EICODING BUGS &)NOTES GALLERY # Compute « Nehwork, >A compubes nelworle is a het Aa Aimele derma Computers connected Jeplner aevicen connected Inreugh Jaks. Mm Network A nelwork is a- set of devices Hrak ane connecked with ao phuypical media Mak. dn a nelwork Jno or more nodey ong tonnecked by prscical Jrk. or dwo ek reore neluorksy ant cennedel by ene er move naden, A node can be any devic wid is capohle ob sending or receiving the doba the Linke cane He nodea ene Known as communication channels, Bn gingte deam, nekwork is a collecHon of devices conneded 30 CodA ethres Jo allows shanicgy a; dala | Ht Bob Widdory ee 2dr 1969 , ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Nelwork) becomes Me pivik connectecl compures Webwork + TU implemented tne TCP/IP protecad , whith Jaber become the Intemmeh PABPANET wo developed by Rivanced Reger ine (MRP), a fubsek ob US Beporkment af defence (Dob) ores : 7 Whyy dick Hoe Ded need to cevelep nebworke Compudert ? — Becomoe of re Cold war bel US 2 Usse(Uns a ialtt ‘ dhe qoal APPANET X00 Jo Leep ines A piateyirepiligr ine USA ond the USSR deciedl 40 Eechony nucleon devices : e ARPANET vevelhonized communicahion, by woing Packel-Awild! instead of diveck connection, Daka Habis commuChabed throush of Packet -Zuilehi. buchen is formated Into packels with an adarent of destination madre. and rent onto Hre nekwork oncl Pickoup by Hoe Reet machine. jhe addvens in prolacal: tells tre methine where Rend the paets his wx dhe into. wilt reach ibs ae 2 deinaker oven ih iets iarck a divecre . srowide & changed be need {Oe Hee JD be ot stan bord | ine Urruectily of Utah, UCLA (vetversiby offalifowie LA) ara UCSB Cunivertilyy Of Califosnia, Santer Ronbena) fon. CODING BUGS NOTES GALLERY=H Raric Tesors in Compuder nebooth:. Chienk' 2 dient 1s 0 computer Rardwone olevice ox felons hoe OCEAEM arenvice made -avedlable by a Acwver..The sewer ® offen Clark net always) Jocated ono seponake physical ump 4 Ey Sewer: am seever is a physical compuber dedicated to wun é Aemicen to serve the needs: leer computes Degende\on G Te -servict Haak ts winning .U could be a Le pervet, a dalabore Kemer, rome _media sewer, paint cower, wer perver 4 TY Hort :- A host is a compuker, tomnichedl Jo other Cempubers for chidyd U Provides dala or sewvices over the nekwork antheory, every 4 compuker connected Jo a nekwork at on a hort to other 4 peers on She network i By Peer. A Peey ts a nobe thal provides sre same lunckionality gi OS Crore . Bx two computer, In nehwork. one peers, dr computer anc or herver are not peers 02 thers Perform 4 diferent eperahe> | A peer SS someting ov Aemeane Haak ts on equal member OUP -ewhese Hrese® geome Kind 4 meloHarchip bel Hue i members b He group. | 5] Bomdwidhhy eluork benduity is a meaanemert indhlcoheg Te mavimun capadh) ofa wited ow wirelers communication | Dink By frawomit olatg aver a network connector ina glen. awromt of Here TYPICAly shandwidly “is wepreseded dn tne numbers of bik, Kilobils, megabits or gigabits. tnal-con be « troweriHed wn b becondl, eae witty capacily handwidkh describes daha Hanger rate, : Xd doder wonnittedl ISpeed , Speed refers to robe ot ean canbe ia TE Hae bandartl is Hne capadiy forlab see. L@bes = 102 bils/s simlops = 1090000 \aby!s Jibps = 1900 Dis/g SICODING BUGS NOTES