NEW STYLES IN MUSIC

• Impressionism
• Expressionism
• Primitivism
• Neo-classicism
• Avant garde music
• Modern nationalism
IMPRESSIONISM
 Impressionism is a late 19th
century and early 20th century
artistic movement

The name of the Impressionist

movement is derived from the
title of an
1872 painting of Claude Monet,
Impression, Sunrise.
Impression, Sunrise (1872)
Claude Monet
 As with most artistic movements,
the Impressionist movement in music
was a reaction to the previous era of
music, namely the Romantic period,
in which the music of
many composers is
heavy and overly dramatic, it was then
replaced in favor of
moods and impressions.
 IMPRESSIONISM was an attempt:
“not to depict reality,
but merely to suggest it”

It was meant to create an

emotional mood rather than a specific
picture.
In terms of imagery,
impressionistic forms Were
translucent and hazy, as if trying to see
through a rain-drenched window.
In impressionist music dissonance was
made use more.
DISSONANCE is a combination of notes
that sound as if they don‟t agree with
each other when played.

New combinations of extended

chords, harmonies, whole tone,
chromatic scales, and pentatonic scales.
Musical Impressionism was
based in France, and the
French composers
Claude Debussy and
Maurice Ravel are generally
considered to be the two
"great" Impressionists.
Claude Debussy
(1862-1918)
- French composer
- One of the leading figures of the
Impressionist Music
- His music is noted for its sensory
content and frequent usage of
whole tone scale

In 1884, he won the top prize at the Prix

de Rome competition with his
composition L’ Enfant Prodigue (The
Prodigal Son).
WHOLE TONE SCALE
From the East, he was fascinated by the
Javanese gamelan

The GAMELAN is an ensemble with bells,

gongs, xylophone, and occasional vocal
parts which he later used in his works to
achieve a new sound..

His musical compositions total more or less

227 which include orchestral music,
chamber music, piano music, operas,
ballets, songs, and other vocal music.
Debussy‟s mature creative period was
represented by the following works:

♥ Claire de Lune (Moonlight)

♥ Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun
♥ String Quartet
♥ Pelleas et Melisande (1895)
♥ La Mer (1905)—a highly imaginative and
atmospheric symphonic work for orchestra
about the sea
♥ Images, Suite Bergamasque, and
Estampes
Maurice Ravel
(1875-1937)
• French composer
• One of the leading figures of the
Impressionist Music
• Ravel was named as the “France‟s
greatest living composer” during
the 1920’s or 1930’s.
• His music is noted for its sensory
content and frequent usage of
atonality.
virtuoso—a person who excels in
musical technique or execution.

Many of his works deal with water

in its flowing or stormy moods as
well as with human
Characterizations.
Ravel‟s works include the following:
♥ Pavane for a Dead Princess (1899), a slow but lyrical
requiem
♥ Jeux d’Eau or Water Fountains (1901)
♥ String Quartet (1903)
♥ Sonatine for Piano (c.1904)
♥ Miroirs (Mirrors), 1905, a work for piano known for its
harmonic evolution and imagination,
♥ Gaspard de la Nuit (1908), a set of demonic-inspired
pieces based on the poems of Aloysius Bertrand
♥ Valses Nobles et Sentimentales (1911)
♥ Le Tombeau de Couperin (c.1917), a commemoration of
the musical advocacies of the early 18th century French
composer Francois Couperin,
♥ Rhapsodie Espagnole
♥ Bolero
 BOLERO
Transcriptions for Two Pianos (Excerpt)
EXPRESSIONISM
 Expressionism is a style in visual arts
from the early 20th century, which is
focused on expressing one's emotions,
like angst, despair, anger and grief.

Stylistically, it's the follow-up of late-

Romantic music. Emotions are taken to the
extreme, leading to disturbing, unsettling
and sometimes violent music.
Arnold Schoenberg
(1874–1951)
Schoenberg is credited with the establishment
of the twelve-tone system.

♥ Verklarte Nacht, 3 Pieces for Piano, op. 11

♥ Pierrot Lunaire,
♥ Gurreleider
♥ Verklarte Nacht (Transfigured Night, 1899),
one of his earliest successful Pieces.
His musical compositions total more or less
213.
Characteristics of Music of the
Impressionist Period:
2. A departure from traditional
major/minor harmonies to include
the use of whole tone scales,
advanced chromatic harmony
and dissonance.
THREE PIANO PIECES, OP. 11, NO. 1
Arnold Schoenberg
IGOR
STRAVINSKY
(1882–1971)

His first successful

masterpiece, The
Firebird Suite
(1910),
Other outstanding works include the
ballet Petrouchka (1911), featuring
shifting rhythms and polytonality.

