BENDING TESTS ON ROLLED STEEL JOISTS Vinay Krishna CE20B065 Aim: To study the bending behaviour of steel rolled joists. Details of Specimen Designation Mans Sectional Dimensions “Reema a De fi 1 Properties ig: 948 200 Apparatus Used: + Strain gauges and rosette: It measure the deformation caused by an external forceor load, These are affixed to the surface of the ISMB 200 beam to calculate the strain resulting from the applied load. + ISMB 200: A structural element in the experiment is an Indian Standard MediumWeight Beam (ISMB) that weighs 200 kg/meter and has a length of 2 meters. + LVDT: These are transducers that convert linear motion into electrical signals, They are employed to determine the displacement or deflection of the ISMB 200beam wien subjected to a load + Load Cell: The load cell is a device that calculates the force or weight applied toit. During the experiment, itis used to quantify the load applied to the ISMB 200 beam. + Spreader Beam: It is utilized to distribute the load uniformly across the ISMB 200beam, preventing any concentrated loading at specific points. This device is used to apply a consistent load to the beam during the experiment.Background + Assumptions for the experiment: a) The middle third portion of the beam is undergoing testing under purebending conditions, with no presence of axial or shear forces. b) The beam is composed of a homogeneous material, devoid ofimperfections, and exhibits isotropic behaviour. ©) Young's Modulus, which is the fixed relationship between stress and strain,remains the same in both tension and compression for the beam material, The material adheres to Hooke's law and displays linear elasticity without plastic deformation, The loading is arranged in such a way to ensure this behavior. 4) The cross-sections of the beam maintain their planar shape during bending, and the beam's dimensions are such that it fails through bending rather thancrushing, wrinkling, or sideways buckling, ©) The beam possesses an axis of symmetry in the bending plane, and the y-y axis, which lies within the bending plane, is symmetric about the beam * Derivation of the flexure formula: @ w (c) Stress Diagram Given: The radius of the Neutral layer = R The angle subtended by A’B' and C’D' at O = @ Then, Strain Variation along the Depth of Seam Original length of layer = EF = dx;Original length of Neutral layer = NN = N’ From Figure, NN'=Rx0=dx B+y)o Strain in the layer EF = Increase in the length of layer EF / (Original Length) =((R4y) 0 - Rx Olax =(RO+y9-R Oy dx y O/dx =yoRO yR Hence, the strain in layer EF is directly proportional to the distance of the layer from the neutral axis. This relation shows the variation of the strain along the depth of the beam. The variation of strain is linear. Stress Variation along Depth of Beam Young's modulus E ~ stress in layer EF / Strain in layer E (yiR) >E=aRiy => BR=oly ‘Moment of Resistance the layer above the neutral axis experience compressive force Fe and the layers below the neutral axis experience tensile force Ft. For equilibrium: Fe=Ft The moments caused due to these internal forces must be equal and opposite the BM caused at section f of the beam, The moment of resistance is defined as the algebraic sum of moments about the neutral axis of the internal forces developed in the beam. If the cross-sectional area of the element is dA, then Total Moment of resistance M=J(odA.y)={(Ey. y. dAyR > M=(EIR)Iy°2 dA Moment of Inettia I= [y"2. dA Hence, we get M=EIR Therefore, we get MII= BIR = oly; The above equation is called the Bending Equation/ Flexural Formula,Theoretical estimate of the shear stresses at neutral axis of | - section The analysis assumes that stress is uniformly distributed parallel to the neutral axis acrossthe width, and the presence of shear stress does not alter the distribution of bending stress.The diagram portrays two transverse sections, which are separated by a distance of dx, where the shearing forces are F and F+dF, and the bending moments are M and M+dM. Shear stress is defined as the stress component that lies in the same plane as the material cross-section, It arises due to the force vector that is perpendicular to the surface normal vector of the cross-section. Let, s be the value of the complementary shear stress and hence the transverse shear stressat a distance yofrom the Neutral Axis. z be the width of the cross section at yo. A be the area of cross section cut off by a line parallel to the Neutral Axis. 7 be the distance of the centroid of A from the Neutral Axisf ona f +f are the Normal Stresses on an element of Area 5A. There is a difference in Longitudinal Forces equal to 8/ «4 and this summed over the area A must be in equilibrium with the transverse Shear Stress s on the longitudinal plane of area = ox Thus. reden [5p 4a put! Anat : Of =6M x 7 Sissy ecco aM) f tex Bee“) fi gsa CF )fy ee (st) Ae pa 7 éx zi zi 2 For section, T Ais made up of two parts as follows: amet + for the flanged area ] ra woo (Ot) (Fs) Te F Using Equation 2 and noting that = — b Gr) 2 ()+G) G-»)] The maximum transverse Shear Stress is at the neutral axis i= (sez) B(D-@) +bd'] + Methods for determining the deflection of a beam: 1. Direct integration method 2. Moment area method 3. Conjugate beam method 4, Displacement methods ~ slope deflection and moment distribution 5. Energy methods 6. Matrix methods — conventional and reduced stiffness methods 7. Theorem of least work+ Obtain an equation for the deflected shape of a simply supported beamsubjected to two-point loading: From the bending moment and shear force diagrams, the shape of the beam willbe different in the Ist and last 1/3rd portions and the middle third portion subject to pure bending will have a different shape. - Ist 1/3rd portion: Taking origin at the left end of the beam: Since shear is constant (= P/2), the deflected shape has a cubic profile. So, let B= Ax + Bx? + Cx+D 6 =3Ax? + 2Bx+C M=El(6Ax +28) V = EI(6A) Now A(0)=0-D=0, V M(O} wei” To find the value of C, Take the middle one-third of the beam. For our convenience we will choose the origin at LL/3 from the left. i.e, Define xx= xx-LL/3 In pure bending the shape is quadratic: B= Ax? +B 40> 0 =2A5'+ B= M= EIA) =P a= SAX? +B x4 =2Ax'+ B'> M= EIQA)=3> A= TG pa 1 Pe 78 = "36 ET Since the slope is continuous across the length of the beam, this is the slope at x=LL/3. Hence, apt ape ea wet C7 Q 5 A(x=5)= -Z = a@'=0) + So the shape of the beam is given by the equations: [Owing to symmetry, we stop at L/2] Pt Plex 9@) = 251 Teer SE _Plx? Pex 5 PL “TEI” 36E1 324 ET’ + Theory of strain-rosette — Expressions to determine the components of the strain tensor, principal strains and principal direction ‘A wire strain gauge can effectively measure strain in only one direction. To determine the three independent components of plane strain, three linearlyindependent strain measures are needed, ie,, three strain gauges positioned in arosette-like layout. 45° strain rosette aligned with the x-y axes, ie, a = 0°, b = g = 45°. For principal direction won ” wa End to End Length = 25cm, Span L= 200em Distance between loading points and Distance between support and loading poi U3= 66cm Distance between LVDT's = L/6 = 33 cm a2 point or 4- point test is carried out on a simply supported beam. Procedure: 1. The figure illustrates the arrangement for the experiment. 