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Solar-Radiation Energy Temp-09
Solar-Radiation Energy Temp-09
CLIMATIC ELEMENTS:
4) Surface albedo
(water, soil, snow, ice, vegetation, land use)
Q* = ( K↓ - K↑ ) + ( L↓ - L↑ )
where K↓ = direct + diffuse shortwave
solar radiation
Kiehl and Trenberth (1997) BAMS
Trenberth et al. (2009) BAMS
Radiative Components
G = R net - LE - H
Humid
LE
Tropical /
Equatorial
H
rainforest
R net
H
Tropical
desert
LE
Tropical wet climate
Tropical desert
climate
(2) TEMPERATURE
CONTROLS OF HORIZONTAL
TEMPERATURE PATTERNS
1. Sun angle & Duration
2. Land vs. water thermal contrasts
3. Warm & Cold surface ocean
currents
4. Elevation
5. Ice/Snow albedo effects
6. Prevailing atmospheric
circulation
1. Sun Angle & Duration
Sun angle (influences intensity of solar insolation &
albedo)
Duration (based on day length)
- both change with latitude and time of year
Leads to: zonal (east-west) distribution of isotherms,
hot in low latitudes; cold in high latitudes
2. Land vs. water thermal contrasts
Given the same intensity of insolation, the surface of any
extensive deep body of water heats more slowly and cools more
slowly than the surface of a large body of land.
4 Reasons:
1) water has a higher specific heat and heat capacity than land
2) transmission of sunlight into transparent water
3) mixing is possible in water, but not soil
4) evaporation cools air over water during hot season (less evap
during winter)
Leads to:
• annual and diurnal temperature ranges will be less in
coastal/marine locations
• the lag time from maximum insolation to time of maximum
temperature may be slightly longer in coastal/marine locations
3. Warm and Cold Ocean Currents
4. Elevation
5. Ice /Snow Albedo & Other Effects
6. Prevailing atmospheric circulation
Southern Hemisphere
JANUARY JULY
Northern Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere
http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/
Constructed by:
Jacqueline J. Shinker, “JJ”
Univ of Oregon Climate Lab
The NCEP / NCAR
REANALYSIS PROJECT
DATASET
http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/cdc/data.ncep.reanalysis.html
The assimilated data are:
-- computed by the reanalysis
model at individual gridpoints
-- to make gridded fields
extending horizontally over the
whole globe
-- at 28 different levels in the
atmosphere.
Note that the gridpoints for computed model output are more
numerous and much closer together in the mid and high latitudes,
and fewer and farther apart over the low latitudes.
Map of locations of Raobs soundings for the globe: