Review of journals

Review the circulatory system With symptoms Such as: Anemia, coronary heart disease,
leukimia, hypertension and hemophilia
Reviewer
Group G:
1. Elisabeth Afriliani Ervina (072211039)
2. Kayla Niken Pusparini (072211066)
3. Mutiara Amanda Fadila (072211014)
4. Sapia Ode (072211029)
5. Yuliana Merlinda Yanti(072211027)

Abstract
Disease in the circulatory system becomes one of the main problems both in developed and
developing countries. Disordersor Diseases that often attack the circulatory system are
caused by several factors such as offspring, a less healthy lifestyle, as well as the
problematic system of troubled blood. Disorders that attack the circulation system is very
dangerous because it can threaten the sustainability of the person in question if it is not
handled immediately. In addition to life-threatening, disruption to the digestive system can
also inhibit the density of oxygen, hormones, nutrients, and liquids throughout the body.
Some diseases that often attack the human circulatory system and most of the sufferers are
less blood (anemia), coronary heart disease, leukimia, hypertension and hHeymofilia.
Preliminary
The circulatory system (cardiovascular system) is a system that serves to transport and
move substances and nutrients to all cells and body tissues. Substances transported in the
circulation system are oxygen and carbon dioxide, water, nutrients, and hormones. Organs
related directly to the circulatory system include; Heart, blood vessels, and blood.
The disruption that occurs in the circulation system is resulting in influence on the
performance of the heart and the vessels and can cause serious complications and can harm
the lives. There are several factors that cause interference in the circulatory system such as
the offspring, a less healthy lifestyle (excessive activity, less sports, a healthy food as well as
the problem of blood circulation or less optimal in performing its assignment. Some diseases
that attack the circulatory system such as anemia, coronary heart, leukimia, hypertension
and hemofilia.
Anemia
Anemia is a condition where the number of red blood cells or hemoglobins is lower than
normal. Normal hemoglobin levels differ in men and women. Normal Hemoglobin Levels
(HB) Normally is 13 g / dL, while normal hemoglobin levels are women glidening. Anemia is a
common blood abnormal occurrence that when the blood of red blood cells (erythrocytes)
in the body toolow. This ultimately causes health problems because lack of hemoglobin in
the blood affects the oxygen supply of the body.
Anemia is said to be a condition of not the iron deposits, which resulted in poor distribution
of iron in body tissues. Lack of severe iron is associated with anemia, which is clinically
defined as a decrease in hemoglobin levels below 11.5 g / dL.
Anemia is a sign of a disease that is usually chosen or acute. Chronic anemia occurs in long
periods of time, while acute anemia occurs quickly. The definition of acute or chronic
anemia is caused by symptoms that occur, in cases of chronic anemia, symptoms usually
begin slowly and hidden,whereas in the case of acute anemia, symptoms usually arise
suddenly and usually more severe.
Seen in terms of functional, anemia is deducted as a decrease in the amount of blood cell
massred soEritrocreat does not burn running its function in bringing O2 in sufficient quantity
to the prefifer network. Anemia is practically defined as a declinelevels of Haemoglobin and
erythrocytes. Anemia is a decrease in quality and erotry quantity in the circulation process
caused by the interference of erythrocyte formation, disappearing red blood cells through
bleeding chronicles or Excessive erythrocyte lisis.
The cause of anemia anemia is usually caused by chronic bleeding, inappropriate impact diet
or nutrient absorption disorder of the intestine. It can also cause someone to lack blood. In
fact, risk factors of anemia are higher in women than men. The lady's iron deposits are
lower than men, while daily requirements are even higher. A woman or daughter loses
about 1-2 mg of iron through normal elimination during menstruation. Here are the three
possible causes of anemia:
Excessive Destruction of Red Blood Cells
This can be called hemolytic anemia, which occurs when red blood cells are destroyed faster
than usual (the normal life of red blood cells is 120 days). So 13 bone marrow producing red
blood cells can not meet the body's need for red blood cells.
blood loss
Blood loss can cause anemia due to excessive bleeding, surgery, or blood clotting issues.
Loss of blood a lot of an example of menstruation in teenagers or girls can also cause
anemia. All these factors increase the body's need for iron, because iron is required for the
production of new red blood cells.
Suboptimal Production of Red Blood Cells
This happens when the bone marrow is not able to produce enough red blood cells, which
can be caused by viral infections, toxic or exposure to anticibonus, anticibonulous or
anticancer drugs). Iron anemia related to diet in young women can also be caused by
inadequate iron intake, iron absorption disorders, sustainable blood loss, disease, and
increased needs.
Handling of appropriate anemia in accordance with the etiology and classification can
accelerate the improvement of patient conditions. Anemia disease consists of:
 • APLASTI anemia is anemia caused by the inability of bone marrow to produce red
blood cells and also by factors outside the human body, such as exposure to
chemicals, treatment or even other physical factors.
• Iron anemia is the most common type in society, usually occurs in fertile women.
• No special diplous for anemiaChronic.Doctor focuses to treat underlying conditions.
Iron and vitamin supplements usually do not help this type of anemia.

Leukemia
Leukemia is bone marrow cancer and blood cells. Leukemia is also included in one of the
dead of the deadli-canyst in Hong Kong, with about 500 new cases can be in diagnosis every
year. Unlike most other cancers, leukemia can attack adults and also children, though more
often occur in adults. But leukemia disease has an opportunity to cure. Leukemia has the
highest level of healing of all malignant cancers.
The prevalence of leukemia is 2.4% of new cases and 3.2% of deaths for all countries in 2018
(Global Cancer Statistics, 2018). Data ONEERAN CANCER SOCIETY (ACS) in 2016t about
60.140 new cases as well24,500 deaths, in 2017 there was an increase of 62,130 new cases
and 24,500 deaths, while in 2018 there was a little decrease of about 60,300 new cases.
24,370 died. (ACS, 2016, 2017, 2018).
It is estimated that 61,780 new cases leukemia will be diagnosed in the United States by
2019 and about 22,840 died of Leukemia (American Cancer Society, 2019). According
toWorld Health Organization(WHO), about 437,033 people worldwide are diagnosed with
leukemia by 2018, which is 4% of all those who have cancer. In Southeast Asia, about 48,520
people suffer from leukemia. Meanwhile, about 13,498 people in Indonesia suffering from
leukemia. It is estimated that this number will increase to about 60% by 2040 (WHO, 2018).
There are three types of blood cells circulating in the blood of red blood cells, plateletsand
white blood cells.These three types of blood cells areproduced by the parent cellwho is
beingIn the bone marrow.Typically, the bone marrow cells are growing and growing into
mature blood cells. Adult blood cell leaves bone marrow and circulates in edge blood. In
leukemia, abnormal growth or the accumulation of white blood cells in the bone marrow
and the edge of the edge, resulting in an increase in the number of white blood cells.
There are different types of leukemia and treatment depending on the type of leukemia you
have. According to clinical features, leukemia can be roughly divided into acute and chronic
leukemia. Both can be further classified according to the affected cell type:
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
Canel cells of myeloid blood that is still ultimate is the most common type of leukemia in
adults. The growth rate of cancer cells is usually fast andcan beaffect the production of
normal blood cells.In the patientUsually has symptoms of low blood cells (anemia, infections
due to low white blood cells, abnormal bleeding due to low platelets).
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
immature lymphoid cell cancer. More common in children and included in the most
common leukemia suffered by children. The presentation is similar to AML.
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
Adult myeloid cell cancer associated with the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome.
This type of leukemia is usually found in adults. Cancer cells develop relatively slowly, so
symptoms may not appear in the early stages of the disease. In later stages, an enlarged
spleen can cause abdominal pain. Normal blood cell production can also be affected, and
cause the symptoms listed above.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
CLL is a type Adult lymphoid cell cancer. Used to occur onOohold fang (> 60 years). These
cancer cells are also characterized by slow growth rates.This disease usually without
symptoms in the early stages. The cause of leukemia is still not well understood. Leukemia is
believed to be caused by abnormal cells in the bone marrow, where the important genes
control the reproduction and cells that growhas been changed. However, the sinkHey
Chapter Why the cells become abnormally can not be determined for sure. In fact, most
patients do not try to identify specific causeswhich is going on.
Has been infactor-factorwhich can beIncrease the risk of leucemia disease:

• Exposure to excessive radiation (eg radiotherapy action and atomic bomb victims)
• Exposure to chemicalsthetoxic (eg Benzene and previous commotherapy treatment)
• Certain genetic diseases (eg Down syndrome)
• Age: AML and CLL are more common in elderly

Coronary heart
Coronary heart disease (PJK) is one of the many deadly diseases. The disease is caused by
narrowing in coronary artery. This narrowment is due to the emergence of atherosclerosis
or spasm conditions or the mixture of both. CHD itself still Being one of the main scouring
both in developed and developing countries. The existence of CHD is due to oxidative stress
especially in the mitochondria. There is a reactive oxygen as well as reactive nitrogen
species (ROS / RNS) that can be identified most of the key to pathophysios atherosclerosis
and the consequential clinical manifestations of cardiovascular diseases.
Coronary heart disease can be treated with pharmacological treatment or non-
pharmacological treatment system. Treatment by non-pharmacological therapy means is
done by giving antioxidant to sufficiency. The results of the study show that the provision of
antioxidants in the patients with coronary heart disease can reduce the oxidation of LDL and
slow down the hardening occurring in blood vessels.
In 2006 WHO recorded 17.5 million deaths due to disease that occurred in cardiovascular,
which is more dominated by coronary heart disease, stroke, and rheumatic heart. This
amount is very much increased when compared to 1990 which was preceded 14.4 million.
There are several factors that are the cause of the disease that me attack blood vessels,
among themis smoking, unfavorable dietary lifestyle, less physical activity, high blood
pressure, diabetes and dyslipidemia, as well as genetic and environmental factors.
PHK disease begins with the arterosclerosis process (complex process involving the
deposition of plasma lipoproteins and cellular element proliferation in the arterial wall).The
condition is gettingChronic and developing with the prompts of the fifty streaks (the fatty
crust) which mostly composed by Foam Cell (foam cells) that ultimately develops again into
a plate heat covered by Fibrous Cap (tie network blend). The phase of the atherosclerosis
formation consists of the initial phase of occupation and the lipid modification of the (liquid,
and aggregation, which is occurred in the arterial wall and can result in the activation of the
endothelial inflammation which later in the next phase occurred the selection of
inflammatory elements such as monocytes that originally attached to the endothelium into
the intima tunika.
The formation of foam cells (foam cells are obtained from the process of phagocytosis which
then turns into a fatty streaks. This activation produces cytokines and growth factors that
will stimulate proliferation and migration of plain muscle cells. This migration occurs from
the Tunika Media to Tunika Intima. In this condition can cause the occurrence of molecules
of extracellular matrix, such as elastin and collagen, resulting in magic plaque and form
fibrous cap. Thaf this is a process of atherosclerosis already up to deadly conditions because
there is already aqueosclerotic plaque.
The formation of atherosclerotic plaque resulted in lumen lumen arteries that ultimately
can counter blood flow. After a rice bullet sequence atherosclerosis, active platelet and
coagulation path, then there will be thrombosis. The thrombogenic process will occur when
the plaque is broken, torn, or a subendotel bleeding. This can inhibit the part or the whole
of a coronary arter. This situation can cause clinical symptoms such as angina or myocardial
infarction. The atnoscoslerosis incidence can be stable, will beBut it can be progressive as
well. If a severe progressive condition may cause death or well known as an acute coronary
syndrome.
To prevent the occurrence of the dip that iscaused byFree radicals, human body do the
intriged defense system or called an antioxidant system. In the body cells there are
antiaxidants produced naturally and usually there in the form of enzymatic and nonezimatic
antioxidants that have function as defense for cell organelles from the influence of damage
due to free radicals.
The antioxidant enzyme catalysis of the racality of radical species that generally occur in
intracellular environments. The preventive antioxidant will bind the transitional metal ions
such as iron and copper that can prevent interaction with hydrogen peroxide and
superoxide so thatcan produceReactive hydroxyl radical. The antioxidant itself is a strong
electron donor and reacts with free radicals before the target molecules are more important
damaged. In doing so antioxidants will be oxidized and Then it should beregenerated or
replaced.
Hemophilia
Hemophilia is usually lowered on X chromosome through F8 or F9 gene mutations. A person
with hemophilia will take longer than normal people to remove blood unless additional
treatment. Bleeding is a big problem for hemophilia patients. Hemophilia is distributed
evenly among all ethnic groups worldwide. Estimated Events of hemophilia is about one of
10,000 live births, and the number of hemophilia patients around the world is about
400,000. Hemophilia a moreMany disbestonated hemophilia b. This happens on 1 of 5,000
births of life in men, while hemophilia b occurs on 1 of 30,000 live births. Hemophilia C
usually strikes 1 of 100,000 people.
Hemophilia is usually a congenital condition and caused by lack of freezing factor in the
blood. Hemophilia is caused almost always due to defects or mutations in factors
genesfreezing. The coding gene for VIII factors and IX factors are in the long sleeve of X.
chiefs of the hemophilia A and B inherited through the X-related resetive pattern in which
100% of women born from the affected father will be the carrier, and none of the men born
to be affected. Mother's carrier has a 50% chance of being muted and 50% possibly have
carrier women. There are also hemophilia c, which occurs due to the free defining address
of XI but it is rare. Sometimes hemophilia obtained can appear related to age or labor and
usually recover with the right treatment. Hemophilia is classified based on the severity level.
There is a tribs of the main formin a diseaseHemophilia includes:
• Hemophilia A: Caused by the lack of blood clotting factor VIII; About 85% of
hemophilia patients have type A.
• Hemophilia B: Caused by the IMAKE Factor deficiency.
• Hemophilia C: Some doctors use this term to refer to the lack of freezing factor XI.
Hemophilia is usually a hereditary disease and is caused by lack of blood clotting factors.
Hemophilia is almost always caused by defects or mutations in the freezing fact genes. The
geni factor VIII and IX factor is located in the long sleeve of the X chromosome. Hothyflide A
and B are inherited in the X-related recessive pattern, with 100% of women born from the
father affected into carriers and nothing. The man is Porter. Women careers have a 50
percent chance of getting men and 50 percent chance of getting a career woman. There are
also hemophilia c, caused by the XFrief freezing facidization, but rarely occur. Sometimes
hemophilia obtained can be associated with age or birth and usually improves with the right
treatment. Hemophilia is classified according to the severity.
Hemophilia is usually seen as a bleeding after mild trauma or spontaneous bleeding.
Symptoms of bleeding often correlate with degree of restrictive level factors, which are
useful to classify further severity of hemophilia. Spontaneous bleeding is rare in lightweight
hemophilia. When factors activity is less than 1% normal, spontaneous bleeding often
occurs. The incidence of spontaneous joint bleeding usually increases as age, reaching 60%
at the age of 65. Extractative bleeding, such as subgaleal bleeding and sefalohematoma, can
also be part of the initial symptoms. If internal bleeding is not immediately stopped with
drugs, pain and swelling will occur. Repeated bleeding into joints and muscles can cause
permanent damage such as church arthyche and pain from time to time. Bleeding from
head, spine, neck, throat, chest, stomach, or abdominal morerarely but can threaten the
soul.
Patients with eye bleeding such as vitreous bleeding or bleeding orbital fracture can
experience vision disorders and restrictions of eye movement due to eggs muscle. Another
bleeding sign like TakiKardia, Takipnea, hypotension requires special attention. Bleeding in
the brain, stomach, chest, and throat can be threatening souls.Hemofilia can occur in infants
if infants experience internal bleeding or swelling or unusual bruises after birth, bleeding
continues after heel or circumstal stick, or excessive bruises after vaccination.

The prevention of trauma significantly reduces the incidence of bleeding in people with
hemophilia. One strategy to prevent bleeding is to prevent children from attending high risk
high. They should also receive hepatitis B vaccine since young age. Concentrate of
recombinant factors available today and the concentrate of plasma derivatives do not
transmit Hepatitis B. However, high-risk hemophilia patients require blood transfusions due
to traumatic loss of blood, and the risk of hepatitis B of blood transfusions remain low. Of
vaccinationshould be given under the skin and not into the muscles. This can still be debated
because the most careful intramuscular injections can be safely provided.
Hypertension
Hypertension is an increase in both pressure and diastolic blood pressure, divided into two
types, namely the most common essential hypertension, and secondary hypertension,
caused by kidney disease or other, while malignant hypertension, Fulminant hypertensionis
thatGeneral occurs in both types of blood pressure (Kamila, 2017). In indonesiathe
occurrence ofdiseasehypertensionvaries between 6-15%, and there are still many people of
society especially in rural areas that have not been affordable by health services. While in
the United States, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data
shows that the risk of high blood pressure increases as old age.
Hypertension itself has a combination of systolic blood pressure at least 140 mmHg or
increased diastolic blood pressure at least 90 mmHg. Hypertension not only brings high risk
of heart disease, but also other diseases such as nervous, kidney, and blood vessels, and the
higher blood pressure, the greater the risks. According to the American Heart Association or
AHA in the Ministry of Health (2018), hypertension is Silent Killer whose symptoms are very
varying from people to people and almost the same as other diseases. Symptoms of the
headache, RASA heavily in the neck,Dizzy, heart pounding, fatigue, blurred vision, flesh
earsand nosebleed.
Data on WHO 2015 shows that about 1.13 billion people in the world suffer from
hypertension, which means one of three people in the world suffer from hypertension. This
amount continues to increase every year, in 2025 about 1.5 billion people will be exposed to
hypertension and about 10.44 million people will die from hypertension and its
complication every yearhis. Hypertension is known as a groupTheheterogeneous Group of
Disease Danthekillerdiasease.DISHINE HIpertension has several risk factors,that is:
1. Can't be changed
• Descendants, this factor can not be changed. If the parent or siblings have high blood
pressure in the family,then thesuspicion of high blood pressure will beto behigher.
Statistics show thathypertensionhigher on the identical twins than twinswhich is not
identical. In addition, research shows the evidence of genes inherited for
hypertension problems.
• Age, this factor can not be changed. The older age you are the higher the risk of
exposed to high blood pressure. It's also associated with hormone regulation
different.
 2. Can be changed
• The salt intake, too much salt (sodium) can cause the body to withstand the liquid,
which increases blood pressure.
• Cholesterol, excessive fat content in the blood causes cholesterol to accumulate on
the wall of the blood vessels that causes the narrowing of the blood vessels that
further cause high blood pressure.
• Caffeine, caffeine content has proven to increase blood pressure. Each coffee cup
contains 75-200 mg of caffeine that can increase blood pressure of 5-10 mmHg.
Alcohol, alcohol can damage the heart and blood vessels.
• Obesity, the heavy person is more than 30% of its ideas weight, has a higher risk of
high blood pressure.
• Less exercise, lack of motion on the body can cause increased blood pressure.
Regular exercise can lower high blood pressure, but heavy sports is not
recommended.
• Consumption of salt, too much salt (sodium) can cause the body to withstand fluids
that increase blood pressure.