The Rake’s Progress (1951), a full-

length opera, alludes heavily to the
Baroque and Classical styles of
Bach and Mozart
RUSSIAN DANCE FROM “PETROUCHKA”
Igor Stravinsky
Ravel Impressionism whole tone scale
Gamelan Virtuoso Expressionism
Dissonance Debussy Twelve tone System
Schoenberg Firebird suite Stravinsky
Claire de Lune Bolero Impression, Sunrise

1. A scale use by Debussy in his compositions

2. The title of the painting where they derived the name
Impressionism.
3. Was an attempt not to depict reality, it was meant to
create an emotional mood rather than a specific
picture.
4. An ensemble with bells, gongs, xylophone, and
occasional vocal parts
Ravel Impressionism whole tone scale
Gamelan Virtuoso Expressionism
Dissonance Debussy Twelve tone System
Schoenberg Firebird suite Stravinsky
Claire de Lune Bolero Impression, Sunrise

5. Is a combination of notes that sound as if they don’t

agree with each other when played
6. Musical style that focused on expressing one’s
emotion.
7. A system that was established by Schoenberg
8. Debussy’s signature work/famous composition
9. “France’s greatest living composer”
10. Ravel’s famous composition
Ravel Impressionism whole tone scale
Gamelan Virtuoso Expressionism
Dissonance Debussy Twelve tone System
Schoenberg Firebird suite Stravinsky
Claire de Lune (Moonlight) Impression, Sunrise Bolero

11. He won the top prize at the Prix de Rome competition

with his composition L’ Enfant Prodigue (The Prodigal
Son).
12. A person who excels in musical technique or
execution.
13. The Masterpiece of Stravinsky
14-15. The two composers of Expressionism
OTHER MUSICAL
STYLES

PRIMITIVISM
• PRIMITIVISM (eventually evolved into Neo-
classicism) - Primitivistic music is tonal
through the asserting of one note as more
important than the others.
• Inspired by Paganism and old religious rites.
Primitivism has links to Exoticism
through the use of materials from other
cultures.
 Nationalism through the use of materials
indigenous to specific countries, and
 Ethnicism through the use of materials
from European ethnic groups.
BELA BARTOK
(1881–1945)
- was born in Hungary (now
Romania) on March 25,
1881.

- wrote his first nationalistic

poem, Kossuth in 1903.

-In 1906, with his fellow

composer Kodaly, Bartok
published his first collection
of 20 Hungarian folk songs.
 As a neo-classicist, primitivist, and
nationalist composer, Bartok used
Hungarian folk themes and rhythms.

 Bartok is most famous for his

Six String Quartets (1908–1938)

- It represents the greatest achievement of his
creative life, spanning a full 30 years for their
completion.
 The Concerto for Orchestra (1943), a five-
movement work composed late in Bartok’s
life, features the exceptional talents of its
various soloists in an intricately constructed
piece.
 The short and popular Allegro Barbaro
(1911) for solo piano is punctuated with
swirling rhythms and percussive chords
 Mikrokosmos (1926–1939), a set of six
books containing progressive technical
piano pieces, introduced and familiarized
by a piano student with contemporary
harmony and rhythm.
NEO-CLASSICISM
NEO-CLASSICISM- a moderating factor
between the emotional excesses of the Romantic
period and the violent impulses of the soul in
Expressionism. (Namely order, balance, clarity,
economy, and emotional restraint.)
 Examples of neo-classicism are Bela Bartok’s
Song of the Bagpipe and Piano Sonata
 The neo-classicist style was also used by
composers such as
Francis Poulenc
Bela Bartok
Igor Stravinsky
Paul Hindemith, and
Sergei Prokofieff.
SERGEI PROKOFIEFF
(1891–1953)- regarded
today as a combination of neo-
classicist, nationalist, and avant
garde composer.

