First Edition: March 2014 CAREER ENDEAVOUR PUBLICATIONS a en In aoc the dat a provieg th ston. Deore "© All ight reserve by CAREER ENDEAVOUR PUBLICATIONS. No Paro is bok my be prod "fom witout he writen permis from he pubes. CAREER ENDEAVOUR |Publication: ‘A.unit of Career Endeavour@& TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 9 Note Gas maaCuaprer-1 PeRIopIcrY Basis of Periodic Table: Pio table represen the rangement of allofthe kno laments acoding othr peoperts so that imarclemens fl witintesane vericalcoluna an disindarcleneatsare raged in hore rows ith sow gralatonin ropes “Phe properies of elements are periodic functions oftheir atomic numbers” Ielements ae ranged ininceasing or oftheir atomic umbers, theres epetion of properties ater 2,8, 18 and 32 ‘lememsi Is, nd. ed and th period respectively The sumbes2, [Bal 32 are abo refered as magic umber ‘The pei epetion of element wisi properties afer cen epurineras bn the emensarearangsincrerofnereasing aoe bes. Thepenolicrepationof peperia duet besecunec fini lence sellecronisonfiga: rations afer erin, 1 Mendelee's Periadie Law : According Mendeeew’s pri ww “The pysica and chemical properties of the elements area periods fation of ther atomic weigh.” -earranged the cement inineeasing oder of toc weight no groups and prods Drawbacks of Mendelers Periodic Table: Anomaly found inthe pi of clement (Telia Tad odie) (i Aegan( A} and Bats (K) (Gi) Nickel) and Cobal (Co) ich were nat inaoordance ofthc chemical behaviours “Mosetey’s Law: Long form modern) Periodic Table: nthe assof Xray diction, Mosely proposed hat + “The physical and chemical properties of element area priate nein of their atomic number or ‘heir eectonic configuration (Characteristifeatures of Lang form of Periodic Table (2) Themodemperiditables divided ia fo mainestegoriesknown as (a) Vertical Cola roups (18) (by Horioctalrows-peis(7) @) Elements oft same goup have same valence sel confgrations, GB) Element of goup (Ato VILA (1.2.13,1415,16,) aroknown a representative cements (sin ou ements) and of goup Bt VIB. 12) arekncom as amin clement () lemons of group (ao known 2m roup) are noble gases. (5) npsids, therumber ofalece selremainsthe sane, however he umbe oferosincesses fu eftEIRIEIS) 12 Print ons proper mens (@ Metatic and Non-Metalle Character: + Thetendeneyofanlementt se electrons and for the ions called electropsive character or metalic character, lal metre the stlesropositve ments + Thetendeneyofan clemento accept electrons tof an anion sale kctnegatve character or on reach «g cloie, oxygen, crop Groups . ‘Meallie Character deteass an moving aero the Psi {enone hte nese Periods Meaitie cates increases down he group. ‘ernoo metalic chaste decrees ‘roblan-I- Ananth folowmgclements inti Bceuingerderof er mele caracce, Si Be, Mg, Na, Sola. P Al Or cor ene er (Me 2p. *So, when ar cleton led n2s or 2p atomic rbtalitexpeienes (@) the attacker char (ihe repubie ores dats imeryngcletrons. + Elecwons ofp group contribute nearly 35% cach 9 Sreeing conta (a elecrons conbate 5% *-2)seeuons contribute 10060 scening. Empirical Rules for estimating ENC ~*Slater Rules": “The actual nucle charge experienced by th cerns in iret nial estimated by la Rules. These ‘ns are based upon expermerial datafeeletron promotion carpi an inizaton cng. TheENC 2°) sngons pence tmnt sing shige Sess (1) Wiehe Ct olin orderan groupings (18), (28.29), 8s, 3p) (sp 64 4D (55,5) (2) Bleewoni. any group higher indi soguece tha th elactn ner consrstion conus pohing to @) Then eran electron inan orn bit (@)Allotherelectonsinthe (0,19 group contribute = 0.3 ac (All decree (0-1) shell conte s= 0.85 each (@)Allelectronsin (2) orlowersbes contributes 1.00 ech (@)Forancletoninan aot ‘a orb allletonsin the sare yu contbutes~0.3cach ‘Those in groups ng owerinthe sequence tan (al) or (at) contbtes = OD each eg 'K'= (is (ep) sp) s) “TWEENC experienced by 4s electonisZ2*=Z—-S~ 19 (085 8) +(.00%10)=220 Urweconsiderbe.C fk ass e637!) benz wouke 2 =19 (1.00 18)=100 ‘Thus electron nthe 4s obitasundertheinfuene ofthe greats Meee sulear cage and hence inthe round sat this orbits ocapi one size decreases fon eto riht ina period L -> R (Atomic Size) Aone ie aceases fm topo downs upGm : Atomic Radilof Elements: 4 032k li “fe B CN OF Me 1237 g99 080 0.77 075 073 072 Ne 134 « 203 Rb 26 ce as fe Reasons: Looking ote. ofelemens, owing observationsaremade, + Theelectonsemer inthe same hel + The numberof poo aeinreasng fom eto ight wth cree amie number *Thenuclear chaps inreasng ote attactve fore of mikes on usernos cleo sinsesing + Tis teshsinetcontraction ofr se. {Ina Group: (Top | Botom) + Theclocwonieconfurtion ofeemens ofthe same group indvates that eleerons ae adda inthe ne Shel inthe senior ator. +i anew shells added inthe et higher aoup. + Although umber ofpotneae aso ceasing (eerie charge) butte netteauisneese inszeofihe atom, + Thenetatractive fre ofmcles decreases downthe group. 