ol untveRsTY ‘SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING 1206/2007 ACADEMIC YEAR FIRST YEAR ‘sic Demet ATES 7 Name: Registration No. Issued to: Souge ee tects. = 22 Fibula repceseratons of eta nS 2 Speers ERSEABILITY AND STATICS 223 Alia reuency 31 Helier apreentoe Objectives 6 _Inroduatlot te Probab ‘the ed oft couse te sider shouldbe ae > cabulse steal tuncions ond Sha contnove ender ration ‘course Conitst Tabular and graphical representation of Samplee: Fequoey,rleve equeroy, able “Eoquaney, oe cleibuten anon, samp mean, Sainile. valance "and slendare desaton Faneom “experiments. and” events. Venn ‘Tageem, union, Itesacion, mul exchsve varie, multgrecton tule, and complementation. Fis. Dlestte ransom varables’ probebly ston, prebebity sbion funelion, mesh Si vulonce of 8 Catiouion, Coniinuoue Tancom varlables: “sonveue Stbutors, Binsmit aevButens, "normal proba ‘etbuten Teeuovee ee ee er aoe ‘aera eine oe EU menial ote 5, Cae oe RE ats a Seater. of Samples... el a 23, 223. fesaivarequonsy 224 Cumibive abecite Requercy ‘Sopra reieeenater of dle 235 Crepe ihe AbeoUe Teauency 2313 barenat 284.2 Dat fequency ciagram ‘282 Grophe eft eave requerey "2321 Freauoney Netogram 2522 Frequency povaen 233° Cimulebre fequensy tinction / 24 heerpretng optical deta 4 Fase of Cente! tense... ue 8 Meenas &t postin Bia Quarles 312. Duclos 313 Pervericn ‘easures of average 321 Medan 322 Mede 335° Antmetomean 324 Geonesic mean 325 “Farmone meen 326 Oucate mean 4 Mascaras of elpersion oF spread... M4 “ 2 3 ry & a 3 ‘Stance devin Relate raabuos of deviation Moments Meseurs of sewness », “Random experinentead event....17 sa Be lermit ST) Tas and outcome 512 Semple space ‘enn agra presentations 321" “Copier 522 auecton 323 Onion aor ty» 6 heroeton Sa Torta probably S12 Ena eet 62) Corset of Salton regu 82. Rome of ham! probabil 4. Covetional prebabty 5-Peratators and combinations — 7, “andem vatables T Defriion ete radon via 72 Discterandem vorbis 721 Oarete preabity teon 122 Decree trbuton fneton 113. Gonthusas reneer variate 7.31” Probably denety function 732. Conroe drbuten function 14 Mean tol vince of 8 pobebity eriton TA Manner exiacttion TAR Maton 8, Probabity Disease ) Decrete pobabaty dione Sit Bram drat 812 Rypergeomeste cation 213. Poweon getrbton 22 Contrvcus probably ditoaions 821 Normal detain 822 Shndnd nea dtibuon 9, Samp Exanston Papen ESE a RERTIRS suas, 4° C4, Rober otren. fs), Fs Pb 2 Slemieotealnetods for Physles an Engin, Rly Fs Haan MP Boe Gabo eatesage Unvesty Prec 3, Emlnosing Mathematics 4 Stud KA {100 leciton Bee 1 SSveled’Engleering Mathers, 201 V: Petar A 8 (2), ema Publier Oo 1, Advanced “Engineering. Mathematic>, i Yoeyenig (1903), Wey Ea med‘search. The saree — = earns nae Sroric 1.0 be axing tecing fr copper spect eF° Meni wmeetcasatette | > Siaby : arena of he oe > Cormporative studies of various, Kinds, of tre aan | > Seated data rac Sarmetsmmertiess |” See ae speemeSabeonen Gets ers | > Tater mace ree weet Pecan (1 «AE ng 4 ‘ther allied problems, et. Cieeltalmtetemen es | x rant eee eu 0 ian ot propa wien te i. Cevdopment in all felés of engineeh@: including aaa SERRE management, operational reeeeroh coma a ate == ctamanagaee:, | nn mnanes ae eeaan rin conn ot ee Seneca eae» | mpc manemee | soning 1 eewcarmesttettt es | tice er Seton tema | Siocon | var rata amaempnate | 122M a cons eee — ee oe Bln ennctent | $2 oe men lt Sete aie yuliemememnccrmdpertany | Sobel tee ta Ane mmn¥e Seite wn | Reon eames | Eitnaon de OD, Bees he tater bern tiene Son’w of to Ks. (7) daa canes, Fan a Setar ramon | Stine ci Se “ Pains Secon oe es rege en ce 2 oY eee ean fype of dccription of the subjoct for example cot ae eseerieeeo Yon sm wn as eae Sion emo fen pate of mere dx VD is phar rvarabe dt oct or cout ee Poe eee a ote Pepto oe pe popu tae. A | Ty gta an ia Se cl eee Re tea tae roi ® | tegmeincana one tats > peel” ds Ran aor rage cr, pon, waco an © ig ‘i (eae © fits) and then inferences are, made, abot he cece he aman ga | pepggncen menoones | seaTaRTe raat eas E cq ct tag setae | PR waco a8 ot acl | eee ewemmis seoimat as Sia | MP weet, tated cial ~ eres esi desesiive queen ac ome Seaton foowes on the cost of Eraineceng 1.2.4 Variation and Random variate STonnteaipacameters._respocivey. 