Test Bank For Mcknights Physical Geography A Landscape Appreciation 11 e 11th Edition Darrel Hess

Test Bank for McKnightâ€™s Physical Geography: A
Landscape Appreciation, 11/E 11th Edition Darrel

Hess
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Test Bank for McKnightâ€™s Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation, 11/E 11th Edition D
McKnight's Physical Geography, 11e (Hess)

Chapter 10 Cycles and Patterns of the Biosphere
1) The geographic study of living organisms is ________.

A) geomorphology
B) biology
C) phytology
D) biogeography
E) limnology
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Topic/Section: 10.2 Biogeography
Bloom's Taxonomy: A. Knowledge
Geog Standards: 3. How to analyze the spatial organization of people, places, and environments
Science Outcomes: 2. Demonstrate the ability to think critically and employ critical thinking
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.1 Explain the approach biogeographers use to study the biosphere.
2) ________ is the term for the total complex of plant and animal life in an area.
A) Ecosystem
B) Flora
C) Ecotone
D) Fauna
E) Biota
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Bloom's Taxonomy: D. Analysis
Geog Standards: 8. The characteristics and spatial distribution of ecosystems and biomes of
Earth's surface
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.4 Differentiate between biota, flora, and fauna.
1
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3) Which of the following does not refer to life in the oceans?
A) vadose
B) plankton
C) nekton
D) benthos
E) food chain
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Earth's surface
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.5 Differentiate between plankton, nekton, and benthos.
4) Animals or plants living on the sea bottom are ________.

A) fish
B) benthos
C) nekton
D) xerophytes
E) part of the lithosphere
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Earth's surface
skills.
5) Earth has ________ species of animals compared to the number of plant species.
A) many fewer
B) about 100 fewer
C) about 100 more
D) many more
E) about the same number of
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Earth's surface
skills.
2
6) Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?
A) plankton
B) nekton
C) terrestrial biota
D) benthos
E) oceanic biota
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Earth's surface
skills.
7) Compared to the others, which of the following is the "hardest to pin down"?
A) atmosphere
B) biosphere
C) lithosphere
D) hydrosphere
E) magnetosphere
Answer: B
Diff: 2
skills.
8) Which of the following terms is the LEAST specific?

A) species
B) flora
C) fauna
D) benthos
E) biota
Answer: E
Diff: 2
skills.
3
9) Concerning the biosphere, the geographic viewpoint is most often concerned with ________.
A) taxonomy
B) specific plants
C) specific animals
D) distributions and relationships
E) agriculture
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Bloom's Taxonomy: C. Application
skills.
10) ________ are floating plants or animals.

A) Benthos
B) Nekton
C) Flora
D) Terrestrial life
E) Plankton
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Earth's surface
skills.
11) Approximately how many species of plants are in existence?

A) 1,500
B) 6,000
C) 150,000
D) 600,000
E) 6,000,000
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Bloom's Taxonomy: F. Evaluation
Earth's surface
skills.
4
12) The present binomial system of biological classification was devised by ________.
A) Darwin
B) Wallace
C) Huxley
D) Linnaeus
E) Aristotle
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 10.2 The Search for a Meaningful Classification Scheme
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.6 Explain the classification of organisms by Linnaeus.
13) The Linnaean classification system is based mainly on ________.

A) flower type
B) anatomical similarities
C) root depth
D) edaphic factors
E) speed of growth
Answer: B
Diff: 2
skills.
14) Which of the following does NOT describe the Linnaean biological taxonomy?
A) formulated in the 1700s
B) hierarchical
C) comprehensive
D) losing acceptance
E) binomial
Answer: D
Diff: 2
skills.
5
15) Why is the Linnaean system of limited interest to geographers?
A) too simple
B) not in English
C) not logical
D) not based on distributions
E) too difficult
Answer: D
Diff: 2
skills.
16) The Linnaean system of classification is ________.

A) completely objective
B) based on three Latin names for each species
C) hierarchical
D) so successful that it has not had to be modified
E) sadly outdated
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Bloom's Taxonomy: E. Synthesis
skills.
17) If the biosphere is to function properly, its components must be ________.

A) replaced from space
B) replaced from the ocean
C) recycled
D) fully used up within biogeochemical cycles
E) arranged so that they don't become "fixed"
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 10.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
Earth's surface
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.15 Identify other critical minerals, besides water, carbon, oxygen, and
nitrogen, that form significant biogeochemical cycles.
6
18) For about the last ________ years, Earth has had about the same balance of chemical
components that now persists.
A) 10,000
B) 100,000
C) 1 million
D) 500 million
E) 1 billion
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Geog Standards: 4. The physical and human characteristics of places
skills.
19) In nutrient cycles in general, minerals tend to be dispersed through ________.

A) plant action
B) surface and subsurface runoff
C) evaporation
D) assimilation
E) conduction
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Geog Standards: 7. The physical processes that shape the patterns of earth's surface
skills.
20) Planetwide, a balance of chemicals is maintained by ________.

A) negative feedbacks
B) cycles
C) seasonal patterns
D) solar radiation
E) decomposition
Answer: B
Diff: 2
skills.
7
21) The biogeochemical cycles are considered to have been in a planetwide steady-state
condition for the last ________ billion years.
A) ten
B) one thousand
C) one million
D) one billion
E) one trillion
Answer: D
Diff: 2
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.8 Explain the energy flow through the biosphere.
22) The conversion of recyclable components within the biosphere takes place in all but the
following ways:
A) using energy
B) continually
C) sometimes over hundreds of millions of years
D) sometimes in less than a decade
E) equally over Earth's surface
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Earth's surface
skills.
8
23) The following DOES NOT have a sedimentary cycle.
A) zinc
B) copper
C) phosphorus
D) sulfur
E) oxygen
Answer: E
Diff: 2
skills.
24) Which biogeochemical cycle exists largely because of the work of bacteria?
A) oxygen
B) hydrologic
C) nitrogen
D) carbon
E) energy
Answer: C
Diff: 2
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.14 Explain the nitrogen cycle.
25) Considering all major biogeochemical cycles, the human input is ________.
A) making major alternations in most cycles
B) insignificant
C) limited to the carbon cycle
D) never likely to be important
E) several times larger than the natural fluxes of mass and energy
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Geog Standards: 14. How human actions modify the physical environment
skills.
9
26) In terms of biogeochemical cycles, calcium has a(n) ________.
A) mysterious
B) non-repeatable
C) asynchronous
D) cycle very similar to that of nitrogen
E) sedimentary cycle
Answer: E
Diff: 3
skills.
27) The driving force behind all life cycles in the entire biosphere is ________.
A) the Sun
B) water
C) nitrogen
D) hydrogen
E) oxygen
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Topic/Section: 10.3 The Flow of Energy
Earth's surface
skills.
28) The main energy source for the biosphere is ________.

A) heat from volcanoes
B) reflected energy from the moon
C) radioactivity decay in rocks
D) light from the Sun
E) hot air from Congress
Answer: D
Diff: 1
skills.
10
29) The response of an organism to the amount of light it receives in a day is termed ________.
A) ecotone
B) photoperiodism
C) edaphic
D) photosynthesis
E) dentrification
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Earth's surface
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.9 Explain the relationship between photosynthesis and plant respiration
and the contributions to the biosphere.
30) Which components are necessary for photosynthesis to occur?

A) carbon dioxide and light
B) carbon dioxide, light, and water
C) water, oxygen, and light
D) oxygen and light
E) water and light
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Earth's surface
skills.
11
31) The end product(s) of photosynthesis is (are) ________.
A) carbon dioxide
B) water
C) carbohydrates
D) light
E) unknown
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Earth's surface
skills.
32) Photosynthesis is a main means of fixing ________ in the ecosystem.

A) benthos
B) oxygen
C) carbon dioxide
D) nekton
E) nitrogen
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Earth's surface
skills.
12
33) Net primary productivity is greatest in the oceans ________.
A) where nutrients are greatest
B) in the tropics
C) in the middle latitudes
D) in the polar latitudes
E) where nutrients are least
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Earth's surface
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.10 Explain biomass and net primary productivity and their global
patterns.
34) Net primary productivity is greatest on land ________.

A) where nutrients are greatest
B) in the tropics
C) in the middle latitudes
D) in the polar latitudes
E) where nutrients are least
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Earth's surface
skills.
patterns.
13
35) Net primary productivity is measured in ________ per year.
A) watts
B) watts per square meters
C) kilograms per square meter
D) kilograms
E) centimeters
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Earth's surface
skills.
patterns.
36) ________ is the term for the physical amount of plant material at a location.
A) Biomass
B) Intraspecific composition
C) Biota
D) Biome
E) Biology
Answer: A
Diff: 2
skills.
patterns.
14
37) Carbon dioxide and water and light combined to create carbohydrates is a vital portion of
which cycle?
A) oxygen
B) hydrologic
C) nitrogen
D) carbon
E) energy
Answer: E
Diff: 2
skills.
38) Of the total solar energy reaching the Earth, ________ percent is fixed by photosynthesis.
A) 80
B) 40
C) 20
D) 10
E) less than 1
Answer: E
Diff: 3
skills.
39) A problem with the use of biofuels is ________.

A) they have never been successfully produced
B) the United States has outlawed them
C) there is a food versus fuel debate
D) they emit more carbon dioxide than fossil fuels
E) they have never been successfully been used in trucks
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 10.3 Biofuels
skills.
patterns.
15
40) Which of the following is made by chemical processing of animal fat or vegetable oil?
A) gasoline
B) alcohol
C) "sugar cane gas"
D) biodiesel
E) ethanol
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Topic/Section: 10.3 Biofuels
skills.
41) Which of the following does NOT correctly describe water in plants?
A) Water dissolves nutrients.
B) Chemical reactions take place in water.
C) Water carries away waste products.
D) Water carries nutrients to all parts of plants.
E) Water is created through the process of photosynthesis.
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Topic/Section: 10.3 The Hydrologic Cycle
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.11 Explain the interrelationship between the biosphere and the
hydrologic cycle.
42) The availability of moisture to plants is largely determined by ________.

A) precipitation
B) evaporation
C) precipitation versus evaporation
D) light
E) chlorofluorocarbons
Answer: C
Diff: 3
skills.
hydrologic cycle.
16
43) This entity has the greatest percentage of its mass as water.
A) humans
B) tomatoes
C) rock
D) soil
E) earthworm
Answer: B
Diff: 3
skills.
hydrologic cycle.
44) Over the last century and a half, the main source of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide
has been ________.
A) volcanoes
B) photosynthesis
C) photoperiodism
D) rock decomposition
E) burning of fossil fuels
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Topic/Section: 10.3 The Carbon Cycle
Bloom's Taxonomy: B. Comprehension
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.12 Explain the carbon cycle.
45) Carbon is fixed in the biosphere through ________ into carbohydrate compounds.
A) bacteria
B) biomes
C) photosynthesis
D) dentrification
E) transit
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Earth's surface
skills.
17
46) Plant decomposition releases ________ into the atmosphere.
A) sulfur
B) oxygen
C) neon
D) carbon dioxide
E) nitrogen
Answer: D
Diff: 2
skills.
47) Most of the carbon near Earth's surface is held in ________.

A) geologic deposits
B) forests
C) glaciers
D) animals
E) lakes
Answer: A
Diff: 2
skills.
48) Which cycle has been significantly altered by humans and is of great concern because of its
implications for global warming?
A) argon
B) oxygen
C) nutrient
D) nitrogen
E) carbon
Answer: E
Diff: 2
skills.
18
49) Amongst the biogeochemical cycles, which one can be said to operate rapidly?
A) nitrogen
B) carbon dioxide
C) oxygen
D) helium
E) rock
Answer: B
Diff: 3
skills.
50) Of the biogeochemical cycles which have been interfered with by the actions of humans,
which is thought to be likely to have the most far-reaching effects on the biosphere?
A) oxygen
B) nitrogen
C) carbon
D) water
E) copper
Answer: C
Diff: 3
skills.
51) Concerning oxygen, which of the following is FALSE?

A) It was scarce in Earth's early atmosphere.
B) It helped produce the first life on Earth.
C) Most life cannot function without oxygen.
D) Most oxygen has a biological origin.
E) Photosynthesis produces oxygen.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 10.3 The Oxygen Cycle
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.13 Explain the oxygen cycle.
19
52) Which of the following is NOT a source of atmospheric oxygen in the oxygen cycle?
A) the weathering of rocks
B) the burning of fossil fuels
C) water from plant transpiration
D) decomposition of water during photosynthesis
E) decomposition of nirogen by solar energy
Answer: E
Diff: 2
skills.
53) Of the main nutrients in the biosphere, the one that is "fixed" inside nodules in certain plant
roots is ________.
A) carbon
B) nitrogen
C) oxygen
D) hydrogen
E) calcium
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 10.3 The Nitrogen Cycle
skills.
54) Animal wastes on the ground form a part of the ________ cycle.
A) oxygen
B) carbon
C) phosphorous
D) nitrogen
E) copper
Answer: D
Diff: 2
skills.
20
55) Atmospheric nitrogen which can be assimilated by plants is ________ nitrogen.
A) legume
B) denitrified
C) juvenile
D) fixed
E) liberated
Answer: D
Diff: 2
skills.
56) The conversion of nitrates into free nitrogen ________.