Treatment of hypertension includes non-drug therapy and drug therapy. Non-drug

treatment in the form of lifestyle changes, including diet, physical activity, smoking stop and
limit alcohol consumption. Drug therapy can be used alone or combined with blood
pressure medications. The selection of antihypertensive drugs can be based on any
incoming conditions (accompanying or complications). Non TreatmentdrugtoManagement
of hypertension in the form of lifestyle modification proposals. Healthy lifestyle can lower
high blood pressure. In patients with 1st stage hypertension and the risk of low
cardiovascular complications, drug therapy can be delayed. If blood pressure has not
reached the target in 4-6 months or there is another risk factor for cardiovascular disease,
drug therapy should begin.Here are rRelated Ecomplusion Related Lifestyleis as aHere:

Decrease in Weight

The purpose of weight loss is slowly to be able to achieve ideal weight through medical
nutritional therapy and increase physical activity through sports.

Reduces the intake of salt

Salt is often used as a spice and found in canned food and fast food.

Sport
Recent recommendations related to the regular sport is 30 minutes per day, and also at
least 3 days per week.

Reduction of Alcohol Consumption

Limiting alcohol consumption is no more than two glasses a day for men or one glass a day
for women can lower blood pressurethe high.

Quit smoking
Smoking is a risk factor of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the patient's high blood
pressure is recommended to stop smoking to reduce the risk of complications of
cardiovascular disease.

Conclusion
The circulatory system (cardiovascular system) is a system that serves to transport and
move substances and nutrients to all cells and body tissues.The disruption that occurs in the
circulation system is resulting in influence on the performance of the heart and the vessels
and can cause serious complications and can harm the lives.There are several factors that
cause interference in the circulatory system such as the offspring factors,styleLess less life
(excessive activity, less sports, as well as healthy foods), as well as due to problematic
systems that are problematic or less optimal in carrying out its assignment.Some diseases
that attack the circulatory system such as anemia, coronary heart, leukimia, hypertension
and hemophilia.
Anemia is a condition where the number of red blood cells or hemoglobins is lower than
normal.Normal hemoglobin levels differ in men and women.Normal Hemoglobin levels (HB)
Nigenmen are 13 g / dL, whilelevels ofNormal hemoglobin woman is 12 g / dl.Causes of
anemiaAnemia is usually caused by chronic bleeding, inappropriate impact diet or
nutritional absorption disorder of the intestine.It can also cause someone to lack blood.
Leukemia is bone marrow cancer and blood cells.Leukemia is also included in one of the
dead of the deadli-canyst in Hong Kong, with about 500 new cases can be in diagnosis every
year.There are different types of leukemia and treatment depending on the type of
leukemia you have.According to clinical features, leukemia can be roughly divided into acute
and chronic leukemia.
Coronary heart disease (PJK) is one of the many deadly diseases.The disease is caused by
narrowing in coronary artery.This narrowment is due to the emergence of atherosclerosis or
spasm conditions or the mixture of both.Coronary heart disease can be treated with
pharmacological treatment or non-pharmacological treatment system.Treatment withhow
tonon-pharmacological therapy is done by giving antioxidant to sufficiency.The results of the
study show that the provision of antioxidants in the patients with coronary heart disease
can reduce the oxidation of LDL and slow down the hardening occurring in blood vessels.
Hemophilia is usually lowered on X chromosome through F8 or F9 gene mutations. A person
with hemophiliawill beit takes longer than normal people to remove blood unless receive
additional care.
There is a tribs of the main formin a diseaseHemophilia includes:
• Hemophilia A: Caused by the lack of blood clotting factor VIII; About 85% of
hemophilia patients have type A.
• Hemophilia B: Caused by the IMAKE Factor deficiency.
• Hemophilia C: Some doctors use this term to refer to the lack of freezing factor XI.
Hypertension is an increase in both pressure and diastolic blood pressure, divided into two
types, namely the most common essential hypertension, and secondary hypertension,
caused by kidney disease or other, while malignant hypertension, the phulaminese
hypertension is common in both types of blood pressure (Kamila, 2017).
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