CEC332 ADVANCED DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

UNIT 1

MULTIRATE SIGNAL PROCESSING

PART A

1. Define sampling rate conversion.

Sampling rate conversion is the process of converting the sequence x(n) which is got
from sampling the continuous time signal x(t) with a period Tx to another sequence
y(m) obtained from sampling x(t) with another period Ty.
2. State the methods to convert the sampling rate.
There are two methods:
(i) Resampling after reconstruction
(ii) Conversion in digital domain
3. What is multirate signal processing?
Multirate signal processing is the technique of processing the signal with multiple
sampling rates.
Advantages:
(i) Computational complexity is less
(ii) Finite arithmetic effect is less
(iii) Filter order required are low
(iv) Sensitivity to filter coefficient lengths is less
4. State the applications of multirate signal processing.
(i) Sub-band coding
(ii) Voice privacy using analog phone lines
(iii) Signal compression by subsampling
(iv) A/D and D/A converters

The above applications come under the areas given below.

(i) Communication Systems

(ii) Speech and audio processing systems
(iii) Antenna systems
(iv) Radar Systems
5. What is decimation?
Decimation is the process of reducing the sampling rate of the signal. It is otherwise
called down sampling or sampling rate compression.
6. What is Interpolation?
Interpolation is the process of increasing the sampling rate of the signal. It is
otherwise called up sampling or sampling rate expansion.
7. Give short note on sub-band coding.
Signals which occupy contiguous frequency bands analysis filter bank. These signals
are down sampled, yielding sub-band signals, which are then compressed using
encoders. The compressed signals are multiplexed and transmitted. On the receiving
side, reverse operations are carried out. This operation yields better compression
ratio, because each sub-band signals can be represented using a different number of
bits.
8. What are called polyphase filters? (May2012)
Polyphase is a way of doing sampling-rate conversion that leads to very efficient
implementations. But more than that, it leads to very general viewpoints that are
useful in building filter banks.
9. Find the expression for the following multirate system? (Nov 2012)

x(n) = {x1(n), x2(n), x3(n),……xN(n)}

output of down sampler 1 = {x1(n), x5(n), x9(n), x13(n),……}
output of up sampler 1 = {x1(n), 0, 0, ……, 0, x5(n), 0, 0, …., 0, x9(n), 0, 0, …, 0, x13(n), 0,
0, 0, …., 0}
output of down sampler 2 = { x1(n), 0, 0, 0, x5(n), 0, 0, 0, x9(n), 0, 0, 0, x13(n), ….}

10. What is anti-imaging filter?

Imaging is from over-sampling duplicating the signal spectrum at harmonics of the
sample rate according to the amount of sampling errors or false interpolation or in
other cases intentional zeros added to the sample to up-convert the spectrum.
In the reverse process to aliasing, anti-imaging (or reconstruction) filters are used at
the output of a sampled system to eliminate spectral images of the desired signal at
harmonics of the sample rate.
11. What is anti-aliasing filter?
An anti-aliasing filter (AAF) is a filter used before a signal sampler to restrict the
bandwidth of a signal to satisfy the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem over the
band of interest. Since the theorem states that unambiguous reconstruction of the
 signal from its samples is possible when the power of frequencies above the Nyquist
frequency is zero.
12. What is polyphase decomposition?
Polyphase is a way of doing sampling-rate conversion that leads to very efficient
implementations. But more than that, it leads to very general viewpoints that are
useful in building filter banks.
13. If a spectrum of a sequence x(n) is X (e j ) , then what is the spectrum of a signal
down sampled by a factor of 2?

1  j2 
jy
Y(e )  Xe 
2  
14. What is QMF filter?
QMF have been extensively used for splitting a signal into two or more sub bands in
the frequency domain, so that each sub band signal can be processed in an
independent manner and sufficient compression may be achieved.

PART B & C

1. Explain the polyphase structure of decimator and interpolator. (NovDec2010)

2. Discuss the procedure to implement digital filter bank using multirate signal
processing.
3. State the applications of multirate signal processing.
4. For the multirate system shown in figure, find the relation between x(n) and y(n).

5. Explain the efficient transversal structure for decimator and interpolator. (Nov2011)
6. Explain sub-band coding in detail. (May2012)
7. Explain sampling rate conversion by a rational factor and derive input output relation
in both time and frequency domain. (Nov2012)
8. Explain the design steps involved in the implementation of multistage sampling rate
converter.
9. A signal x(n) is given by x(n) = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,0,1,2,3…..}
(i) Obtain the decimated signal with a factor of 2.
(ii) Obtain the interpolated signal with a factor of 2. (May 2013)
10. Write short notes on
(i) Sub band speech coder (ii) Quadrature Mirror Filter
11. Consider the two different ways of cascading a decimator with an interpolator shown
in Fig. If D=I, show that the outputs of the two configurations are different. Hence in
general, the two systems are not identical.

12. Prove the equivalence of the two decimator and interpolator configurations shown in
figure.