A printed circuit board, or PC board, or PCB, is a non-conductive material with conductive lines printed

or etched. Electronic components are mounted on the board and the traces connect the components
together to form a working circuit or assembly. There’s a by steps procedure in making pcs, first we
design, after all the checks are complete, I printed the PCB design. Like architectural drawings, PCB plans
don’t print out on a regular 8.5x11 sheet of paper. Instead, a special kind of printer, known as a plotter
printer, is used. The inside layers of the PCB are represented in two ink colors which is blank ink, used
for the copper traces and circuits of the PCB and clear ink, which denotes the non-conductive areas of
the PCB, like the fiberglass base. After the PCB design is printed onto a piece of laminate material, a
copper foil or copper coating is applied. The copper is then pre-bonded to that same piece of laminate,
which serves as the structure for the PCB. The copper is then etched away to reveal the blueprint from
earlier. Once the board has been prepared, it is washed with an alkaline solution to remove any of the
leftover photoresists. The board is then pressure washed to remove anything left on the surface and left
to dry. After drying, the only resist that should be left on the PCB is on the top of the copper that
remains as part of the PCB when its finally popped free. The core layers of the Printed circuit board need
to have extra copper removed before the PCB process can continue. When I etch, it involves covering
the necessary copper on the board and exposing the rest of the board to a chemical. The chemical
etching process removes all the unprotected copper from the PCB, leaving only the board’s necessary
amount. We’ve have done resist stripping so that any remaining resist covering the copper of the PCB
inner layer. Cleaning any resist remaining ensures the copper will not have anything hamper its
conductivity. Then we laminate, which uses heat and pressure to melt the bonding epoxy between the
layers. Once the PCB is done on laminating layers, the next thing to do is drilling. For a multilayer printed
circuit board to send signals from one layer to another, we drilled holes in to vias which connect them.
Then after the panel has been drilled, its ready to be plated. Before moving the PCB assembly stage, the
printed circuit board will be protected with a solder mask using a similar UV exposure found photoresist
stage. This gives printed circuit board its distinctive green color. Once the solder mask has been applied,
component reference designators and additional board markings are silkscreened onto the printed
circuit board. Finally, a surface finish is applied to exposed metal surfaces not covered by the solder
mask. This protects the metal and helps with soldering during the PCB assembly process. The plating
process uses a chemical to fuse all the different layers of the PCB together. After being cleaned
thoroughly, the PCB is bathed in a series od chemicals. After that, it is time to apply another layer of
photoresist. However, this time the photoresist is only applied to the outside layer, since it still needs to
be imaged. Once the layer has coated in photoresist and imaged, they’re plated in the exact same way
the interior layers of the PCB were plated. When it comes time to etch the outside layer for the last
time, the tin guard is used to help protect the copper during the etching process. Any unwanted copper
is removed Using the same copper solvent from earlier with the tin protecting the valued copper of the
etching area. As with the inner layer, the outer layer must also undergo double checking. This ensures,
the layer meets the exact requirements of the design. It also verifies that it’s removed all extra copper
from the layer to create a properly functioning printed circuit board that won’t create improper
electrical connections. After the PCB has been coated and cured, we perform a battery of electrical test
on the different areas of the PCB to ensure functionality. the main tests that performed are circuit
continuity and isolation tests. The circuit continuity test checks for any disconnections in the PCB, known
as ‘’open’. On the other hand, the circuit isolation test checks the isolation values of the PCB’s various
parts to check if there are any shorts.