Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Dr. Vijeta
Content Writer Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi
Module Id 07
Conclusion
Boas put the idea that while all cultures are different they are nevertheless equal (the concept of
cultural relativism). He argued that using a predetermined evolutionary schema to classify them was
“not only insulting to their separate historical developments, but also bad scholarship.” Boas insisted
on the importance of detailed studies of individual cultures, marshalling “archaeological evidence, the
mapping out of the diffusion of cultural traits amongst neighbouring peoples, and the detailed
examination of language and customs.” The result was the establishment of the “historical school” of
anthropology, promoting the approach known as historical particularism. Boas argued that the attempt
to explain human thought in terms of social organisation ignored the role of people as thinking, acting
beings, and led to a relativisation of all systems of belief (including religion and science) which
undermined the claims of cultural evolutionists (social determinists) themselves. Peter Berger noted:
Relativizing analysis, in being pushed to its final consequences, bends back upon it. The relativizers
are relativized, the debunkers are debunked ‐ indeed, relativization itself is somehow liquidated
(Wilson, 2012).
Historical Particularism claims that each society has its own unique historical development and must
be understood based on its own specific cultural context, especially its historical process. Puts a high
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Cross cultural comparison can be done but it is not a reliable source of info. So, all elements of
a culture need to be taken into account when comparing cultures, an anthropologist cannot pick
and choose characteristics.
Boas concluded that Ethnographic data collection through fieldwork is a good way to collect reliable
data (Harris, 2010).
Summary
Historicism or Historical Particularism is an approach to the study of anthropology and culture dating
back to the mid 19th and early 20th century and encompassing two distinct forms of historicism,
diffusion and historical Particularism. Boas stressed the apparently enormous complexity of cultural
variation, and perhaps because of this complexity he believed it was premature to formulate universal
laws. He felt that single cultural traits had to be studied in the context of the society in which they
appeared. Boas produced no definition of culture. Instead he concentrated on first, on refuting the
evolutionist perspective and in doing so developed the characteristics of culture which today
anthropologist sill agree to even though they do not agree on a definition of culture. Boas established
that culture is learned, shared, meaning centred and integrated. Moreover, Boas shifted anthropological
thought from the origin of Culture to the investigation of individual cultures which Boas held to be
unique and diverse. For Boas, cultures were composed of numerous traits, each with a history and
situated as a result of diffusion (Harris, 2010). First factor was Boas’ desire to work out the detailed
history of delimited regions or what Alfred Kroeber was to call culture areas. The principal
methodological technique he used for this was the study of the dissemination or diffusion of traits. A
second important factor contributing to the emergence of Boas’ culture concept was his fascination for
getting behind the veil separating him from foreign modes of thought. Boas conceived of the problem
of subjective understanding in terms radically different from those envisaged by Tylor. To him the
notion of there being one single human culture (emphasized by the term Culture with a capital C) that
all societies were evolving towards were flawed especially those that had a western model of
civilization as that towards which all societies are evolving. His belief was that many cultures(here for
the first time the term cultures with small c meaning a diversity of cultures is used for the first time)
developed independently, each based on its own particular set of circumstances such as geography,
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