 His style is uniquely

recognizable for its
progressive technique,
pulsating rhythms, melodic
directness, and a resolving
dissonance.
 Born in the Ukraine in 1891, Prokofieff set
out for the St.Petersburg Conservatory
equipped with his great talent as a
composer and pianist.
 His early compositions were branded as
avant garde and were not approved of by
his elders.
 ballet Romeo and Juliet and
 the opera War and Peace
He became prolific in writing the following:
Symphonies-an extended musical composition for orchestra
(or orchestra with voice). The word comes from the Greek
syn, meaning “together,” and phōnē, meaning “sound”; hence
symphony is “a sounding together.”
Chamber music-instrumental music for an ensemble, usually
ranging from two to about ten players, with one player for each
part and all parts of equal importance. Chamber music from
about 1750 has been principally for string quartet (two violins,
viola, and cello). It was originally meant for private
performance, typically in a small hall or a person's private
chambers
Concerti-musical composition for soloist and orchestra:
an instrumental work for orchestra that highlights a soloist or
group of soloists.
and solo instrumental music
Sonatas-a piece of classical music for a solo instrument or a
small ensemble.
CONCERTO IN C MAJOR, OP. 26, NO. 3
Sergei Prokofieff
 Other significant compositions
• Peter and the Wolf-a lighthearted orchestral
work intended for children, to appease the
continuing government crackdown on avant
garde composers at the time.

• Symphony no. 1 (also called Classical Symphony)-his

most accessible orchestral work linked to the
combined styles of classicists Haydn and Mozart and
neo-classicist Stravinsky.

Prokofieff died in Moscow on March 15, 1953.

FRANCIS POULENC
(1899–1963)
• One of the relatively few
composers born into wealth
and a privileged ,the neo-
classicist Francis Jean Marcel
Poulenc was a member of the
group of young French
composers known as “Les
Six.”
 opera works
• Les Mamelles de Tiresias (1944)-
which revealed his light-hearted
character
• Dialogues des Carmelites (1956)-
which highlighted his conservative
writing style
• La Voix Humane (1958)-which
reflected his own turbulent emotional
life.
 choral works
• Litanies a la vierge noire (Litanies of the
Black Madonna, 1936), with its monophony,
simple harmony, and startling dissonance
• Stabat Mater (1950), which carried a
Baroque solemnity with a prevailing style of
unison singing and repetition.
Poulenc’s musical compositions has a total of
185 which include solo piano works, as well
as vocal solos, known as melodies, which
highlighted many aspects of his
temperament in his avant garde style.
He died in Paris on January 30, 1963.
 „Les six‟ MEMBERS
• Georges Auric (1899–1983) wrote music for the movies and
rhythmic music with lots of energy.
• Louis Durey (1888–1979) used traditional ways of
composing and wrote in his own, personal way, not wanting
to follow form.
• Arthur Honegger (1882–1955) liked chamber music and the
symphony. His popular piece Pacific 231 describes a train
journey on the Canadian Pacific Railway.
• Darius Milhaud (1892–1974) was a very talented composer
who wrote in several different styles. Some of his music uses
bitonality and polytonality (writing in two or more keys at the
same time). His love of jazz can be heard in popular pieces
like Le Boeuf sur le Toit which he called a cinema-symphony.
• Germaine Tailleferre (1892–1983) was the only female in
the group. She liked to use dance rhythms. She loved
children and animals and wrote many works about them. She
also wrote operas, concerti, and many works for the piano.
PERPETUAL MOTION, NO. 1
Francis Poulenc
 Modern
Nationalism
Modern Nationalism-a looser form of
20th century music development
focused on nationalist composers and
musical innovators who sought to
combine modern techniques with folk
materials.
In Eastern Europe, prominent figures
included the Hungarian Bela Bartok
and the Russian Sergei Prokofieff, who
were neo-classicists to a certain extent.
NIKOLAI RIMSKY
KORSAKOV
• Together with
Bartok, Prokofieff
made extensive use
of polytonality, a
kind of atonality that
uses two or more
tonal centers
simultaneously. An
example of this
style is Prokofieff’s
Visions Fugitive
 The “Russian Five”
• a highly gifted generation of creative
individuals
• Modest Mussorgsky
• Mili Balakirev
• Alexander Borodin
• Cesar Cui
• Nikolai Rimsky Korsakov
They infused chromatic harmony and
incorporated Russian folk music and
liturgical chant in their thematic materials.
Flight of the bumble bee.
Impressionism
• Claude Debussy
• Maurice Ravel

Expressionism
• Arnold Schoenberg

Neo-classical/Modern
Nationalism/Primitivism
• Bela Bartok

Expressionism/Neo-classical
• Igor Stravinsky
Avant Garde
Music
Avant Garde - Closely associated
with electronic music, the avant
garde movement dealt with the
parameters or the dimensions
of sound in space.

Avant garde music is so strange to

ears accustomed to traditional
compositions
GEORGE
GERSHWIN
(1898–1937)
• was born in New York to
Russian Jewish
immigrants.
• He was influenced by Ravel,
Stravinsky, Berg, and
Schoenberg, as well as the group
of contemporary French
composers known as “Les Six”
that would shape the character of
his major works—half jazz and
half classical.
He is a true “crossover artist,” in the sense
that his compositions remain highly popular in
the classical repertoire, as his stage and
film songs continue to be jazz and vocal
standards.
Considered the “Father of American Jazz,”
his “mixture of the primitive and the
sophisticated”
He died in Hollywood, California,U.S.A. on
July 11, 1937.
His musical compositions has a total of 369
SUMMERTIME
George Gershwin
LEONARD
BERNSTEIN
(1918–1990) Born In
Massachussetts, USA.

• a charismatic
conductor, pianist,
composer, and
lecturer.
• Known as a great
interpreter of the
classics
 He achieved pre-eminence in two fields:
conducting and composing for Broadway
musicals, dance shows, and concert music.
 Bernstein is best known for his compositions
for the stage/musical play
 West Side Story (1957)-an American
version of Romeo and Juliet, which displays
a tuneful, off-beat, and highly atonal
approach to the songs.
 Candide (1956)
 Mass (1971), which he wrote for the opening
of the John F. Kennedy Center for the
PerformingArts in Washington, D.C.
 He was fondly remembered for his television
series “Young People‟s Concerts” (1958–
1973) that demonstrated the sounds of the
various orchestral instruments and explained
basic music principles to young audiences,
His “Harvardian Lectures,” a six-volume set
of his papers on syntax, musical theories,
and philosophical insights delivered to his
students at Harvard University.
 His musical compositions has a total of 90.
 He died in New York City, USA on October
14, 1990.
PHILIP GLASS (1937–
)
• One of the most
commercially
successful minimalist
and also an avant
garde composer.
Known also for his
television jingles.
• Born in NewYork,
USA of Jewish
parentage, Glass
became an
accomplished
violinist and flutist at
the age of 15.
MUSIC IN FIFTHS
Philip Glass
A digital audio workstation (D.A.W.) is an electronic device
or computer software application for recording, editing and
producing audio files such as songs, musical pieces, human
speech or sound effects.
20TH CENTURY
MUSICAL
STYLES:
ELECTRONIC
 Technology has produced electronic
music devices such as cassette tape
recorders, compact discs and their
variants, the video compact disc (VCD)
and the digital video disc (DVD),MP3,
MP4, ipod, iphone, karaoke players,
mobile phones and synthesizers.
These devices are used for creating and
recording music to add to or to replace
acoustical sounds.
 Electronic Music
The capacity of electronic machines
such as synthesizers, amplifiers,
tape recorders,
and loudspeakers to create different
sounds was given importance by
20th century
composers like
Edgar Varese & Karlheinz
Stockhausen
EDGARD VARESE
(1883–1965)
 was born on December 22, 1883.
 “innovative French-born composer.”
 emphasis on timbre and rhythm
 invented the term “organized
sound,” which means that certain
timbres and rhythms can be
grouped together in order to
capture a whole new definition of
sound.
Varèse’s use of new instruments
and electronic resources
made him the
“Father of Electronic Music”
he was described as the
“Stratospheric Colossus of
Sound.”
POÈME ÉLECTRONIQUE
Edgard Varese
 Karlheinz
Stockhausen
 experimented
with musique
concrete

Some of his works include:

Gruppen (1957), a piece for three orchestras
that moved music through time and space;
Kontakte (1960), a work that pushed the
tape machine to its limits;
 Musique concrete, or concrete music
• Music that uses the tape recorder is
called musique concrete, or concrete
music.
• The composer records different sounds
that are heard in the environment such
as the bustle of traffic, the sound of the
wind, the barking of dogs, the
strumming of a guitar, or the cry of an
infant.
Helicopter String Quartet,
in which a string quartet
performs whilst airborne in
four different helicopters,
develops his long-standing
fascination with music which
moves in space.