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    32 views19 pages

    P3 Chapter 2

    Uploaded by

    Dominika Nowak

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS Nard €B) The modulus function ‘The modulus of a number a, written as [al, is its non-negative numerical value. So, for example, |5| = 5 and also |-5| = 5. CEEED tre moduiss = A modulus function is, in general, a function of the function is also known as the type y= [fla)| absolute value function. On a + When f(x) = 0, [fla calculator, the button is often labelled ‘Abs. + When f(x) <0, |f(x)| en) Write down the values of: a |-2| b (6.5) a [-2l= The positive numerical value of ~2 is 2. b [65 63 16 positive number. 1 a f(x) = [2x - 3] 41 Write down the values of: a f(5) b 2) © fa) [alex 5-3] 41 CREED he modius function acts tke a pair of brackets. Work out the value inside the modulus function first +L. Workout the value inside the modutus =|7]4+1=741=8 j2(-2)- 3) +1 =|-7|+1=741=6 =i ate te values of modulus functions ™ To sketch the graph of y= ax + b}, sketch y = ax + b then reflect the section of the graph below the x-axis in the x-axis. reflected inthe Seas) OM 3) ELE wrerreanon Sketch the graph of y = [3x ~ 2] y eo Solve the equation [2x ~ 1] = RUS UPR Dn ke, By If using technology. Step 1 ‘Sketch the graph of y= 3x-2 (ignore the modulus for the moment) Step 2 For the part of the line below the x-axis (the negative values of , reflect in the x-axis. For example, this will change the y-value ~2 into the y-value 2. You could check your answer using a table of values: x =bx-2 | 5 2 1 4 Start by sketching the graphs of y= [2x ~ 11 and ps5 ‘The graphs intersect at two points, 4 and B, so there will be two solutions to the equation. ‘Ais the point of intersection on the original part {ofthe graph. The solutions are x = 3 and x Bis the point of intersection on the reflected part of the graph. CEEIED te function inside the modulus is called the argument of the modulus, You can solve modulus equations algebraically by considering the positive argument and the negative argument separately. GOS UDI T Gis} aed Reon ®, straight lines and modulus graphs using technology. Solve the equation [3x Start by sketching the graph of y= Bx ~ Sl and yee-gx | ~ The sketch shows there are two solutions, at A and B, the points of intersection, This isthe solution on the original part ofthe graph. When f(x) <0, [f@)| =-flx), 30 -Gx-5)=2 gives you the second solution. Thisis the solution on the reflected part of the graph cl The solutions are x = 2 and Solve the inequality [5x ~ I > 3x. | First draw a sketch of y = 15x 11 and y= 3x Solve the equation [5x ~ 1| = 3x to find the coordinates of the points of intersection, and B. This isthe intersection on the original part ofthe graph At B: (Sx -1) Sx Consider the negative argument to find the point of intersection on the reflected part ofthe graph, | | 28) ED werner 1 ee as focus The pono of iterecton se Look at the sketch to work out which values of at the meq = [5¢—1 ave pedeothens> Sorc} Youcould wie he coteectomio ise tate | eee! eee tu feind} pete xed | stmeninsetntatinssfcx>g}ufessg Write down the values of: 3 5 _ 3 a - - B-4 - 2x2 afi pos e¢ B-ll apg e 20-6x4) ff 42x 2-3x71 f(x) =|7 — 5x] +3. Write down the values of: i a fa) b {00 © f(-6) a(x) = |x? ~ 8x}. Write down the values of: a g(4) b a(-5) © a(8) Sketch the graph of each of the following. In each case, write down the coordinates of any points at which the graph meets the coordinate axes. a ysbe-il by=Rx+3] 0 e y=4x-71 CED = so rentection of» =I in the x-axis. € Pure 1 Section 4.5 3 a) = h 53] and h(a) = 5 a On the same axes, sketch the graphs of y = g(x) and y= h(x). b Hence solve the equation hs Solve: a Bx-ll d fix a On the same diagram, sketch the graphs by Solve the equation -24 = [4x - 2] Solve [3x = 5] = 11 = (4imarks) a On the same set of axes, sketch y = [6 — xl and y b State with a reason whether there are any solutions to the equation {6 ~ x1 Coats US Wy Gay ©) 10 A student attempts to solve the equation [3x + 4l = ‘The student writes the following working: Solutions are x = -2 Explain the error made by the student. 11 a On the same diagram, sketch the graphs of b Solve the inequality -13x + 4 <2x-9 x+4land y=2x-9 © 22 Solve the inequality 2x + 91< 14 ~x (4 marks) ©) 13 The equation |6~x]=4x + khas exactly one solution. QESCEESTES a Find the value of & @ marks) The solution must be atthe vertex of b State the solution to the equation, marks) — RISWERGM otis meats uncon Gs f(x) = bs? + 9x + 8l and g(x) = 1 ~ INTERPRETATION Qn the same axes, sketch graphs of y = f(x) and y = g(x) Use your sketch to find all the solutions to Ix? + 9x + 81 =, @ Functions and mappings ‘A mapping transforms one set of numbers into a different set of numbers. The mapping can be described in words or through an algebraic equation. It can also be represented by a graph. = A mapping is a function if every input has a distinct output. Functions can either be one-to-one or many-to-one. VI BP s BR ‘one-to-one function ‘many-to-one function not a function Many mappings can be made into functions by changing the domain. Consider y = Vx y CEE the domain is the set of al possible inputs for a mapping, The range is the set ofall possible outputs for the mapping. pave SCM asd If the domain were all of the real numbers, R, then y x less than 0 would not be mapped anywhere. Sy ODAC G LUE} = would not be a function because values of, However if we restrict the domain to.x = 0, then every element in the domain is mapped to exactly one element in the range. We can write this function together with its domain as f(x) = Vx,x€ Rx = 0. Ee) D> «= For each of the following mappings: You can also write this function as: fixe exeRx>0 {state whether the mapping is one-to-one, many-to-one or one-to-many ii state whether or not the mapping is a function. hastens geet oes i Every value of x gets mapped to one value of y, 80 the mapping 's one-to-one. ii The mapping is a function. — The mapping is one-to-one. i x = 0 does not get mapped to a val of y so the mapping is not a function. On the graph, you can see that x and — both get mapped to the same value of y | ‘Therefore, this is a many-to-one mapping, The mapping Is a function. — You couldn't write down a single value for F9) | For a mapping to be a function, every input in the {domain must map onto exactly one output. i ‘The mapping in part ¢ could be a function if — x =0were omitted from the domain. You could uite this asa function as f(x) =4,x€R, #0. Normally the domain is all the reals (GER), unless otherwise stated. Find the range of each of the following functions: a f(x) =3x~2, domain {x= 1,2, 3,4} ¢ h(x) = 4, domain (xe R, 0 3 not fa) =3 U |— There are two values of x such that f(x) = 19 eee Use x2 +3 = 19 to find the solution in the range x= Land use § ~ 2x = 19 to find the solution in the range x <1 Ignore x = ~4 because the function is only equal toxe+3forx= 1 4 and 1 For each of the following functions: i draw the mapping diagram tate if the function is one-to-one or may ili find the range of the function. a f(x) = 5x- 3, domain (x= 3, domain {x 4, 5, 6} - 10,1) © (y= . domain { 4-3 ny-to-one +0, 1,2, 3} SUD Gy arse 2. For each of the following mappings: i state whether the mapping is one-to-one, many-to-one or one-to-many ii state whether or not the mapping could represent a function a » » ’ © y a . ? \ ' 3 Calculate the value(s) of a, }, eand d given that: a p(@) = 16 where px 3x-2,xER b ab) ER © 1(c) = 34 where 6 202) +2, xER s(d)=Owhere sx x? +x -6,8ER 7 where qx 4 For each function below: represent the function on a mapping diagram, writing down the elements in the range state whether the function is one-to-one or many-to-one, a f(x) = 2x +1 for the domain {x =1, 2,3, 4, 5} 14,9, 16, 25, 36} Remember, Vx means b gx vx for the domain {x acs ¥? for the domain (x = -2,-1, 0,1, 2} the positive square root of x. 2 dixe © k(x for the domain {x= 1, 2,3, 4,5) “+ 3 for the domain {x= -2,-1, 0, 1,2) 5 For each function: i sketch the graph of y = f(x) state the range of f(x) iii state whether f(2) is one-to-one or many-to-one. a Exes 3x42 for the domain {x = 0} D fx) =27 + 5 for the domain {x > 2} © £.x++ 2sinx for the domain {0 =x < 180} d fix+s Vx+2 for the domain {x = -2} € f(x) =e* for the domain {x = 0} f 10) = 7logx, for the domain {x € Bx > 0} 6 The following mappings f and g are defined on all the real numbers by mye f Soe <4 _ [dem x<4 Y= \a49, xed BO)= L249, x4 a Explain why f(x) is a function and g(x) is not. b Sketch y= f(x) ¢ Find the values of: i f(3) it £10) d Find the solution of f(a) = 90 Pe THIEN Ua | @® 7 The function sis defined by 2-6, ¥<0 S)= Lo-x, x20 a Sketch y= s(x) cue bb Find the value(s) of a such that s(a) = 43 Thesolutlonsof st) scare the values in the ¢ Solve s(x) = domain that get mapped to themselves in the range. 8 The function p is defined by en, Sex<0 { 44, 0Sx=4 a Sketch y= p(x) (marks) b Find the values of a, to 2 decimal places, such that p(a) = 50 (4 marks) 9 The function h has domain ~10 = x <6, and is linear from (-10, 14) to 4,2) and from (~4, 2) to (6, 27). a Sketch y = h(x) CPT OM Problem-solving b Write down the range of h(x) (A mark) The graph of y= h(x) wil consist of two «Find the values of a, such that h@)= 12 marks) Me segments which meet at (-4, 2) ©® 10 The function g is defined by g(x) = ex +d where c and dare constants to be found. Given g(3) = 10 and g(8) 2, find the values of cand d. @® 11 The function fis defined by f(x) = ax? + bx ~ 5 where a and bare constants to be found. Given that f(1) = -4 and f(2) = 9, find the values of the constants a and b. © 12 The funtion his defined by h(x) = 3° ~ 6x + 20 and has EBD) First complete the square domain x = a. Given that h(x) is a one-to-one function, for h(a), find the smallest possible value of the constant a. (6 marks) €®) composite functions Two or more functions can be combined to make a new function. The new function is called @ composite function. = fg(x) means apply g first, then apply F. & fg(x) = f(g) £ { CREED the orderin which the functions are combined Is portant g(x) is not normally the same as eft). fe SN 10) EE rrerinon Given f(x) = x? and g(x) = x + 1, find: a fg(1) b ef) © f(-2) SUG} 141) b gil) = 93") 4) o+t 10 K-27) =a) =4 =16 ¢ fi-2) Gm The functions f and g are defined by f(x) = 3x +2 and g(x) = x’ a the function fg(x) b the function gfx) © the function £%(x) the values of b such that fa(b) = 62. b gs) = of3x + 2) Cela Ay ———|— gi)=1+1 — f@=2 fo) =3 — go)=9+1 — f-2) = (2)? Fay =a +4, Find: CED wisn — gacts on x first, mapping it to x? +4 [1 facts on the result. ‘| Simplify answer Gx+2P44 = 9x? 412K 45 © F(x) = Hx + 2) Bix + 2)4+2 — facts on «first, mapping it to 3x +2 |__ gacts on the result. Fmaps xto3x+2 — facts on the result, The functions f and g are defined by: fxr Rx-8l x+l 2 exe a Find fg(3) b Solve fg(x) = x '— Set up and solve an equation in b, f@)=[2x2-8) __ gacts on x first, mapping it to “3 facts on the result Simplify the answer. Draw a sketch of y= |x ~ 7| and y=x ‘The sketch shows there is only one solution to the equation |x ~ 7) = xand that it occurs on the reflected part of the graph When f(x) < 0, [f(x)| = F(x). The solution is on the reflected part of the graph so use -(v~ 7) Tiss the x coordinate atthe point of |__F-imtersection marked on the graph. E20) IED eros sre 1 Given the functions p(x) 3x, qo) = 7 and r(x) = (x ~ 2, find: a _pq(-8) b qr(5) © rq(6) d@ px(-5) e pqr() 2 Given the functions f(x) = 4x + 1, g(x) = x2 4 and h(x) = +; find expressions for the functions