter This book belongs to me. Not: Thicbeokiebelonging tome: The ticket cost five pounds. Not: The-tiskes-wes-sesting-Hve-pounde, J own three houses. Not: Hasrewninig-tires-howses: 4. verbs of perception, for example see, hear, smell. (See Unit 94) C. Some verbs have two or more meanings. They can be used in the continuous tense when they describe an action, but not when they d ve - ibe state. State Action | Have: He has a headache. He is having a party. Forget: / forget tolephone numbers easily. She is forgetting her old boyfriend. Think: | think you are right: Jam thinking about his new idea. \Come: He comes from the USA. He's coming from his home by taxi. See Appendix 7 for a full list of state verbs. aeUnit &> Verbs of perception A. We can use these verbs to talk about our five senses: see hear taste fee/ smell We do not use them in cantinuous tenses when they are state verbs (See Unit 93) We often use them with can or could Can you hear that music? Not: Areyouhooning-sheteucio? | couldn't taste the onions in the soup. Not: baaonie tasting theonione— It’s dark. | can feel you but | can’t see you. Not: Homtecting ber ta-natsasing Can you smell the scent of the roses? Not Aacyersmetiiehe- soeiit We often use taste, feel and smell with an adjective, like this: The soup tastes good. Not: Thesoupicrassing- geod: This silk feels very soft, Not: The roses smell wonderful. Not: Also: The music sounds very good. You look very handsome. B, But we can also use taste, feel, smell and see as action verbs when they describe an action: 4 & Lea, He can smell smoke. He is smelling the flowers. (He receives the smell - not a deliberate action) (Deliberate action) (State Action _ Y 1@ wine tastes good. Jam tasting the wine. I can feel the wind. He is feeling the cloth to see if it is soft. Jean smell cigarette smoke. | She is smelling the flowers. \ 1 can see you. He is seeing my sister. (having a romance with) We also use feel to talk about cur emotions or physical condition. In this meaning, we can use it in continuous tenses if necessary: | am feeling sick Are you feeling OK? We use | see to mean | understand: “x + y= 17 ity = 9." "Ise." C. We can also use the following action verbs: laok/watch/listen/touch to talk about our senses, We can use action verbs in continuous tenses (see Unit 93) I can see the sunset. . 1am looking at the painting. Can you hear the music? . Are you listening to the radio? Can you fee! the heat? . Is he touching the picture? D. We usually use look as if/sound as if in simple tenses: He looks as if he is i The car sounds as if there is something wrong with the engine.xs o W\A 4 7 7 Unit > ~ oN la, < Lend and borrow, poe i Sve eS (ow bring and take etc. \i RX’ os é \\V" « LY © Q ° . ¢ sho borrowed her mother’s car. Sho lent it tohher boyfriend. He didn't Bring tt back A. Lend and borrow ( Structure — ) ‘lend somebody ~~ Something ‘The bank lent Tim some money. | Lend something to.-~—«ssomebody ‘The bank lene some money to Tim (Borrow something from somebody __Tim borrowed some money from the bank ) We use lend when we give something to somebody for them to use for @ certain time They've lent me their car until next week. We use borrow when we take something from somebody to use it for a certain time: He borrowed his dad's car. B. Bring, take, fetch and carry We use bring when we transport something to a place where the speaker o the listener is Bring mo tho box The postman brought three letters today. (= to my home) I'l bring you the money tomorrow. («to you) My sister brought a friend home from university. [= to our home} \We use take when we transport something away from the place where the speaker or the listener is Take the box to her Please take this letter to the post office. = away from here) way from here) The taxi took Tom irom his home to the airport. (= away from there} We use fetch when we go to a place, get something and bring it back I etched the box. (= went and brought it back here] I'l fetch you from the station by car. (= go and bring you back here) Please fetch my slippers from the bedroom. (= go and bring them here) Notice: fetch is used more in formal English. In informal English we use get. We use carry when we want to talk about physically transporting something in our arms, in a lorry ete. They carried the piano to the lorry. I earried her luggage to the car: This lift carries six people. QaWasn't the Unit @> Speak and talk res ‘The teacher spoke for an hour. Afterwards the students talked about the lesson. A. There is not much difference between speak and talk: Structure: speak/talk to somebody speak/talk about something We use speak: - about