A) does not happen in nature
B) is called "freeing" of nitrogen
C) is accomplished by bacteria
D) happens in the process of photosynthesis
E) is little impacted by humans
Answer: C
Diff: 2
skills.
57) Most atmospheric free nitrogen is cycled to Earth by means of ________.

A) assimilation
B) weathering
C) rain
D) mining
E) bacteria
Answer: E
Diff: 3
skills.
21
58) Which of the following is cycled in minor amounts compared to the other substances on the
list?
A) water
B) phosphorous
C) nitrogen
D) oxygen
E) carbon dioxide
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Topic/Section: 10.3 Mineral Cycles
skills.
59) In the concept of the food chain, the fundamental unit consists of ________.
A) bacteria
B) plants
C) humans
D) secondary consumers
E) predators
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 10.4 Food Chains
Earth's surface
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.17 Identify and exemplify the fundamental units in a food chain.
22
60) In the language of the food chain, herbivorous animals are called ________.
A) the apex
B) primary consumers
C) tertiary consumers
E) dominant
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Earth's surface
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.16 Define food chain and propose an example, then expand the example
to illustrate a food web.
61) Animals which eat plants are also known as ________.

A) predators
B) carnivores
C) secondary consumers
D) herbivores
E) final consumers
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Earth's surface
skills.
23
62) In the food chain, a(n) ________ is another term for a consumer.
A) autotroph
B) heterotroph
C) bryophyte
D) photosynthetic plant
E) producer
Answer: B
Diff: 2
skills.
63) Plants are eaten by ________.

A) herbivores
B) the most plentiful animals in the food chain
C) carnivores
E) primary producers
Answer: A
Diff: 2
skills.
64) Biomagnification is most closely associated with ________.

A) elephants
B) ozone
C) carbon dioxide
D) DDT
E) loud birds
Answer: D
Diff: 2
skills.
24
65) According to the food chain concept, it takes ________ kilograms of plankton to make one
kilogram of weight gain for a human.
A) 1
B) 10
C) 100
D) 1,000
E) 1,000,000
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Earth's surface
skills.
66) Humans fit into the food pyramid as ________.

A) primary consumers
B) primary producers
C) secondary producers
D) herbivores
E) the apex of the pyramid
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 10.4 Food Pyramids
Geog Standards: 15. How physical systems affect human systems
skills.
25
67) A(n) ________ is another way in which a food chain can be conceptualized.
A) sedimentary cycle
B) open system
C) food pyramid
D) final link at the apex
E) way of gaining energy at every step
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Earth's surface
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.18 Explain food pyramids.
68) The effects of soil on flora and fauna are called ________.
A) topographic
B) ecotonal
C) edaphic
D) biotic
E) transitory
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 10.5 Biological Factors and Natural Distributions
Earth's surface
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.30 Explain edaphic factors and their influence on the survival and
distribution pattern of organisms.
26
69) Seasonal behavior in plants and animals is stimulated by ________.
A) photoperiodism
B) photosynthesis
C) temperature
D) edaphic influences
E) wildfire
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Earth's surface
skills.
patterns.
70) Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?
A) topographic influences
B) light
C) edaphic influences
D) oxygen cycle
E) wind
Answer: D
Diff: 2
skills.
71) The 2010 Deepwater Oil Spill ________.

A) happened because of government interference
B) was the worst maritime spill in U.S. history
C) will actually decrease the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
D) has not left any lasting effects
E) was not an accident
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 10.5 The 2010 Deepwater Horizon Spill
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.19 Explain how food chains can produce biomagnification.
27
72) The Deepwater Horizon event was ________.
A) a volcanic eruption
B) an explosion on an offshore drilling platform
C) an underwater earthquake
D) a large wildfire in Montana
E) eventually shown not to have serious ecological consequences
Answer: B
Diff: 2
skills.
73) What was learned from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill?
A) Never drill in the Arctic Ocean again.
B) Keep tourists from touching controls.
C) It was unclear if anything was learned.
D) The environmental effects were actually negligible.
E) Whole new technologies of offshore drilling were developed.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
skills.
74) The coconut palm is now widely dispersed in the world because of ________.
A) the ability of its coconut to float long distances
B) its ability to survive in the Tundra
C) rapid evolution
D) humans who have transplanted it
E) continental drift
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 10.5 Migration and Dispersal
Earth's surface
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.21 Explain the roles of migration and dispersal on natural distributions
of organisms.
28
75) Of the sum total of environmental relationships affecting plant distributions, ________ is the
least predictable.
A) topography
B) temperature
C) wildfire
D) edaphic influences
E) succession
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Topic/Section: 10.6 Environmental Factors
Earth's surface
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.32 Explain the influence of wildfires on the survival and distribution
pattern of organisms.
76) The relationship between climates and fauna is ________.

A) non-existent
B) important and obvious
C) unknown
D) important
E) just as distinct as with their floral counterparts
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Earth's surface
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.2 Explain the dominance of attention to plants by geographers.
29
77) In studying environmental relationships, which of the following is true?
A) Interspecific relationships need to be considered.
B) Intraspecific relationships need to be considered.
C) Neither interspecific nor intraspecific relationships need to be considered.
D) Neither interspecific nor intraspecific relationships study is at the scale of the biome.
E) Both interspecific and intraspecific relationships need to be considered.
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Earth's surface
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.22 Explain the role of reproductive success on natural distributions of
organisms.
78) In which type of environment does the number of species tend to be the greatest?
A) very cold places
B) very warm places
C) places with moderate temperatures
D) places where cellular water occasionally freezes
E) species number is unrelated to temperature
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Earth's surface
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.28 Explain the influence of temperature on the survival and distribution
30
79) Of the climatic factors, ________ is usually the most limited in its impact on biotic
distributions.
A) light
B) moisture
C) temperature
D) photoperiodism
E) wind
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Earth's surface
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.29 Explain the influence of wind on the survival and distribution pattern
of organisms.
80) The effect of winds on life is ________.

A) almost always negative
B) almost always positive
C) mostly negative
D) mostly positive
E) a mix of positive and negative
Answer: E
Diff: 3
skills.
of organisms.
31
81) In most organisms, ________ is the most plentiful substance making up their mass.
A) nitrogen
B) water
C) carbon dioxide
D) oxygen
E) solid material
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 10.6 The Influence of Climate
skills.
hydrologic cycle.
82) At almost any scale, the most prominent environmental constraints on biota are exerted by
various ________ factors.
A) edaphic
B) soil
C) topographic
D) air pollution
E) climatic
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 10.6 The Influence of Climate
Earth's surface
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.26 Explain the influence of light on the survival and distribution pattern
of organisms.
32
83) The mountain pine beetle has been responsible for all but ________.
A) more crown fires in trees
B) the deaths of large amounts of trees
C) increased runoff and flash floods
D) increased numbers of trees falling onto roads
E) increased nitrogen fixation in soil
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 10.6 Bark Beetle Killing of Forests in Western North America
Earth's surface
skills.
84) Which of the following is NOT an example of climatic influence on the biosphere?
A) moisture
B) edaphic conditions
C) temperature
D) wind
E) light
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Topic/Section: 10.6 Edaphic Influences
Earth's surface
skills.
33
85) Which of the following is NOT one of the key environmental constraints on biota?
A) light
B) soil
C) moisture
D) temperature
E) oxygen
Answer: E
Diff: 1
skills.
86) Which of the following includes NON-LIVING components?

A) biota
B) flora
C) soil
D) fauna
E) benthos
Answer: C
Diff: 1
skills.
87) Which of the following is NOT an important edaphic influence on plants?

A) soil texture
B) relative abundance of soil organisms
C) nutrient supply
D) moisture supply
E) supply of light
Answer: E
Diff: 2
skills.
34
88) Wildfire can be said to ________.
A) be a small effect worldwide
B) be mainly limited to desert climates
C) occur only in climax communities
D) be necessary for some plant communities to thrive
E) cause most of the plant diversity in an area
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 10.6 Wildfire
skills.
89) The effects of wildfire ________.

A) are always negative for plant life
B) seldom change the composition of the biota
C) are usually temporary
D) are to permanently prohibit the existence of biota
E) are relatively rare on Earth
Answer: C
Diff: 2
skills.
35
90) After Yellowstone's devastating fire season of 1988, which of the following will be a long-
term benefit to Yellowstone's ecosystem?
A) stand replacement of lodgepole pines
B) lesser runoff from rainfall
C) lowering of tourist visits
D) the change in local climate
E) lessening of hydrothermal activity
Answer: A
Diff: 2
skills.
91) Fires are necessary to recycle ________.

A) water
B) oxygen
C) rocks
D) energy
E) nutrients
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Earth's surface
skills.
36
92) ________ is a tree which scatters its seeds only after a fire.
A) Cactus
B) Cottonwood
C) Southern yellow pine
D) Oak
E) Mangrove
Answer: C
Diff: 3
skills.
93) In relation to wildfire, the California redwood and the southern yellow pine are ________.
A) "fireproof"
B) in biomes where fire is not common
C) plants that need fire to open their cones
D) heavily damaged by the least amount of fire
E) susceptible to starting wildfires by bursting into flame
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Earth's surface
skills.
37
94) In the selva, the vegetation is ________.
A) resistant to long droughts
B) dominated by broadleaf evergreen trees
C) seemingly unrelated to the environmental "spheres"
D) short tundra grasses
E) usually damaged by nasty monkeys
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 10.6 Environmental Correlations: The Example of Selva
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.33 Describe how the selva is uniquely and closely adjusted to its
environment.
95) Which of the following is another term for a tropical rainforest?