2. The load was gradually increased in increments of 250 kg until it reached 2000 kg, after which it was released3. The measurements obtained from the ten strain gauges and three dial gauges were documented for each load. Observations: Readings from strain gauges at various locations: load sca [saz G3 S64 S65 S66 67 S68 S69 36.10 2517.4375 180,27501| 98,841671] 3,6330335) 92,025005) 37.83334] 17.008334) 76.208337| 25525001] 115,550006 57.725003, 24987813] -1793,40834) -#8.375005) 3.316668) 75,94168| 16525001 -15.816671) 25.608335] -114.666673| 5.966669 398.4063 172,08168) 24,738338| 3,3830335) 369.48169| 16.175001) 7.033337] 24.209335) 110,033329| 55,3666606 7298, 8074| 166.0250 -81.875006| 2,6083335) 83.558338| 1 15.125001 -69.33333/| 2331668) 104941672 52.9000028 295,028 159,05834] 78,616671) 2.258335) 73,366671) 14.191667) 66,03167) 2.400001] 100,083329| 50,5000026 2098. 8803] -152,58334] 7.875006] 1.8750001) 15.106671 147.56667| 13300001 -63.058337| 2.400001] -95,300005| 483750025 1994,1042| -145,52501] 7.208331] 1.488334] 71.750004] 140.11667| 12.616667) -59.533336] 20.266666) -89.9916714] 46,1666601 1897.6011 138.8500 -68.975006] 1.3083334] 8.083337) 133,58667| 12.058334) 36.133336| 19.158334| #5 3000044] 4g 3000023 18026715] -132,35834] -65.875008) 0.841667) 64.608337) 126.75834| 11433034) -52.616669| 17.980334| 80.5666709| 42.2383355 11696.5626| -125,25834| 62.8816) os 0.525003) 1319106667| 10.616667) a8. 901669] 16, 7481668) 75 3250029] 3.950002 -1590.974 -118,07501] -59.08167 0,1589333) 56.733836) 511.59167| 9.858338 -45.358336| 15.480334| -70.108337| 37.781686 1480.7136| -111.20501] -55.633336| 0.15| 52.875003) 10430834] 9.125000 -41.975000] 14358234] 65.0583367| 35,5000009 $392.8177| -104,70834] 458336) -0,5583334| 49,291669 97,341672 8.325004 -38.433335| 8.241667] 60.1750031| 33,3883351 1297.4636| 98. 150005] 49. 366660) 0.791667) 45,62500) 90608338 77000004) -35.066668 12.1666] -58.1338362) 31.533335 1186, 3034] -90.475005| 5 825002 -1.2083334| 41,3666 82.066671 69250004 -31.200002| 10,831667) #8,8000026] 23,1083349 1095.053) 84. 183338| -42.766669) “1.391667 38,041669) 7e.191671| 6.250000 -28.041668| 9.8500005) -45.4750024] 26,9666681 395,404 -77.683337| -39.525000! 1.850000!) 34,241668) 68,96667| 5.490000 -24.700001] 8.6750005| ~40,6250021] 246500013 -892.75003| -70.800004| -36.216669) -2.2000001] 30,150002] 6.475003 4.558336 -n.205001) 15983331) -35.5750019| 223583345 798.5468 -64.250008| 958385 -2.3833335) 26,731668) 54,783335 4.041666 -17.616668| 65000008] -31,3000016| 204000011 697.45315 51.2666) -10.481668| -1.4816668) 3.233335) 7.20000 3,5000002) -14.225001] 5,3500003) -26.3000014| 18.2916676 586,87502 -#7,816669| 24425001) 1.575000!) 18941668) 41.3033 4.233333 -9.5333338| 3.9589335) -20.125001] 16,6750009 499.1250) 41. 391669| -11.316668| 1.800001] 16,600001| 35.091669| 3.675002) -6.8750004| 3.016668) -15.8833340| 147083342 376.22318 -32,066668| 572500 1.875001) 12,041667| 25.7500] 2.641668 -4,2250002| 1.9838334| 10.8500006| 10,8416672 273.9503 14. 158335| -12.908334| 1,9500001] 8.200004] 18.366669| 17083234) -2.4500001] 1.1083324| 696666703 7,80833374 20464584 -19.033334] -10.35833¢| -2,0750001) 56000003) 13.233834| 0.925) -1,6083334] O75 ~4.87500025| 5.43383362 10983334] -13.283334| -7.4583337) 2.001668) 2.9950001) 7.608333) 0.008333 -1,0333334| 0.4416667) -2,07500016| 2.716668 41.9791 -6.3250008| 3.958335) -2.0583334| -0.4833334) 40083334] 1.216667) -1,1083334] 03583334] =1.9500001] -0,75838337 6.43220) -$.0833336| 3.316668 2,0083334| 0985] ti 1.301667) -1.1500001] 0.366667) -1.9500001] 130166674 Readings from the LVDTs: