WE vc tive PeeWee ta Oru Tt) SS SOME IMPORTANT RULES OF GRAMMAR Rule: Everybody! Everything / Nobody / Nothing / Somebody / Something Anybody /Anthing ee: 1) Everyboafilare ready odo flsthet work 2) Anybody can do the work 69 3) Nating but some books Wasiwere available 4 Notting but some students was present 4 Evoryen@ section of (1 the sodiot footing (2) the pinch of ring pricos and comuptions (3). No Eror @. Note: 1) Somebody was prosent....? 2) Something was present. 3) Nobody ws present? Rule2: Each /Evory Ether Neth ee: 1) Each gil vas present 2) Each ofthe gs was present 3) Every gi was prosont 4) ary ofthe gis was presen 5) Each student/students wishiwishesio'eomplete hismerithelr work on ime, 6) Each ofthe students/student wishilwishes to complete hisihertheir work op time’ 7) Every class isfare weady to atfend the seminar 8) Pracicaly every pat’ the Banana tree is used by 2. Each part Any fe Most pal 4. Noimprovement 9) Notte ofthe two students did the work, 10) Mr. Sharma has three sons, lther of thom is hardworking, {T)Any ofthe twa studente wi complete the projec. 12) None ofthe pens isfare working 19) Neither of them attended the function, ..? Rule 2: Both ... (Used in Positive Sentences) Both... And ex: 1) Both the students aswellas the teacher attended the meeting, 2) Neither of them wentto the cinema, (@)Both ofthem didnot go (© Bath didnot go (Nother went (6) No|mprovernent 3) Both the wife and the hand Were not on good terms, Rule 4: Ether -or/Nethe? por / Not only — but also ex 1) Neithel the CBlour or the size ofthe clothes sultsisultyme. 2) Not ofly Ram but also his fronds wastwere resent 3) Not only Ram but his friends were also present, 4) Neither of the scout leaders krow (a) how to trap ‘ld animals () or how to prepare them af mounting (6! no enor (4) Rules: ‘Words ike hundred, thousand, milion, dozen ete ar sod in singular form when preceded by a numoral (umber) Ex: (1) She has donated fwe-thousand rupees. (2) She has danated fve-thousands rupees, {@) She has donated thousands of rupees. (4) She brought two dazons eggs. (©) Sho bought to dozen eggs. {© She bought to dozens of eggs. (7) She bought dazens of eggs. {@ Twoshousands people were present (© Thousands of people were present, Rule 6: Uni/ Unies // Whether That Until time Unless — condition 1. Condition 2, Doub ] Telegram: @Englishwithranimaam YouTube: English With Rani Ma’amUe ve BRL Sareea Ta) Ce erscasemy Whether - doubt That - certainty ex: 1) | wil wait unlessuntl he comes. 2) Unless / Unt ne works, he vl not succeed Note: 1) __he doesn't work, he will not succeed 8. Unless bat ex 1) One can't succeed in ite (a unless one are (by ‘ot punctual in ane's work. (eV no errr (6 Note: 1) Ihe witl come, twill go, 2) I ont know ithe will come, Ex: 1) I don't know it) whether ne wil come, 2) L don't know i whether he willcome or not. 3) Lhave few doubis thavwhether he will come. 4) Lave afew doubts thatiwhether he will come. Note: 1) dnt know tat ine wl complete he ae time. 2) Lkow that ihe helps me, Iwill be af work Rule 7: Ac ing dul compre Sale supeaes othe mere better ‘much better ex: 1) She is feeling much better. Rule &: ‘The words “comparatively” and ‘relatvey" take adjectives of POSITIVE DEGREE. ex: 1) The weather is comparatively hotter Live Pte RASS UTE tas) 2) The tran is relatwaly slouslower 3) Eater ob opportunites were comparatively goodtbettes Rules: (1) He is twice talor than his brother. (2) He is two times taller than his brother (@) He is two times as tall as his brother (4) He is equally as smart as his brother. (6) How many eggs and money 6 (@)Tnese all mangoes are ri Rule 10: “ ¢ (oy It two quaities ofthe sar hing are compared, ‘the comparative deg! net by using EN) but byusno Ey 3? Ensure that the vetb is according to main subject (and not qualifier) Examples: (a)The box of Nest’s chocolates isfare missing. (0)THe boxes of Neste’ chocolates is/are missing (6) The decoration of the rooms is/are beautiful 41. From my hotel I could see that a flock of birds ‘wore flying over the ake. 2. From my hotel ». I could see «over the ake 6. were fying 2. The prices of tomatoes has soared up to Rs. 65> 70 per kg in many parts of the country. 2, soared up €. The pices of tomatoes has the 3.Aletter of recommendation (1) from the principal {and (2) /the head of English department have helped hi to get the lucrative jb. (3} / No Exor (4). 4, The latest global snapshot of (1) / student perfarmance show decine in scores (2)/n the US and stagnant performance in science and reading. (9)! No Error (4. ', One:thrd of the pillar hasihave rotted away, 6, One-third of the pillars hasMnave rotted away. .No ror 4. many parts of 2 Telegram: @Englishwithranimaam YouTube: English With Rani Ma’amUS uciive Pee Want ert SRC LSet tart tea) Ce erccasemy 7. Twosthirds ofthe pillar hasihave rotted away. 8. Twosthied ofthe t)/pitar has(2)rtted away(3}!no etroré) 9.A third of us (a) Fels compelled to check our phones (by Inthe middle ofthe night. (c}/ no error () Rule 12: Rule 12: SUBJECT NOUN@ VERB 4. MANY.NUMBER, 4. PLURAL. PLURAL, 2. AMANY, ANUMBER: 2. PLURAL 2 PLURAL 3. Many A 3. SINGULAR 3. SINGULAR 4. THE MANY, THE NUMBER 04. PLURAL © 4. SINGULAR 5. MORE THAN ONE: 5. SINGULAR 5. SINGULAR 6. MORE THAN TWO. 6. PLURAL 6 PLURAL, 7. MORE PERSONS THAN 7, PLURAL 7. PLURAL ONE: ° S 6 Note! Ex, (Many 2 giigiis golgoes to collage in te. Lin Agood many gitgitis goigoes to college in ime, IL Many @ man have (a come to Inia form Canada, (©) to lve here permanently (c) no error (a) IV. Agreat many student (a) have been deciaréd {by successful ()/noercr (6) \. More than one roomlrooms is/are vatand\ VL. More than two roomirooms ig/greyacant VII. More rooms/room than oneis/are vacant Rule 13: 1. Mr, Sharma is one of-8u? en offcers who ilare always alert 2. Mr. Sharmais dhly ene -of our officers that ilare alvaysaleit 3. Mr, Shards ohe of our only officers that always alert 4 Itis Iho is/am responsibie forthe mistake. 5. He sane of the bast witers that has/have ever ved, Rule 14: (2) the comes, L will help him (©) If ne came, | would help him. (© Ifhe had come, | would have helped him (@) 1 nad money, | would help the poor. (6) 1 had nad money, | would have helped the poor (the woud nave read (a) /the instuctions carefully (8) 78 would not have comvtted mistakes.(2)/ No ror) (i) tte had Mohan (a) in our team (b)/ we would hhave won the match. (2) No Eror (8) Rule 15: @ |. He has left for London last night He has left for London, (@) She had seen the movie yesterday. (c) Two years ago, the earthquake had destroyed the ay, (6) Iwas hearing the dog barking last evening. (c) Newton has discovered thatthe force of gravitation makes apples fall. (| have taken my lunch. (9) Have taken my lunch an hour ago Rule 16: With expressions such as IT'S TIME", IT'S HIGH TIME”, “IT'S ABOUT TIME" Simple pastis used. Ex: {adits time he goes / went /had gone to schoo! (0) Its time to do the work (6) Its high time he does did the work, ea Telegram: @Englishwithranimaam YouTube: English With Rani Ma’amUS uciive See Ots RT LIN tay SRC LSet tart tea) Ce erccasemy Rule 47: Suppostonal sentences having phrases ike “Lwis “He/She wishes’ ‘as If,” as thoua anc indicating some unufiled wish / desire take simple past Ex: (2) wish was / wore a doctor. (0) she was ! were abr, she would y. (c) He behaves as ithe knows /knew everything Rule 18, two nouns ave joined by preposition, the noun on either side is SINGULAR and the verb i also SINGULAR. 1. Women after women spoke against the crue! Practices of cowry 2, Days by days, ne is becoming weaker 3. Biles on piles of books wasiwere arranged, 4. Pages after pages of the Gita wasiwvere read 5. He enquited ftom doors to door Rule 19: 1 pronouns ike somebody, anyoody. everyone, something etc ae followed by “else”, postop 3s used wit else ex: {@) Somebody's purse has been stolen (0) Somebody's else's purse ag Beg stolen. (©) Somebody else's pupse 1. b80n stolen. Note: 1. Ram's uncie's trig Rule 20: Two oF mojs"noyn8)ginad by “and!” implying separate Possession midst take separate possessive sign or apostrophe ex: 2. went to Ram's and Sta's house and found the couple missing, » Mata’s ana Priya’s account, ©. Malas and Priya’s joint account Rule 21 1. One and a half hour 2. One and a hatf hours. 3. Annour and a halt 4, Two and a half Klometers 5, Twa kilometers and a hat & 1. One and a halt years wasiwere wasted 2, Ayear and a half wasiwere wastes. Rule 22: ‘Compound noun is @ noun which is mage of two or mare words. In order to make compound noun plural, we have to add siesies tothe root word SINGULAR PLURAL 4, Sor-intaw 1 Sons-inlaw 2. Brothersiniaw 2. Brothers-inlaw 3. Commanderin-chiet 3. Commandere:n-chiet 4. Passer by 4, Passers by 5. Onlooker 5, Onlookersilookers-on 6. Maid-servant 6. Maid-servants 7 Step daughter 7 Step-daughters 8, Book fair 8. Book fais 8. Spoontul 8. Spoontus 0.Member of Pariament | 10.Members of Parliament 11. Chief Minister “VL Chief Ministers 12. Landlord 12 Landlords 13. Gil student 13. Gil students 14 Man athete 14 Mer-athetes 15, Woman athite 16. Man servant 15. Women athletes 16. Men-servants 17. Man hater 17. Man haters 48 Woman lover 48 Woman lovers 19, Bedroom 19, Bedrooms 20, Book-shelf 20. Book-shelves 21. Mar-ot war 21. Men-of war NoTE 1) Haves ang haves not Haves and nave nots 2) Whereabout whereabouts Ex (a) He refused to divulge any information regarding her whereabouts, (0) The population of nda fs dvd into two classes - Haves and Have nots, (o)Allhis sister in laws are married and sete in London, Note: 1. The commanders in chief orders arrived late and the forces had to retreat. 2, | attended my sisters inlaw raan 4 Telegram: @Englishwithranimaam YouTube: English With Rani Ma’amWUE vciive Pee Waa Te tay SRC Laat ater tea] Ce erccasemy Rule 23: 1. He's my cousin brother 2, She is my cousin sister 3. Lwent othe temple wth my cousin sister 4, twas a plunder mistake, 5 6 ‘The anary mob attacked the police officers. He is coward person, 7, What i the passing/pass marks in Mathematics? 8, Which is the lnklinking road tothe city? 8, Put your signisignature on the dacuments 10. The documents should have your Photojphotograph attached toi 11 He i a pick pocketpick pocketer. 12 The house is made up of bricks. 13. already have the equipments required forthe work. +14. The train wich met with an accident was canying some army personnels. 15. The authonty didnt pay heed! to hie matter Lamia _- Base form of Verb — Infinitive (=) Adjective (=) 4. You should not boasting of your achievements, 2 The pedestians ‘should to be! cautious while Crossing the roa iw Rule 25: _- duty/advice/obligation Should<—_ ~ . Condition ex: ’ 1. tthe works, he wil succeed. 2, Should he works, he wil succeed. 23, We should obey the rules ofthe country ex: ‘2 He should have done the work ».Itwas very cold, he should bring his woolen Cotes, but he dit . He said, "I shall do the work” He said that ne should ould do the work » 4, He 2a, “We should respect our elders.” He said that they would/should respect their elders (3) Note: Should == Had better (duty/advice) Had Better. “V1 Modal verb Ex: ™~ Present Tense 1. You had better gone/go to school on time. 2. You should go to school on time. WY Rule 28: Used To, in it ofthe past) 1. Modal 2. Adjective 3. le used to work nara He is used ta work’warking hava 8. He is used to hard work 4. He got used to workiworking hard 5, Camels are used to carryicarrying loads, Rule 27: Can! Could / May / Might (@)He may possibly attend the party yr may key ain (lean be able to do the work (Because of heavy rain the students could not be ‘able o attend the meeting Rule 28: “The phrases "with a view fo" and "ooking forward to take Gerunds. (1) Looking forward to- expect anticipate something positive (2) With a view to — with the purpose of ex. 1) I come here to teach 2) Lcome here witha view to teach’ teaching 3) Lope to meet you. 4) am looking forward to meet meeting you. 5) Lam looking forward to good resuts I] Telegram: @Englishwithranimaam YouTube: English With Rani Ma’amWUE ucive Pots LTE tay SON re rT tay Ce emcstemy, 6) We are looking forward (a) / 1 hear news (8)! (€) The trains about to enter the station about the missing fisherman. (6)/ No emo (4) Note: 7) With a view lo avoid (2) trac accidents (bY the Bae initive tout Yo?) road was blocked. (6) No error (4) Crain verbs phrases take Bare Infntives. Rule 28: Ex Gorund = ‘make! made, Bid Bode, See! Saw, heat/ heard, \When verb acts as a noun. (Verbal Noun) but than, except, woul rather, sooner than. Be Ex fee eee (@)| ordered him to do the work eee (@)1 bade him todo the work Snemtesueene (©) mas bade io.do the wotk, ® Biehl: (@ The crue! lady made heServail i. do al the Pattciple household chores. When Vorb acts as a adjective (Verbal Adjective) Te work. A) Prosent Partcple ter Yhe Yom 6) Past Partelple 9 oleo but to play. ex: 1) The book is interesting. 2) The broken glasses were repaired, Grund - Possessive Case Paticiple - Objective Case AS 1. Help a $Y a thot rds 90 to school than fo stay at home. hk honour is better than to ve with 41.1 don't mind hin his staying late hours. ») I helped her to do the work: 2. My father appreciates me! my working pea 3. Due to me (a) / being a new: ))/ does not ‘a) | saw her do the work. excuse your faut. ()/ No eno 1) 1 sau er to do the work 4.1 dont ming (a) Rohan a tours with 6) saw her doing the werk istionds (ey No oN aoe 5.1 saw him his lea ue. ©) (a) He couldn't help but shed /o shed / shedding My father apo weosking har tears 7. He saw (king the car, 1) (b) He couldn't stop himself from shed / to shed / 8. a. insist ing there. ee 'b. insisted fim to go there. Laci ae {He layla in tho shado of thot. INFINITIVE (Tov!) 2. He lied/ lay to me yesterday. An infinitive is the base form of a verb. 3. The hens have jaid (Iain eggs. 2. Itacts as a Noun (sub/object) in a sentence. 4. He lay / inid the luggage aside. Bx 5. The water love asd os by to feet. (@) To learn a new language is difficult. 6. He raised / rose many questions. (0) Toerris human and to fxgve i dine. 7 The vere have esoun /verowed ihe benks (© He wishes to eam money quickly. 8. The clothes wore hanged /hung, oe ttemeeretatinn LO] Telegram: @Englishwithranimaam YouTube: English With Rani Ma’amWUE ucive Pots LTE tay SON re rT tay Ce emcstemy, 10. He hanged / hung his face in shame, 11, Such inoqualiias can be founded found inthe constitutions of other countries, Note: 1) ADVICE: - ADVISE: - 2) PRACTICE: - PRACTISE: - 3) LICENCE: - LICENSE: - 4) EFFECT - AFFECT. 5) COMPLAINT: - ‘COMPLAIN: ®)AVENGE:- REVENGE:- ex: 1. He led on the grass (a) fer hours (b)/ enjoying the 00! breeze. (€)/n0 error (8) 2, The process of (a) receiving figures of damage (b) to get adeltional compensation has began. ()/no error) 23, The assassin was convicted (a) / and o ‘Te hung let month ()/ no ettor (4) 4. Ho vas 60 Inquisitive (2)/ that he rosa Pay (6) questions inthe dass. ()/ no of 5. After the alloted time was over tay thy torn ofall (@y/the papers which they seer) oy Rome ensure fan AS) 1. Two, ad one injured 2. One wi kil and two injured. 2. He hae an will help the poor. 4, His aasstants have and are sll doing great ja. Rule 33: ‘Questions based on stative and action verb 8, Stative Verb> It alvays takes an ADJECTIVE. Aetion Vorb-> It fakes an ADVERB, &«: The birds sang seree/sweety. (@Hewas smiling sweetsweetiy at me i) The food tastod suoodswoety, V no ertor (4) iteosted me ten er Ge) Hews woeping bitterbittery () The food tasted biter. (VD He wae bittebittery disappointed, (ID. She looks boautfuvbeauttuly, (Uill She was feeing hungry hung. (0 She ate al the food hungrythungeily (08), He's being (a) very politely (0) / forthe reason best known to him () no error (3) (K)). Mangoes taste (a) / more sweet other ful of his world (6) No error) 1. The flowers want fo pluck them, ¢ O. a, Smelting ll smell so sweet ©. smell go sw 4. no improvement 2, The old as bindly, (a) so don’t cll him iar ‘wen (byhhe say that he can't read. (Yn error (d) B a meeting tomorrow, dione. He is seeing the movie. 6. He is seeing the PM tomortov, 7. Seeing is believing Note: 1. Every year our association fs having a meeting fo lect the afc, a, hasa meeting are having @ meeting ©. having a meeting d. no improvement 2. think our furniture needing to be polished, 1, needs to be polished —_b, need to polish ©, Is needing tobe polished 4, no improvement 3.1 cant go out inthe rain 2s am not having an umbrella a, have no umbrella b, don't have an umbrella ) any don't have the umbrella 4.no error 4.l.am thinking (a you were aware (bof he rules and regulations before joining. (e¥ no error (4) 5. Some people are believing (a) that women cannot (©) compete with men. (no error 6. Ramesh smiled when he was remembering (2! his hard earty years (band his long road to success, no error (8) Telegram: @Englishwithranimaam YouTube: English With Rani Ma’amUS uciive Cire eMC OTE tetany MK det eee EU Ud === Rule 34 PERSONAL PRONOUNS ae Cases of personal pronouns Nominative/subjective | Objective Possessive Case case Case Possessive | Possessive adjective pronoun 1% Person Lt 1, ME 1. MY 1, MINE ee es ee 2. OUR 2. OURS 24 Person 1.you |4. YOU |4. YOUR 1. YOURS 3" Person re 1. HIM 1. HIS 1. HIS 2.SHE |2.HER |2. HER 2. HERS 3.1T 3.1T 3. ITS 3. 4. THEY |4. THEM |4. THEIR 4. THEIRS 7, People who are not belonging to (a)! any nationalist party (By want to divide the county. (<}/no error (@) USES OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS (1) tftwo or more pronouns are joined by “AND” “OR”, they shoul be in the same case, Bx 2) These books are for you and ») You and | wil do the work ©) Bam or myselt will do the work, There isan understanging HeN@en Ram and. (2) Aer the word “LET, tRepfoncun is always in objective case. ex (@) Leth do Hlaywork (©) Let usin the meeting (6) The principal ordered the peon to let Ram and Lenter his chamber. (@) After the phrases Its" or ttwas", the pronoun is In subjective case. Ex {@) twas himihe wino helped me to do the work (0) Itis men whois responsible for the mistake, NOTE: Ex {@) 1 were nemim. would help her with money. (0) I they feF@ ne, they would not oppose ther boss. (6)! gipasbe Ram to be Shyam. 1G | Spposed Ram to be hes. (4) After the word THAN’, the pronoun can be in subjective as well asin objective case, &« (@) Lknow better than neti, (@) know you better than heim. ()| know you better than heii, Rule 36: Reciprocal Pronouns. EACH OTHER / ONE ANOTHER (1) Each other For two personsithings. (2) One another-> For more than two personsithings. (@)The two cats were fighting with each other ‘one another, (©) Allthe students of the class help each other ‘one another (c) He was so afraid that his knees knocked against each other/ one another. Rule 36 WHO > Subject, WHOM > Object fe] Telegram: @Englishwithranimaam YouTube: English With Rani Ma’am