International Business Competing in the Global Marketplace Hill 10th Edition Solutions Manua

Chapter 02 – National Differences in Political Economy

International Business Competing in the Global

Marketplace Hill 10th
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National Differences in Political Economy 2

Learning objectives
This chapter discusses differences in
Understand how the national political, economic, and legal
political systems of systems, highlighting the ways in which
countries differ. managers in global settings need to be
sensitive to these differences.
Understand how the
economic systems of Political differences are described along two
countries differ. dimensions: collectivist vs. individualist
and democratic vs. totalitarian. Economic
Understand how the legal systems are explored in terms of market
systems of countries differ. characteristics: market economies,
command economies, and mixed
Explain the implications for economies. Legal systems are discussed in
management practice of terms of the protections they offer for
national differences in business: intellectual property, product
political economy. safety, liability and contracts.

The opening case describes the economic

growth in the East African nation of Ghana
over the last decade. In 2011, Ghana
became Africa’s newest middle-income
nation, thanks to the global demand for two
of its major exports—gold and cocoa—as
well as the recent start-up of oil production
in the country. The closing case explores the
reasons why Poland has experienced strong
economic growth during the recent global
recession while the rest of the world has
struggled.

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Chapter 02 – National Differences in Political Economy

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Chapter 02 - National Differences in Political Economy

OUTLINE OF CHAPTER 2: NATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN POLITICAL

ECONOMY

Opening Case: Ghana: An African Dynamo

Introduction

Political Systems
Collectivism and Individualism
Democracy and Totalitarianism

Country Focus: Venezuela under Hugo Chávez, 1999–2013

Economic Systems Market

Economy Command
Economy Mixed
Economy

Legal Systems
Different Legal Systems
Differences in Contract Law
Property Rights and Corruption
The Protection of Intellectual Property
Product Safety and Product Liability

Country Focus: Corruption in Nigeria

Management Focus: Did Walmart Violate the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act?
Management Focus: Starbucks Wins Key Trademark Case in China

Implications for Managers

Critical Thinking and Discussion Questions

Closing Case: Poland’s Economy

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origin; so that, on the whole, I am disposed to regard it as a very distinct
sub-division of the Mediterranean province, which owes its peculiarities
partly to the conservation of types once common to West Europe and North
Africa, but which have been eliminated in those regions, and partly to the
effect of isolation and climate on the progeny of species still existing in
those regions.

FOOTNOTES:

[1]The Canary Islands are situated about 3° farther south, and 280 miles
distant from Mogador. They are thus opposite a much more hot and arid part of
the African coast than that north of the Atlas. The large island of Fuertaventura
is only about 70 miles from the continent south of Oued Noun.
[2]Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 297.
[3]A term first applied by Webb to the Flora of the Canarian Archipelago, but
which should also include the Flora of Madeira (as Ball makes it do in the above
mention of it), the Azores, and perhaps also of the Cape de Verde Islands, which
together form either a distinct botanical province, or a marked subdivision of the
Mediterranean province.
[4]No less than nine very distinct genera are confined to the Canaries or
Madeira or both:—Parolinia, Bencomia, Visnea, Phyllis, Plocama, Canarina,
Musschia, Bosea, and Gesnouinia. The only endemic genera in Marocco are
Argania, Hemicrambe, Ceratocnemum, and Sclerosciadium.
[5]On the other hand, many peculiar species have been added to the Canarian
Flora since the date of the publication of the Phytographia (1836-50).
[6]The genera, which are unduly multiplied in the Phytographia, are here
reduced to the standard adopted in the Spicilegium. The species are,
unfortunately, also inordinately multiplied in the former work, which seriously
vitiates the table: this, however, it is impossible to set right. On the other hand,
some of the Canarian genera have been largely added to by later explorers.
[7]In this, the most curious case of all, the species were elaborated by
Bentham, and may, therefore, be depended upon. A second Maroccan
Micromeria, allied to a Canarian one, has been found by M. Cosson’s collectors,
as I am informed by Ball, whilst this sheet was passing through the press.
[8]This estimate is subject to the same deductions as I have referred to in note
2, p. 407. On the other hand, were the many obviously introduced species to be
struck out of Webb and Berthelot’s enumeration, the proportion of peculiar
species would be considerably augmented.
[9]Whilst this sheet was passing through the press, I am informed that M.
Cosson’s collectors have found Bowlesia in South Marocco. No doubt this is
another case of that accidental diffusion of Macaronesian species alluded to by
Ball. (See p. 405.)
 [10]The Cape of Good Hope mountain plant, Melianthus comosus, found at
the south end of Fuertaventura, must be assumed to have been introduced by
man into that island.
[11]In Bentham and Hook, f., Gen. Plant. (vol. iii. ined.), the Laurineæ are
described by Bentham, who has determined, for the first time, the proper
position of the Canarian Laurels.
[12]Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. vol. xvi.
[13]M. Cosson has published in the 22nd volume of the ‘Bulletin of the
Botanical Society of France’ a list including the plants received from his
collectors in South Marocco up to the year 1874.
[14]Lyell’s Principles of Geology, ed. 11, vol. ii. p. 410.
[15]Lyell’s Student’s Elements of Geology, ed. 2, pp. 538, 539.