7 ‘education at Mol University, ‘One othe eens Tesgrnce meron | | Series ire Coram mane eta ae |, Sean | eee comeecama eects | > Sag Ween aes | ene Saat “hermamrere eae |” Geemraambee | “eee peeing smcereest | ye ata covvattn ne ewes |g Beare armen oe See cgtcetecete, | omemnsmgemen cos | “y Seances tiger eecermemnssmeme |” Bietirmiecsens | OS eg STS me Geto erage | > Shame | ee memne re te te re gwen Cefateal mance, semple 9, ete ns ona vs be 50 teeremeetmmncen |. Skeeqaareonmein | Oe mt ta re in aeteeton o rondo (edorslon acts ee ine sare, ois Foe beeen 14. BaBGndstal description! organtestin of ‘Diop site decsned in). ieee Seria erate : Bee eaunan | ithmmcumgeusereonnte a eee (OF SAMPLES. ‘ Ea ce sc eee, — eiiwadie es | muecies Suenos ros operas sere ge | team tae Sats ee prt i ce Sree S| Eas ee ae teri Sd Soe 2 Theremin are Kt Tagiel Erect a watt ct sutents in| Tre ghaen * 4, ohm, con Be RE ng Seen srr PA ey (leche Sat eae ceva ttre. | Sie Sees Sei a) Students Poop inferential etic. Eee spony ert eee ee eceeeneens | fomemeamannarmnms | US mernoateureamremign, | manmimiesemnaiin S| | ee Treaull obtarved. " (chance of. lkethnoad the! something (6 saree) wt 2 Determine the class ter ene ee ‘14. The Statistical Experiment ee ‘yo hnow the possible (oe clase valves, lacs i oo EL onerenaror ay Soe cc cama samean | Sane, Leer ae Se gore mem mi et | en oman fsrapae | arom we MA *sn about func. ae fen tae ete fequeney. ard pict ave Fea.ana). Satan crept, cl daprant,esuency Fetoyrme ana polygons ict Mm ancy gape (hw) fom «tabulated freyoeney ton 5, Mh tbultee end rahi statistics ‘Gesio cron mening corelulen, 1 GROUPING OF DATA 2 eerie ole et names! anaes Bully Toye yew ota nual condensed 10 SEIS secant won. Figure 21 ahs a SEES Src ene bouncay dations tela ‘mod nenfelering greed dota > Upper ose bounty 2 = Upper bs ii + ae 213912785 > Lower lee bounden = ower Gas iit?“ sriwesto5 “Tne eles 7.173 incudoe al valves between Figg oa’ 7, 308, Toe care 74 78 oes ah (alues bemoan 725 nd 76498, end 202° erwauartsctsiBrO DH ‘Conair, or exalt tickets of 20 samsles So stee sate entted ae alow. a7 70,78,73.75 rare. ‘The data con bo grouped lo si clases of eau "32,69, 67,85, 68 pee72 7870.88. weet pee oe |: ieee igure 2.1 clase boundary aetntons > Chesinenal = wepet close boundary ~ toner coms boundary 'Son75 2030 une Spe Set foe cn 79-74-02 unite > clans with cc wntue Topper clans int + Fowst Sas a2 23°75 72umte o less vake = (upper se boundary + snot ase tboungary) 12 SETS yaya ing isthe mbes of decimal paces ofthe cess “Tye convention used nf mare eppropit for Cet suas age because 9988 Se ‘Seman, 32, Tobulor Reprecontaons of Frequency Distibudons ‘tre ffequeneydetitulen of fhe uration we gan inthe sample the preceding vans abuts flows: Table 22 Erequoney alstibution table Port tary | | [2 . P| GF leat ex xn) e264| 1 oa | 3 [oe es67| Ww om | s [ox a70[T1 a1 [oss 77a | a 36 [080 Tere] W 19 | 095, w78[ 1 2 [100 | «20 | “10 | 224 Tally coor “The tally chat contrutd by runing trough The ‘comple, et ond. denoting each se TBeaererc det by sty mark. Ths coh {Shy crea ome ervey den 222° Absols frequency (oF eum “The sbeohe teahoncy heats No fen each ‘abe aoc inthe nampa. may be btsines Sy souming st ne tay mare a comespone SLSeTatuble in the some For compe & ‘Shulon of the scl pte have 2 theknees of Shean 68°70 tm Tne total umn of Oe Fequeey terra shld says be eg HS Songs 2 " rrequerey. Delemine tha range, te the die (Potrpet eel ta Detemine hese nara by avng the range inc deed number of casses and round of leurs of Gecnel pee ep) fe sole ree between where C1 = Class mere = 03 end ou = number ef cal aces the sane a Snares ions mn ESSA begin wih the eat data varebe contr Bie costae by ating he aes wih 812 three upper clare fore rs cans ord Siig ta i lane trl to ove a oer ‘asin ofthe rat clove Figure 22 Repost fhe procedre unt data fs covered win {he ange hereto te sc classes ae D2 en es-67,88-7071-73.14 78, wars 22.3 Retave roquency (Column 2 223s cohumn i obtines oy dng the feeveney ‘responding to {o. Fer eampe, Srroes a these! Eetveen 58 -20mn SEUETine rote agency at nt eg 20 Se raced ED 224 Cumulative absolute requency (Com 3) TRS multe absoute eauency (08!) Toe pondng tvs given sampla valle, Xf the ‘Sihercteun of wf he Poquencis Of ‘ea vaiabe bythe sam 2 “Soa of 2, Le. 30%, ofa the ine ave # wicaness aes 1225 Camuatve relative raquency (lure 8) The cumulative aave tequency (65) Teheeponcing to ahem eample varie, X 2 Fecal aun of al te. rosie fence of ‘Seittlea nthe sample fat ee lee of ean 0% otSearete eer ofthe saraesin he ronge 74 Feigimous «020 + aan ¢ 028+ 015 ~ 09, Te ips hat 35% ofa he campos have a Eke telser equal to 76480 (SSS.Ea en preperng the troucnoy dation (GRC croup data te closees snout be cory Veta, They should be of equsl wih ard ME in of enue et py ten © rapt and ingame lave asia emcescion on Seeing end make nelighle oven