a fe) b afte) © his) a mh) © PG) i ‘The functions f and g are defined by: f(x) = 3x-2,xER ga)=x3,xER a Find an expression for fg(x). (2 marks) b Solve fg(x) = gf(x). (4 marks) © 4 The functions p and q are defined by: pay=—ty xe Rx #2 g(x) = 3x44, xR a Find an expression for qp(x) in the form, (3 marks) b Solve qp(x) = 16. (3 marks) OS WR ny Na aed Ee © 5 The functions f and g are defined by: fr xe 19 - 4x1 a ax-2 ae. a Find fg(6). (2 marks) b Solve fg(x) = x. (5 marks) © 6 Given = x21 a+1 il y= X45 ‘ind an expression for f(x a Prove that £%(x) = 7-5, b Find an expression for f(x). 7 The functions s and t are defined by sa) =2',xER taj=x43,xER a Find an expression for st(x). b Find an expression for t3(x). © 8 Given f(x) =e and g(x) = 4 Inx, find in its simplest form: a fx) (2 marks) b fg(x) (2 marks) iP) 9% The functions p and q are defined by aD tne orpunibe hacer Pee eet possible inputs for qin the function gp. qxee®-LxeR a Find qp(x) and state its range. (3 marks) b Find the value of qp(7) (1 mark) © Solve ap(x) = 124 (3 marks) GP) 10 The function t is defined by: ten - 2x Solve the equation (x) ~ (x)? = 0 (5 marks) Greta You need to work out the intermediate steps for this problem yourself, so plan your answer before you start, You could start by finding an expression for tt(). © 11 The function g has domain -5 = x = 14 and is linear from (-5, -8) to (0, 12) and from (0, 12) to (14, 5). A sketch of the graph of y = g(x) is shown in the diagram. a Write down the range of g. (1 mark) b Find gg(0). (2 marks) ‘The function h is defined by hi + ¢ Find gh(7). (2 marks) Pm asi) GUUS a ay | @ Inverse functions The inverse of a function performs the opposite operation to the original function. It takes the elements in the range of the original function and maps them back into elements of the domain of the original function. For this reason, inverse functions exist only for one-to-one functions, = Functions f(x) and f-1(x) are inverses of each other. f(x) = PFC) = © The graphs of p= f(x) and y= F-1(x) are reflections of each other in the line y = x = The domain of f(x) is the range of F(x) = The range of f(x) is the domain of F(x) Find the inverse of the function h(x) The inverse of f(a) is written asf), | ‘An inverse function |— canoften be found using a flow diagram. 1 L. The range of hix) is the domain of h-¥(, Therefore, hr'(x) = SO) IED ems Find the inverse of the function f(x) x € RB, x# 1, by changing the subject of the formula. —)___ You can rearrange to find an inverse function. Start by letting y = flx) LL Rearrange to make x the subject of the formula, Define f(x) in terms of x. y _ Check to see that atleast one element works. Try 4. Range of f(x) is f(x) # 0, so domain of FG) is Note that (4) =4 x#0 | _3ty Therefore Se UDI TG} Cana The function f(x) is defined by f(x) XER,x=2 a State the range of f(x). b Find the function f\(x) and state its domain and range, © Sketch f(x) and y = F(x) and the line y = x a The range of fx) isy € Ry = 0 ’ rer 2 -2 yaxt4e2 The inverse function is F(x) | The domain of F(x) is. x ER, x =O The range of (x) is YER, y = 2 yePGj=24+2 The function f(x) is defined by f(x) = x? = 3, ER, x a Find f(x). b Sketch y = f'(x) and state its domain. a = fx) x3 cee LL Pix) =e +3 I The domain of F(a) is x ER, x = -3, (2) = 0.As x increases from 2, f(x) also increases without limit, so the ranges (x) = 0, ory = 0 Rearrange to make y the subject of the equation. ‘Always write your function in terms of x. The range of f(x) isthe same asthe domain of F(x). ‘The range off) isthe same as the domain of (x). ‘The graph of F(x) isa reflection of fx) in the line 1y =x This is because the reflection transforms y toxand xtoy. =0 © Solve the equation f(x) = Change the subject of the formula. inverses using technology. First sketch f(x), Then reflect f(x) in the line y =x The range of the original function is f(x) = ~3 “@”~*d?:«“‘éi ‘y= fla) and y = f1() intersect on the line y = x. ‘This means that the solution to f(x) same as the solution to f(x) =x : TT _. Frente raph yu ca eta te slaen must be positive, so ignore the negative solution to the equation. 