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ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING

Guidelines in Constructing Multiple – choice Test

1. Make a test that is practical
2. Use diagram or drawing when asking question
about application, analysis or evaluation.
3. When ask to interpret or evaluate about
quotations, present actual quotations from
secondary sources.
4. Use tables, figures or charts when asking to
interpret and pictures when students are
required to apply concepts and principles.
5. List the choices/options vertically NOT
horizontally
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Guidelines in Constructing Multiple – choice Test

6. Avoid trivial questions
7. Use only one correct answer or best answer
format
8. Use three to five options to discourage
guessing.
9. Be sure that distracters are plausible and
effective.
10.Increase similarity of the options.
11.Do not use “none of the above” when asking
for the best answer
12.Avoid using “all of the above” options
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Guidelines in Constructing Stem

1. The stem should be written in question form or
completion form.
2. Do not leave blank at the beginning or middle
of the stem (for completion form)
3. The stem should pose the problem completely
4. The stem should be clear and concise.
5. Avoid excessive and meaningless use of
words.
6. State the stem in positive form. Avoid using
negative phrase like “not” and “except”.
7. Avoid grammatical clues.
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Guidelines in Constructing Options

1. There should be one correct answer or best
answer in each item.
2. List options in vertical order not horizontal order
beneath the stem.
3. Arrange the options in logical order and use
capital letters.
4. No overlapping options; keep it independent.
5. All options must be homogeneous in content.
6. As much as possible the length of the options
must be the same or equal.
7. Avoid using the phrase “all of the above”,
“none of the above” and “ I don’t know ”.
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Guidelines in Constructing Distracters

1. The distracters should be plausible and equally
popular to all examinees.
2. Avoid using ineffective distracters.
3. Each distracter should be chosen by at least
5% of the examinees but not more than the key
answer.
4. Revise distracters that are over-attractive.

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ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING

Advantages of Multiple-choice Test

1. Measures learning outcomes from
remembering to creating.
2. Scoring is highly objective, easy and reliable.
3. Scores are more reliable than subjective type of
test.
4. Measures broad sample of content within a
short span of time.
5. Item analysis can reveal the difficulty of an item
and can discriminate the good and poor
performing students.

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Disadvantages of Multiple-choice Test

1. Time consuming to construct a good item
2. Difficult to find effective and plausible
distracters.
3. Scores can be influenced by the reading ability
of the examinees.
4. In some cases, there is more than one
justifiable correct answer.
5. Ineffective in assessing the problem solving
skills of the students.
6. Not applicable when assessing the student’s
ability to organize and express ideas.
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ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING

Guidelines in Constructing Matching Type Test

1. The options and descriptions must be short and
homogeneous.
2. The descriptions must be written at the left side
and marked with Column A and the options
must be written at the right side and marked
with Column B.
3. There should be more options than descriptions
or indicate in the directions that each option
may be used more than once.
4. Matching directions should specify the basis for
matching
5. Avoid too many correct answers
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Guidelines in Constructing Matching Type Test

6. When using name, always include the complete
name.
7. Use numbers for the descriptions and capital
letters for the options
8. Arrange the options in a chronological or
alphabetical order.
9. The descriptions and options must be written in
one page
10.A minimum of three and a maximum of seven
items for elementary and a maximum of
seventeen items for secondary and tertiary
levels.
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ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING

Example of Matching Type

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Advantages of Matching Type Test

1. It is simpler to construct than multiple-choice
type of test.
2. It reduces the effect of guessing compared to
multiple-choice or true-or-false type of tests.
3. It is appropriate to assess the association
between facts
4. Provides easy, accurate, efficient, objective
and reliable scores
5. More content can be covered in the given set of
test.

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Disadvantages of Matching Type Test

1. It measures only simple recall or memorization
of information
2. It is difficult to construct due to problems in
selecting descriptions and options
3. It assesses only low level of cognitive domain
such as knowledge and comprehension

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Guidelines in Constructing True or False Test

1. Avoid writing very long statement
2. Avoid trivial questions
3. It should contain only one idea in each item
except for statement showing cause and effect.
4. Avoid opinion-based statement
5. Avoid using negative or double negative.
6. Avoid specific determiner such as never,
always, all and none for they tend to appear in
the statements that are false.

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Guidelines in Constructing True or False Test

7. Avoid specific determiner such as some,
sometimes and may for they tend to appear in
the statements that are true.
8. Avoid grammatical clues.
9. Avoid statement directly taken form the book.
10.Avoid arranging the statements in patterned
order (TTTTTT, FFFFFF, TFTFTF)
11.Directions should indicate where and how the
students should mark their answers.

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Advantages of True or False Test

1. It covers a lot of content in a short span of time
2. It is easier to prepare compared to multiple-
choice and matching type of test
3. It is easier to score because it can be scored
objectively compared to test that depends on
the judgment of the rater/s.
4. It is useful when there are two alternatives only
5. The score is more reliable than essay test.

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ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING

Disadvantages of True or False Test

1. Limited to only to level of thinking skills such as
knowledge and comprehension or recognition
or recall information
2. High probability of guessing the correct answer.

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Guidelines in Constructing Completion Type or

Short Answer Test
1. The item should require a single answer or brief
and definite statement.
2. Be sure that language used in the statement is
precise and accurate in relation to the subject
matter being tested.
3. Be sure to omit only key words.
4. Do not leave blank at the beginning or within
the statement.
5. Use direct question rather than incomplete
statement.
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Guidelines in Constructing Completion Type or

Short Answer Test
6. Be sure to indicate units in which to be
expressed when the statement requires
numerical answer.
7. Be sure that the answer the student is required
to produce is factually correct.
8. Avoid grammatical clues
9. Do not select textbook sentences.

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Advantages of Completion or Short Answer Test

1. It covers a broad range of topics in a short span
of time
2. It is easier to prepare and less time consuming
compared to multiple choice and matching type
of test.
3. It can assess effectively the lower level of
Bloom’s taxonomy
4. It reduces the possibility of guessing the correct
answer

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Disadvantages of Completion or Short Answer Test

1. It is only appropriate for questions that can be
answered with short responses
2. There is difficulty in scoring when questions are
not prepared properly and clearly.
3. It can assess only knowledge, comprehension
and application in Bloom’s taxonomy of
cognitive domain
4. It is not adaptable in measuring complex
learning outcomes
5. Scoring is tedious and time consuming.

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Essay
• It consists of few number of questions wherein
the examinee is expected to demonstrate ability
to recall factual knowledge, organize
knowledge and present knowledge in logical
and integrated answer.
• Types of Essay Items
– Extended Response Essay
– Restricted Response Essay

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Extended Response Essay

Advantages:
– Demonstrate learning outcomes at synthesis and
evaluation levels
– Provides more freedom to give responses to the
question and provide creative integration of ideas

Disadvantages:
– More difficult to construct
– Scoring is time consuming

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Restricted Response Essay

Advantages:
– It is easier to prepare questions
– It is easier to score
– It is more directly related to specific learning
outcomes
Disadvantages:
– It provides little opportunity for students to organize
ideas, to integrate materials and to develop new
patterns
– It measures learning outcomes at comprehension,
application and analysis levels

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Guidelines in Constructing Essay Test

1. Construct essay question to measure complex
learning outcomes and relate to the outcomes to
be measured.
2. Formulate essay questions that present a clear
task to be performed.
3. An item should be stated precisely and it must
clearly focus on the desired answer.
4. All students should be required to answer the same
question
5. Number of points and time spent in answering the
question must be indicated in each item
6. Specify the number of words, paragraphs or the
number of sentences for the answer.
7. The scoring system must be discussed or
presented to the students.
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Advantages of Essay Test

1. It is easier to prepare and less time consuming.
2. It measures HOTS
3. It allows students’ freedom to express
individuality in answering the question
4. The students have a chance to express their
own ideas.
5. It reduces guessing answer
6. It presents more realistic task
7. It emphasizes on integration and application of
ideas
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Disadvantages of Essay Test

1. It cannot provide an objective measure of the
achievement of the students
2. It needs so much time to grade and prepare
scoring criteria
3. The scores are usually not reliable
4. It measures limited amount of objectives and
contents
5. Low variation in scores
6. It encourages bluffing

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Suggestions for Grading Essay Test

1. Decide on the policy for dealing with incorrect,
irrelevant or illegal responses.
2. Keep the scores of previously read items out of
sight
3. The student’s identity should remain anonymous
while his/her paper is being graded
4. Read and evaluate each student’s answer to the
same question before grading the next question.
5. Provide students with general grading criteria
6. Use analytic or holistic scoring
7. Answer the test question yourself by writing the
ideal answer.
8. Write your comments on their papers.
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