languages: She speaks Spanish and French. ~ about the way of pronouncing etc.: She spoke slowly/clearly/quickly — on the telephone: Can | speak to Charles, please? ~ when one person is speaking: The professor spoke for an hour. ~ in formal situations: May | speak? We use talk: - when twa or more people are speaking together: They talked about the film. ~ in certain expressions: to talk business/sense/nonsense/rubbish. “Iwas talking business with Anna,” he said. “Don't talk nonsense,” said his girlfriend, "you were flirting.” B. Here are some other pairs of verbs. Make sure you know the difference: Hope and expect: hope that the sun will shine tomorrow. (= | wish...) They expect that it will rain next week. (= They think...) Meet and find J met my friends at the restaurant. (to meet + somebody) You'll find/see the station an the left. (to find + a place) Invent and discover: Bell invented the telephone. (to invent a machine etc.) Columbus discovered America. (to discover a new planet/a country etc.) Prevent and protect: The police prevented him from entering the palace. (= The police stopped him...) The police protected the Gueen. (= The police kept her safe.) Watch and look at: A Jot of people watched the football match. {to watch something moving, e.g. a film) Hooked at the statues in the square. (to look at sth. static, e.g. a painting) Steal and rob: He robbed the bank/the old lady/the house. (to rob a bank/a person ete.) He stole the diamonds from the safe. (to steal money/jewels etc.) Remind and remember: Remind me to do my homework. (= Help me to remember to do...) | didn't remember to do my homework. (= | forgot to do...) Beat and win: My boyfriend beat me at tennis. (to beat another team/a person etc.) I didn’t win the match. (to win a competition/a cup etc.) Forget and leave: Oh na! Ive forgotten my keys. (to forget your keys /wallet etc.) Ive left my umbrella at home. (to leave sth. at home/on the train etc.) Hear and listen to: | heard some people talking but | didn't listen to what they were saying. {to hear = involuntary sense; to listen to = deliberate use of the sense) &. Look at these examples: ‘Tim likes watching TV. Maggie hates doing her homework. Tim tikes watching TV. (main verb (like) + verb + -ing) Maggie hates doing her homework. (main verb (hate) + verb + -ing) Here are some verbs which are followed by @ second verb + -ing: adore enjoy like* loves detest can't stand can't bear — (not) mind —finish_—keep adore listening to Mozart. He enjoys playing football They like cooking. He hates eating potatoes. They can’t stand living with their uncle. We can't bear answering all these questions. She doesn't mind waiting. Did you finish painting the house? The dog keeps barking. When did you stop smoking? | started working at 9 a.m. She detests watching football. hate* stop dislike start* * But see also Unit 99. B. We use go + verb + -ing (or came + verb + -ing) for many sports and activities: to go/eome: ballooning cycling ~— dancing diving ~—fishing flying hang-gliding hunting — jogging ~— riding = running sailing shopping skating skiing walking rock climbing We went skating on the lake yesterday. Would yau like to come fishing? Anne goes jegging every morning, Bill came shopping with us. ‘Study the position of very much and really in these examples: | like going to museums very much, (after the object) They really enjoy looking after dogs and cats. (before the main verb) She enjoys playing cards with her brother very much. The teacher really liked talking to us. = 1 Look at this information about Tina, Paul and Anne and make 18 sentences about them. Make sure that you put very much in the right position in the sentence (see example 3). ( |ieve [enjoy | like... very much | not mind _|can'tstand | hat Joma [5* goto | dance clean the | wash the car | iron a (oe __|cinema | house play dance [play computer [helphis [listen to jazz | do exams | PAUL footbat game parents : | anne PY |Blaythe | buy clothes [cook for ~ [navel by ait | baby-st Lh guitar | [tne tomy | J)I'm going to Til come Paris. tea Pr Unit E> aN Verbs + to + infinitive ¢q \e tgp ‘Tom decided to go to Paris. Maggie agreed to go with him. A, Look at these examples: Tom decided to go to Paris. (main verb (decide) + to + infinitive) Maggie agreed to go with him. (main verb (agree) + to + infinitive) They tried not to be late. (main verb (try) + not + to + infinite (negative idea) Here are some more verbs which are followed by to + infinitive of the second verb: afford Can you afford to buy a new jacket? agree She agreed to lend him same money. arrange They arranged to meet at the bank. decide They decided