0.72136, 0.99, 181 SEE” EEE@ Atomic Raa + Anatom dos not ve ay sharp boundary. + Sits atomic raacan athe determined by direct measuemes. + Theatomicraduss detemined by inet meio inthe combined state ofansom. According to naire ofchemialbond chemical Compounds are csi as ()Coaantmoteuls (Q)oniomolcts. @)Aomicensals (Meas ‘The tomieradiofstonsof tise compounds are clasifod ss (@ Covakntrtsincovaen oles) (@ loncradi(ainic rsa) G@) Van-deralradi(aatmicerysl) 9 Mealieradi (amen) Variation ofatamicradiusina group: lancer) 1+ feive Nuckeae Charge = Nockar charge ~Seresningeftt. (©) Covalent Radi: Iuisdefined asthe aif ofthe distance berweea two mele in moka oftwo sna ato vhichare bonded together byasinglcovaleat bond. Bond Length ‘Bond Length: Distance between wo neki, Covalent Radilin Heteroatomie molecule: A-B “Tren: Onmoving from ef trig cross the period the atomic saad decease,Reason! ‘tisozauseinperindtbe outer electrons are inthe sme valence shell andthe fective nuclear charge in- creases asthe atomic umber erie: esulngin the increased atacon of electrons the acleas and ‘noe atomic adders, ‘Trend: As we descend he groups the atomic radio lementnceases, ‘Reason: As we dese the roup, the riacpal quantum umber (0) nase nthe valence electrons ae farther rom ie nocsandbence atomic radi increases, ‘omic adi desreases omic radi ness “Atom Nomber (2) > Varian of stom nd wih toc ‘tmbersrest tesco ered “Atoms number across the Broups—> (© Tonic Radi: Thedistance between te nace andthe temo al ofan ions know.as ionic adi. Interncler distance: 205 pmCation Ra: Na Nat Mg Mg? 154 095 136 065 Defining metalic and covalent radi: Pc ean Co Ne / 8 A » radrotc © eadusof Ct oo ey eo". @oOs an ° Knowing the Clradinand the C-Cbond length, the Cras canbe deine Ste of fneectronicions: Isp meane "he sam [rele ins have te same mer afelecrons. AP Mg’ Na" Ne BOP and Nallhave 10 electons Allhave the same configuration: 6252p (wich sth noble ga Neon) ‘Size of tsneestronictons: ‘The postive nsthathave moc protons would be smaller (ote protons would pl he same nue of econ) ADdne=tt of adnate "bot dtance between Aand 1, mera tom A, ~stmic ris of torn B ,sknown canbe calulte, “Ture joniradicanbe estimated by measuring te dances between cations and aon inionicen sa. Note: : + cation sana than is parent atom between thas fewer electrons while its nuclear charge remains the tomcat of No=186 pn ionicradve of Ne=35pm, + Thesiz ofan aion willbe le than that of parent stm becausethe ation of one ormoreeeeronanda increases ineeiveuclearcharge. SS"4 mmm 18 ier of Fis 136 pn where she mic rai of aon is only 64pm. OFs0>0, repr : "Not: lonicradi ofions depend onthe charge onions. The ction withthe greater the postive care wil ve asia: beens ofthe greater asain ofthe eetonsto te nucle. + Anon with rete negative charge wilh the lager ras + Geneally ons tave smaller se tn io ‘Poblei-: Whi ofthe folowing wilhave epee male sie? Mg Me ALA Sola, Largestse=Mg = : i oss Problem4: Arrange the folowing i increasing order ofthc ados- "OF. Na'sMg™ AP" Si” Note: Greterhe vale of), greater he sie iso estan series. Sola, Eachave 10 elacttons s iseectroic NY DOF > F > Nav > Mg> AM si" (Vander Waals radius: “Ks onehalfoftheinernckardstans of wo adjacent atoms inewo nearest neighbouring leas fe sxbstaneesinsolid sate" ‘This isobenined fom the shores dtaace to whichtwo non-bonded atoms can approach tbe repulsion betoeatheirlecron clouds come it pl Ler ane vali nee fon: 2 sander waals OFX in HX olecuk, (o)Crysta radius: Laven isos hot te sence acifIvo ales etl atone eli cd ped crete (ap Ionsstion poten (IP) or Tonsation Pahalpy IE) ‘The nization nergy bene the amount of eng reio remove te mostlosey econ on te gourd ste of anisolted gaseous atom. oo 6Are nition coi cle Ionian Pol) ‘Unit Ionisstion energy is expressed inthe units of energy. electron vot (eV) pe stom, Kilo Joule pr ‘mole Qo) TeV peratom=96.49 I mol! =23 06 al mot! eV=.60210-*Joule= 1.602 * 10K, [eatom = 1.602 10° Kistom = 1.60210" 6.2 10° Kol 9.6410" KS mot = 96.410) “The energy required o remove an electron froman slated gaseous atom nts ground sate, aed eisai Enda.” M(g)—g>M '(g) +e" +The smaller the ionisation energy, th easier itisfor the neural atom to change ino apostveion Note: onisation energy savas postive. SMC oner(aler «Mg Hh ane(e)ee “A (eet i ed i ex tb onigationccrpesroquied to remove, second ‘electron fom the bole gscous som. Noe (Is alo called rst ionisation energy of Mg and (IE), isals called fst LE. of M(e) ‘The second ionisation energy ofan atom wilbehighethan eft inition energvbecauseasestceeron isremovedtheatom becomes postivel charge andheceth efetve mck charge per eecton meee. ‘Consequently the remaining electrons are more ily by the cleus anit becomes dou oeove second lero. (E)<(IB), <(E), Increasing ode of oii energyTE Remarks: |. Maxima and minima ocu athe noble gue anda metals espe 2. Theres gonoralicrease in LE alm ac eto rom alla metal © noble gases. 3. Asnong soupof logon mea tho LE erly alaysdereases with nes in atomic abe. 44 Thevarition nL -along series of Morin rnsion ment stock en ar arga period ‘fon aston ements Half fled F.C have higher LE. han the nextckmens longa peri (N> 0)(P>S) 1B. dcerewes dowthe group. ismainly to (tare nares. ecko avaible rete sce tom mes ste tte force decreases, (crease insexening eet ofthe clecns ofthe clos shell 7. Foragivenalucof'x, the dectron dost near the mcles decreases as‘ increas, ie the degre of penetration of lose shells decreases inthe onder s>p> d> decom al the Sereening fet (SE ofokecon flows same oedet ()LisBe + tpenetatinofekezonismore,itwillbe more tight eld up byte muck; oi willbe mee iicutiorenovei, Probl: Which ofthe flwingatoms should havea smaller va of second lonstion Bacay) Na Mg. Sotn. Mg: Soka Be “Préblem-1: Three sionithave the fllowing electron configiriidas- (12 2p3p\(13)AL Gs 26'2p"36 3 (17)CL 6226394 (19) K (aWhichotthetrecha ticles (IE)? * (() Which bas thes (23? Soin. (2 chlorine )ipoemsimnSola ‘Problem-9:' has the lagger fifth ionisation energy, Ge or AS? Ge{32)-f8cL 40%? VAgo As(a)o[a ate? vag CELE CE “Ae ts ve as ccs ove five ston Ey Whe eh vals kono ‘eve our loan gy Bt) ton cy bra Geb i wilson fomconlae tba (i Bkeeon Afaly (or Eetron grin ty (4.3) “Tanto eat wien ected oan bentonite ond state-"Risabo called elecon gin cahapy (3). M+ elatoo Mdeston > Ms cogy + Generally EA i exothermic (AH = ~ve) but some cassis en oer (AH apn pon (ete mtea cage aieotte san (Oui cece ete cenpation “IEA slow sme tthe ex tron is Weakly oun tote nadewsinni of pret om nd hence anion willbe ess sable, [IEA shih electrons sroely bound tothe miles and mre sable tion than areata. Not: Addon of 2 devon ieabways a endothe press (ipNobel gaseshave the oketon gain enthalpy EA), ic, eeryisrequied wo add ancectron ino thet valencsel. ‘Reasou: Nobel gas hae re postive elestron gain ethapiesbecase he lecton sto eter the next higher isn sanumveloaing ta veryansableleeri coniguration. xf oO eae nes ene =f) GET (1, [3622] eeey one Soessacoery regio ater the extra eleeon fom outside.16 Peviodle Trends: ‘ae te pei crs deci the pe + Generally on noyng aptobotom ngroups EA dares les npatvs because thesis of atomineases nuh add eleceoa would be fat fos mls. ‘Statement: Genel BA across the period increases ut arbonhashighe EA. than'N’ Region: cond22 2g) EE) (TEI gree tiny seca oton de 2 2) incnplae fied p be Noveae a J a ee aise oon et dp) beiespail ‘Statement: taggeupE A. decreases fom opto botom.buthe EA. of Cis high than rine and EA. of °S'ihigherianomen, Reason: Thisisbeease wen an cleeton is added 0 Onyec Eine inthe added electron oes the smalern=2quatum evland sis sgfcaneplbion foi ohet eetone presets vel forthe ‘-3.quatum level (Sor), the added electron ocapies ger regen of space andthe seetoaectron repubion smh (GisFomes]) S>SerTes PSO. EA. decreasing onder EA decreasing order Note ene eased when an electrons added oan stom the EA. (Ae ofthe atom istakea 38 poste conaryttkemodynsnis convention Teeny has to besupplio to a anlecwon oan ato, ‘hentheceon "Aeefthe atom sasignodacnetive sim. Howe, "Ae" defined asabsobite eo ad therfore at ayo temperate (1) hea copacites of teresa td the products have betake sccountin at 0K, T- 3 “Aen RT| [Be==Aetl] [Betl==Adl Unexpected EA: hole iran |perod clement F- has electron valence shel. ithas large negative cary dems. Sit Soule teacegekcrn cb orice + Gist pro met, can accommo 18 electrons, But has oly eletrons Sots gate hang dete So, lreleases ror ener by accepting one electron, ats ore stablesytem, than, The coming electrons geal atactoythe Cl meus + Ingeneralthe third period elements have higher EA valusthan 2 pried elements. : Heo THY | Bea) [BCD) [Ea [Ne o)]OWa)] FGI) | NeW) a @)] Ma(=0)| AiO) |i(i4)| PO) [SN |G) mo) tt]Sueceve EA: + When anelecronis aed to neutral atom, energy berated, This called Ist EA (EA snegaive, atboughtisexpreedin +e vale) + Whentie deere saddedo amano, experince: somerepuive force, + Socnrny needs tobe supped fom ouside adds ecto. cE, v6. atbough tees ss-revae) 20), 9 BN 50-40; FA, =142kF mot" (released) FA, =-780 1K mot (absorbed) @ sas Baas? + Fements wiighest BA, C1 ements with ze EA Noble gases "Theparoic ends for IEand Ear same Perio ule ebb nese arose pero noth decrease down the group Boar exees. isan absorption of enegy when lectonsemoved fom an ao. EA isanemisionofenegy when electron sass sno, Pb Iv Wid spon FA akc och WE ax oxo NC oF — @Fon (V)Eletronegaiiy (EX) “acs the tender ofan atom to stat electron toads itelfinsankecule or compound.” ‘The value ofeloctonepativtyofanelemeatdesorbesthe aby ft alm to compet fr electrons withthe oer om which tis bounded. Note: Ectroegatiity however ot te property of anisole tom. It depend onthe elmer to whith ‘estomisbondad, BEN Mor serngnne “EN generally increases across a period from leftoviaht (say from Lito F). Fluorine has highest EN(~4). ‘Reason: Asioving on lf right the atracton between te gue (or valence) letronsandthe miles increetos the tomic rads decreases, the EN as increase, + Non-teflc ements hav tong tendency gain elton. Theefre, EN iret elton metalic properties of laments. Thus, increase EN acosapetod isa accompired by aninceasinon- metalic properties or deresesin etl proper) *Onmovingdowntho group, EN decreases. Reason: Downe group th atomic aii rease and Non ntl properties of elements decrees, de wich eceny ofan atomto pal elecronielf decreases aom 18 ‘Seale for measurement of .N neler tcalcuate EN, Several scaleshave been proposed which reas Tabu: (0) anting’s Seale (1932) + Pauling signed anatbieary EN. valueof4 0 hemostlecuonegative atom + The EN foto elements wereasby keeping thse asthe starlad reference + TheEN difrence benveentwo ann deeeminly he expression. a8 [Exs-ttaatoal"[’ aon : eects XaoXp Baa’ ira ieee es + Hisbised upon bod enesyceaonsip Wnn=0206[E, 9 -ExatEee] + BE OCA ccmpound iain eatin fA-Aand AB + Asthe EAN, difference between A and B increases (AX. E,_» also increases, Exo VExa* Epp lone Rewnance Hoey owe Pata ionic chaeter 8Xa-a=K[En-0-VExa*Ena wher, a Keal mots converted in eV Xq0=0208[E_.9-fExavten] ‘Ti tion give only te diderence in EN. ofAandB ements (2) Mutton Seale(1934; According tots sae, EN. ofan atom isthe average sim of LE. and .A. of snaiom. (UP, B.A are taken ineV) (10.ta.=Keatmor') (eth mite of FA. used he) >=‘ectomm 8 Application of EN. {() Detention of rte fiz (2) Polargyofacovaletbo. (@) Deerminstion ond srengh {@) Cabsuluoaot ionic charter (Polarity ofa molecule: Asthe a crass batwoet tw bond sts splays neeases H-1 Ni, “Te dition of ciple sale determine by Xx -Xiy. A> B. Therore elesroegaine adm cons tuts the negative poke (@) Nature of te bondofa molecule: the AEN isless(< 1.7) th bond has more covalent character, Ihe AEN ismote(1 <)the bond hs mare ianic character. HH Hcl Na-Cl Xq-Xq=0 21-30909 09-30-21 Atel Saefor measurement ok daar of valet bonds Pecsingeion hacer fabont= 1 -%y}+9 5184 Kal? ©) Deurintin those: the AE~Xy Xe aaron edie WF HCl Hee HT Xq-Xp 1908. 97 oa (0) Cataane EN cfs fam BE. of Fy, =38Keaiol Bey, =58Keal/eol, pct =61 Keal/mol EN(8)-EN (C1) =0204 (By @)- Ea Ber JH0208 [61- (RYH) ] 02080 EN(Cl)=EN(F)=020817 =40-0.7 X IE(@V) BAG) : Fo oma 3M Rta Boi 336 1 4s 3.06 atten | EEA | pau Ba ta Stee) z ling Fo [4 % apa fs ae i maa a | i a7} ——?Hydrides MPbx -¥.N. of Mand Nature SNF AEN aay [Rae [Be Tit chai RH < Rot < Ca Bay Mall) > Aa, > Shy >, rnston meta hyde Z_[ Mii | Neaiat] Cy Siti < ety Be>CloF © Reason: Polarity ofthe halegenaosinreass wih hse song the van i waa ineraton is «established, sling iradualy highs mckingpot. + Bromine iui rode isa soit om temperate, Note: P> N,S>0 Orderofmeingpoist ‘Reason Phosphorus and slphurhavea diminished tendeayt bond mukiplcty (size poor ers ‘overlip), They fer so bonded polytami stuctur having higher ming pois. (00 eet Pat Tuisgenrallydbseedin groups 13,14an 1S. According to this eft, as we descend down na group, the ‘woelcronsof oil ofthe valeaceshel become ne do not easy take part mboding nthe erent show it oxidation tat two uns hth group oxidation abe, eg, Allussubleoxidaionsite= 3 (Gah sableoxiaton site ~ 3 Inshowstoth= +1 and + oxidation state THshowsstableoxilasonstse=1* Reason: On moving im topo bottom efetve miclearchageinceatesduet© which hs penetration power ofs-arbillind-rbins abo ieeass and hence seb electronsarc less aval forbonding Tis ‘scaled inet pi eflectofs-obialcertonsand therefore, on movingtop tbat se ibn cate ae more sable, |be ee * Fuori te most cleeronyave cementnthe periodic ub « Sironges nome > haleras * Nobel gases tave 0 vabesofEN, “Ince pair efi! vefrstotheresistance of par o's" elecron best oro partite incovalent bond fomaton ) Group ma: (A) THe): 28, 18,32, 18,2 omer 6% electon not ost) Tin 2):2, 8 18 18,2 (outer Se tron not ost) ‘forms nile lbustaies wich ar mare sublhan sinha, (By TH: 2,818.32, 18 1H: 2, 8, 18,32,182 “Ticcompounds are mores tan TCH compounds (© The meanbond energy for chlorides are Ga, 249, IC, =206 ad TIC, 1534 mot “Thus, the leeton are most kl tobe inert in thal nd ICY is the most stable among these cides ©) Growptva: (A)Sn:2,8,18 18.2 (ote cettons are ntlost) Sat:2, 848,18 Sol) xt simple on Sandia strong educng en whereas S(T) frmscovalet compos Sof eit as spe ion Sa andi strong reducing agent wheeas SiATV) forms covalent compourls (B) PV": 2,3,19, 32, 18,2 ue 6 cectons nto) Pb:2, 6 183,18 ©) Groups (A) Arsenic and At, showa variable valeneof 3 and hie Bismuth soalyraeat B28 1832 16,2 (ater 6c ot ot) si -2,8,1918,2 Sb 2,818 18 i issubleand Sb sareduingagent. (@) boc cements: Variable valency lso occurs withelementsin the dbock This rises from ui ‘Ueent umber of decor forbonding, sointhsease th valency can changin steps ne Cu! and CaP = Ou -52,8,18 15 Cu -92,5,18 (oes ot ‘e.g, Fe* and Fe” Group IIB: Hgis difficult te oxidize, becauscit contains only an inert pair (6s) 1.3 Diagonal fsatinship and Bectronegtvty (res ule fen fale] [Pre [ee STF [ei Teckel Psd ing agua 2 pay an sna opr en semn| suteeeeattr ent me ‘Sic ir TF?2g Li and Mgsbow almostsume ckctronegatviy show diagonal tions, Reason The (EN) inreaes 8 we go from Lito Be butit decreases 8s wemake from Be to Mg. As we make dagony, ese woofs partly cancel eachother and thes 0 marke change (EN) alts Li and Mgow sary inpropetis, *LiMg,Be-AlB Sisbow dixgomlreatinship. + (EN) ofan element depends nis valence stator Oxidation Nuke HigherO.S.ofantelementoratom, stowshisheeckctonestivig. “$k,> "SC, Fe)» 183 FaQM91.96 eB LAT PIV) 9233 + Hybrid obi with gre characte shoul be mor letonezative than hb obits wth ‘character As s2Na081 (basi 10,4104 2100, (side) 1.4 Hydration and flydration Energy: +, Miyktonsnergyisthe Emhalpy change iat accompanies the dssbing of ne mol of gascous ios Li"(g)+#,0-5[Li(H.0)]’, aft=-806%/m01 + Theexeatohyation depends onthe size and charge charge densty fis. Charge ‘tins ion + Greater charge density [grater the hare smaller sir ese the attraction the impair of0of 1,0, enc rete th hydration energy + Theion ashi lage dens, wile the smalls. ize before hyation ut afer hyaiontve the lage size du tothe eatstextent of hydration, 08 Li? CW eK! Nap >) > CS > onder of sie ofcations afer yon Chap density + Hydrated ions larger in sie willhave lesser onic mobility (avi (hrate)ions move slower)Aone we rate S83 a =e =o |-_—— (tin —+ rin) Where, A charge onions ‘B=sizeofins ‘Desa othydatedion E-inicmoalty| ‘Acid - Base Character of Oxides: “Or moving bossa eto the basic character of oles raul decreases and sili characterinreases. + Sabi of oxides decrease acres pind ase 0 No MEO.ALO. SIO, $0, 10, Ko Basie OE ee eee oo Note: + Oxides lemeni Min FO product MOH, + Ifletoneptivitesdifeence of M and is geste than that of HandO in 0, han MOH isacidc due ‘formation fH, 0" Seni to + m+ Ho + Itelecronegatvy difference of M and O in MO is ksser than that of and in 9 hen MOH iba vet fomationaf M-0-H+H-0-H->(m-08,) + OW” + Oxises of olloning ements ar mpboteri 1, Be, Ata In Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi Po 10's tphorar ao calod amphiprtc) H.0+1,041,0" +08" + BeO.A1,0, S100, P60, a amphotric since they form sls with acid as wll 9s with base ALO, + 6HC-» 20001, +380 -A.0,+ 29011310 2Na[ Al(OH), ] —g3———+ Oxides ae ci itthey react wine + Oxidesaretasiifteyreactwihaci, two le [oF] yy [ul alse se) |e [ca] oslo] ae] se | ar ae ni] se| ws [so [et | ait | [rola cacPb 100 “The cleats beyond uranium (2=97) all sei eka andre known supra clement “The lemons beyond fermium (Z= 100 areknowas ansformim elements. These men BVe omni punbers 101 oowards. Te elements Fsmium (= 10), Meadelevaum = 101), Nabe Z 102) ad Lawencium (Z= 103) arenamed ale he rim of fanous cents “Teladn Words for various dpi oft atomicnmberare writen together inthe nga wich asthe | | omic umber and ums adedatth end. “Table Names and Symbols in currents (orproposed for trans-emiun clerents. ‘Atomic Nombe [Stet 17T 108 ‘Unilin (Ung) 105 ‘Tnientim (Uap) | 106 Uanibexiam (Ua) ior Unum (Ua) 108 [Wanita (Uno) 109 ‘Unnilaniam (We) i10 ‘nwo (Wun) Cima —_(C) ‘ASummary of Periodic Trends: > Sa ca, |. Theelemens wth atic number 11s tba dscoered: What wouk! be the TUPAC nee and ol fis lemens Also price eerie configuration goup number and period oft Sola, THeTUPACname forthe element with tric umber 19 would be ununctniam and ts BO Wall be ‘Une Theelectonc configuration ofthsclement would be (Uu0} 8, Themen would belong gop nd period 2. Wletheclecronic coniguationof tie clement gvenbelow and alo predict hei period grcupandlok. A {(AtNo. 37) and G(AL No.3 Sola, The electronic confguationoftie cements As 12,262 2p8,30, apt si 82, 20,296,302 398249452 4p Gs 1?, 252,298, 32, 398,34, sits evden fom the electron configurations, (@),Areceveslnstelecuons a Spsub-bell teres is Period = 3 veck~p ‘r00p 10+ number of vlece aeons 10+ 616 3. Theatmiomest of gemanum 8 72.6andits deny S47 gon. Whats the stomie velar of emi? Gramatonic mass 726 ==1327 en? Density SAT gon Soln, Atomic vohane= 4, Sekt rom each group the species which tesmallestradv tating sprog sna, 00,0,0> @K'Se ar GHSLRCL ‘Sola. The spores Os smallest radius becauso ho ads ofaion savas rer than the raisofatam fom whichis formed. O~ gpd O?- ae anins ofoWErn: ()K* asthe smallest rads. Ink ae Ath oiermes lis third wheres in itis fourth, Ow of" sd Ae Khas sales size because thas greater males charge. (Gi)Cttas the smallest rads, Si, Pand Cl bctongto same perod-Inaperod atomic radius eres wits ineeaseipalomic number de to inrease iflecthve mice cht= Amang ie element Se, land’ inneeaing ord ofioniation ner Ienationenetayseaerally increases fom to right across of hte period table and decreases fom ‘opto bottom doyn group. ee wee ‘Tw theorderis,Se°S Ca! Me: Ths cement in Group2A2) ()K>Ca>Ga Theeclenent ae npeiods (©) Rb>Be>Ke-Rbas higher ene evel andis fart the le. Br isto te tof. {@)Rb> $¢>Ca-Caiseneeney level ma ta Rb ane Ro sto e eS "Bntsinde same gop detains as ou oup, mes doves msizeasyou go azosapetio srg hepreicttlecay rk denen exh he falowingatsnera of Seng @KGHGAL GSH TeSA OK CARD LXE,CS (G)e> Ar> Kr Group 8A(18) TE daseasesdowaa romp (6) 16> Sb> Sa Ponod Selene across 427009 {©)Ca> K>Rb;CaistoterightofK:Roisteow K (Xe>1> Gest of Xe, Csistither othe ef and downone pei Te decreases asyou proceed pina poop TEneeasesayou zo across aprid "Namethe pera clement wih fling onion ergs (inklina) and write itseleone configu TEI) TEs Ty TEs IEy 1012 1903 2910 4956 «278 22,230 “Look fora large inerease in enery wich indicates hit al fhe valence elecwons hae bean moved. The lanestneease ocursfer IE, hats afer the Sthsalence elec hasbeen moved. Five electons would ‘mean thatthe valence configuration 3p andthe element mustbe phosphonss, P= 15) ‘Thecomplete clertoncofguratonis 224229242 3p>Using condense eleczon configuration, writ acto forthe oration othe commen nsf the wing kes (@)lodine 253) (o)Pomsium z= 19) (endian (249) (a)lodne 253) isin Grup TA) an wll gain one elecuontobe isyelernc with N= (ne?) sor¥ or (Res?) (oy Poasam 2-19) Gp 4() wl on clan enc wi [Ae}4¢} a (ar ve> (0 Iwiam(2=4)isin Group 3,1) canbe eer oncom ore eon Anse!) st" (540!) 96° toca! set) fp) se Joatolmstin Group LAC). 24) 6A(16). and 7A ar sally esto wie erste ot Metals in roup3A(L3)0 SAC{S}cartaseteienp orosand ep clsrons Use condensed electron configuration to wre the reaction fr he formation ofeach waston mettion and pred whet thon (Mn Z=25) Oa" z~24) (He @=80) (@) Ma (2=25) a [Ae}e?x8) —oMn2* (arpa) 125° (prmaenti) (6) 62" (2-24) cr((assts!) sce [[afsat)3e~ (paramagnetic) (6) He (2-80) gx]? s!) og? ((xe] 4459) 26 (cot prrngnetis i amapstc) ‘Writ the cleo configuration emove electrons starting wins to th tbe charge ontheon. te ‘remaining configura as ungied ecrons, ts paramagtCHAPTER2 1 ALKALI METALS 2.4 Electronic Structure Group elements all have one valence electron in their outer orbital - ans elestron which ovcupies @ spherical orbital. Ignoring the filled inner shells the valence shell electronic sutures may be writen as 2", 3s! 4s! Ss, 6s and 7s! The single valence electron is along distance from the nucleus, is only weakly held and is readily removed. In contrist the remaining electrons are closer tothe nucleus, more tightly held. and are emoved only with great dificult. Because of similarities in the eleeoniestuctures ofthese elements, ‘many similarities in chemical behaviour would be expected “Table : Electronic Structure tement | Nome | symbot Electron Structure Lithium 3 | ou | we cor(Hle]25" Sodium | Na | eaeaphas! ortNe]3" | Potasiun | 19 | K 12 2e 9p 323phs! or [Ar] 4! Rubitium | 37 | Rb | wt2eaphatapSsd ai aps! or(kr 5 Cesium | 55 |’ cs | staeaphacap sd as antadsespt as! | or Xe] 6! Francium | _87_—|_ fe [ay 2s! 2.2 Size of Atoms and lons ‘Grou | stoms ae the aes in hit Horizontal periods inthe peri ble. When the outer electron istemoved to give a unipostive ja, the size decreases considerably. There are wo reasons or this 1, The outermost shel of electrons hasbeen completly remove 1, Uavng removed an electron, the positive charge onthe males is now greater than he charge on the temainng eleewons, that each ofthe remaining elects i arated more stony towards the mcles his reduces the size further Positive ins are always smaller than the patent atom. Even $0, the ions are very lage and they increase insize from Lo Fr sexta shells of eaceons are ade ‘The Li i much smaller than the other ions. For this reason, Li only mixes with Na above 380°C, and tis immiscibte wih the metals K, Rb and Ce, even when woke; toe wil Li frm substtunal alloys with them. Tn corrast the other metals No, K, Rb and Cs ae miscible with each other in all Proportions (Ange ote alia mala, 6 examples ofl pi a al proprio) is (NET, Dees @Kudme OKmdce (umes (oRbmdcs none ss28 00°08 gReaes t ck2.3 Density The atoms ae large, so Group | elements have remarkably low densties. Lihium metal is enly about half as dense as water, whist sodium and potassium are slightly fess dense than wate. Iti umsual for