ISTICS CHAPTER - 7 STATISTICS, CORRELATION AND REGRESSION (SRE ee ee in teen decades, the growth of statistics has made its place in almost every major phase of human activity, particularly so in the field of Engineering and Science. Everything dealing with the collection, presentation, processing, analysis and interpretation of numerical data belongs to the field of statistics. Collection and processing of data is usually referred to as statistical survey. Before any major project work is undertaken, the statistical survey is a must. Only when statistical i ‘actual start of the work is undertaken. " a For example, if @ Dam is to be constructed on a river, many aspects have to be taken into account. Foremost isthe selection of dam site. For making a proper choice, it may be necessary to consider average rainfll inthe catchment area for the past say 100 years, the extent of the area which may be submerged, the population which is going to be benefitted, the availabilty of labour and many other aspects. Good statistical survey should be able to answer all these questions. All such considerations and statistical survey have to be made whenever a new industry is to be started. The success of such project depends to a great extent upon sound statistical survey. Apart from these basic considerations, modem statistical techniques are widely used in the fields of statistical work, Quality control, reliability needs of the highly complex products of space technology and operation research. Aim of this work is to introduce to the readers, the simple aspects of collection, classification and enumeration of numerical dota, which are very essential for development of modern statistical techniques, used in engineering fields. LLECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF DATA The data according to the method of collection are of two types viz. a) Primary data, (b) Secondary data. Primary data also, called raw data may be a result of a survey of investigation through questionaries and data taken from sources which are already collected by some other agency viz. media reports, office record, bulletins, magazine, website etc is called secondary ata. Data collected in a statistical survey as a result of some kind of ‘experimentation is usually large in size and is in the form ich is not very useful for arriving at any specific conclusions. The fist task sto present this data in a proper form. As 2 fist step, tis data which is general in the form of numerical observations, is arranged ether inthe ascending or descending order. For example, the set of observations 45, 35,0, 10, 0,51, 81, 71,95, 17, 97, 21, 26, 86, 100, 5, 46,56, 137, 92 (which are in all 20) is rearranged in ascending order 250, 0,10, 17, 2L, 26, 35, 37, 45,51, 55, 56.71, 81, 86,92, 95,97, 100. reveals that the minimum value of the observation is O and maximum is 100. It also This way of presentation immediately r 2 indicates thet obserations are well spread out in the interval (0, 100). In diferent experiments, these observations could carry diferent meanings. In some experiments, these figures may indicate the number of syntax errors committed By a group of 20 students inthe fat ortempt to wie a computer program. n yet another experiment these Figures may indicate marks obtained tut of 100 by a grou of 20 students inthe paper of numerical computational methods. nan atogether diferent cone. these figures may indicate Rainfall in centimeters in a certain catchment area for the past 20 year. For development of statistical tecnigus I unimportant what is exact} eepresented by these observations In presetation of data, these observation are represented by symbol x, called in statistical language, a variable (variety). i (or further classified), itis presented in After arranging the data in ascending or descending order, to make it more compact a ne cning of coun, peaded by symbols x and-tThe cohen handed bynx consists of vrous abeanations recorded oor of erperenation, aranged in proper order and column headed byf contains ents which inccate ruber of times particular value of x occur. 7agD scorn mares mates He) _—E ey six times, x = 8 occurs four times, et. this table means x = 1 has frequency xe observa += 45. In statistical language, : ‘The total numbers of ons Oe a is called frequency distribution. In the above example, the 7 hig frequency 6 and so on. This way of arran¢ fro servations is very large, th 6 i 1 to x = 10, When the range is wide and the total fied of ot 9 , variety is from x = = 10, hols ‘expressed in stil more compact form by dividing the range in class ‘ ev ata cay Table yt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | _10 _} _2 _| [Nest, consider the table 72. Here the range of varity (0, 100) is divided into 10 class intervals each of width 10. The das 10+0 interval 0 ~ 10 has width 10, the lower imit 0 and the upper limit 10. Here ~~ = 5 is the middle value of the class intenval nd 16 is the frequency corresponding to ths class interval. The middle value x = S represents the class interval (0 - 10) of f= 16 taken as frequency of variety x. This way of representing the data is called Grouped frequency distribution. in such type of presentation, the class intervals must be well defined. One such way of defining the class interval is that, all the values of x=0 and above but less than 10 are included inthe class interval 0 ~ 10. The total frequency of all such observations is 16 and isthe ‘frequency of class interval 0~ 10 ors the frequency of variable (varity) Table 7.2 cL Mid-value Frequency ] (Class interval) x it 0-10 5 | 6 10-20 5 | 7 ree : = = 35 | 40-50 ‘6 | ms ao s | & 60-70 6 z 70-80 3 | = | 80-90 rs | 90-100 95 19 Total | 15 Similar, all the observations having the value x = l___Ef = 250 | 10 and 50 on. Slight change in the definition of air! above but less than 20 are included in the class interval 10-2 last dass led re clas: Of x = 90 and above and less than” ~ 100. Ef = 250 In presenting the data in Grouped frequency Setitton orm Pal teers somstnes deeb vt The dasntna mst be wel define thats thee mp ua Pots mus be noted notENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I (Mech. Engg. Group) (S-) @ 73) STATISTICS, CORRELATION AND REGRESSION class intervals must be exhaustive that is the entire ran ‘no observation should Jassification, For this, observations shouldbe divided into well defined class intenls —s (i) The width of the class interval should be uniform as far as possible. wo m a of ieetionian should neither be too large nor too smal. Depending upon the range of variate x and 'e total frequency of observations, the total number of class intervals is divided into about 10 to 25 class intervals, Sometimes the additional column of cumulative frequent XY (f) supplements th wuency distr distribution table. 5 the grouped frequency distribution or frequency In the Table 73, the number 76 against x = 35 shows the total frequency upto and including the observation x = 35 which is the middle value of the interval (30 ~ 40), Table 7.3 cL Mid-vatue (x) | Frequency (f) Cumulative Frequency (©) | | 0-10 5 16 16 | | 0-200 | 15 18 34 | | m= | 2 20 54 | 30-40 | 35 | 2 76 | 40-50 | 4S | 40 n6 | 50-60 55 | 45 | 161, | 60-70 6 ase | 196 | 70-80 7 20 26 | 80-90 8s w 235 | 90-100 9s 3 | 250 a ‘This type of cumulative Frequencies also called less than cumulative frequency. we reverse the proces, that is computing camulative sum of frequencies from highest class to lowest class, than this type of cumulative frequencies i called more than ‘cumulative frequency. [[S;GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF DATA To observe the data at a glance, it is exhibited by following graphical methods 1. Histogram : A Histogram is drawn by constructing rectangles iu ‘over the class intervals, such that the areas of rectangles are proportional ‘to the class frequencies. If the dass intervals are of equal width, the heights of the rectangles wil be proportional to the class frequencies themselves, otherwise these j ‘would be proportional to the ratios of the frequencies to the width of the asses (See Fig. 7.1). 2. Frequency Polygon : Consider the set of points (where xis the middle value of the class interval and f is the corresponding — | ox frequency. If these set of points are joined by straight lines, they form 2 eae ee eK eww frequency polygon. It is shown by dotted lines in Fig. 7. feo Taking upper limit of classes of x co-ordinate and corresponding 3. Cumulative Frequency Curve or The Ogive : Jotted and then joined by free hand curve, it gives what is called as ‘cumulative frequency as y co-ordinate, if the points are pl sive (See Fig, 7.2).STATISTICS, CORRELATION, AND | Sema warms Or or Oe INR MATIN . @ 70 6 90 100 arabe x Fig. 7.2 Aer collecting the data and arranging it in the proper order in the form of fr frequency distribution or grouped frequen taubution neat task to study tis data careuily and to draw valid conclusions. f data collected relates o ‘marks obtained ty ‘he students in Mathematics paper, it should be able to reveal the General performance of the students. Whether the cis, Contains large number of good students or the overall calibre of students is ™edicore, all this must be inferred from the data. ‘the numerical data collected relates to the Industral project, the whole Success of the project will depend upon the appropiate '¢ location of central tendency. It means whatis lected, Various types of me: (2) Geometric mean (5) Mode, | ‘Among the above stated, arithmetic mean, Seometric mean and harmonic mean are call ical za ‘median and mode ae called positional averages mae = mathe Sets / ‘Out of these, Arithmetic ‘Mean is ()_ Arithmetic mean (4) Median of greater i Bao hv, et Stealer importance and serves the purpose in any cases. Now, we see how thst 7.4.1 Arithmetic Mean Consider the variate x which takes n values xy Of the observations then the sum of observations ifix, +f, ay »{ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS “I (Mech. Engg. Group) (SI) (7.5) STATISTICS, CORRELATION AND REGRESSION ‘ol: Writing the tabulated values as: £ xxf 4 0 5 5 2 2 | 2 36 B 52 16 Fy 90 B Oe 2 96 5 45 6 60 “Tf = 13) Lfk = 579 a = T13 = 512 @pproximately) To reduce the calculations, we consider the variable d = x ~ A. Where, A is middle value or value near to it in the range of vatable x, Ais sometimes called assumed mean. Now we can write fed = fxx- fxa or Ifd = Ik -IiA Dividing by $F throughout Eid _ Lk 1A na ee Ei 5 Ef ie id zd (Abeing constant is taken outside the L notation) iid x i - os - - jaar aed Gb themean of evade fd and 5 fd are smaller numbers as compared to fx and £ fx, which result in the reduction ofthe calculations. Further, for reduction in calculations for grouped frequencies distribution can be achieved by taking oA us ous that gives hu = x-A Then proceeding as before, we get Efu nie era < ' * x enon Rte This formula is mostly used in grouped frequency distribution, where, h is chosen to be equal to the width of the class. interval © 2 : Calculate arithmetic mean forthe following distribution ‘Observations 6) | 103 | 110 | 12 | 118 | 95 Frequeny@ | 4 | 6 | 10 | iz | 3 7 ee NS wR A oe i 6ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - (mech. Engp. Growe) (5) method Cn Sol: We solve the problem by direc methods. oe) t 103 «4 7 6 110 x 6 = 660 Be) gy | mzeio-a0 | | nez=ins 95, 3 953 = 285 Total | N=35 | ffx= 3893 x < . 3B - nzas i-% a TFRs eared ro pope gna ig le ‘Marks Obtained | No. of Students 0-10 | 8 10-20 20 20-30 uu 30 - 40 16 | 4-50 20 so-60 | 2s | 60-70 B 70 - 80 10 #0 - 90 5 | 90 - 100 2 Find the Arithmetic mean of the distribution. Sol. : Preparing the table as :A= 45, h = 10. AO ea NY eee? ta a o- 10 ; -t — -20 | a5 » “ 2 20-30 8 . 2 2 | »-« 7 16 om 2 “id 4-50 | 45 rs y y so-60 | 55 2 : 2 wn | 65 ® 3 * - % | ws 10, 3 a | 8-9 | a5 i | | 20 ~ 100 os inlaw! 20 10 Tea ie ge eee Fenn des +0 Z 5) - 8+ 0 GB) se eo 133, 8-o5 4322INGNEERING MATHEMATICS “MI (Mech. Ergo. Group) S-m _¢.7 STATISTICS, CORRELATION AND REGRESSION Combined Arithmetic Mean (Mean of compotite series) Consider two sets of data 4. %aP%0 oe Xa, COntaining my items 2. Yar Yn Containing nz items, X, the mean of frst set is given by Ly me =e te WE = te to tm, and the mean of second set is given by 5 Itt ey cs : mY =n tye to +m Hence, by definition the joint arithmetic mean is given by Oa trata tothe) + WEY tot Yn) ey Lmismy “hem “ ‘The above result can be generalized to k (k 2 2) groups (8) gives combined Arithmetic Mean (AM) of the composite series. ‘Same type of formula holds good for sets of data presented in frequency distribution form. Consider two sets of data : Seta Set x f y t 4 in ; on fh % & | loo» % fh } ow | } o¢ [mp yfe ty You hy Ll Sf= Ny MX = Zfk Ny = Sty Hence, Z the combined mean is given by TieZty Mas Nay B= ten, 7 NaN i”STATISTICS, CORRELATION AND ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 0 (Mech. Engg. Group) (5 oe) oa _ on ‘obtained | paper of Applied Mechanics by a group of Compute Electronics stude1 Bx 4: Marks: in <7 tables : Group (A) of Computer students. ” | 5 o- 10 | ; 10-20 S eo 15 30- 40 - 50 9 = 50 Group (8) of Electronics. cor 0- 10 —_ 10-20 20-30 30 - 40 LL _-0 d Find the Combined mean ofthe two groups ‘Sol. : For group (A): i fxx | 5 * 18 7 _ i 375 | e 5 525 | 7 2 405 = [ M=Ef=50 | 5m = 1020 For group (@): * 4 xx 0-10 = £ = 2» 7 3% 225 "0 = = 450 we | 8 8 455 = = s. 270 Total 7 Mare] yee Mean of group is gen by, x oo rrtenzerae “a Mean ¥ of group (8) is given by, +t FFE Nay =34y= agg Combined mean is given by, z= MX*NY _ 10205 1449 Noon + Oe 2860 “ho = 26r vsntsRING MATHEMATICS ~HI(Mech Engp.Group)(S-m 7 5 Arithmetic mear Of weight of 100 boys is 50 kg and the arthmetic mean of 50 gis ls 45 kg. Colculate the arithmetic ena combined 9rup of BOY and gir e set X and Ny so be the mean and sizeof group of boys and 7 and Ny be the mean and size of group of girls. So qyett,X = $0, Nps 50, ¥ = 45. Hence combined mean is NX+N2¥ _ (100% 50) + 60 | = MENA, 1100 50) + (50x45) _ 7250 z= NN T0050 = Bo 7 483333 6: The mean weekly salary paid to 300 employees of a firm is ©1470, There are 200 male employees and the remoining se fenles mean Slory of males & 1.508, obtain the mans solar of females. Sol: Suppose X and N; are mean and group size of males. ¥ and 'Nz are mean and size of group of females, < mean of all the employees considered together z= NXENY ‘Now, = ONGEN: jaro = 200% 1505) + 1200 <¥%) | 5 200 + 100 : 441000 = 301000 + 100¥ | 4410 = 3010+ 1,400 142 Geometric Mean | Geometic mean of set ofan observations 23. iq i given by a root ofthe Thus Geometric Mean (6.M) is given by, product. GBM. = Oy 22-29. xg Incase of frequency distribution x o [| » | « f 4 | & | 4 se om. (hades a)" where, Ne Ee Tocaelate it, denoting GM. by G and taking logarithms of both sides Bigg (hx exd “)"] 1096 = Aloo (e--x ..28) Bt toon + foie = +4 ed 1 NEE logx 1 antilog (5 Ef log x ring tat logarithm of G is the arithmetic mean of te logarithms ofthe given values. In case of grouped frequency on xis taken as mid-value of the class interval Fortwo sets of observations 1X2» Xng)s (Yas Yor» Yng) with geometric means Gy, Gz, it can be established that ny log Gi + m2 log Gp bass mth ‘combined or common geometric mean of the two series. oat be noted here that if one of the observations is zero, geometric mean becomes zero and if one of the "We. geometric mean becomes i a o 6 where, Gis the observations is imaginary. Naturally, calculation of geometric mean becomes meaningless in such caces,STATISTICS, CORRELATION AND, 70) Resi ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ~ (Mech Ego. Group) ©) 7.4.3 Harmonic Mean — the reciprocal of the atithmetic mean of the reciprocay ag (HIM) Harmonic mean of set of observations (M1 %2 sven values. Thus, HM. or His given by, In case of frequency distribution (x, Hest w) where, N= =f 7.4.4 Median Median of a distribution is the value of the variable (or variate) which divides it into two equal parts. It is the value such thr the number of observations above it is equal to the number of observations below it. Sometimes, Median is called poston) average. Jn case of ungrouped daa if the number of obserationsn is odd, then the median isthe mille value which is =) observations of the set of observations after they ate arranged in ascending or descending order. For even number of observations, itis the arithmetic mean of the two middle terms given by, : n ‘h Alte value observation + The value of(§ + 1) observations ILLUSTRATIONS] & : Thus, for the ordered arrangement of nea 2 = 16 and for the ordered arrangement of n = 7 observations x = 35, 35, 36, [37], 36, 39,40 te 8 observations x = 1, 5, 9, [11, 21], 24, 27, 30, the middle terms are 11 and 21 and median = middle term is 37 and Median = 37 (4 observation). For a data presented in the form of frequency distribution : i f= 4 % % | Bi 8 f fs 7. where, Sf = N We prepare the cumulative frequency column, Then consider cumulative : Frequency (c4) equal to © or just greater hat? Lx 5ponAINGMATHEMATIS-I1MeCN Epp. Croup em gary Sol: Preparing the table as : STATISTICS, CORRELATION AND REGRESSION ; ! a 3 3 7 6 9 ; 8 | v | 7 R | 5 . a 45 n = ~ B 5 a | 1s . ; v 5 a Toral | srs 0 a N Here the total frequency N = 91; > = 455. ‘The value of cf just greater than 45.5 is 61, the corresponding value of x is 11 and thus, median is 21. tn ese of grouped frequency distribution, the class corresponding tothe ct just greater than is called the metian class and the value of median is obtained by the formula : uedan « 12 (S) Lis the lower limit of the median class. f isthe frequency of the median class. his the width of the median class €_is the cf. of the class preceding the median class. ILLUSTRATION] x. 9: Wages earned in Rupees per day by the labourers are given by the table: ‘Wages in® 10-20 | 20-30 | 30-40 | 40-50 | 50-60 No. of Labourers 5 8 13 10 8 Find the median of the distribution. Sol: Wages in C1. No, of Labourers f__| (ef ] 10-20 5 5 | 20-30 8 B | | 30-40 B | cy | | 40-50 | 20 | 36. | 50-60 | 8 “ 1 Total [ sN=M = Here Nee wr? Cumulative frequency (ef) just greater than 22 i826 and the Using formula to calculate median, with ner hewe=B .e corresponding class is 30 ~ 40. 0, f= 13,— ENGINEERING MATHEMATIC 11 (Mech. Engg. Group) (5H0_(7.32) A8GRISI04 a Median = 30 + 33 22-13) 10 a, 23 wo oe s0s Fs 3692 7. Mode os ‘maximum frequency. ‘We note that general nature of frequency < ne increases and reaches the maximum and then it declines, The value oF ; Thus, initially frequen is bell shaped in majority of situations 7 sma are ears whi the maxi or peak ofthe frequency cing coe i servation 35 has maximum frequ For the mode ofthe data 35, 3,40, 39,35, 36 37, it can be cleary seen the ob euency, hen itis mode For the mode of the following frequency dsteubution - x 10 nu | 2 a | wm | 4s £ 2 5 wo | a | 2 | a ‘Since maximum frequency is associated with observation 13, the mode is 13, |In case of grouped frequency distribution, Mode is given by the formula re Mode = 1+ bx ty =i A) ty-t9 UN RAG Here, isthe lower limit ofthe modal class his the width of the modal class fy is the frequency of the modal class. fo _ is the frequency of the class preceding to the modal class fz__is the frequency of the class succeeding to the modal class. fuLusTRATION] Ex. 10: Find the Mode forthe following distribution. cx | 0-10 | 10-20 | 20-30 | 30-40 | 40-50 a 8 nl 3 Sol. Here C1 40 ~ 50 corresponding to which f= 25 is maximum, is the modal dacs. 1 eMh = 10, = 25, = 12 f= 18 10(25~ 12 @x25-12-18) 50-60 60-70 a Mode = 40 + 330 = 40+ 9 = 40+ 65 = 465 ling. All the averages simplicity and its stabiity is much more familiar to a lyman ‘among all the averages.@ 5,10.15, 20, 25, @ 13 4,15, 16, 17 ie Aitetic mean of oth these sts i 15.1 is obvious that 15 i better average for second than the fist, because the cbsenanons in Second Se te much closer tothe vate 15 as compared tothe fist set Inte stoned ae the ote othe vajate re moch less Scattered or dispersed from the mean as compared to the et We neve aan average remains good rersetatie if ispersion i es (.e. observations are closed tt) Thus cisperson dex Tere are two widely accepted ways of measuring the degre ofscatteredness liom the mean there ng (Mean deviation (@ Standard deviation. We shall now discuss about the two measures of dispersion mentioned earlier {0 Mean Deviation :1t is defined os the athmetc mean of absolute deviations from any average is caled as mean deviation about the respective average. For the variate x which takes n values x, x... ty mean deviation fiom the average A (eu, thetic mean or t most median or mode) is given by Mean deviation - Al Fora frequency distribution (x fe. variate which takes n values x, x. and corresponding frequencies fy fy. fy ay Mean deviation = 57 Sf be~Al where, N= Efi the total frequency, Al represents the modulus or the absolute valve of the deviation (x A ignoring the-ve sign It can be broadly stated that when deviation sa small number, the average is good {LLUSTRATION] ‘1 Calculate Arithmetic mean and Mean deviation ofthe folowing frequency distribution. x [1a ]te2ta 4 s fe« | fi3t«felsfl«ete ‘Sol : Preparing the table _ x t Keil niea WAL taxa] 1 3 3 -237 237 | 7 | 2 4 8 -137 ast | 548 | 3 | 8 24 037 037 | 296 } 4a] 6 24 063 063 378 | a es 20 163 163 682 6 | 2 2 263 268 526 Total Sf= 27S fx=91 - - Bi xpoAl=3na1 | aM = beie SE 2 2 337 (approximately Mean deviation = S2R=Al. 2222 1152 (approximatelyFATISTICS, CORRELATION a, su N AND Rt ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - (Mech, 5n99- Group) (5) is defined os the positive square root of the arithmetic mean ofthe ‘Standard Deviation : Standard Sure : deviation : , the ae ie gen ates from telat mean. tis denoted By the symbol 6. 3 deviations For the variate x which takes n value %, X3,~- Xe rr so. = o=\ [250-3 / Fox a requency distribution 6 9, fr via x which takes n values Xo and corresponding frequencies,» recuancy di , soso =\fEstle-i)” where, X is AM, of the distribution and N = Ef. (lil) Variances : The square of the standard deviation is called variance, denoted by Var (x). For the variate x which takes the values %, X » Variance = vary) = o? = 2.5 (x-¥) For a frequency distribution (x 9, i. for variate x which taken n values x, %, Xo and corresponding frequencies f,f, : Variance = Var) = o? = 2 EF (x3) The step of squaring the deviations (x-) overcomes the drawback of ignoring the signs in Mean deviation, Standad respectively. Show that ‘and nzSTATISTICS. CORRELATION. ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS m1 Mach Engg. Group) (49_-20) Ano. Sol: Let the variates in two series be denoted by x andy respective x Second series contains n values of variate. x iy By definition, me Bom = The fst series contains my values Of variate ay, 1 2d syem? = A Lami of = 9, EO) By formula (A) of article 73. The AM. 2 of combined series is given by, = mpm thy m, ze my + The variance o? of combined series is given by oe stor Now, = (com + m-2) = E o=my? + 20-m) (m~- 2) (as = 2 m2 = E¢emy? + 2(m-2)¥ my +E (m -3) Lo-m) = Ex-Im=nm - mm =0 bet dy = m-z Pe £ (3) -£Q-myonden den Simitaty, we can show that 2 Z 2 56-3) = molend where, dy = my = Thus, Z : ; : Tem Ind em dem d em] 1 gee : : mF m= AME mM my im=my my +n; = 2 my +h, : » @ = m-Zem,-BM%* mM A Mm-my 1 ana m+ ny ert ind 2 : Sg eh eee t 2 mol tn of 3 +L Jon om m+n Pere (my mu fe ne (m— my? ‘i Denge + EOL =m = Ba mim mye (+ ng? men + =m) fuicllan. 3- Fs Caledate the fst four moments about the mean of the wen Gstribution. Also find fy and Bx (Dec. 2010, 2013; May 2015 x | 20 | 25 30 | 35 | 40 | 45 | 50 so | 9 | 70 | 40 | 30 4 | 4 | 36 Sob :TakingA = 35,h = 05 and U= 95 We prepare the table for calculating prs. by" and Be x en fu fu fu fut | 20 af o-2 | oR] 360 | «| -108 | wi 25 36 -n oo} Me) sm 30 60 | -60 | 60 -60 | 60 | 35 so | 0 0 | 8 fmt Bue | 40 wm | 2 70 p | m@ | | 45 40 2 | so | m0 | 320 | so | wo | 3 n | 0 | mm | | Total | Ef 320 | Ftu=36 | EA? = 560 | Efu? = 206 | For moments about arbitrary mean A = 3.5, we use formula (0). ny = n BE aos 2S = oosons ay = ae = 05) 2 = 0451612 w= ES 05) a = 0.082259 wt SM 5 BD osF* NG MATHEMATICS 1 (Mech, Ero9. Group) ($1) gs) STATISTICS, CORRELATION AND REGRESSION pant ving reat A B,C of ection 7.5 central moments are m= 0 He = Hy Gn? = (0.451612) ~ (0.058064)? = 0.44824 Bs = W's Ban! w+ 244) = (0.082259) ~ 3 (0.451612) (0.058064) + 2 (0.058064) = 0.082259 0.078668 + 00003016 = 39826 x10? = 0,0039826 Me = Me Aus a + BQ)? —3 (YA 9¢ = 05001911 + 0.009136 ~ 0.000341 = 0.48999 9.900159 o.0900599 = 1.76549 Bes _ He 0.48999 Br = 4.3 = oooes = 243874 ‘B82 For the following distribution, find ( first 4 moments about the mean, (i) f and Ba (id arithmetic ‘mean, (iv) standard ae (Dec. 2014) x 2 {25 | 3 [35 [4 [as ss t 5 x | 65 [ 2 [7 [ «0 | 10 Sot: tt v = 2535 h = 05, x f u Le ae 2 5s | -3 | -15 | as [135 | aos 25 | 38 | -2 | -76 | 152 | -304 | 608 3 6s | -1 | -65 | 6 | -65 | 65 35 | 92 | to ° ° ° 9 4 70 1 7m | 7 | 7» | 7 as | a 2 | 80 | 16 | 320 | 640 5 10 3 | 30 | 9% | 20 | a0 Total | 320 | - | 2% | sez | 356 | 2598 0 Moment about the mean M. When assumed mean is A = 3.5 and using (0), we have Zw. 95(24). ws h Spe 05(35) 0037s Baty 2 (382) w= WAL. 5) & #04546ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ean M Using results (A), (8), (C), we have four moments about the me me (0.4546) ~ (0.0375)° bo = wt ane wn! +204? 0.0600 ‘ pal = 4 ps" pa’ + 6 (hn) wa’ 3 (Hs F = 0.502 B= B= (0.0609) - 3 (04546) (0.0375) + 2 0.0375)" STATISTICS, CORRELATION an, Since Bz < 3, the distribution is platy kurtic ie. itis flatter than the normal distribution. (iil) Arithmetic Mean : Using result (8), we have ~ hw 24 A= SF = 329 = 0075 (lv) Standard Deviation : 2 {Efe (Efi) een Be -&) 2 {582_ (24) = (05) 2 } = 0453 0673 (0.5074) ~ 4 (0.0608) (0.0375) + 6 (0.0375)* (0.4546) ~ 3 (0.0375)* x. 9 : Calculate the first four moments about the mean of the kurtosis. given distribution. Find fi, fs and comment on skewnes ond xis {7 | a3 | ~ | 27 36 | | a | 50 #is¢teijuvlasaltelelsts te Sol: Taking A = 24,d = x~24 * f | d=x-28 | te m7 5 4 ~ 7 5 ‘ 19 76 1444 “27436 521284 z| 7 -102 1734 -29478 501126 1 ~187 2087 ae : Fi i 87 248897 ° 2 2 b 7 450 2250 11250 * 7 ie ae 1728 20736 248832 | 98 A as 2304 36864 589924 a : bs 2 Be 27783 583443 52 35152 913952 Total - Bid = 128 a Efd'= 12392 |“ sfa? = 43248 | pat = 36106086 MATHEMATICS =I (Mech. Engg. Group) (S-I) (7.27) id we Tf id wi = “Sp = 12908 33 ue! wt = “p= 45046 fo" we ae = 3769383 by -yy! = 12731 e vo = wh’ Buy mi + 24,” = -59.86 pe = 4s wa + 6 pa" ps 3657.97 F B, = “} = 0001736 B, = $= 2262 fis very small, so the curve is symmetrical, skewness is negative. B, = 2262 < 3, curveis playticurtic type. STATISTICS, CORRELATION AND REGRESSION 1B. 10: Compute the fest four central moments for te following frequencies ‘No.of Jobs Completed | 0-10 | 10-20 | 20:30 | 30-40 | 40-50 No. of Workers 6 26 7 15 6 Sol Cas] Mid-Pts. 09 | rea.) fu ca wv a a0 5 6 -12 | 2 48 96 1020 8 6 -2 | 2% 2 26 2030 2 a7 ° ° ° ° ° 30-40 35 15 1 5 6 Fry 15 40-50 45 6 2 2 24 48 96 Towa si 100 = =u [89 =34 233, Formoments about arbitrary mean A = 25 we use the formula (0) Lh nee WS x aa we hehe 10(@3) = 10(-011)= -11 Ef & 100 (0.89) = 89 309, enea2, fo) ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS — I (Mech, Engg. Grou) * (233) (2.33) = 23300 nt SAE aor (550) = 2" wn Fe Using relations A, B, C of article 75 central moments are m0 He = =) : By = py 3p p's 2 OY : = = 110-3 89) (11) #2614) = = 120 + 2937 +2133) = =110 + 2937 - 2662 = 67.79 Pe 89-11) = 89-(1.21) = 8 = 181.038 he = pa’ =4 jp’ + 6 wy GY? = 39° , = 23300-4110) ( 11) + 6 (89) (- 2.1)" -3 11) = 23300 - 484 + 646.14- 4.3923 = 23487.7477 Be AL: Ef = 27, Dh = 91, Efe = 359, Df’ = 1567, Sf = 7343, Find fist four moments about origin, Find AM, $0, , and i Find coefficients of skewness and kurtosis. Comment on skewness ond kurtosis mo Sot: wo BD oa37 , Re Ba we = Sp = gy 213297 . , Bie _ 1867 We mie 7 ws Ea = 28 - ar963 = 58.04 AM. = 44’ = 337 He = He'= On = 13.297 - 8.37)? = 194 SD. = Vin = 13928 Hs = Hs’ 3 a’ + 2G) = 5804-3 x 337% 13297 + 2x (337) = $804~ 13443267 + 382727 <2 = 5804-13443267 + 765455 = 0.15283 Bes He 4 a 3! Glan? pe = 349% = 271963 -4% 58.04% 337 + 643377 % 13.297 -3.x 3.37)" = 87311 Bs = coefficient of skewness = 45 - 093197 ‘Skewness is very small and curve is symmetrical B= coeficlen of tutois = 23198 1% = Bi-3 given excess of kurtosis, Which is small Since By < 3, itis playtikurtic type curve.T papepne ArnnATes Ote np ce) _ C2 sap: Te ft ur avent abot he wekng mean 302 of dart 0 ves mers aba mean Ate et iB ondcommen pont sewn and utes of “STATISTICS, CORRELATION AND REGRESSION, 1255, 6.222, 30.211 ond 400.25. Calculate the distribution (tay 2035) -tnefist four moments about the arbitrary origin 30.2 are sol. by) = 0.255, wy’ = 6222 yy’ = 30212, pu’ = 40025 a i a - Ast 302 = § Stim -302 =F -302 = 0255 Ww ia 3 = 30455 hy = wy)? = 6222 ~ (0.255) = 6.5698 uy © ws) = 3H my’ + 2614) = 30.212 -3 (6.222) (0255) + 2 (0255)? = 30211 ~ 4.75983 + 003316275 yy = 2548433 Bg = Ra~ 4p’ wi! + 6 He? = 307° 440.25 ~ 4 (30.211) (0.255) + 6 (6.222) (0.255) ~ 3 (0.255)4 he = 3789418 2 2 fy = = a > 278255 iy _ 3789418 Br = yt * (6256987 Br = 9.99625 yy = Vi = 278255 = 1.6681 which indicates considerable positive skewness of the distribution. ay = Bp-3 = 999625-3 = 6.99625 nbich shows that the distribution is leptokurtic. The fst four moments ofa distribution about the volue S are 2,20, 40 and 50, From the given information obtain the skewness and kurtosis (Dec, 2007; May 2018) 13: fis fur central moments, mean, standard deviation and coefficient of Soh:A=5, yy'=2, us = 20, py’ = 40 and ps = 50. fe the various central moments, mean, standard deviation and coefficient of (nthe bass of given information we can calculate stowness and kurtosis Theft moment about zero gives the value of the distribution. * Mean = x =A+h' =5*+2=7 Now we calculate central moments. me Wp = He ths? = 20-2? = 16 iy = y'-3 us gs’ + 2047" = 40-3 (2)20)+ 202" 40-120 +16 -64 a = pa 4 ws ws + Ol Ha = 3K)" = 50-4 (2) (40) + 6 (27(20)-3 2) = 50-320 + 480 - 48 = 162