GALLERYhe 5G | Ainjovmdbion ts jranoporsted from soon dala packels acrons nek, They ane wouadly, gor ok oigqulon ewolls anc take v Me tate ; a 3ck amount ef hime. Tittey is when Shexe ty o Sime Delon in She pending, of cthene dala packets ower your nekwork. connetion, Andy iy offen camsed by Wework congetion ond & HOWE E clamped = er dda pls lake toannive, tre moore jitew con ai Ahe mate) fmgat ine video ond audio quality + & Packels' (\ packel fea rmalll begirers of dooe menerre Doda ’ went aie computes wehwente Gude Ternel, iscivided to dren necombined ex v~vwwuuey tre bers padeeks Tnege eackels ane ee : ox device Ava reciever Wem ' @ Packer Headey :- A packet nendes isa *lobkb of, nort, wid elSteceeeoe ees : Provides information obeud-We packel} corkents, ongin , deatinaho~ Packels convict of hwo portione: tne Heades & the poytoad. : , ThE Header Contodvs info cont Ane packel; publ ob origin dealinaben i IP addres ete. while ane paysoad ws actual gala. By Seamenty ey Bee Iranpork porlecal is TOP He unt of, dade pend ' from TCP fo nehwork layer 1s called segments, Dy Frame :- A prame |s ogo a unit of alata, Uk 1s & grotocal Dada Vast a Daka Lak lowes ‘ Ror’ othe PDU of Tramtper dosyer i> catleck a9 Reamer ts othe PDU of rekwork Layes bs collec ao Packels othe DU of Dala Unk, dower SS cabled 00 Fremen . Gar Local Hort + twcal wart *s Yor aur compude, Local hovt can be Acer of aedver Hah ' uoedl an yon awn compufer, borat Havt Lao Me UW Add + 127,0,9,4, GI Bik Rate: Une cauleg .q ire procen oh eanieg binary dale jolo a Hac Pineal sgnol is kdown as dnc ewdi ‘take .- ork. ConnecHows Con sencl ils very feu. we maroune Hak speed wring git-vad ‘ ae es ae ¢. The Kumboerr of hits of date Krol u + Gel. Lotency :. Lokencry menunen howstobe sHhe bils anntve, Lodencay ts Hae Dy, e between : : an the Sending ah doda gq end vecleutng Sp Arar mg, metronred Yn miss oo gTRY Noise :- nerse ts ans endesied tpual in communication vient | Noise is a unwarted clidurbancé superimposed gv a crocs. Alpena wshéch ends 40 ascunc Us infosmabion eonbe ng. i a Dyped » theswaal, Intesmodetation , Crofstoll. cmd lanpulse vaige I) Drtenmation '. prennction means LaLb ob apgual srenolin in nelwortlag cables ov Connechors, Anis 1s measured in clecibels er voltagg.and can ocowy due te voriby of dodbors, Wb mo. oe co bo become atitlortech o* poueiae & ts wifi 9 Maral Gdeenghs i weaken khan fhe rouker . Dislorhon'. inteswughon of Framanwithing ay Lot undleon necegton. SCODING BUGS (NOTES GALLERYai ee -s ee ao eel at INNA %s WEB and whalt tne Difference bel webd interneh? Eo The Talesnet ts a globol network of nebworts usbile Ihe wel or World Wide Wels(uww) Isa cellecHor of information Sra is atcerseo| via Mae inteanck @AhKe infeed is inprerdeucme while Lhe Web Is servecl on bop of “thot infroutrachure, @ Web apelicahons voek UTTP profucal vahidh is a Loner over TCP mp POCA wheres frlernet applications can either use TCP Or UEP protocal CUTTY bb ~~ ott Ranemivsion Media . > Atrenamirrion media a path pefueen Hanamitter2 Receiver. oJ the. de tS the crannel Warengn whic, dater 1S Aerd fpram One ploce » +0 anothers OO : Tranamivvion Medial [cReneemetion Mesa] 2 er ts Pp Guided 5 media Cowie! |[GpHca} ine) Micro P| cable | ble colt Ohipline pe : 2B IGuided Media '- wired ox Rounded Godhansmirtlgn Medin, > - Riguals belng trawemitled via physical tink. ; Fealured—* High dpeed > © Secure : * Used tox ehorter dielene ©. > Ress > E) Beidled Pedr Glohe» constt of 2 ceporably innutaled corductorwines ’ wound about each ober, geveral pucr pairs ane wundieck 5 togehver ia protective theoth. Twodyped # Ondhielded Iwirledl Poi (ure)] @ Sh elded dwirted Pair ; —rtownistol tuo inouladed copper wite., Cowret of Apecial jacket (Copper boaid eae orcund ear ather govead or feil yhild)’ 50 boue eoternad ability LO plode intes e lnkerpeWence eeu en pocypteol che acer poi Vn flat olata gate heme, > Used in rhes-belephonic Appbiaho More Empenave # Bully elif, tofrdall Leow Brpenoive + Emory t0 inctolle High "Better peoherranc © hor chivtonce A rewveemiction dus be fttenmakion |ee ; ——_______— BU) Conical Cable + At han ar utes plactic texering containing on © iasutolion Sayer evrede of PYC or “Teflon ond 2 povaltel cond wor Cac roving Aegerated maalated proeckion coven, ~eTromomid tNwabion in Ho modes: O Roseand Mode! decticated cable Rand usr © Povad bard mode? cable bondwith is splikiato Seoonade renges. P COLES Ts and en TW nelworle. work con ietl cables x Outer acho: Haake Pnreeag Condectoy a s Creve) Onedlaler Anotadoy Pave. ‘ : ' sa Diseduides f !- Rowd voit « Retrer Noige dremunil sy) «Aingle cab foitere con ltt * fosy te forte onctfypand elnerpewnue | WrcCentare network. iF) Oplical Fiber Cable! Co + Te ures dhe concept oh sefledon of Light Ineo a core made UP af QWs or plaakc ame core is sumouncled by 9 Jess chenne lant ox plarkc cated Uadding. *Tis te awoedd ae Aravomirsion af, 0 volumes af data # Me athie can be untdrecheral oy piiveconat. Eby ; faphy Cove Aelvo seus A vse iran da ao FDC Be anton Rmeinbeuy © tes Karel OtenuaHon “High cot Pa detiremopaehe sober{erence] Fegi r + Perittance fo covmomve coabe cial ° UY) Sdafpling akin o Jronavens Electroma SrommimonQine Mediuay — lavewbed toy Dvbert- I. Sennett in tos, *SAviptine & Mar eantitot formol ghonen dranemiedon Line ot + Unen & conduc material Jo drenamit high frequency wowe, P Tara Mt corduding whbeviat is tancluidned be” tog Jauer od plone vdnichy WS) _MicroBlrighin ee” Ones oval, Harted jo Seo 4 EM immu +n WIS AKO Cond uch, materiel is Aeponated prom dne round alone tay @ Lager “tide SCODING BUGS ©) NOTES GALLERY© Q Unguided Mediq + alo wehewed Oo Wirelens Or Unbounded dxcwarivtey eredicn No. Prrysicat meclium is vaequived. Fealunen-+ ne gual 18 Broadecvat eck “ovat als + leas becme © Uveck for dove Airlences, Tepes + U2 Radio Waved '. ears togenerake © can penchobe Hrrouyih buildings 8 Sending & Recieving antennas need vist te aligned. : eCoreve F ete ~ 16H, eAME LM wodles and corddens Phones user Rodia woes wuwe SRitlcro wantes \. « gemdina amet Recleving orlennaa necth $0 be Property vigue wilh ead oMAeg *Dirlance coveneel by bigvals i clcectly gvoportionall 0 helgisbof , onkenra ) Fe, Range’ 1 GH,~ 20062. cpa ut 2 Moinly used Jor mobile plone communicshom & TeevitonDirtsibeHe Gi Qnraved » + Usest for Kok dirtance communrahor : * Comnel penrekrote ero ugih olvtoteD © Cre. Range : 300 GYe~4O0TH? , * Uneok In AV Remote, wireless mouse ete. Hh Compater Neburk Devices | Ty Hub |. ewores ab sical Doerr awd hence connect devicen Phupticalty elt woes Titled poly colahes to connect dewicea. ethey ome clerionred 40 avanomil the packeks to other appended devices witha singe gla re rowamitted patkebs recieved, oth Prawernite Fre Wo of Hae four Y doter perlzet 38 dewtines forthe device connected or nBt Two Cakegors en te Ci) Active Hub(Repeaters]:. ebmabter Wren tre paodive Hub, they provide pedh dor signals also Jhey sregennrate concent rate anal dl en the befere AErding, to deakinnkitn. Ur ii alto cated as "Repeaters ’ CiiPassive Hub!-they move Like apalah contact fortne wires te tout In Hoe Feed Network hers hove nating Jodo with eroding, “Ae Argnats. SCODING BUGS ©) NOTES GALLERYesas YY ee wan wadliple Ebemnd deve + Cah te a clewiee. fanned: ¢ d , BY athemer Hubs oar em pethawndsiea Ae ftrckiona ao 0. jlegte vel pactner ed ¥ Nn Sears of fepecd. = altepten mode where claonce of, yf of Sar Hine, seen yoo © UP communrdaden 9 colidon one inevitelote eo TEU Suuttchor + sudtehes ane aie Nilknge poidls-olom eBerrnh rele eBewicen in suwichen one conneded Vesrougis pusicl cok pois colhen *Swilcheo tronater atala peukOls only to Wal po wshid iy conneded Jo A Beonakon denice. A gwidreo does AO or having A boul rin Seonmea A MAC addvers: of ctevicen connected to u *Since transmission of date wprals ane weildehined jn or aut len heer thea ed. dose oe Ke nedusort : , ‘Siyer ons hem dugter qnede . udnene deuiced penddreerived 4 dala imublanesvalsy, a cons : BY Modern. 1. modulator “Demoduledor (modem) is device ae 4 TT cemeuter -gennaled dlpial ehyale $0 ovstog grabs ansh oto TE capable of dgain cnruertia onakag ripuath.to a\igitod erigrols ok necsietas d, Common Aypen Wehus Pi Wally deapler modem, ust-duptey modern, 2 wire madern, # Hewiae modem, Syndnrandna ome Asyndwrannis mudem, Modem stands for Mod wlatos-Demodutakor denice ovrvirls compulerr in sranaherving tala and lajormahon aver telephone Lined. 3 tock = moddiatos when Dee oy leona oak anignad come) ub od an clemadwlaloy exhor Ur eanverts anata into aligled wegrd By Gosewans "A Gatewny is neta thardwane deuce Used, thisa ‘ua birmwone whidr cave ainaee sethings of Hee device mordhy Hae getewery addyeas in rouders is (92.165,0.1 OF 192168, 1.4, a Ak acls 5 ‘pate! beween hoo nokrorks. A mary lve ‘roule », hireraal), sewer or etree deviced Haak enables traffic be blow in ond out i dhe nekwork while & aetewory Proteds Hre nodes willin neduodd, 7 tk algo » node chselby [Ed Wi Dowters:- Simin Bike modem is alto Madubator and Denodudalo er | - He addiiiona Lealuore ts wiretens connect uty whats codred anwiif, et pats ond “Us havi: ule 7 Ar has U-elvesnel Po ay DUCE Ao tha conned U9 pe ord SEVICL modem Labernel” wilh wimedl anwireeng a | S\CODING BUGS ENOTES GALLERY,sD Routers: vonen a device ir LAN need 30 communteake evita o > device on anokhes PAR LAN Ur must pend traitic to 0 specialized device Connectecl to tre LAM calla a Paubes. whose Purpose is $0 Uind ae beck path for dhe mensoge to fake to omive oF Pre Anbended. woe device, and to Rend de maniene along Os veeey followin, path. t + Renters ane Nedouorle Iayer devices end ane particularly identified | Bd Layer~3 devices of tre OS! Medel: ' eT Ahers “proces Logical addrerrigg iAbpemation in the oluoue este header: of Me Padkeh pun ao IP Addwens. reer TU he tre ability to connede chiesinstian LAM on Hae Mame OFE1(C". * Funcki Ay | . : ee ge rreenives Sine data, ot deberminea Ine dewkinaion adie | bby reading are header ab tre packet: Oner Weaddsens is delermined, UW peandneh In Us Roullng sate be get knew Wows $0 reach Hoe dertrahen ond then fa & Khe packel- bo te wyer op on the TRUE, Ane Wop cod be Hre tinal chertinahin or onokrer reutes. Rouklos lalrte! tb plays a very Pivotal vole in letiag Mne rouber makes decision. Thus 0 routing Sable Is 0 to be updated arc complete, Ane ways Waugh vdnidr o vouker Com vedeve tnpormahion ane !- O skedic Pouting The rouble Inppemalien & fed tnbo Une rouk! | Johle -mandly, Ur doeo pecamen a Rare~teuelng out gets prone bo ewraws a0 well. static Rout iM qi rhe forHanient- environment with minimum of one or Qouters, UY Dyrarnit Routing: Fog honges envivornert of Dyraonic Reuing prove xo be He prathical golutten, The precer involves ws*o} pecutian routing protocals bo held communiealion. ne pangose af Frese proetal *; to enable Hre other wouter, fo Sreinsfer “elprmation cloak other outers. Ao Hat phe otrer noutess can built thar ew soubrs bolls. & eos Elm Repeater Ty voed to eotend the rage of radio Aj Ho Hak the Agnal can cover Longer distances, o repeale- Is an electronic device Hak weckelued opgnal and we~trangortts Uk, Repeaters is voed for wited median wo well ao oviecless meokluwn, Typenot Repeadexs 2 Dnate eee © Bini! Repeoter * MiXowoue Repeater # Sotcite Re paler © WG Reperter/LoLANn Repeoter * LTE Repeater » Opticol Repeater. S)CODING BUGS E)NOTES GALLERY pwue=>—_——__— — 1 Bugger. A becermse hey cen potentially peed and cleq a Jonge nebwok, ahorks | 40 Waele ability te bevadcaat dala to all the nodes A Hoey donk Lnow Nhe deakinahton voder mac Address A bridge is a type of, nework device Shak provide interconnection cvitn eb bridge redrsosks Hrak used tae dame pretocal, Alordae 45 0 compukes networlkdevice Hak builia dhe connection WAY SAKE e badge nehworks Wak woes Hie Kame probecal. 4 Tk works oF the Data Link Jayes ob Hee OS mode cinch connects 4 Aillevent nelworkes fagelrer amd develops communication behveed prem, 4 Bridyes one Alorilon Jo repeater A Hubn Pa Hrakthey brnadcant colgg do every node, However Baidge maintain dre Media Acres Cont CmAC) addvers Table ao poor as Shey dittover: mew segments, go Subsequent tranamistions ane ent toenly Jo fhe clemzed vecpiert, 4a briclge woes olalabase to ascertain where to p00 dranemik er discord On alate, rome 4 Ih Hee preame we ceived by tne bridge is meant tar agsenmed Wak neni o aes Yost meso 1Ur wil paos ated g that pode atid Re eceivivsy bridge will Hren cbiscand of a Bb tre bridge redetveo o prame wshose node MAC Madreods isehane commected nekwore, tk will pprnword she frame foward th, iH “Wes Trawopenert Bride © Sounee Route wridge Otrovalohion Geidge network loalge cesice 14 Pmenily wed to Lang Lot Aan Ee [0] Broukens!. Browters one re combinabion of bern he bridge oma) vouters.they lake up Hre funchionality of tre beth ehusertieg | devices sewvicg ana ‘ridge cohen ferwondirg daky behwvees! | Nebworks oh Aervirg) oa router when bing dota HO | Nadividned syttems, 1 Browters funchans o7 9 filles hak allews fone cote inky wae | Local nebwork omch vedizecl UMEAGON daha Fo Hae abner nekeonk Broukers operate ab both dhe nehuork lay ) > > > ) , TN - eel oof , @ @ \ ' © = Va sit, ts eC i