megs to have low deste, and in conirast most of the transition mals have densities eater than Sg cm, for example iron 79 ca, mercury 13.6 gen, and osmium and iridium (the two ost dense ce- fens) 22.57 and 22.61 g on respectively. en ar pais Li 152 054 a 2 os K 227 086 Rb 288 133 cs 2.65, a) 2.4 lonization Energy The frst ionization energies forthe atoms in this eroup are appesciahly lower than those for anyother roup in the periodic table. The atoms are very large so the outer electrons are only hell weakly by the Ieleus: hence the amount of energy needed to Femove the outer electron isnot very large. On descending the group from Lito Nato Kto Rb to Cs, the size ofthe atoms increases due to increase in numberof shells: the outermost elcttons become less strongly held, so the ionization energy decreases ‘The second ionization energy — tat isthe énergy to remove & send electron from the atoms — is ‘extremely high. The second ionization energy is always larger than the fist, often by a factor of two, because it involves removing an electron front a smaller positive ion, rather than from. lager neutral atom. The difference between fst and second ionization energies is much large inthis ease since in addition it corresponds fo removing an electron from a closed shell. A second electron is never removed under normal condos, sth cowry requed i gett thn tht needed aie the mole gases, The efits ‘commonly form M” ions. ‘Table: Ionization energies First ionization energy. | Second ionization enerey aa (43 met") (mor u ‘20. “96 ' Na 32 4563 K ais 3008 RD ans 2650 3156 200 2.5 Electronogativity and Bond Type ‘Toe eletsonegitvity values forthe clements inthis group ae very stall in fict the smallest values of any clement, Thus when these elements eeact with other elements to form compounds, large eletronepativity difference between the two atoms is probable, and Yoni bands are formed,Hlecronegatvity of l= 30 Electroneptivty of Na__=0.9 lectonegatvity difference Table : Electronegativty values ‘Group-I Elements Pauling’s | __ atetronegativity Li 10 Nee 09 K 08 Rb os. cs 07. [An clectronegatvty difference of approximately 1.7-1.8 coresponds to 50% ionic character. The ‘electronegatvity difference value 2.1 in NaCI indicates thatthe bonding in NaCl is predominantly ionic. | Similar arguments apply to other compounds: for example, the elctronegativity difference in LiF is 30, and in KBr is 20, and both the compounds are ionic 2.6 Structures of the Metals, Hardness and Cohesive Energy i At normal temperatures all he Grovp I metals adopt a body-centred cubic type of Iatce with a coordination number of 8. However, at very OW tempeatres ium forms hexagonal close-packed Structure with a coordination numberof 12. “The metals aol very sof, and canbe cut qt easily with a if. Lithium is harder than the others, tuts sofa than ead ‘Tho cohesive eneey ithe force holding the ats or ons togetor inte sli. (This i the same in magaitde, but the opposite in sign, tthe enhspy of stomization, which i the energy required o break the | Zoli up iio gaseous atoms) The cohesive enezes of Group I metals are abot hl of those for Group 2 and one thicd of those for Group 13 clemeuts. The magnitude of the cohesive energy determines the hardness, andi depends onthe numberof eccons that xn participate ia bonding and onthe strength othe bonds formed. The softness, low cohesive enery and weak bonding in Group I elements ae consequences ‘ofthese metals having only one valency electron which can priate in bonding (compared with tW0 or | more electors in most ater metal), and ofthe large size an diffuse nature ofthe outer bonding elecon. | ‘The atoms become lrger on descending the group fom lithium to aesium, so the bonds are weaker, the chloride > bromide > iodide, Thus the fluorides ae the most stable, and the iis are the least table. 2, The enthalpies of formation for the chlorides, bromides and iodides become mote negative on descending the group. This trend is observed with most salts, but the opposite ted i found in the *fiveides. tonic compounds may also be formed in soktion, whoa «similar cycle of endegy changes must be considered, but the hydration energies of the positive ad segative inns must Be substituted forthe Tatice energy. 29 Colour of Compounds CColoar asses Qecause the enetay absorbed oF emitted in electronic transitions contsponds to a wavelength in the visible region. The all Group | meal ions have noble gs configurations in which all the electrons are pared. Thus promoting an electron requires some energy to unpoir an electron, some to break a fll shell ofeletrons and some to promote the electro to higher lovel. The tot energy is large : hence there ae no suitable transitions and the compounds are typically white. Any ‘eansitions, which do occu wll be of high enezy will appear inthe ubraviolet region caer than it the visible region and will be invisible tothe human eye, Compounds of Group I metls are typically white, except those where the anon is coloured, for example sodium chromate Nax{CrO,] (yellow), ‘potassium dichromate Ks(CrOrl (orange), and potassium permanganate K[MnO4] (deep purple). 10 these cases the colour comes fom the anions [CrOx), [Cx10:}™ or [May and not fom the Group foetal on. ‘When Group-t elements fon compounds (usually ionic; but there area few covalent compounds), all the electrons are paired, Because of this Group Lonmpounds ae diamagnetic. Thee is one notable exception-the superoxides. 2.40 Oxides, Hydroxides, peroxides and superoxides. (2) Reaction with O» “The meal all burn in acto form oxides, hough the product varies depending onthe metal Lithium + Tims te moabge Lio (2nd some peroxide LO), sodium forms the peroxide NAO: and sme ‘nid NOP the others form superoxies ofthe type MO». Al tive metals canbe induced to form the normal oxi, peroxide or superoxide by dissolving the ‘etal in guid ambi and bubbling inthe, appropiate mount of doxygen, ‘ote: Reaction ith ntrogen ‘hing te cal clement eo hat ect wih dnioge o frm aide. Lio id, LN oni LT and NP) ai aby ved. Two futon of ene estima. Fs, on Busing 1 # Bh temperate Seon oh ements sal cond, reac wth mer, givse amon. 244 ML, Li + iN 4 38,0 —> sLIOH + Na caine{8} Normal oxides - monoxides ‘The monoxides ae ions, for example 2Li* and O"-1i:0 and Na.O are pure mite solids as expected, but surprisingly KO is pale yellow, RO is bright yellow and Cs.0 is orange, Matalicoxides ae usualy basic. The typical oxides MO ar strongly basic oxides, and they reac wth wate, forminsone bases. 10 + 10 —+ 211011 Nao + #0 —+ 26408 K0 + HO —+ 2Koot ‘The ental structures of LiO, N&O. KsO and RbiO aie anti-florit sucires, The anté-luorite structure is lke that for Morte Caf, except thatthe positions ofthe postivesand negate ions are interchanged. Thus 1 fil the sites occupied by F- and OF fill sites occupied by Ca. Cs:0 has an anti CaCI ayer structure (6) Hydroxides roup I metals all eae with water, liberating hydrogen and forming the hydroxides. The reaction becomes inereasigly Violent on descending the group. Thus lithium reacts gely, sodium melts onthe ‘orfice ofthe water andthe molten tal skates about vigorously and may catch fie and potassium melts aad always catches fie 2Ui + 24,0 —> 2408 + H, Na+ HHO —> 2Ns08E + ly 2K 6 240 —> 2KOH + Ht, “The standard eletode potentials Ear Li’ | Li= 3.05 volts, Na" | Na=-2:71, K"| K = 2.93, Rb" | Rb = -2.92, C5"| Cs=-2.92,Lithiumhas the most negative standard electrode potential of any element. in the periodic table, largely because of its high hydration energy Standard eletrode potentials £° and Gibfs five energy AG are related by the equation, 3G = -nFE* where n isthe number of electrons removed from che metal to produce the jon, and Fis the Faraday’ constant, ‘The reactine Li" + e> Li has the largest negative B® valu, and ence the largest positive AG value. | ‘Bho Wc tan dot ocr However, tho reverse reaction Li> Lit +e" has lage negative vale of {8G thn ibertes more enery th the ober metals when it reacts with wate. In View of hi at fist sigh eter suprising that ition eats gently wit water, wheres potassium, which liberates ess energy, retets violently and catches fe. The explanation lis inthe Kins (ati he rate at which the reaction process), raher than in the thrmodynamis (at i th total anos of enetey liberated). Potassium bas «lw meng pon, andthe fat of reaction is safe to mak it mel, or even vaporize. ‘The moon metal spreads cut, and exposes larger surice 10 theWae, it ec even fase, gts even hoster and athe fre. Sodium hydroxide NaOH is ofen called caustic soda, and potassium hydroxide is elle caste rash, bocase oftheir consive properties (fr example om lasso on in). These caustic lai ae the Strongest ass kno aqueous soliton. The hydroxides of Na K Rand Cs ave ery soluble in ater, but LOH is much es sohble duet covalent caccter At ed sil How i@) and [ae‘Table : Solubility of Group hydroxides. ‘Gronp- Element Solubility (g 00g HO) | : ui Baas Ne 1a83@s°0) K 28080) ® 9148 cs 35.4180 ‘At 25°C a saturated solution of AO izabout 27 malar, hilt saturated LiOH is only about $ molar ‘The bases react with acids to form sas and water, and ae usd for many neutralization. NAOH 4 HCL —> NACL + H0 ‘The bases also react with CO, even traces in the ax, Oeting the carbonate, LOH is used to absorb carbon dioxide in closed environments such as space capsules (where is Hight weight is an advantage in ‘esdaing the launching weight. 2NaOHl + CO; —+ Na 00, + 0 ‘They also react with the amphoteric oxides, ALO; forming sluminates, SiO) (or glass) forming siestes, $0, forming stanates, PbO, forming plumbates and ZaO forming zincates. ‘The bases liberate ammonia fom both ammonium slts and coordination complexes where ammonia is attached to transition meal jon (ammine complexes) NAOH NHC —> Nils + NaCl + #0 NAOH + [CoN] C—+ INH + CoD SNUCL 30 sean ott ote [NaOH reacts with HS to form suis Sand hydrogen sulphides SF, and it s used to remove rercaptans ffom petroleum product. NaOH + HS —>Nastt —> Na,8 The hydroxides ceact with alcohols, forming akexies. NaOH + BIOH > NaOEL | + HO KOH resembles NaOH in all ts reactions, but as KOH is much more expensive itis seldom used, However, KOH is much more soluble in aleobol. thus producing OC;H; ions bythe equa, GoHOH + OF == OCHS + #0 [d) Poroxides and superoxides : ‘The peroxides all contain the [-O~O—J* ion. They are diamagnstic (ll the electrons are paired), tnd are oxidizing agens. They may be regarded as salts ofthe dibasic ail HO; and they reat with water ind acd giving hydrogen peroxide H,0;, 1NaO; + 28,0 ——> 2NeOH + #03,ese an 'NasOr is pale yellow in colour: It is used industry for bleaching wood pulp, paper and fabrics such 's cotton and linen. it is a powefil oxidant, and many of its rection are dangerously violent, particularly vith materials that are reducing agers such as aluminium powder, charcoal, sulphur and many organic iquids. Because it reacts with CO» in the art has boon used to purify tho air in submating and confined spaces, as it both removes CO, and produces Ox, Potassium superoxide KO, i even better fo this purpose. Some typicol reaction are. 3Ni02 ¢ 241-28 0+ 28D, +H 30} + cP" = 408 —s 2007-42140 Nis0,-+ CO —+ Nass 2Na02 + 260 —+ 2N4300;* 0; ‘The industrial process for forming sodium peroxide is a two-stage reaction in the presence of exces a aver to, > NO 2 (wen) Nij0+!0, + NaOy 2 (aims) ‘The superoxtes contain the ion (031°, which has unpaitedeestro and ence they ate paramagnetic and at all coloied (Lan NaO> yellow, KOs orang, REO: brown and C30, orange. “The normal oxides contain O® ion, the peroxides contain OF-ion and superoxides contain 03 ion. The petoxides and superoxides become more stable wth ineease iyatomic umber ofthe alkali metal The formation and stability of these oxides can ‘ve explained on the basis of their lattice energy Li’ ion being a small ion has a srong postive field around it ard can stabilize only a small anion, O™, whereas Na" on being ale cation can stable a lage anion and soon, Ths, salle ation can stabilize smal anion anu larger ean can stabilize lager anton. ‘The higher oxide, viz, peroxides and superoxides are important oxidising agents. They react with Ailute acids forming hydrogen peroxide and oxysen, respectively Ney 80, —+ 1904 +10, Ag #2380, —+ 26,04 + 140+ 904 Suerte are ven tongs onlin ages than peroxide adv bth 03 and on tin wit cer wae 0, +250 —+ Kot «1404+ Lo, Ko sued a ste apts, suboaies, or tenting mts, eae it both proees onypen and senoves enon tide But fnetons ae ipo a ap tena ‘603 +200, —+'26,00, +30 103+ 404 +240 222» 00,304 Sau spon aot preps by bing the metal in dozen a staph pes, at itis made commercially i god ils by rating sium pede wi oxygen at Hgh temperate fd, presse (10°C abd 30 soaps) a saes sel bomb 1Na,0; + 0; —+ 20 ‘The peroxide ion [—O—0'~]* has 18 electrons, which occupy the molecular orbitals as shown.ene + ae ep}, [x"2p3 als? o°1e,02s2,0°288 2p [P" \* 2 leap? la" 2p? increasing energy ‘Thus the bond order of 0-0 is one, corresponding oa single bond. ‘The superoxide ion {0,. has only 17 electrons, which give a bond order of 1. auto'l?,o20,0°2,07p3,|°" {* 2? 20}. Le 2 imereasing energy ‘Genealy, large ats o¢ ins form weaker bond than smaller ones. The peroxide and superoxide ion are large, and i is noteworthy thatthe stability ofthe peoxies and superoxides increases asthe metal ions ‘become larger. This shows that large cations can be stabilized by large anions, since ifbath ions ae similat in size te coordination number will be high, and this gives a high attice energy {e) Sodium Bicarbonate, NaHCO3 [NalICOs canbe wed ants own to make cakes or bread ‘iso sinc® it decomposes between 50°C and 10C, ving bubbles of CO, anatico, PA! Na,C0, + HO +0, Baking powder is more commonly used, and contains NaHCOs, Ca(H;PO.)s and starch, ‘The ‘Ca(H:PO,) is acidic and wien moistened it reacts with NaHOOs, giving COs, The starch is a filler Amin ‘yenved ‘combination baking powder’ contains about 40% starch, 30% NaHICOs, 20% NaAMSO,)> and 10% (Ca(HhPO,):. The NaAKS0.): slows the reaction down so the CO> i given off more slowly. 2.4, Oxosalts-Carbonates,Bicarbonates, Nitrates and Nitrites Group | metals até highly clectropositive and thus form very strong baies, and have quite stable oxosals, ‘The carbonates ate reinarkably stable, and will melt befbe they eventually decompose into oxides at temperatures above 300°C. LigCOs is considerably es stable and decomposes more realy Because Group I metas are so sttongly basic, thoy also form solid bicarbonates (also called Iiydrogencarbonates). No other metals form solid biarbonats, though NHFICOs also exis 2s 3 solid. Bicarbonates evolve carbon dioxide and tun iafo carbonates on gentle warming. This i one test forbigpoates in qualitative analysis. The crystal structures of NaHCO; and KHCOs beth show ‘hydrogen bonding but ate different. In NSHCOs the HCO; 2 ions are linked into an infinite ebwin, ‘hilt in KHCOs a dimeric anion is formed, Lithium does not form a sold bicarbonate, though JHCO; can exist in solution. All she carbonates ‘and Bicarbonates are soluble in wateras =e ‘ver 5000 tonnes of LCD, ae pode smal, MOH of ti ld as an impute AKO 0 lowers meking po inthe enton fama yee. Some veo oun ps (Coda inh gsi ceplced By lun. NCOs ed as washing sda soen waft sare al NattCOy ed aking power ‘The nates anal be prepared by he actin of Ns othe comesponding cabin or koi, dod thy ae all very soluble nate LINO) ted fewest ecole es ae [ge desis of NaNO. are fund in Chie, a ar sd a niogenous lize Sail LINO, tod NaNO) ae dagescent, and bocause of ts KNO) i used in peeence 10 NaNO) in inpoweet (gunpowder intr of RNO, sca charcoa). KNOS s sly obtain om ‘tc rcs an KsCO, tone ie as ae om NANO, 2¥INO, + KsCO} —? 20, + Op + HO aNoy + Kel —9 #8 + HCL Group 1 pitts ate Sas low skin slid, sd a aongt the most Sable nits Yawn, ‘were an song Heating they desompose none ands ihe ompestc ote oie _ TINO; compos re ely ane ster ng te oie, LiN0, +1100, +NO, ‘NaNO, Es aNaNo, + 07 800, EE 2,0 +504 2p 2.42. Halldes and Polyhalids Sine Li i tesa ion ine so woul fe epeted to fm hyd sas more ely shat her eta iC, Bea Lil rm yes LOC PO, be te a metal ies fn tnbyoous yl Alte hls adopt a Nal pe fst th oorination mer of 6 xe Gch Cab td The later fave # CAC pe of strste wha cotton amber of 8 The skal ttl ales reac ih the lens an ntnogea congo forming lot pelle comp Kieh —> KO4) oc — Krave iF + og; > xe 2.13 Hydrides Group mst est wt yogen, fring on or ike hyides MH However, te se vith wih they dos decreases fom itu octet. tes yrds onan th Hon can be prove Hs exis heease on eletrolysbydogn edt he ade ‘Ths bjs rad ith water, Ibeaing hydtpn, an lium hyde is ied as a soue of hydrogen: for military purposes and. for filling meteorological balloons, LAL + 10 + LOH + Hy Liam also forms a complex hydride Li{ AIH, called thm aluminium hydride, which i @ useful, reducing agent. ts made fron lithium hyde in dry eter soation, ALE + AlCT, —> Li fal] + 3LiCr Lithium alam bytride is fone, andthe (AI) ion is teahedral LiAIEG) is = powerful reducing agent and is widely used in organi chemist, a & reduces carbonyl conti skeobols It reacts violently with water, i necessary to use absolutely ty organi solved, Ct 8p eer which has ben did oer sodium, LifATH4 wil lo rede a mb of inorganic compourds,