not to get married. fail He failed to catch the plane. forget She forgot to tell her parents. hope I hope to visit therm next year. manage We managed to find the ring. offer They offered to help us. plan She planned to start her own company. promise He promised not to tell anyone. refuse She refused to give him the money. seem He seemed to be ill try They tried to catch the criminal want We wanted to see the film. B. With some verbs, we can use this structure: verb + abject + to + infinitive, Verbs like this include advise allow ask cause encourage forbid force + get_—help invite order permit persuade remind teach tell want — warn They advised him to change his job. J asked her to help me. They forced her to give them the money. We helped Sue to do her work. We can also use would like in this way (see Unit 33): I would like you to help me. Remember that after make and let, we use the infinitive without to (see Unit 91) They made him help them. She let us take the money. a i | | | | | } |Unit > Verbs with to or He stopped smoking 6 years ago. He stopped to smoke. A. We can use some verbs with either to + infinitive or verb + -ing. There is little or no difference in meaning: She started to cry. She started crying. They continued to talk. = They continued talking. These verbs include: begin continue hate intend like love prefer start B. In general, we prefer to use like, hate, love, prefer + verb + -ing: ike dancing. Hove going to the cinema I hate studying maths. But: we tend to use like, hate, love, prefer + to + infinitive to talk about habits or choices. He likes to drink tea in the morning. She hates to see people drop litter. C. We use would like/would hate /would love/would prefer with to + infinitive: I'd like to have a cup of tea. She'd prefer to be in the beginners’ class. We use Would you like to...? to invite somebody: Would you like to watch TV tonight? We use Do you like + -ing...? ta ask for general information: Do you like watching TV? (usually/generelly) D. There are a few verbs which have one meaning with to + infinitive and a different meaning with verb + -ing: 4. Remember + -ing: refers to things you did in the past I remember posting the letter. = | posted the letter and now | remember | did it. Forget /Remember + to: refers to things you still have or had to do. I remembered to post the letter. = | had to post the letter and I did it. | remembered! | forgot to meet her. Thad to meet her but | didn’t do it. | forgot! We also use forget + -ing, usually in negative sentences: Til never forget meeting her. = I met her and | will never forget it. 9 when we talk about making an experiment: 1 studied Spanish because | wanted to see if | liked it. | collected stamps for a short time to see if | liked it. 2. We use try ++ | tried studying Spanish. | tried collecting stamps. We use try + to when we talk about making an effort to do something difficult. | tried to study Spanish. = | worked hard at studying Spanish. | tried to climb the mountain. I made an effort to climb the mountain. 3. We use stop + -ing when we finish an activity: J stopped smoking. = | used to smoke but | stopped. We use stop + to to show purpose: I stopped to smoke. = | was walking/driving etc, but | stopped in order to smoke.Unit <> Verbs + preposition _\ (tase ‘Tom is looking at a Picasso. ‘A. Some verbs sometimes need a preposition. Here are some of the most common: agree with, belong to, concentrate on, depend on, listen to, look at, prefer X to Y, spend on, wait for: Tom agreed with his sister. What happened to you? He spent all his money on chocolate. Marie 1s listening to Mozart. B. Some verbs have different prepositions in different cases: J arrived in Italy. (for a large area, e.g. @ town or a country) They arrived at Victoria Station. (for a smaller place, e.g. a station or an airport) Notice: we never use arrive + to Thoporsivedte London The train left from platform 9. {from a point, e.g. a platform, a square) The tourists left for the airport. (for the destination, the place we are going to) | talked to my friend for an hour. {to talk to somebody) We talked about our holiday. {to talk about a topic) He applied for a job in a shop. {to apply for a job) She applied to university. {co apply to an organisation) She asked for some coffee. (to ask for something you want) They asked about the new system. (to ask about something that you need information about) They paid for the new car. {to pay for something you buy} She paid the bill. (no preposition) She threw the ball to her friend. (for somebody to catch) ‘She threw a stone at the thief. (in order to hit him) He laughed at the stupid boy. (ridicule) We laughed with the teacher. (all together) The angry teacher shouted at his class. {when you are angry) She shouted to me across the square. (so that they can hear you) . But these verbs do not take a preposition We reached the hotel in the evening. Not: Werssehadso-the-hetet We left the hotel early. (no preposition for a place, e.g. a building, town or country) They discussed their plan. Not: They discussed ebous hain phar I phoned/rang my girlfriend. Not: Hehenod tomy gintiond: D. Look at these examples with prevent, protect and avoid: The police prevented Harry from robbing the bank. (prevent + from) The police protected the Prince from the gunman. (protect + frorn) ‘The skier avoided the tree at the last moment. _{no preposition) E. When we make questions with Who...?/What...?/How many...? etc. we usually put the preposition at the end of the question: What are you looking at? How many CDs did you listen to? @I hate this hotell The rooms aren't cleaned, The food 1s cooked badly. And the bed has been broken. A. In. an actne sentence, the person, animal or thing which does the action is the subject of the sentence They make cars in Birmingham. (make = active verb, cars = object) We use the passive form when we want to place the abject of the active verb in the subject position: Cars are made in Birmingham. (cars = subject, are made = passive verb) I we use the passive form, the mast impartant word ~ cars - is at the beginning of the sentence. They is not important in this sentence We often use the passive when the person wha does the action is not important: They speak Spanish in Mexico. + Spanish is spoken in Mexico B. We can use by after the passive verb to include the person who does the action (~ the agent}: The milkman delivers the milk The milk is delivered by the milkman. C. Present Simple Passive ‘We form the Present Simple Passive like this: Present Simple of be + past participle of the verb’ d — Positive | am called Tom English is spoken Negative am not allowed to see you. They aren’t made in China. (Questions How is your name spelt? Am | allowed to tak? D. Present Perfect Passive We form the Present Perfect Passive like this Present Perfect of be + past participle of the verb: The houses have been built They have been taken to schoo! Posiio | Postive since 1995. by bus, - | wus The car hasn't (has not) The paintings haven't (have not) | Seti penn prashed. . om stein. _ Guestions Have you been inoculated? Has she been seen today?Unit a> Passive (2) oh — a.) nein Hooray! E Vv No school! ‘The old schoo! was demolished. The new school will be finished next year, A. We form the different passive tenses as follows (for Present Simple and Present Perfect see Unit 101. ( | be | Past participle i Present, The room is being | cleaned. | Continuous The rules aren't heing | followed. ip She was injured in the car erash | Saseeimple Was | invited 16 the party? | | Music was being played when | walked in. Past Continuous it was being prepared while I waited. icatipartaa The room had been cleaned before we arrived, ;pastieartace Hed the students been | tested before they arrived? leseusisiaat | The party will be organised by the students, | Future Simple | He won't be photographed | i The party is going to be | organised by the students. Be going to ‘am {going to be photographed tomorrow. The fire must be controlled 13 soon as possible dal ce | The bus can't be driven without @ special licence. ee | The plane may be delayed by the bad weather. \ They ought to be finished by Monday. ) BB. If there are ba passive verbs in one sentence joined by and, we do not usually repeat the subject and the form of be: They were taken to hospital and (they were) released in the morning. C. We can use get + past participle of the verb to express a passive idea The window got broken. = The window was broken Two players have gat hurt. = Two players have been hurt. Did your clothes get torn? = Were your clothes torn? The car won't get repaired. = The car won't be repaired. We use this structure in informal English, usually when something bad has happened accidentally. We also use it ta describe a routine The rooms get cleaned once a week. = The rooms are cleaned once a week He gets paid on Saturday. = He is paid on Saturdays @ic iit 103) Passive (3) A. Some verbs can have two objects (see Unit 57): ask, give, hand, offer, pay, promise, sell send, show, teach. tell Barbara was given a pony for her birthday. Someone sent Sue a letter A pony was given to Barbara for her birthday. or: Someone sent a letter to Sue. So, we can make the person (Sue) or the thing {a letter) the subject of a