othe yan the Ben etures ofthe dota, When vpresetng or {requsoy datos by aapho, he cos vals of ‘everabe ore pad aug ine ve wie PE Froquancies are plete sng ine “2 Grpilel pots of tequney uibuons con be ‘Satoorgad tw gous, ramel- Greil poe of he abesks requency + ifn mune of elas const fre [at ances morons, mereese ‘Sean the lov wih reopectony, ested number ataes conte TMi, en) Psa, nae tien, arn igure 2.2 ass contruction ving the cass win sna las Interv RecA “Tre are four waye ich the finite of ls Treads chown Te fates casas Table 21 ‘eerie ways of sepercng te =e fr he we tsfon tang tat he compa mensuremers for rete te unser refs (oaurn BY ere ake © ee Banly prodeedegee 70 wertarh etcng Sons ih ave fret pracicl purposes eouvaet bas) mes, Tm ne han Th rheat vl eared oak noe Hm, Suet pineraht..\_ conventions 1 ek isee ncaa x = 2 o veers 08 fone) es | s > wl sw | s-2 3o | + 18 0-18 | 10-14 | 45. | 5 > 20 1-20 | s5-19 pm: al 2.25 | ww. 2 Graphical ls ofr relate tequicy 2541 Grapheal pet of fe absolute frequency, Freee pak the avec femiencr of te Treeiad dit tpt each earrespondng sore Sti Games neue the bar chars, de ome gras and poten Been Bp. 22 () alow, The vera lng of cer par mace. proportional to the abate FSeneycoresponarg to fhe dsr TeaNetten A the bor lathe chat te Sercrcied with anual wen In ungroured serps SRMTRED. my be chowen rotary) whores, oe an some oneal Sedae iene abe 22, rouped_ Frequency lettin TiS wi computa tase value va omy a @ 1S S| eS] YD eae ort xita e264| 63 om exer] 66 om | ® 6570) 69 oao_| 1 [OS ztal 72 oz [om 7476 | 75 ‘ons | = | oS aria] 18 we LPT hea Pig 22). Peto (ee? yume. bie coe sunable petal Freee he dete, wath be rb of the 008 ‘Servers gv the teauery. Se ener et(2) Barchet ie a E eee &,| ne (0) Dat euenay Figure 2.2 Gar nar ae Get Reawency dagran 128.2: Grophical plots of the relative frequency oe the rite frequency is pte gsi the ie Verabioe Toe commen grape, ured cide “he Mequency "foram andthe iroquerey poco. 2a rnc rn EIT Tec we RAM ESe conga Stet ieee SSS celecs bas Sees ame Se 244 Comer optical, the center of 2 Sith mesn ct estate trun aca pot ina graphic depay where about ecrato eon thet ic. 11a2 Spread The_spresd of a diibulon fers toe “robidy othe dala. ie beens Covet © Wier rnge, he epecd flores. fhe Upeeraiors are clstered around #engle VANE, the spead smal 243 Shape “Te shape of dstrbuon is desorbed by the faloning chatecteses + Symmetry, When it graphed, Simmeti sirbton ean be vides the Setar ach orice 1+ twymber of posks, libutors can have few or many peak. buon wi one Slee peat’ be called untmodal, on Clntratons wih two Gane peak are ced ‘modal Wen a syrmette dtibaion 123.22 Frequency Polygon [frequency cave “The tems pygan drives rom be frequency fuogam by dreving = corenuous sea ne Janne te conespaning reletve equates fat ‘remarked of = msde pois of exacent berm, Ghrecporing to the rspectve sample points oF ‘Sipe luce Figute 230). H the come’s of the fexcerey polygon we smoctboned ont uso frestand stich ren te rsuing graph ced = tense. {alues os the x- coscnates, Fg 24%) i norma oqueaey slertutore te tps nf graph ond te Ineoaas night you move twate te conte cf ‘he drut Inthe cumainive tequoney cure (aio coed the [BD fe ra hand smanh curve tt etaed Brrissing pote ganerates when the Yobused ‘hrulabve abeclle Requerey (21) ated onthe se ops te upper elas boundarin on he = Liar Figute 24) The oghe tunel deterring ‘he quo, dole or pecerios of growed da, (9 Hixeprem (0) Frequency gure 23 loess and Fegucney Polygon 4.23 Cumulatve _ Frequency Function and Cumulative Frequency Cure Trees grate pet the tabula cumulve Reg anal te tore a ‘nua rquney Rodin 9 EBMIIG thot fio the tabulated. comuinve relve eouerey {ern ap tie y= soornetee and te vampesiose has a sng pen she cee, tis refered © tebstenaped + Skowmess, When fey ate dileyed Gebecly, some, devine mew Mery fee cbstevaione 7 ono se ofthe aT then tw oer, Gtiouone wih mest of hit (hucrvtane en th et werd fewer value) resale be sowed nghe and daioone ih most f te ebearatone onthe Chk Gao ves) oe on 1 swe = Uniform. When the observations in = ott of fata a eaualyapresd across the range of the ditiouion fection fs cles & rr dation, A oiler dtibtcn Ys noe poses ec are some examples of tributions ane Shapes Sami a0, ‘eaten Stowe ot ill. ener, 1244 Unusual features Sometimes, salle efor to usual eats In 2cet of data, The Wve. mest commen ust features are gars and olen (0) Curate roaueney uve ve) ig 24 Cumulative feauenecy function & one 24 Inarprcting Orephiea Dao Graphical spay are usaf for secing patos In ‘isu Potore in data are