APPENDIX F.

Comparison of the Maroccan Flora with that of the Mountains of Tropical Africa.

By J D H .

A was to have been anticipated, the Maroccan Flora contains most of the
European species which have been collected on the mountains of Abyssinia
and of the Bight of Biafra, which alone of the tropical African Alps have
been botanically explored. Of these the former have been visited by
Schimper and various collectors; whilst the mountains of the pestilential
West African coast, of Fernando Po, 9,500 feet, and the Cameroons
Mountains, upwards of 13,000 feet, have been ascended for botanical
purposes only by Gustav Mann, when employed for the Royal Gardens of
Kew.
The results of the latter were published by myself in the ‘Journal of the
Linnæan Society of London’ (vol. vii. p. 171), from whence the following
observations are for the most part extracted. They included 26 European
species, gathered at elevations between 5,000 and 10,000 feet. Most of them
are also natives of the Abyssinian Alps, and two-thirds of them are also
Maroccan, whilst others will probably yet be found in the latter country.
 The following is a catalogue of all the European plants found in the
upper regions of the Cameroons Mountains and Fernando Po:—

Height Where found

feet
Cardamine hirsuta 7,000-10,000 Marocco and Abyssinia
Cerastium vulgatum (viscosum Fr.) 8,000 „ „
Radiola Millegrana 7,000 Marocco
Oxalis corniculata 7,000-8,500 Marocco and Abyssinia
Umbilicus pendulinus 7,000-10,000 „ „
Sanicula europæa 4,000-7,500 Abyssinia
Galium rotundifolium 7,000-12,000 Marocco and Abyssinia
Galium Aparine 7,000-10,000 Marocco and Abyssinia
Scabiosa succisa 10,500?
Myosotis stricta 8,000-10,000 Marocco and Abyssinia
Limosella aquatica 9,000-10,000 Abyssinia
Sibthorpia europæa 7,000-7,500 „
Solanum nigrum 7,000-11,000 Marocco and Abyssinia
Rumex obtusifolius 7,000 Abyssinia
Parietaria mauritanica 7,000-8,000 Marocco and Abyssinia
Trichonema Bulbocodium 7,000-9,000 „ „
Juncus capitatus 7,000 Marocco
Luzula campestris 8,000-10,000 Abyssinia
Deschampsia cæspitosa 9,000-12,000 „
Aira caryophyllea 7,000-8,000 Marocco and Abyssinia
Poa nemoralis 7,000-10,000 Abyssinia
Kœleria cristata 8,000-12,000 „
Vulpia bromoides 7,000-10,000 Marocco and Abyssinia
Festuca gigantea 8,500 Marocco
Brachypodium sylvaticum 7,000 Abyssinia
Andropogon distachyus 7,000 Marocco and Abyssinia