passive verb Sue was sent a letter. or: A letter was sent to Sue We usuelly make the person the subject of a passive verb, not the thing They gave Barbara a pony. + Barbara was given @ pony. His brother taught Joe Spanish + doe was taught Spanish by his brother. Will they offer us a discount? > Will we be offered a discount? But sometimes, we make the thing the subject if it is more important: They gave the work to the teacher. » The work was given to the teacher. They haven't sent us the money. + The money hasn't been sent to us | B. Verbs which are followed by to + infinitive keep the same structure to + infinitive in the passive: We allowed them to stay out late. + They were allowed to stay out late. Theyve encouraged us to sing. » We've been encouraged to sing. They told the boys to stop talking. > The boys were told to stop talking Weill warn them not to go out alone. » They'll be warned not to go out alone. These verbs are often about asking, allowing, ordering, or helping (see Unit 98.8): advise, allow, ask, encourage, forbid, force, help, invite, order, permit, persuade, remind, teach, tell, warn “ ©. Ibis necessary to use'to after make in passive sentences: They made us clean the floors. (active) + We were made to clean the floors. (passive) 1D. More about using the passive 1, We often use the passive to give statistics or facts 2,000 kgs of French cheese were bought in 1998. (This is impersonal information ~ it is not personal) 2. We don't normally use the passive to give more informal, personal information: We say: My mother bought some cheese. (this is personal) Not usual: Some cheese was bought by my mother. 3. Not all active sentences can be put into the passive Many tourists visit Landon. » London is visited by many tourists. but Many foreigners live in London There is no object, so passive is impossible. They speak English in Ireland. + English is spoken in Ireland. but They spoke for three hours There is no object, so passive is impossible‘The window got broken in the Unit > Have something done ‘We must have it ‘A. We can use have + noun + past participle of the verb when something is done for us by another person: —— have | _noun [Fe is having ja suit {= the tailor is making a suit for him} They |have had | their house | painted. (= they have paid somebody | | | to paint their house for them) | she | had her hair | cut. (+ the haindresser cut her hair for her) | rm — |going to have |a new shower | installed. (= somebody is going to install | 2 new shower for me} (We _|must have _| the roof repaired, (« we must hire someone - to repair the roof for us) Guestions, negatives and short answers are like this: Do you often have your teeth checked? Yes, | do, Did they have their car repaired after the accident? No, they didn't. Have they had their homework corrected yet? Yes, they have. He didn’t have his passport returned by the police. They haven't had the window mended yet. Notice: we use do/does/did in Present and Past Simple tenses: B. In informal English, we can use get something done (instead of have) with the same meaning: I got my bike mended. Did you get your teeth checked? Will you get your hair cut? They didn't get the computer fixed. © = mu tne gaps wits nave something done, tse the correct frm, ‘Myra Marvelossar, the film actress is talking about her house to a reporter, Sally Jones from HI! Magazine: Myra: This is my home. I (1 the house/design) .hod. my house designed...... last year by Moa Hausman, the New York architect. I (2 the interior/decorate) by Kaori Yamoto, the Japanese artist, at the same time. I (3 the carpets/import) - from Nepal. And I (4 the foilet/matke) from real gold in Delhi. Isn't it lovely?‘You said that you had put enough petrol in the Jeep! Unit > Indirect speech - statements - say and tell A. When we repart what someone said in the past the tense usually goes “one step” back. Retual word: said, Indirect speech: Shi Present Simpl Past Simple “often go to the cinema." She said that she often went to the cinema, Present Continuous Past Continuous “Tim having a party tomorrow. She said she was having a party the Past Simple/Present Perfect _ Past Perfect “I killed the spy." She said that she had killed the spy. ‘ve never been to New York. She said that she had never been to New York will: “My friend will meet you. he 8 xt day. would: She said her friend would meet me. am/is/are going to: > was/were gaing to "He's going to help me.” She said he was going to help her. can: “You ean pass the exam." + could: She said that I could pass the exam. must: "We must be careful.” > had to: She said that we had to be careful. may: “Imay see you at the party.” > But notice no tense change with: Past Perfect “Thad never been to France before." -» She said she had never been to France before. modals ~ would, could, should, might, ought to “I might go to the disco." * _She said she might go to the disco. she might see me at the B. If someone recently seid something that is still true now or which is generally true, we keep the present tense: ‘Im seventeen.” > She said thet she is seventeen. (itis stil true now) “Paris is in France.” -» He said that Paris is in France. (general fact) ©. Notice that pronouns, possessive adjectives, time expressions and places also sometimes change. "You must come here tomorrow.” > She said that I had to go there the next day. We went to your sister's party yesterday." -+ They said that they had gone to my sister's party the previous day. D. Notice also that it is not necessary to use that in indirect speech: She said (that) she was going to marry Alan. E. Be careful when you use say and tell: — Say never has a personal direct object (me, you, him etc.] but can have a personal indirect abject (to me, to you, to him etc.): She said to me. Not: She-satd- men We can use say with direct speech: She said, “I'm going to marry Alan.” — Tell always has a personal direct object: She told me that. Not: She-sole-to-tiomUnit eny> Indirect speech - orders, requests, advice etc. Please heip | (You should @ 14 me ea) iy] ( to tue mines | XY) ‘this bag. - Centre. Os % Give me the homework on Monday. 2 Z Y Hy A. We give orders like this: Teacher to Tam: “Give me the homework on Monday.” General to soldier: “Don't shoot.” We make requests like this: Sally to Ben: "Please help me carry this bag." Bill to Anna: “Please don't go to the party without me.” We give advice to other people like this: Sally to Ben: “You should go to the Fitness Centre.” Max to Tim: "You'd better not borrow any more money." We can report orders, requests, and advice by using: tell, ask, advise + personal object pronoun (me, you, him etc.) + to + infinitive a ——— Sy | Subject | Reporting verb | Object pronoun to + Inf ) Order | She | told Tom to give her the homework on Monday. | Gen. Green | told the soldier not to shoot. |Request | Sally asked Ben to help her carry the bag. Bil | asked Anna not to go to the party without him, lngvice | Sel advised Ben to go to the Fitness Centre. | Max advised _ Tim ___| not to borrow any more money. _/ B, There are also @ lot of other verbs which we can use to report orders, requests, and advice etc. using the same structure: forbid, order, persuade, remind, warn: You mustn't smoke." > They forbade her to smoke. ‘Don't go out.” > He warned me not to go out. ©. We can use other structures to report speech: 1. Verb + to + infinitive: “Can | help you?" > He offered to help me. “We won't be late," » They promised not to be late. “I won't give you the key." + She refused to give them the key. 2. Verb + preposition + verb + -ing: “Im sorry for breaking the rules. + He apologised for breaking the rules. 3. Verb + verb + -ing: “Let's go by plane.” * I suggested going by plane. “I didn’t steal the money." > He denied stealing the money. 4. Verb + that + subject + verb (remember the tense change): “Weill help you." + They promised (that) they would help her. “Our room is dirty.” + They complained (that) their room was dirty. But: it is possible not to change the tense if the idea is relevant now: They complained that their room is dirty. (The room is still dirty at the time of reporting the complaint.) . Verb + preposition + noun: “OK, we agree.” > They agreed with the plan. aI asked her if she wanted Indirect speech - questions Fs 3) NEES Hi ‘A. Here are some questions which use question words (When, Where, Who, Why, How many etc.) We can report them by using ask + the question word: She asked me how much my parents Ca Actual words ( “Indirect question —_ | What's the time? "She asked (me) what the time was. Where do you live? He asked (us) where we lived. Why did you come to England? They asked (us) why we had come to England. How many children have you got? She asked (us] how many children we hat (Wie cooked dinner? They asked (him) who had cooked dinner.) B. We can report Yes/No questions by using ask Are you happy? » She asked if | was happy. Have you seen this film? > They asked if | had seen the film. Will you go home at Christmas? * We asked if they would go hame at Christmas, Do you like English? + He asked whether | liked English Did you go to the party? + asked whether she had gone to the party. Would you like some tea? * He asked whether she would like some tea. We can also use an abject after ask: ask someone if...: She asked Jack if he was married. ©. Notice two important things about indirect questions A; The tense changes are the same as in indinect statements. B: In indirect questions, we do not use the question form of the verb and there is ‘no question mark (2) at the end We say: She asked if! was happy. Not: Sha-asked wae hoppy? He asked if | liked English. Not: Hosskectdidtike Bagot? She asked what the time was. Not: She-acked-what-wa6-the sre? D. If the question is still relevant to the present time (now), we can choose to use the present tense in the indirect question “Are you John Smith?” + He asked if my name is (or was) John Smith, “How much does it cost?” > They asked how much it costs. (or cost). E. We can use other verbs to introduce indirect questions: He wanted to know what time the train left J wondered if you were il. @Unit a> Zero and first conditional. If you stay out If I go to London, in the sun too long, you burn. PI visit the Houses of Parliament. A. The zero conditional We use If + Present Simple , Present Simple when we are thinking about facts which are generally true: /f you lie in the sun too fong, you get sunburnt. (always true] If | drink coffee late at night, | can’t sleep. We can reverse the order: Present Simple + if + Present Simple I get @ headache if somebody starts smoking. (no comma is now necessary] B. The first conditional When we are thinking about a possible situation in the future we use: If + present verb , future verb If 1 go to London this weekend, I'll go shopping in Oxford Street. Wf you don't reach London tonight, where will you stay? ithe has time, he'll help you. We can reverse the order: future verb + if + present verb (no comma is now necessary): She won't be happy if you don’t lend her the money. What will you do if it rains during the picnic? C. Sometimes, we use: If + present verb, imper If you see Anna, please give her my love. If you go abroad, don't forget to take your passport. D. We can use unless to mean except if. We can often use unless + a positive verb instead of if + negative verb: You won't pass the exarn if you don't study hard. = You won't pass the exam unless (= except if...) you study hard. E. Remember: We cannot use a future verb to follow if or unless: If we see John, well give him the letter. Not: #we-witsee-lahe-well-give-hirn-iie-fottor F. We also use when, before, after, as soon as with this structure. See Unit 26. @ic ix 109) Second conditional If I won the lottery, I would buy a private aeroplane. A. The second conditional ‘When we are thinking about a situation in the present or future which is hypothetical, unlikely or unreal, we use: If + past verb , would + verb (= conditional verb) Jf | won the lottery (unlikely), | would buy @ private aeroplane. If your car broke down, where would you go for help? We use a past verb but we are thinking about the present or future, Sally writes books but not many people buy them. | say: If Sally wrote a best-selling book, she would be famous. (unlikely in the present or future) Tim and Sue like travelling but they are poor. | say: JF Tim and Sue were rich, they'd travel round the world. (they are not rich ~ we are imagining a situation in the present) We can reverse the order: conditional verb + if + past verb (no comma is necessary) They would be rich if they sold their house. What would you buy if you had a million pounds? B. We can use could/might in second conditional sentences: If | didn’t pass the exam, I couldn’t go to university. (| expect to pass) ‘t might rain if the wind changed. (I expect the wind not to change} ©. If I/he/she/it were... is grammatically correct in secand conditional sentences. if she were rich, she'd stop working. But in informal English, people often use was: /f she was rich, she'd stop. We use If I were you... to give advice: Wf Twere you, I wouldn't buy that pullover. If | were you, I'd study harder. D. We can also use unless in second conditional sentences: J wouldn't do it unless | wanted to. He wouldn't go unless they invited him. @If I were rich, P@ buy a Ferrari If I make a fortune, Pll live in a palace, A. We use the first conditional when we think something is possible: Maggie is thinking: If | make a fortune, Il live in a palace. (she thinks it is possible) We use the second conditional when we think something is unlikely or impossible: Tom is dreaming: If! were rich, I'd buy a Ferrari. (he is only dreaming) B. Look at these examples: I think my friend may arrive early tomorrow, so | say: “if he comes early, we'll watch TV.” (Possible — first conditional) | think my friend will probably be late tomorrow, so | say: “lf he came early, we'd watch TV.” (Unlikely - secand conditional) / Se a wi ie io == dabei fe CSG First conditional 27 England win the match with Germany, they'l be in the Cup Final (1 expect England to win.) _ 7 “Wf England won the match, they'd be in the Cup Final.” (think it is possible but not likely that England will wit "Twill go on holiday with Chris if he asks me. (expect him to ask me. It is probable.) Second conditional First conditional “would go on holidey with Chris if he asked me. | Second conditional = 1 Au te gaps by using the correct tonso and form of the verbs in brackets. 1. we had a car, we OOUld chive... te Scotland. (can drive) 2. I would be famous if I... i the Loch Ness Monster. (catch) 3. Ifa lion came in the room, what you s 2 (do 4, If the Queen visited me, 1 a dinner for her. (cook) 5. He'll be able to go to university if he ...... i the exam. (pass) 6 II poor, I wouldn't know what to do, (become) 7. They'll be happy if they 7 their friends again. (meet)If you had atudied Grammar World, you weuld have passed the exam, Unit aap hird conditional A. The third conditional When we are talking about something in the past which cannot be altered now, we use If + Past Perfect , would have + past participle (Conditional Perfect) If you had studied “Grammar World", you would have {'d have) passed the exarn. (= but you did not study so you did not pass) If your fiancée had seen you with Mary, how would you have explained it? Here are some more examples: If she hadn't lost her lottery ticket, she would have won a million pounds. ( in the real past, she lost her ticket, so she didn't win.) If the pilot had been more careful, we wouldn't have crashed. (= in the real past, the pilot wasn't careful, so we crashed.) If Billy hadn't cheated, he wouldn't have passed the exarn. ( in the real past, Billy cheated, so he passed the exam) We can reverse the order: Conditional Perfect verb + if + Past Perfect verb: | wouldn't have been late if my car hadn't broken down. What would you have done if the police hadn't arrived? "0 comma) B. We can use the short forms of would have (‘d have) and would not have (wouldn't have), I'd have called you if Id known you were at home. We can use could have/might have in third conditional sentences: If (hadn't passed the exam, | couldn't have gone to university. (in fact, | passed) It might have rained if the wind had changed. (the wind didn’t change) C. Sometimes, we talk about something which happened in the past but the result is now: He invented a new computer programme in 1995. Now, he is very rich ‘Then we use a mixture of the third conditional and the second conditional in an If he hadn't invented @ new computer programme, he wouldn't be rich. sentence’ Here are some mare examples: If she had married the Prince, she would be the Gueen now. If they had lost the war, they wouldn't live in an independent country.wish I had I wis nt some food! could swim! . When we wish for something in the present, imagining an unreal situation, we use the Past Simple tense of the verb that follows wish: I wish | had @ car. (but | haven't got a car) Not: Hrichthave-o-cam He wishes he lived in America (but he doesn’t live in America) Iwish he didn't watch so much television. (but he watches a lot of TV) We often use wish + could + verb: He wishes he could swim. {but he can't swim) J wish | could speak French. (but | can't speak French) When we wish we had or had not done something in the past, we use the Past Perfect tense of the verb that follows wish I wish I had passed the exam. (but | failed the exam) She wishes she hadn't married him. (but she married him last week) . In formal writing and speaking, we use I/he/it/she were instead of was after wish: | wish | were President, She wishes she were a fashion model. But in informal situations, we use was in wish-sentences. I wish | was a TV star. He wishes he was with his friends. Notice that the tenses in wish-sentences ere similar to the tenses i We use the past tense in the same way as we use it in the second conditional to talk about an unreal dream (see Unit 109) If Fhad a car, | would drive to London. I wish Ihad a car. We use the Past Perfect in the same way as we use it in the third conditional (see Unit 111): If | had passed the exam, | would have gone to university. I wish | had passed the exam. We also use wish + would + verb to make @ wish about the present or the future: Jwish the weather would be fine tomorrow. (future wish) Jwish they would be quiet, [= | want them to be quiet now) He wishes she would fall in love with him. (= he wants her to fall in lave with him ~ now or in the future}