1 For each of the following funetions f(x): i state the range of f(x) {i determine the equation of the inverse function f'(x) iii state the domain and range of f'(x) iv sketch the graphs of y= f(x) and y f-!(x) on the same set of axes. axe dx+3xeR btxe tt rer c fixe 4-3x,xER dfixn 8-7,xER 2. Find the inverse of each function: a fa)= 10-2 ER b @=3xer ‘wo ofthese functions are oa self-inverse. A function Is self-Inverse fC) = fla) In this case ffx) = © he) @ k(Qx)= .x#0,0ER -8&.xER © 3 Explain why the function g: x1 4—.x, x € R, x> 0, ismot identical to its inverse 4 For each of the following functions g(x) with a restricted domain: i state the range of g(x) ii. determine the equation of the inverse function g-(x) state the domain and range of g-"(x) g(x) and y = g-!(x) on the same set of axes. iv sketch the graphs of 1 a gQ)=y ER X23 b g(x)=2x- 1. xER,x=0 © g)=—> ER, x>2 d g(x)=Vx-3,xER, x27 © Bx)=x2 +2, NER, X>2 f 8) 8 xER,x=2 © 5 The function t(x) is defined by t(x) = 22 - 6x + 5,xER, x25 Find t(x). (5 marks) EMD Fist complete the square fr the function ts /P) 6 The function m(x) is defined by m(x) a State the least value of a for which m-\(x) exists. (4 marks) b Determine the equation of m-!(x). (3 marks) x2 +4y-49,x Rx > a, for some constant a. US ODT ay CHAPTER 2 1 @w @u © State the domain of m-(x) axtl x-2° What happens to the function as x approaches 2? b Find b-'(3), © Find h-'(x), stating clearly its domain. 4 Find the elements of the domain that get mapped to themselves by the function ‘The function h(x) is defined by h(x) = xER,x#2 The functions m and n are defined by: mx 2x+3,xER nxn S38 ver a Find nm(x). b What can you say about the functions m and n? ‘The functions s and t are defined by: s(x) = xer** 19-35% x20. Show that the funetions are inverses of each other The function f(x) is defined by f(x) = 2x? ~ 3, x ER, x <0 Determine: a £-1(x), clearly stating its domain b the values of a for which f(a) = f(a), ‘The functions f and g are defined by: fxwe'-5,xER gerne Iny—4),x>4 a State the range of f. b Find f-, the inverse function of f, stating its domain. € On the same axes, sketch the curves with equation y = f(x) and y = F(x), giving the coordinates of all the points where the curves cross the axes. Find g°', the inverse function of g, stating its domain. € Solve the equation g-!(x) = 11, giving your answer to 2 decimal places. The function f is defined by. Brt2) 2 Ber Dex 20 a Show that fx Le, x>4 es b Find the range of f. ¢ Find f-1(). State the domain of this inverse function. (1 mark) (4 marks) (4 marks) (1 mark) (3 marks) (4 marks) (marks) (3 marks) (4 marks) (2marks) (4 marks) PMs uC UL} © y= leo andy = file) ™ To sketch the graph of lF(x)|: + sketch the graph of y = f(x) + reflect any parts where f(x) <0 (parts below the x-axis) in the x-axis, + delete the parts below the x-axis. = To sketch the graph of, + sketch the graph of y + reflect this in the y-axis. BLED were f(x) = x7 - 3x - 10 a Sketch the graph of y b Sketch the graph of ¢ Sketch the graph of, az.2 vette a fx) =a2- f(x) = O implies (x = 5)ix + 2 Sox=5orx {(0) = -10~ The graph of y= x2 — 3x — 10 cuts the x-axis at x=-Zand x=5. y u The graph cuts the y-axis at 0, ~10) | This is the sketch of y =x? -3x- 10 The sketch includes the points where the graph intercepts the coordinate axes. [A sketch does not have to be to scale. CDs. functions using technology. SU ar ai} Conard 29 = f(x) = [x]? - 31x] — 10 Reflect the part of the curve where x = 0 (the positive values of x) in the y-axis. u(x) = sin.x, ~360°

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