The most remarkable features of the Temperate vegetation of these West

African tropical mountains are:—
1. Its poverty.
 2. The preponderance of Abyssinian genera and species.
3. The considerable proportion of European plants.
4. The paucity of South African genera and species.
5. The great rarity of new genera.
6. The absence of St. Helena and Canarian types.
Upon each of these propositions I have a few general remarks to offer.
In the poverty of their Flora the Cameroons range and Peak of Fernando
Po seem to partake of the characteristics of the Abyssinian Alps. We know
far too little of the physical geography of either of these districts to hazard
many conjectures upon this point, which must to a certain extent be
dependent on the arid volcanic nature of the soil and the limited area of the
Temperate region. Mr. Mann spent many weeks, and at various seasons, in
his explorations, and yet 237 flowering plants were all that rewarded his
toil. Geological causes have probably had, in the case of the Cameroons
Mountains, much to do with the dearth of species, some parts of the range
even now presenting evidence of subterranean heat.
The preponderance of Abyssinian forms is proved by almost all of the
genera and half the species being natives of Abyssinia, and by many other
species being very closely related to, or obvious representatives of, plants of
that country. There are, further, several of the genera and many of the
species peculiar to Abyssinia and the peaks of Biafra.
The number of European genera amounts to 43, and species to 26, the
greater part of which are British. Very few of them extend into South
Africa. The greater part are Abyssinian; the remarkable exceptions being
Radiola, Scabiosa succisa, Luzula campestris, and Festuca gigantea, all of
which, however, may have been hitherto overlooked in Abyssinia.
I find no other evidence of relationship between the Biafran mountain
Flora and that of Marocco than what is afforded by the European species
common to both. In most other respects the Floras differ totally, the other
mountain plants of Biafra being Abyssinian or Cape types, or more nearly
related to tropical African ones.
 APPENDIX G
On the Mountain Flora of Two Valleys in the Great Atlas of Marocco.

By J B .

A an attempt to discuss the character and relations of the Flora of

a region so wide and so little known as the mountain region of the Great
Atlas would as yet be quite premature, it appears that the materials at our
disposal suffice for an examination of the vegetation of the valleys lying
south and south-west of the city of Marocco, which may be an acceptable
contribution to botanical geography. For this purpose it seems best to limit
the discussion to the two valleys where our collections were sufficiently
extensive to give a tolerably complete representation of the vegetation, as
far as this was developed at the season of our visit, and to exclude
altogether the plants found along the skirts of the great range below the
level of about 1,200 metres above the sea. The Flora of the zone below that
level is largely mixed up with extraneous elements, represented by plants of
the low country that reach the base of the mountains, but do not penetrate
the interior valleys, and if these had been admitted the special features of
the mountain Flora would have become less apparent. The plants collected
in the course of a somewhat hurried excursion from Seksaoua, when we
reached a height of about 1,600 metres, have been designedly omitted. On
such occasions attention is to a great extent monopolised by the new and
rare species not hitherto seen in the same region, while comparatively
familiar forms are less carefully noted. Collections made under such
circumstances rarely give a moderately complete report of the vegetable
population.
In ascending to the higher region of mountains that approach to the limit
of vegetation the absolute number of species is so much smaller that this
source of error is far less apparent; and it is not likely that in the two ascents
which we made to the dividing ridge of the Atlas many species that came
within our range of vision were overlooked. The following tabular
arrangement shows that in the Aït Mesan valley, where we spent the greater
part of six days, we collected 375 species of phænogamous plants, to which
have been added three subsequently found there by MM. Rein and Fritsch;
while in the Amsmiz valley only 223 species—or less than three-fifths of
the above number—were collected. Of these 146 species are common to
both valleys; so that our list does not in all exceed 455 species of flowering
plants, to which I have added 10 vascular cryptogams, of which two only
were found in the Amsmiz valley.
In the following list I distinguish a middle zone, extending from 1,200 to
2,000 metres above the sea, and a superior zone including all above that
limit; the latter corresponding pretty nearly with the sub-alpine and alpine
zones of the higher mountains of Europe. With reference to their
distribution I have divided the species into four categories: 1, Mid-
European, those extending to Central Europe, of which more than three-
fourths belong to the British Flora: 2, wide-spread Mediterranean,
extending beyond the bounds of the three adjoining regions, Algeria, the
Spanish peninsula, and the Canary Islands: 3, confined to adjoining regions;
that is, to one or more of those just enumerated: 4, endemic, known only in
the Great Atlas, or the neighbouring provinces of Marocco.

Tabular View of the Mountain Flora of the Great Atlas, showing the
distribution of the Species found in the Valleys of Aït Mesan and Amsmiz. S
indicates the superior zone from 2,000 m. to 3,500 m. above the sea; M the
middle (or mountain) zone, from 1,200 m. to 2,000 m.

Confined
Aït Mid- Wide-spread to
Name of Species Amsmiz Endemic
Mesan European Mediterranean adjoining
regions
Ranunculus spicatus, L. var. — S — — * —
„ atlanticus, Ball M M — — *
„ bulbosus, L. var. M M * — —
„ arvensis, L. MS — * — —
„ muricatus, L. — M — * — —
„ Reinii, nov. sp. S — — — — *
Aquilegia vulgaris, L. var. — M * — — —
Delphinium Balansæ, B. et R.
S S — — * —
var.?
 Confined
Aït Mid- Wide-spread to
Name of Species Amsmiz Endemic
Mesan European Mediterranean adjoining
regions
Berberis cretica, L. var. — S — * — —
Papaver tenue, Ball MS MS — — — *
„ rupifragum, B. et R.
S S — — * —
var.
Rœmeria hybrida, D.C. — M — * — —
Hypecoum pendulum, L. M — * —
Corydalis heterocarpa (Dur.) M — — — *
Fumaria officinalis, L. S — * — — —
„ parviflora, Lam. M M * — — —
„ media, Lois var. M — * — — —
„ agraria, Lag. var. M — — * — —
„ tenuisecta, Ball. M — — — — *
Nasturtium officinale, R. Br. S — * — — —
„ atlanticum, Ball S — — — — *
Arabis albida, Stev. S — — * — —
„ erubescens, Ball S — — *
„ auriculata, Lam. S S * — — —
„ decumbens, Ball S S — — *
„ conringioides, Ball S S — *
Cardamine hirsuta, L. var. — S * — —
Alyssum alpestre, L. vars. M M * —
„ montanum, L. var. S * — —
„ campestre, L. MS — * —
„ calycinum, L. MS — * — —
„ spinosum, L. S — — * —
Draba hispanica, Boiss. — S — — *
Sisymbrium Thalianum S * — —
„ runcinatum,
— M — — *
Lag. var.
Erysimum australe, Gay, var, MS MS * — — —
 Confined
Aït Mid- Wide-spread to
Name of Species Amsmiz Endemic
Mesan European Mediterranean adjoining
regions
Brassica rerayensis, Ball S — — — *
Capsella bursa-pastoris, L. S — * — — —
Lepidium nebrodense, Raf. var. S — * —
Biscutella lyrata, L. var. S — — * — —
Thlaspi perfoliatum, L. et var. S S * — —
Hutchinsia petræa, R. Br. S S * — —
Isatis tinctoria, L. var. M M * — —
Crambe hispanica, L. — M — * —
Capparis spinosa, L. M — — * —
Reseda attenuata, Ball S — — *
„ phyteuma, L. M * — —
„ lanceolata, Lag. M — — *
Cistus polymorphus, Willd. M — — *
Helianthemum niloticum, L.
S — — * —
var.?
„ rubellum,
— M * —
Presl.
„ glaucum,
— M * —
Cav.
„ virgatum,
M M — — *
Desf. et var.
Fumana glutinosa, L. M M — * — —
„ calycina, Claus. M — — — * —
Viola tezensis, Ball — S — — — *
Polygala rupestris, Pourr. M M — * —
„ Balansæ, Coss. M M — — — *
Dianthus attenuatus, Sm. MS — — * —
„ virgineus, L. M M * — — —
Tunica compressa, Desf. — M — — * —
„ prolifera, L. M MS * — — —
Silene inflata, Sm. var. M — * — — —
 Confined
Aït Mid- Wide-spread to
Name of Species Amsmiz Endemic
Mesan European Mediterranean adjoining
regions
„ nocturna, L. M — * — —
„ corrugata, Ball M — — — *
„ muscipula, L. M * — —
„ italica, L. M M * — —
Holosteum umbellatum, L. S S * — —
Cerastium glomeratum, Thuill. S S * — — —
„ brachypetalum,
S S * — —
Desf.
„ arvense, L. MS MS * — —
Stellaria media, L. M — * — —
„ uliginosa, Murr. S — * — —
Arenaria pungens, Clem. et var. S S — — *
„ serpyllifolia, L. S S * — —
„ procumbens, Vahl. M — * —
„ fasciculata, Gouan S — * — — —
„ setacea, Thuill. var. S S * — — —
„ verna, L. var. S S * — — —
Buffonia tenuifolia, L. M — — * — —
Sagina procumbens, L. var. S S * — —
„ Linnæi, Prese. S — * — —
Polycarpon tetraphyllum, L. M * — —
„ Bivouæ, J. Gay S S * —
Montia fontana, L. S * — — —
Hypericum perforatum, L. M — * — — —
„ coadunatum,
M — — — * —
Chr. Sm. var.
Malva sylvestris, L. M — * —
„ rotundifolia, L. MS — * — —
Linum corymbiferum, Desf. M — — — * —
Fagonia cretica, L. M — — * — —
 Confined
Aït Mid- Wide-spread to
Name of Species Amsmiz Endemic
Mesan European Mediterranean adjoining
regions
Geranium malvæflorum, B. et
S S — — * —
R.
„ pyrenaicum, L. M M * — — —
„ molle, L. S — * — — —
„ rotundifolium, L. M M * — — —
„ lucidum, L. S MS * — — —
„ robertianum, L. var. M — * — — —
Erodium Jacquinianum, F. et M. MS — * — —
„ malacoides, L. M — — * —
„ guttatum, W. M — — — * —
Oxalis corniculata, L. M — * — —
Ruta chalepensis, L. MS — — * —
Rhamnus Alaternus, L. M M — * — —
„ lycioides, L. — M — — *
Acer monspessulanum, L. M — * — — —
Pistacia Lentiscus, L. M M — * — —
Lotononis maroccana, Ball M M — — *
Argyrolobium Linnæanum,
MS — — * —
Walp. var.
„ stipulaceum,
— M — — — *
Ball
Adenocarpus anagyrifolius,
M M — — — *
Coss.
Genista dasycarpa (Coss.) M — — — — *
„ myriantha, Ball M — — — *
„ florida, L. var. M — — — * —
Cytisus Balansæ, Boiss. var. S S — — * —
„ albidus, D.C. — M — — — *
„ Fontanesii, Spach M — — — * —
Ononis atlantica, Ball — M — — — *
„ antiquorum, L. — M — * — —
 Confined
Aït Mid- Wide-spread to
Name of Species Amsmiz Endemic
Mesan European Mediterranean adjoining
regions
Trigonella monspeliaca, L. M — * — —
„ polycerata, L. et
S M — — * —
var.
Medicago lupulina, L. M — * — — —
„ suffruticosa, Ram. S S — — * —
„ turbinata, W. vars. M M — * — —
„ denticulata, W. — M * — — —
„ minima, Lam. M — * — — —
Melilotus indica, All. M — — * — —
Trifolium atlanticum, Ball S — — — *
„ glomeratum, L. var. S — * — — —
„ repens, L. M — * — —
„ humile, Ball S *
„ tomentosum, L. M — * —
Anthyllis Vulneraria, L. et var. MS — * — — —
„ tetraphylla, L. M — — * — —
Lotus cytisoides, D. C. M — — * —
Coronilla pentaphylla, Desf. M — — — *
„ ramosissima, Ball M — — — *
„ minima, L. M — * — —
„ scorpioides, L. M — — * — —
Hippocrepis atlantica, Ball S — — — *
„ multisiliquosa,
M — — * — —
L. var.
Psoralea bituminosa, L. M — — * — —
Colutea arborescens, L. M — * — — —
Astragalus sesameus, L. M — — * — —
„ Reinii, Ball S — — — — *
„ Glaux, L. var. M — — — * —
„ atlanticus, Ball M — — — — *
 Confined
Aït Mid- Wide-spread to
Name of Species Amsmiz Endemic
Mesan European Mediterranean adjoining
regions
„ ochroleucus,
S — — — — *
Coss.
„ incurvus, Desf. M — — — *
Vicia onobrychoides, L. S — — * — —
„ glauca, Presl. var. S — — * —
„ sativa, L. vars. MS — * — — —
Lathyrus aphaca, L. M — * — — —
„ sphæricus, Retz. M — * —
Ceratonia siliqua, L. M M * — —
Prunus prostrata (Labill.) S S * — —
Poterium sanguisorba, L. M * — — —
„ verrucosum, Ehrnb.
M — * — —
var.
„ anceps, Ball S S — — — *
„ ancistroides, Desf. M — — *
Rosa canina, L. var. M M * — —
„ Seraphini, Viv. S S — * — —
Saxifraga globulifera, Desf. MS MS — * —
„ tridactylites, L. S * — — —
„ granulata, L. S S * — — —
Ribes Grossularia, L. MS S * — —
Cotyledon umbilicus, L. M M * — — —
Sedum modestum, Ball M M — — — *
„ dasyphyllum, L. var. M M * — — —
„ acre, L. MS MS * — — —
Sempervivum atlanticum, Ball M — — — — *
Monanthes atlantica, Ball — S — — — *
Bryonia dioïca, Jacq. M — * — —
Eryngium Bourgati, Gouan, var. — S — — * —
„ variifolium, Coss. M — — — *
 Confined
Aït Mid- Wide-spread to
Name of Species Amsmiz Endemic
Mesan European Mediterranean adjoining
regions
Bupleurum spinosum, L. S S — * —
„ acutifolium,
M M — — * —
Coss.
„ oblongifolium,
M — — — *
Ball
„ lateriflorum,
M — — — *
Coss.
Deverra scoparia, Coss. et Dur. — M — — * —
Carum mauritanicum, B. et R. M M — — * —
Pimpinella Tragium, Vill. M — — * — —
Tinguarra sicula, L. — M — * — —
Scandix pecten Veneris, L. M — * — — —
Kundmannia sicula, L. M — * — —
Meum atlanticum, Coss. S — — *
Heracleum Sphondylium, L. S * — —
Bifora testiculata, L. M — — * — —
Caucalis latifolia, L. M — * — — —
„ daucoides, L. — M * — — —
„ leptophylla, L. MS M — * — —
„ cœrulescens, Boiss. M — — — * —
Elæoselinum meoides, Desf. M — — * — —
Hedera Helix, L. M — * — — —
Sambucus nigra, L. M M * — — —
Viburnum Tinus, L. — M — * — —
Lonicera etrusca, Santi M — * — —
Putoria calabrica, L. M — — * — —
Callipeltis cucullaria, L. — M — * — —
Rubia tinctorum, L. S — * —
„ peregrina, L. et var. M — * — —
Galium Poiretianum, Ball M — — — * —
„ corrudæfolium, Vill. — S — * — —
 Confined
Aït Mid- Wide-spread to
Name of Species Amsmiz Endemic
Mesan European Mediterranean adjoining
regions
„ sylvestre, Poll. var. S — * — — —
„ acuminatum, Ball MS — — — *
„ noli-tangere, Ball — M — — — *
„ tunetanum, Lam. M — — — * —
„ parisiense, L. var. MS MS * — — —
„ tricorne, With. S M * — — —
„ spurium, L. MS S * — — —
„ murale, L. — M — * — —
Asperula aristata, L. var. M * — —
„ hirsuta, Desf. M — — — * —
Crucianella angustifolia, L. M * — —
Sherardia arvensis, L. M — * — —
Centranthus angustifolius, D. C. MS — * —
„ calcitrapa, L. S S — *
Valerianella discoidea, W. M — — * — —
„ auricula, D. C. MS M * — —
„ carinata, Loisel. — M * — —
Scabiosa stellata, L. M — — * — —
Pterocephalus depressus, Coss. MS M — — — *
Bellis annua, L. var. — M — * — —
„ cœrulescens, Coss. MS MS — — *
Evax Heldreichii, Parl. S * — —
Micropus bombycinus, Lag. M M — * —
Filago germanica, L. var. — M * —
„ heterantha, Rafin. S S — * — —
Filago gallica, L. M M * — — —
Phagnalon saxatile, L. M M — * — —
„ atlanticum, Ball M — — — — *
Gnaphalium luteo-album, L. M M * — —
 Confined
Aït Mid- Wide-spread to
Name of Species Amsmiz Endemic
Mesan European Mediterranean adjoining
regions
„ helichrysoides,
S — — — *
Ball
Inula montana, L. M — *
Pulicaria mauritanica, Coss. M — — — *
Odontospermum aquaticum, L. M — — * — —
Anacyclus depressus, Ball S — — — *
„ valentinus, L. — M — * — —
Achillea ligustica, All. et var. M M — * —
Anthemis tuberculata, Boiss. — S — *
„ heterophylla
M M — — *
(Coss.).
Chrysanthemum Gayanum
MS MS — — * —
(Coss.) et var.
„ atlanticum,
S S — — — *
Ball
„ Catananche,
S S — — — *
Ball
Senecio lividus, L. var. S — — * — —
„ giganteus, Desf. M M — — * —
Calendula maroccana, Ball M M — — — *
Echinops spinosus, L. M — — * —
Xeranthemum modestum, Ball M M — — — *
Atractylis cancellata, L. M M — * — —
„ macrophylla, Desf. M — — — * —
Carduus macrocephalus, Desf. M — — * — —
„ Ballii, H. fil. MS M — — — *
Cnicus echinatus Desf. M — — * — —
„ ornatus, Ball — M — — — *
„ chrysacanthus, Ball M — — *
„ Casabonæ, L. S — — * — —
Stæhelina dubia, L. var. — M * — —
 Confined
Aït Mid- Wide-spread to
Name of Species Amsmiz Endemic
Mesan European Mediterranean adjoining
regions
Centaurea incana, Desf. var. M — * — —
„ Salmantica, L.
M M * — —
var.
Carthamus cœruleus, L. var. MS — — * — —
Carduncellus lucens, Ball MS — — — — *
Catananche cærulea, L. et var. M M — * — —
„ cæspitosa, Desf. — S — * —
Tolpis umbellata, Bert. M — — * —
Rhagadiolus stellatus, L. M M — *
Crepis taraxacifolia, Thuil. var. M * —
„ Hookeriana, Ball — S — — — *
Phæcasium pulchrum, L. S S * — — —
Hieracium Pilosella, L. S S * —
Hypochæris glabra, L. var. M — * — — —
„ leontodontoides,
S — — — *
Ball
Leontodon autumnalis, L. var. S — * — —
„ Rothii, Ball M M * —
„ helminthioides,
— M — — *
Coss.
Taraxacum officinale, Wigg.
S S — * — —
var.
Lactuca viminea, L. M — — — *
„ tenerrima, Pourr. M M * —
„ saligna, L. M — * —
Sonchus oleraceus, L. — M — * —
„ asper, Vill. M — * —
Microrhynchus nudicaulis, L. M — * — — —
„ spinosus
M — * — — —
(Forsk.)
Scorzonera undulata, Vahl. M — — * — —
 Confined
Aït Mid- Wide-spread to
Name of Species Amsmiz Endemic
Mesan European Mediterranean adjoining
regions
„ pygmæa, S. et S. S — — * —
Jasione atlantica, Ball S — — — * —
Campanula maroccana, Ball M — — * —
„ rapunculus, L. M — — — — *
„ Lœfflingii, Brot. M — — — *
Specularia falcata (Ten.) — M * — —
Trachelium angustifolium,
M — — * —
Schousb.
Arbutus Unedo, L. M * —
Armeria plantaginea (All.)? S — — — *
Asterolinum linum-stellatum, L. — M * — — —
Anagallis linifolia, L. et var. MS — * — — —
Jasminium fruticans, L. M — — * — —
Fraxinus oxyphylla, M. B. M M — * — —
„ dimorpha, Coss. et
M — — * —
Dur.
Phillyrea media, L. M M — * —
Olea europæa, L. M M — * —
Nerium Oleander, L. M M — * — —
Convolvulus Cantabrica, L. M M * — —
„ undulatus, Cav. M — — * — —
„ sabatius, Viv.
MS — — * — —
var.
„ siculus, L. — M — * — —
„ althæoides, L. M — * — —
Hyoscyamus albus, L. M — — * — —
Anchusa atlantica, Ball M — — * — —
Lithospermum arvense, L. S — * — —
„ incrassatum,
S MS — — *
Guss. var.
„ apulum, Vahl. M * — —
 Confined
Aït Mid- Wide-spread to
Name of Species Amsmiz Endemic
Mesan European Mediterranean adjoining
regions
Myosotis sylvatica, Hoffm. var. S S — * — —
„ hispida, Schlecht.
S — — * — —
var.
„ stricta, Link S S * — — —
Cynoglossum Dioscoridis, Vill.
MS — * — — —
et var.
Rochelia stellulata M M * — — —
Verbascum calycinum, Ball M — * — —
Celsia maroccana, Ball M — — — *
Linaria ventricosa, Coss. M M — — *
Linaria heterophylla, Desf. M M — * — —
„ galioides, Ball et var. S — — — — *
„ arvensis, L. var. S MS — * — —
„ marginata, Desf. S — — — * —
„ lurida, Ball S — — *
„ Munbyana, Boiss. et
M — — — * —
Reut.
„ Tournefortii (Poir.) S S — — * —
„ rubrifolia, Rob. et
M — — * — —
Cast.
Anarrhinum pedatum, Desf. M — — — * —
„ fruticosum, Desf. — M * — —
Scrophularia canina, L. var.? — M * — — —
Digitalis lutea, L. var. M — * — —
Veronica Beccabunga, L. S — * — — —
„ cuneifolia, Don.
S S — * — —
var.
„ arvensis L. et var. S S * — — —
„ triphyllos, L. — M * — —
„ agrestis, L. S — * — —
„ hederifolia, L. et
MS MS * — —
var.
 Confined
Aït Mid- Wide-spread to
Name of Species Amsmiz Endemic
Mesan European Mediterranean adjoining
regions
Phelipæa cærulea, Vill. M * — — —
Orobanche Hookeriana, Ball M — — — — *
„ barbata, Poir. M — — — * —
Lavandula dentata, L. et var. M M — * — —
„ tenuisecta, Coss. MS MS — — — *
Mentha rotundifolia, L. S — * — — —
Thymus saturejoides, Coss. et
M M — — — *
var.
Thymus Serpyllum, L. var. S — * — —
„ lanceolatus, Desf. var. M M — * — —
„ maroccanus, Ball M — — — — *
Micromeria microphylla, Benth M — — * —
Calamintha graveolens, M. B. M — — * — —
„ alpina, L. var. S S * — — —
„ atlantica, Ball MS MS — * —
Hyssopus officinalis, L. S S * — — —
Salvia Maurorum, Ball — M — — — *
„ clandestina, L. var. MS — * — —
Nepeta multibracteata, Desf. M — — * —
„ atlantica, Ball — M — — *
Sideritis villosa, Coss. MS MS — — *
„ scordioides, L. var. S * — — —
Lamium amplexicaule, L. MS MS * — — —
„ album, L. var. M — * — —
Teucrium granatense, B. et R.
— M — — * —
var.
„ polium, L. vars. M M — * — —
Ajuga Iva, L. MS MS — * —
Globularia Alypum, L. — M — * — —
Plantago albicans, L. var. — M — * — —
 Confined
Aït Mid- Wide-spread to
Name of Species Amsmiz Endemic
Mesan European Mediterranean adjoining
regions
Plantago coronopus, L. var. MS M * — — —
„ mauritanica, B. et
— M — — *
R.
Paronychia argentea, Lam. MS MS — * — —
„ capitata, Lam. var. MS * —
„ macrosepala,
M — * — —
Boiss. et var.
Scleranthus annuus, L. var. S * —
Polycnemum Fontanesii, Dur. et
M — — — *
Moq.
Rumex scutatus, L. var. MS — * — —
„ Papilio, Coss. M — — — — *
Polygonum aviculare, L. * — — —
Daphne Gnidium, L. M M — * — —
„ Laureola, L. M — * — — —
Thymelæa virgata, Endl. var. M M — — * —
Osyris alba, L. — M — * — —
Aristolochia Pistolochia, L. M — — * — —
Euphorbia rimarum, Coss. M M — — — *
Quercus Ilex, L. et var. M MS — * — —
Salix purpurea, L. var. M — * — — —
Populus alba, L. var. M M * — — —
„ nigra, L. M — * — — —
Ephedra altissima, Desf. M — — * — —
„ procera, F. et M. M — * — —
Pinus halepensis, Mill. — M — * — —
Callitris quadrivalvis, Vent. M M — — * —
Juniperus oxycedrus, L. M M * —
„ phœnicea, L. et var. M * — —
„ thurifera, L. S * —
Orchis pyramidalis, L. M — * — — —