A) flora
B) steppe
C) fauna
D) savanna
E) selva
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Earth's surface
skills.
environment.
38
96) ________ is/are a common feature of the hydrology of tropical rainforests.
A) Swamps
B) Lakes
C) Streams running part of the year
D) Few streams
E) More water in plant life rather than in streams
Answer: A
Diff: 2
skills.
environment.
97) In terms of broad distribution patterns, ________ and ________ have a particularly close
correlation.
A) soil, climate
B) soil, vegetation
C) climate, vegetation
D) wildfire, soil
E) fur-bearing animals, climate
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Earth's surface
skills.
environment.
98) Today, native plants are most prominent in the parts of the world sparsely populated by
humans.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Topic/Section: 10.1 The Impact of Plants and Animals on the Landscape
skills.
39
99) The study of living organisms is more complex than the study of inorganic phenomena.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
skills.
100) The Earth has approximately 15,000,000 plant species.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
skills.
101) Geographers are keen users of the Linnaean classification system.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
skills.
102) Linnaeus was the author of the most widely used biological taxonomy.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
skills.
40
103) The Linnaean system of classification is binomial.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
skills.
104) The main carbon cycle is conversion from carbon dioxide to living matter and back to
carbon dioxide.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
skills.
105) The interrelated web of cycles in the world are known as biogeochemical cycles.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
skills.
106) The biotic nutrients are finite and limited in quantity.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
skills.
41
107) It has been calculated that about 0.1 percent of solar radiation is fixed in the biosphere by
photosynthesis.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
skills.
108) Water is the source of hydrogen for living things in the biosphere.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
skills.
109) Water in the biosphere is a closed system.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
skills.
hydrologic cycle.
110) With respect to organic matter, water is classified as "in residence" or "in transit."
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
skills.
hydrologic cycle.
42
111) The burning of fossil fuels represents a release of carbon which has been in storage for
millions of years.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
skills.
112) Green plants respire carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
skills.
113) Most carbon has already been released from the Earth's crust to the atmosphere.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
skills.
114) The biosphere contains more than a half a million carbon compounds.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
skills.
43
115) The oxygen in the atmosphere is primarily derived from plant respiration.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
skills.
116) Dentrification converts nitrates into free oxygen in the atmosphere.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
skills.
117) The main source of free nitrogen is action by soil microorganisms and plant roots on air
spaces in the soil.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
skills.
118) Excessive nitrogen in lakes depletes oxygen content in lakes.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
skills.
44
119) Action by microorganisms creates fixed nitrogen.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
skills.
120) Most plants are able to use nitrogen directly from the atmosphere.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
skills.
121) Animals subsisting on smaller animals are called primary consumers.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
skills.
122) Some substances are very stable and become harmfully concentrated in the higher levels of
the food chain.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
skills.
45
123) The bottom link in the food pyramid consists of organisms called benthos.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
skills.
124) "Biomagnification" refers to the evolutionary process of animals becoming larger through
time.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
skills.
125) A carnivorous animal is a primary producer.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
skills.
126) The most powerful predator in a given area sits atop the local food pyramid.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
skills.
46
127) The cattle egret extended its natural range during the last few centuries as a result of climate
change.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Earth's surface
skills.
of organisms.
128) The original forests of Australia were composed almost entirely of various species of
eucalyptus.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 10.5 Evolutionary Development
Earth's surface
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.20 Explain natural selection.
129) It can be said that most of the species of Earth history have become extinct.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Topic/Section: 10.5 Population Die-Off and Extinction
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.23 Differentiate between population die-off and extinction, and explain
their role on natural distributions of organisms.
130) The absence of light is an absolute limitation on terrestrial vegetation.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Earth's surface
skills.
of organisms.
47
131) Fluctuation in the photoperiod stimulates seasonal behavior in both plants and animals.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
skills.
of organisms.
132) Most organisms can exist for months or more without water.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.27 Explain the influence of moisture on the survival and distribution
133) Wind is a major factor in reducing moisture in organisms.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
skills.
of organisms.
134) The effect of wind on plants is also known as the edaphic influence.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
skills.
48
135) At the global scale, topographic influences are relatively unimportant to biotic distributions.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.31 Explain the influence of topography on the survival and distribution
136) "Exotic" species are those that live in trees.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Topic/Section: 10.6 Bark Beetle Killing of Forests in Western North America
Earth's surface
skills.
Learning Outcome: 10.28 Explain the influence of temperature on the survival and distribution
137) Fires always endanger a tree's ability to survive.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
skills.
138) Laterization is a dominant soil process found in the tropical rainforest.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
skills.
environment.
49
139) Significant areas of rainforest are present in North America.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Earth's surface
skills.
environment.
140) Briefly differentiate between biota, flora, and fauna.

Answer: The definitions should be offered with the fact that flora and fauna are subdivisions of
biota.
Diff: 2
Science Outcomes: 8. Communicate effectively in writing.
141) What is biodiversity and why is it used to measure the health of a natural environment?
Answer: Biodiversity is the number of species present. High biodiversity means lots of species
are present. Various biodiversities are naturally present by climate type. When biodiversity
begins to decline in an area, it means that one of the environmental factors has changed, to the
detriment of the species involved.
Diff: 3
Earth's surface
142) Explain how a geographers approach to the study of organisms differs from a biologists
study of organisms.
Answer: Geographers pay their largest attention to plants which are usually the most
conspicuous part of the landscape. However, geographers are frequently interested in explaining
the reasons for very large expressions of organisms such as regions, continents, or the globe.
Diff: 3
Learning Outcome: 10.2 Explain the dominance of attention to plants by geographers.
50
143) Explain photosynthesis.
Answer: It is the basic process by which life exists on Earth. Plant cells are able to capture solar
energy and fix it into chemical form to be used by the plant or an animal eating the plant at a
later time. Chemical energy is, thus, passed along the food chain.
Diff: 2
144) Explain net primary productivity.

Answer: It is the amount of biomass added in an area (usually measured per square meter per
year). It is the result of subtracting the materials necessary to keep plants alive from the total
production due to photosynthesis. This amount varies substantially around the Earth, with
tropical rainforests having the highest values.
Diff: 2
patterns.
145) Describe and explain the process of plant respiration.

Answer: Some of the energy stored in carbohydrates as a product of photosynthesis is released
to fuel the cellular processes keeping the plant alive. This oxidation releases energy, carbon
dioxide and water.
Diff: 2
51
146) Why is solar energy "stored" in the biosphere?
Answer: Solar energy is the ultimate source of all energy used by the biosphere. In that solar
energy is "here and gone" and the speed of light, plants use photosynthesis to fix the solar energy
into carbohydrate form to be used as needed by other processes in the plants.
Diff: 3
147) Explain the operation of the oxygen cycle on Earth. Include its pathways through the
various spheres of the environment.
Answer: This is straightforward and drawn from the text pages 288-289.
Diff: 3
148) How does a food chain differ from a food web?

Answer: They are both concepts helping to explain interconnections between plant and animal
life. A chain implies a linear passing of mass and energy from one entity to the next. A web
implies multiple pathways for the mass and energy to arrive at the same place.
Diff: 2
149) The food chain is a valuable concept in biogeography. Give an example of a specific food
chain, labeling the various levels of the food chain.
Answer: This could be any of many possible. The student should illustrate the passage of mass
and energy along the trophic levels through the secondary consumer level.
Diff: 2
52
150) Speculate the problems engendered by two animals at the same trophic level and living in
the same area.
Answer: This answer could go various ways depending on how the student interprets "same
area." The question is pointed at a student's understanding that animals at the same trophic level
must compete for resources; this may be violent or may involve some sorts of tacit cooperation.
Diff: 3
Earth's surface
151) Explain an example of biomagnification in the food chain.

Answer: This could be the selenium example given in the text or something else of which the
student has knowledge. In any case, the student needs to show how harmful substances can
concentrate as they move up the tropic levels of the food chain.
Diff: 3
152) What role do plankton play in food chain?

Answer: Plankton are microscopic floating plants and animals. They are extremely prolific and
form the basis of the food chains of the oceans. Without these organisms the top predators could
not exist.
Diff: 2
153) Imagine a small ecosystem of 100 by 100 meters in extent. Invent and describe a situation
in which the environmental factors of moisture, wind, topography, and fire interact.
Answer: This question could go one of many directions. It is designed to exhibit the student's
creativity.
Diff: 3
Earth's surface
Learning Outcome: 10.7 Define biome and compare with an ecological system.
53
154) Why is the biological concept of natural selection so important to geography?
Answer: Natural selection favors individuals and species best suited to living in the
environmental conditions of a particular area. Because this goes on consistently, species might to
adapt to environment changes or migrate to more favorable conditions Some species will not
adapt and become extinct. This profoundly affects what animals and plants live in which
locations and, thus, their geographic distributions.
Diff: 3
Topic/Section: 10.5 Evolutionary Development
Earth's surface
155) Show how the cases of cattle egrets and coconut palms illustrate the dispersal of species.
Answer: Answer based on p. 296 in the text
Diff: 3
Topic/Section: 10.5 Migration and Dispersal
Earth's surface
of organisms.
156) Show how extinction and plant succession are sometimes related.
Answer: For instance, the natural infilling of a pond causes the extinction of water plants and
pioneering of land plants.
Diff: 3
Topic/Section: 10.5 Population Die-Off and Extinction
Earth's surface
54
Test Bank for McKnightâ€™s Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation, 11/E 11th Edition D
157) Give an example of plant succession.

Answer: A pond starts filling in with sediments. Water-tolerant plants pioneer in and replace the
pond life. A series of stages of plant growth takes place before, say, the climax vegetation of
forest becomes established.
Diff: 3
Topic/Section: 10.5 Plant Succession
Learning Outcome: 10.25 Differentiate between primary succession and secondary succession,
and propose examples of each of them.
158) Why are trees in dense forests likely to be tall with narrow tops?
Answer: The trees are responding to the limitation of light. By growing tall they are able to
outcompete some other plants for light. However, some other species of trees will also grow tall
and "fight" for the light to do photosynthesis. The results is that tree crowns tend to grow close
together.
Diff: 2
Earth's surface
of organisms.
55
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Test Bank For Mcknights Physical Geography A Landscape Appreciation 11 e 11th Edition Darrel Hess

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McKnight's Physical Geography, 11e (Hess)

1) The geographic study of living organisms is ________.

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4) Animals or plants living on the sea bottom are ________.

8) Which of the following terms is the LEAST specific?

10) ________ are floating plants or animals.

11) Approximately how many species of plants are in existence?

13) The Linnaean classification system is based mainly on ________.

16) The Linnaean system of classification is ________.

17) If the biosphere is to function properly, its components must be ________.

19) In nutrient cycles in general, minerals tend to be dispersed through ________.

20) Planetwide, a balance of chemicals is maintained by ________.

28) The main energy source for the biosphere is ________.

30) Which components are necessary for photosynthesis to occur?

32) Photosynthesis is a main means of fixing ________ in the ecosystem.

34) Net primary productivity is greatest on land ________.

39) A problem with the use of biofuels is ________.

42) The availability of moisture to plants is largely determined by ________.

47) Most of the carbon near Earth's surface is held in ________.

51) Concerning oxygen, which of the following is FALSE?

56) The conversion of nitrates into free nitrogen ________.

57) Most atmospheric free nitrogen is cycled to Earth by means of ________.

61) Animals which eat plants are also known as ________.

63) Plants are eaten by ________.

64) Biomagnification is most closely associated with ________.

66) Humans fit into the food pyramid as ________.

71) The 2010 Deepwater Oil Spill ________.

76) The relationship between climates and fauna is ________.

80) The effect of winds on life is ________.

86) Which of the following includes NON-LIVING components?

87) Which of the following is NOT an important edaphic influence on plants?

89) The effects of wildfire ________.

91) Fires are necessary to recycle ________.

95) Which of the following is another term for a tropical rainforest?

100) The Earth has approximately 15,000,000 plant species.

101) Geographers are keen users of the Linnaean classification system.

106) The biotic nutrients are finite and limited in quantity.

109) Water in the biosphere is a closed system.

112) Green plants respire carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

116) Dentrification converts nitrates into free oxygen in the atmosphere.

118) Excessive nitrogen in lakes depletes oxygen content in lakes.

121) Animals subsisting on smaller animals are called primary consumers.

125) A carnivorous animal is a primary producer.

130) The absence of light is an absolute limitation on terrestrial vegetation.

133) Wind is a major factor in reducing moisture in organisms.

136) "Exotic" species are those that live in trees.

137) Fires always endanger a tree's ability to survive.

138) Laterization is a dominant soil process found in the tropical rainforest.

140) Briefly differentiate between biota, flora, and fauna.

144) Explain net primary productivity.

145) Describe and explain the process of plant respiration.

148) How does a food chain differ from a food web?

151) Explain an example of biomagnification in the food chain.

152) What role do plankton play in food chain?

157) Give an example of plant succession.

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