conmony cesetbed emo cf vant, spaag, shape, and uncial ‘ees. 4 + cap. Gaps refer to ares of 2 dstbutn where RES Se ne eben The fst figure Below Mar‘a pops there oreo ebsevations 9 the Inte tte aston. + Outlers._semetias,estribtions are Sienterzed ty warome value that er Seay hem the other ebseratons. These Saree elu ar elle cuter, The second gre betow thrates a rbution wh, 38 ities cept for ne Lonely observation (8 Gater_on. the etree gh), ll of the Shewatiens fat between 0 ane 4.36 aT of foro an esreme value f often cnsiered 12 Beran outer HW 15 teruerle ranges Shove the fiat quar (Qi oF Blow the irs faite (3) om ote 25 stemplots ato calodStom and Loot Plots) eS Sopa ead 8 tarpot osm ahd Bese does show enact vauoe ot dual heels ‘terpak sed Yo. delay quate dls fonurly. tom eral da oes G0 oF Tevet sercmlere. The lerelt telow shows 10 sores Badan gesere hn eatery te ees one TE ota tern: ante ees on tne dot ore ‘eo ves ne eoarpe below. fe ieee (Sie eo aed 29a hundreds (10 trh 140) Weber ey auld be ‘other ute = mis, oteincs one. tanhe, se the amp above Ro"Sores ‘cna loves cxtely Teboed f= tng sere purpaces In the Teal word, Rowe, Se ey cont neice expe tbe fers | Same eenssome | Leaves jie {4 yo [26 two [12225709 so |023ea57a00 Koy. | Tgpeecers an 10 score of me || aT" come stempots inch © hoy to help the user Loong et exanple above, you should be she te qual deserve the dtoaon of 10 sere Mot othe scares ae custree beter 80 snd "wn tha canter fling be eigoorond of fee, The scores ranga fom 3 low of 61 (Wo ‘fotens have an of 81) 3 Nah ot 151. The igh scare of 15 might be assed as en cute. Home Stud Exerse 2 4 The mats obined by 70 students sn Zppted Mathenatis exam ate 9 tows RE PTA 80.2. 18.8.9, Pape eas Bee oe fase 2 Eh be sab 11, 95,47 18-705 1016 fa! Seca ,i7a6. 3086 20.7 21.815, ge Zh hah a0 36,28 28 91.34 ‘Group Pi cote nto ceven as605 of ea. wh Sha'fence taste the freqncy detnbulon OF epoch the: (@ Barcnan {8 Frequency netoarim {© Frequeey paleen {Comune requene hon (9) Osh . eee a ao Figure 9.1 Quattos “The to ower irae (4) 3 number such 1 Mraatoneoueth of te Gea are smal Vw 'han Gh ane at ok heer fourths ae ae [a sacond quar (2) i he mali |. te ‘esi fri ees ‘he ido pr (0s) f= uber auch that mot tree eure ofthe data are eater Invraua tan Gy, nda ot eefoury 2 loge Procedure or tenia A Evan oa inno an ered ta Foose flows: ‘epi Rerk be dete ro an eray staring ‘nn te lowest = aed place Processing ome erges vad stant Ereate te poston urbe, the quart oe flows: ere we n member ma 8 where fan ves rege > Hq te not an ager and contra he fron 98 take the wvarape ef the wo feneectve numer 0 = 35 hen the Sone evan by tng he sveage Sepiectet monte >" qs not an integer andthe talon a8 ‘gree! thn OS then round eto te seat 2 An automatic maotine wes tested on 40 teasers and found to atien fe folowing Ea ted DEERE a retail chen, tabulate the frequency rah be (eee crat {S)Freguene Metogan {6 Freweney pan. (calor ttn (Soa sam ie ating iting at CGpcceing tne dia eialy.manonsal Eyed the Soe Goncipve, Caen) syed to Semi secte Sacestcs wh Py lmterng fda sere come ene ae Sot ie malaise Seat unas te 9 Begeton of cata sound we coral vale {rage mean dovter saperd cove, fe hich il be udied_undar _— Eee TOPIC 3.0 [MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY Measure of cata tendency ae rumeria valves tfatterdts oat sare cote, Ue ER of et bt doa, Thee cotgories we amined: Namely the > Measure of poston tquanes (unites, (stenoneperere) > Mote 3 Messures of average (thetic. geomet tne hamenimsis) ‘Secton ebjocuves ips ena ote sealan ou snout be abe 1 Decca the measur of eral tendency integer, Fr earple I @ = 28 then take 410 be ‘hed meme. Si q's an iteger (i. corti no frac) then ‘he quate evebsied using the nem. ‘ep 9- Locate the vais of Toot, sont fom the lopest woud plone feta L Sai he est is fund thn an legen thine not ontop the ‘onan te action oneal which secrete ie rerage of he wd (9H ome ae For grouped date the quits se eveluted using 2 et of rar data en ec Gata hac 8 vost. F932. siamese Eyauston of the dastee of an ungrovped dle proseec a foe: ‘Spi Rark Ee data to an aay staring wit Whe west = valued pice sn Poceeding fo he get valies siep.2- Ersiate the person number, forthe mee eats home 2 compute the sunt, he mein, mode snd ‘rcnn gren & cele eampod dete 2, Goria te carseat sale tenon. 1 Meseures of Position (he Quantes) esate of ate roused see the cation of 1 Spc poe of date relation t he ret of te “ates Quorie, decles end poveeris are ‘Son measures eston bh gener the fatoving formule may be used to rele eon of he doserbod quantles-Fom & where = te PM quantte Ge. ‘pare doke erent) Sawer Gone beunaary the dass of te Pq when ie aven 9. ihe peation renter tha Purdie in tho rand fH * 24 Querties Cari are uber vats that vide te reed fats rip quater eve Fig 31). Each oa data ow thes senor namely he - fest qi orlonsr qt) > sseond quite (of meen) > ind quate (lo cele the upper quart) lt ire, 2508. ten 49- Locate the value of by courting se For grouped ata te dee re vated using the emus it all vaabiew taken a= presousy eed or “eterno. 212 Perentes Percents are number vehi ofthe variable thet {ides st rowed dt ts 700 cca pars e32) EG cata noe 68 percoties (Fa 2). The oven les number such at at ost ik of he Sis cre eraor ves on Pan at met (10 Wi oe data arent allel (l= eR fe Ao Fgure3.3Percontles RregeaTre ona alas ERMA, ENMer te pocetes ch wees xe meebo ‘Git: Rk neta oa tay Sa ih Ser iat 2 ed” pce on snag ete loees ale siazit- Enis fe poster umeor fe pee tor vain ase a we 82 nditn iver 1 hm 28 Step Locate the value oP by courting 2i | 1 L poupes dla be porsles oe crahated domes = fn nae Sat wt) of abies kan eves toad o¢ Sitimead NOTE: The oloving attemens re tue:- Pr g,=Fasbecase the postion rube, , comestonding te both ponte i ha ee eploranoddsiaatsanyie G2 Ni ost) oe be 25ie sintaty ia > 0+ 0y2Pg= he mestan amie 31 re rooosod a foto Be, 31 29. 27 90,29, 8,26, 9,28, 28,29, 27, Be, 32,20, 32,31, 26, 0,77, 9,78, 20 0.28, 51.27, 28, 28 Fins the medan, he” ce, shane 31 perce sou BLE ne otn ata tain scan aoe Oe nn mmm ene ab ee oa eee a HAA) 2001-255 e (te!) 0g “Terlregitate nt marta Saunt Fore t293 ‘aig tae th ges ge wh 8, = gu in pre som Ferthe getped requney teruton bao Vereble 16264 iz 4 Venabie [ 74-71 Ce 3 Evauae medan, be @ percenie, and fe ache x FEET cre canine roguney Graphical Determination bf Hie Mesias: of Postion : ‘The quails of» amured trequency dstbuton canbe determined grgtesty a8 fons. Gr tho cumulative frequency cine (ogi) forthe ivan et, + Sr requred + aod ofthe variable 09) en the x as that corespands toqas shewn in Fa 3 positon muber (9) of he Upper olsun Figur 3.4 Graphical Determination of Yon Study Exar 3.14 (Ons set of graph fap caw te ogi fer ne Gn ar ebta gen etample 3.2 Sra uso #10 Astermine the medio, the 60" perce, and he ‘cede, Compare Your anewars fe hora st ‘wee coined by ing te rma, Sa eee eae TR ty. er mpc et 1 itetchertmnaioe Cees, oe me ao eae ee eer oes cue 2, Diansvctones {Gl Mba sample sca is sal they may not be reprecatave (0) The arranging f eta eto the necessary srry often edu (0) Fie dtnbeton rege en the eaten of the quarts may be nee rode oe cad rte eet (1, 222.4 11°) tre ave two ais t,2 ar 4 i at ‘nous In unsmodat grouped framancy ditions, the ove en by he forma where 1s tower las boundary of je modal dae Le Be Sle vty the hight ‘quency ect, 1 Pequeney of the model t Ftequeney of the cis receding the model ets 5 heaueney of the clase scconding he model Selene. ‘The mode can ato be cotemined by consietion 36 shou in Fg 38 “Viniuiiiass anacissevineipes' crore mous Tr Aevertages (9) tis easy to understand (2) Estrome tems co not aft valve (0) he the guerre rl Nam 2, Oieadvartages (2) Ris often not leery defined | SSIES Renato es ren go roe Sen oe W106 8262 Htamn=0 eye678+2 pet pe IS T2E og : sr00 14. enn ab pointed singe. Gay BER Titers eaters empire omnes oy 83-20~50 ees quien ene tage sun 1-267 poem Rican Te EE rahe te he hg 75 931 “ae pce 74667 Smee ee east arbors he ocean i (2) Exact iocatn ten unoetah (@) rangement of et iateaeus. i posted) Hor) Les ry dt i at toe catenins Figure 3.8 Graphical Determination of he oes, 22 Moscures of Average “Tres commen meseues are ves nama > “Kime men| | > Geomire mean > armen mean ‘These hve re Secueed in tha folowirg stone. 3.1 Attomede mean (ot Mean) Tre moan or marge. ot 8 eanpla & the Anathema rat of fe teal et oth spa ‘ribs tothe tot eae az. ‘sof alte sare vues ‘wal aanber Several matnemateal frmatons for eeternining the aumta mean are posit Sepenaing te oe cn dts (aliean of e9 urgrouped ote ‘Ghreiernvelues fe vortex ina sore tare Gnined 25 retznjonty. The sempe MEBN 5 (alin =fe sarge ab arth rte cen, Pr dese ot ieee, en fe equenc) ~ dependent Sonple maar, ie >a (pmean of grouped dita Conair grouped fequeney Setbuton wih m Clesoes such fate cose values ae ented se ‘ami cnetperdhg foquenciee ‘hen the sample mesn for the srepes ini Coded! mean. technlqueter evlustithe Let Astor ye Aude) 24.2900, whore ‘Ale any assumed number also calog the Sssimed mean Aid Pe coded Varsha “hen by detson, he aan Ion See sbetfe For atablated regency drut in whi he lasses have anal clas lee (= new oardvatate (canbe eveiog es EN ae rere ee "AF ine “Tha squere sig inthe second temo fusion means that (FAP is avays poste lana hance he expression le ranma whan ‘A=¥.16, (F-APoO. Th ipl that he su of squares ofthe deviatons of 2 set of + Wind izare tho means of two amps of ticesrondn . tien the moan M of the cembined sample ose (m+) athe a bn gonaral 5 Far te meas of samples of ies 0, ny the meen M of the compose sare ee Bes coe feomnie 4 Alatge dace of 250 stunts was ches ite 3 groupe KB ond C each of 100, 00 ond 60 ‘em in group A. 8 and © feepecvey, fd naan oor rte comblned eae. ‘Tamean fr eee eames Me Bema Tete coled nen non boone £5 m2 Sama Becton (iTezet nom aren nascent te reso thm t2d Bana n=10 Ne or orate darn ean $y Ltarsieaatase mene Srommie 28 ‘ipa mean & 200 ems was cloustes 2 50. 19 Nea were ristead os 92 and 8 instead of 182 end 18 fd he cones mean saunas Sereh Tree FED) 62 HE) ED 7 sama 1000 5g From and cae s one n wnt ne lower oupoee ouncary torte fist oes las espectvly. hl ven. Fer crample the grouped dts whose castes ‘ed ws bobw 15,18 19, 20~24, 25°29, 90 ‘hove, open eed Cig 38) Varad Fregianey Ben 1 2 ec a wat 300 =a ~ Gd soe jaa Figure 8 Opera Grolped samp. Arescanabie sumption bout ha sa the open = by mating tie sesamin emia. ‘Ape tains Se ints 1 Aerantoges (@) Nis My defined and exey to undertoré rd nade he eloing dat ranean meee, Number off Maris | NUnBaT ae em iden a (ty gnc ane oan When the variables .m.nicm.ne ae of inant portance, weights waws sea ie mstigned to ach of th vaales fespectvay The wiped stinnete mean gvan by: ee paresis ale ee ‘ates for Bair mean x equal fot, Le Ad “Sehen Bot Proot tt Desert 3) Een sE to wae gr + Ten ote aut Gf dato ot et 1 valies i mivmum when taken sd te root Conia: devine stout an assumed mesn A ‘hats chosen etary (2) Ws based onal fe samp vob (6) Risaronsbe fo ages restrent (@) i eaaytoclelte fe) Rlsurque ang avays cits 6B eases by fronts etal, 2, alsaarantages (o) hisuniay tected by wareme vlset (©) Rima notbe presenti actuelle { tempetbeeesad by napeston {6 nay led to. wong concunire bn the abcene efter Gea 2.22 Gaomete Mean Consider n Yokes ofa: voile, x sited ae Shrme=e. The Geomette moan @ is defined es For example the geomet mean Gof 4,16 10 set ‘moe gsometio aan 1s used 0 deterine forensiow lice tho Tato. of riaiest of rate Fepuston pth Ie sao wood nthe concion the fequarsies of varabin i: sas nae ESET eo pore Ree eed ee Y eer ota Fao The hartaic meee of they? Recsonrantnri uiehd when everepng ie taken) ot moving object hal savers eter paris of re Stance wth elerent peed, machine ouput per Frameinic Moon of Grou Date Wve traquenelas of varies ote 818 bse faepacivey, bene hatinore ween His en by Examie 28 ‘car covers the fet 200 kn of» 400 kn journey (wr an average spoed of 120 Kru and te -Temaning dataee wih 4 speed oC 90 adh Fld = ther faen forte ete journey souumion cn 3 Sncect exes bah cee Tee) Gee a Tie gop torn bao he et Teta chaenonan tere fot aie a Tre bigger the renge to gor the sepesion, Fer tromote the Tonge for Sugert A (100-20) © te the range for Bm (61-40) = 13. Hence ‘Rs much more dperson than Oven # fey fave he sme average sore. “The range ie nol a geod menoura of deparsion Uecauae t sepencs. on gnome vales of Te ‘ribs whe ioarng al ters, and aso gives ‘Po elven aeout the eproed fata win Ta Mean Dovieton “Tae meen deviation (oc sometimes caled the rrean sete devia) fe aha men the abate deviate ofa tha varies abut © “Gonder a sample of vies yy ith sn rtote mean ©. The mean deviation MD i owe Zh Fis ie sum of the abeohte ovate taken autho men. foe grouped fequercy ditions the mean ovaton deine ‘A Coinprsc ef the resis of stators A and 8 ‘y wsing tbe mean deviation sbout he Anown roan (55%) proceeds as flaw sae 7 | ka zy T a & Es ¢ Exomole 26 Find the geametre and harmonic meare ofae | [x] 50 { 10.14 | 15.19 oot fclowing ation: - as ec ee, Se Tmeone | —Noot | Kei week) | _werkers ————__——_-— 0-10. 5 eitetp seme 20:28 2 30239. 1 FEE sgt ters Soe ert te eon | opus} eels tal | soso ses | ovo] Basen SST fom aee| 3am ces tered refs} sere ere lene] | ee ‘he roma wom reine l ‘mo Elba malt 5003 i Faro bng etn oat: se 8 in ae mes es ge 8 Bia en 3 Sem ae [shsiais| Toric 4.0 a MEASURES OF DISPERSION Nescuroe of Gaparsion are umercl vlues te uatua the ameurt of ERGO or URE ets ound among 2 oot of dsl Fhe oonmon measures ot depart = ane ean deviation ‘Suerte devston Verenes ‘Standord deviation ‘Secon objectives {Ane onde ia eeton you shuld be zat 4 Desarte the menautes ef persion 2 Compute the rnge. the meen (abeobits) Seveton, quate Gevislon, vorarce and he ‘Sanaa devon ef an inorouped or gFouped [a reenped ata, 4. Beste the characterises of ven cst samples hinge computed measure of Seperion Consider he resus ofthe sider A are Bi weven Sroinasone! AnD @ ws 2 aaa & 2 BB s It can be shown by computation thatthe verge ‘eae fr bth ctacerts 86 marke, Tete may ‘eorchugod fat bom econ are equal good tfrora, bu thn fo no o, Te eoten of Soden. Rian mate tna hese of 8 inphyng at Staent 8 fe more ESE ana ence dependable. In generl closely grouped eta yl eval vals (aprad wihe largely spread out dite wil eve {fogervalie forte want measures el depen. The equation (@). can be moéilad t> ge an Mente formu a fale: Tre wo ‘smaller yale of the mean deviation Feats ore ‘anasieney and ret. Ae such tudent smote ‘Shasta velsble tan student AThe ren Slovan le bess on st me cbesratons snd © beter meseure of duper than the range or Ine (uorie devinion telethon taken om te ‘megan. However, thing of aso vous, Nonoing he sige makes 1 arielal apd rendis aos or tater mameraica ara 43 Quartte Devaton ‘4g soon atior uatloe dhide the sample SEviouton ‘iro fox equal pats. The quale ‘evi oto grange Qs gwen where) = fret (or er) quate; y = hed (or ‘ppen quate, and @ -, = tor quate noe. “The Gusti devin take no occcurt 0% of he oo i 44 Verlonse The varanea oa sample, denctad by Vat (8 of =. le the rumor average the am fhe quar the, devasone rn tie amelie mean (2). Fer oouped LAH ty a-nae3) = ten ap) «PEE ilar 6P xa ‘he code mean tectnlge fr determining te ‘narot aground deribon. ta of iene cae land coed vil. The Yetonee lst! a ‘hore Ai tbe aesumed mean > Te slender devaton ofa sample Cente by os Ihe postive sqeace root fhe Variance oF ES ? *) For grouped feguneydstttons: FP ao. fica OF > sng the coed mozn ao calle he sap devon maa onf200-03] =a] fer ER] popoor (fe tm. tocuarey “‘deituton gen bolo Peat wa sandr éovision vies Pree tatoo te or eam son t8 8 anatend hed pie aP Ae oA oo | Betas ere Sofa edea afl armed | Sebrmeletertrt rere beet | 2 eeu ae eee i Se ee a : 3 ae od A (0) Uengete coset mean = te] fae? Fe] SetA= 7, the moment abou the mean once 8 yard le dened at ova erle sp ‘Te ft four memenis about the mean are ommenly seediiy=0, met, mm9Ne 2 rescue of skewness and ges a measure tha ipso tthe of cal 42 Moscures of Skomness 1A tomiancy dtiution ie sa 1 be symmetric symeneiealy + Kart Pearson's estcint: + coetcien of skewness tesathieinaieicon nie at y= |] ae slo ued to measure the eefcient et kanoas of requeney dtdton HE he sono emer a muer fiat eye Seo fr a aymmetie sebuton, Fy (ater Bosieys corte tos between Ty (thle Pearsans costes oa bebwesn' 2 “The sdatva fanoss of the lop of e kesuercy Bulan a cated Marteata & © geen by 6S cecficert ta="/,and wy=Pr-3 ges be ovation tom Kiros. For RBMRRISRS (i ‘caves which fe nether for she) Feskeo)72=0. i yecO then the cue fe ployee. ter tha the normal curve andi 2. The sep of squaring he deviaione (0-3 gmrcomes fe erevoacts sscclated wih (frome the sls ae nthe mean evi. 3, le sulablforRatber mathematical restment aR SARITA WS i simlrin deft tothe sind devion, [ut erauates deans fom sn sfalealy chosen amber Awan sample. Rs dented by = fee When A-Rase. # te called the BiG ane. canola 42 ‘Show that 22s vom d inher A te an sivary ruber o> othe conve Is FRBRURLE Le. more sheriy peshod han normal Home SudyExerte 4 Hie) Pd the mean and edian age tom the {olin comulve tequoncy abe fe feast ‘comity Inyuars ney 3-0. 28] 0 0:8 m8 3. (6) Uska the eam sas grog ths soar end ‘he egaeney pega fer i de (©) Cane the een” deviation, quale cleaned wih he folowing eeuta: 105,153 163, 142,187, 17,182, 186, 449/172 Je toa, 190 13, 104, 184, $70, 189, 102 198.488, tas 172. 180 $88, tes tea, 177, 168 17, 173, 188, 46,104,173, 00, 147, 162,174,158 (@) Sating with 13, grup the dee to oie ‘Ganece of eq! with and tatulate De ‘Requercy detauton (@) Colson the tance vin usr 9 sense cect bended mean ecrique [1.288 on 2.(2) me samples of $228 rand me means ‘ze mand mand he sanded deviations ste oyand op. Ite two sample ere poles toguber to form 2 sample sce N= mom, ‘how that the eanderd devon of Os ‘Sanpoate sample on ee REE 20. oy mF 48 Relative measures of copercon “The mectureso far dicwnsed Indes he'emour FP xiprion wth toga to ene st of data. When Comparing, babveen varaere of more than One + Soni faloning tees cools we ued + Court eaten 28 + Confit tarde deviation = + Coestelet vation er moment Se oi moment nese fet moment boat gn te AP ‘second moment: x= (@) Fora set of 25 mesuements he moan end the sandaré devon mee fea fo be 0 er ‘Bee a), 13 to ‘sours, 1 : 1 fos coaey 12 170 coma) ie (ia eu «roam Boe Ge sa 303 (i cart) bo Ga Bony 0.2 Paras 0, mf o3457 tents. [oyspo=pe Sun 26)20-278, The curves eymmatio ane eighty pny] a[o[1[21statsyetrys ote bas Pos to [ss eee Toric 6a FANDOM EXPERIMENTS AND EVENTS ites concimed wth the analyse of est Sererveis ota hate ranom nate. To some (Etec eres of some experinerte pend on ‘hance. For examle fron ecarinent te meanire he dametor of eel toc tat are rondonly Dacod' fon ban, 8 le nome a cxped ‘erences inte esate Soserved Probably Be Study random ni eens tat es + pvtxted according to fly descsbed eet of Sante repeats array oem ant ‘ese resis) depande nt or ehance ‘ne termnolgy used 0 Geevesing probed Psat retrace mode 10 he somerient graphical reperenaion ‘Spermerta rentenee etn Jou should be abe ftosorbe tho bet emninology ued th J expos to probably "such te random fF trperment,ostcomes, a) same reece 2 “Brsmulohetwaen ne diferent kine of covet tah eal Uhl mushy ‘Sebsivehon sxc, favourable" and’ dependent and Maina ete rtatone ae 4. [Tee om ingame to vereuet sample 5.1, BASIC TERMINOLOGY ‘Thefetowing ae destin of some ef tho tems thatere used in be ead of probe S14 Tk and Outcome for Event) A tie! the. sigle performance of = condom ‘primer. The fsut ofeach tal eae on Dutrome er event Fr example ooang a sone 4 Wl hat hes two posetlecutomes, etna heed 1H otal (7). Roling ces al that has a positlecuconee, ether 2.3.4, 5006. Events can be simple or compound doping en tenet o eal. Simple events sngeposstle cxtzame ofan ‘eparinant For example gating © er when tneccin sone A cSmpouna ‘event comtines the outoomes of Moons test nto ne exert Far ence eae tome city be cuore 1 one land Ton th second a compere ~1e ine canesind wee nts xp et 4:12 Sample Space ‘The set of al he pousbie outcomes of» ti (Le. tho dng parteonancs ot a radar eyparingt aeons 8 Pa a Trovatoe 8 =, 42.3, 6.23.06. + Bet Setea shes scoot at ee - pamela al fn gener: +" An event A isthe sample space Slee salatodoomes a hat Rc 8, teed S'Aiseoninedin & ‘An empty st (note by fan erent Sicha 6's and ¢ has he elmer noe The sample size. the total umber sl eutcomes i xy tal gues ttl ‘number ot eehaadve ever or cases, + When cin ie tostea $=). The cacinal umber of Sis 2 snl witn se 45)=2 + When w dei role, $= f.2.4.5.¢). He ds)e8 “+ Wihon coins ie tose simutancouly “wh ee ame 0 teary ne coh ce access, = f HT-TH-T) and HS) Iratwon eves the sara se of) oslo he Seto aa of i potemed ones a\iGat ot sh pated "Xuma SSeicesen en the apie ate'E erated 2 BSB tor vangle Towra « coh tan to pentble cucanes HoT Ges) H tee coe Se toca smutaneouny sch sent 1 {Seong one cones en esas (af), Asj=e=7 20. Thee mente are le 5. bon or anager re 77}; ay wo dot ott tnumrnciay = 6 anh 2 thing aleet=os. Tramp apace can be orestad a am nF 5 coenegon | A OF 19 09 08 1 G2 G3 29 22 BO 1 G2 as a Os ao 6 4D 43) 9-9 HO 6.) GP 63 B09 G9 2 G2 63 BO BO HH Bone ara en er “Two outcomes ate sid to of coeur F they apes the sume runber of tes warn te sample space For example he tt So}, and have 08 sequal Melhood of occuring Because they both Sopear ence ne sage pace. + The number of cocurences of e301 cutzomelvert in he gama erace aioe ‘he umbor of touen to he 52 VENN DIAGRAM REPRESENTATIONS OF SAMPLE SPACES AND THEIR EVENTS coreg em cere ee tr pone ee enemies Sinema ees Sore tees Solent eo ae sorsua ae = ure 8.2. Venn dlegram cn poesble outcomes In the sample space esgned to cpe of the feu teens to conde (eked tenia. 8.2. () _eutcomes fat belong event A Bt not ( Ttzomes Wot alg fo stot ba rt (i) cucomes tht belong to both event A and (0) “eames hat tong eter event A nr Examete 2 A sina fa dee tow, Let event A be the ‘number oiaines i dati ty to! and Seer. he urbe diet by 3. raw Ver astm ‘Space ee vee — Tw lee fe ralled smstanccaly and 20 fe tated by adding the numbers tat eppat O the feese tat tum up. W tw events AS and Cae Ste ho of a 3 c Best ot aiSines met ge 2 sears 5 Great of etcomes that ge 8 cote of Soest 4nd at moe 5 Fd A, 8 end 6 and see the ost ly sore for : 1 69 059 OO & : a3 as : a3 Ss ; ea as | ; os | tenes esos ao ao | Bicunanteee ae or tmp an os fo tovesas” fF Paeaecageery ronan om ast 220 er BH an as 2 an a a5 a9 as < BH AD HD HO HD 421 complement ‘he BBE ot ast A ete by are ‘maser nA) econo tee ours [bike camp space Sthat ste nc nthe 22, in For example he al lcsng@ an event As "> oad tune up then aris fhe evento ta tra Up The sum of the cart! number of» aot ed ‘ha of te eaglamen shoae aways eg he ‘Sal number ane ssple spo, ie te danse tan} Tw not te [ene eres out tr xm, ecg Ee ef at