: Sewage Treatment andg@ 20) ®& ~ “ee MSE Sak ai 4 a ' et Re es OF ptoles 1 Og Canc OF ological Treatment Processes: Ong f the most unu ee i Environmental Engincering (Sanitary Enginearing J Fee inet the engincere responsible fF enviornmental initation da not have a zeal Understanding of the microbiology ithe very waste treatment plants they design. waste treatment Treatment p operations on the microorganians u hich base tl re beeigned by the engineers without understanding the funda~ Sptals of biochemical reactions involved. Efficient design quires that’ the engineers joteretond the biochemical reactions ceuring in waste treatment processes- pne of the fundamental affributes of the Living micro- zganions is their ability to Utilize sewage organic matter rganiane i yy into new colle and energy 25 shown 4n Fig.8.9. _— New colic Fig-8-9 . Bacterial Metabolism It fe essential in woste treatment for tha enginsezs to have sound knowledge of the way in which energy is transferred fue ene form to another ad from one place to ansthery The biochemical process: involved in these energy transfor@ axe Ficcn collectively as metabolism. Those involved in the break seen of complex matter to simpler forms arc known as Katabalti and the roversé process of synthesis of complex mette: Se simpler substances is called gnabolism. The decoriposition of organic matter in sewage $a dirsetly linked’ te the presence of bacteria and other organisms. Although tome bacteria are responsible for causing déseases most of them are beneficial in the decomposition of sewage organic matter. Recteria are by far the most influencial organisms in sewage and waste treatment nrocesses, Chemical and Biochemical reactions involved in the meta~ belies proceed at a much fastur rate. These high reaction rates boriemds possible by the presence of numerous catalysts. Catelyel are substances that acceterate the rate of chemical biochemical reactions but which remain unchanged themselves at the and of reactiontions. Organic catalysts produced by bacteria ere called enzymes, These enzymes ar: rather specific in the reactions thi SRGEET The growth and multiplication of bacteria in sewsgo, polluted waters and industrial wastes is dependent upon tempert pH value and the presence of compounds containing carbon and Puerogen in 6 form copable of being synthesized into now cells and weed to furnish energy for the new celle.bacteria are present initisily in the woule toc 1 sromth Patterna beaed on the nent pint bacteria woulg! look like Fig. 8.10. . a Death => Nunbex of mcroorgan: Time Figs 8.10 Bacterial growth and Decay For a given set of environmental conditions, the bacterial - growth and death curve g nerally follows @ predictable and she Surreounding ‘physical conditions. ond are not increasing in member substantially, The bactorse then enter a stage of pedo ave multiplication the logarithmic phase. The rate ef multiplication later decreases unite Period of stationary growth is reached in which thu number, br ofgonisms remains Zelatively constant. Finally, the bactesta enter a death phase during: which the number ‘of otganiene decreases rapidly, the Shapilization of sewage is the maximum at the logarithm growth Phase and stationary growth phase phosphorus, nhosphorue and sulphur together with some trace elements such as potassium, Salcium, zing, magnesium, iron, manganise, copper and cobakt). stems aru the primary systems trickling filters, activated W“8.11 Trickling Filters: Trickling filters are artificial beds of curushed stones or other Porous media through which the {hom the settled oxganie seyage is percaleteg, In this process, the liquid waste is brought into contact with air ang withNG ‘shoe Treatment and Disposal 11s The undergrain construction, is able to wit! of the sewage. of tiny channel: main collection of the filter. A ystem is normally vitrified clay-block Vitrified clay has a high etructural strength and hstand both the abrasive and corrosive action In effect the undergrain system is a network $ which rapidly discharge their flow into the chaanel which normally runs along the middle n equally important function of the under- drain channels must be designed so that they can carry the maximum quantity of air and liquid to permit the filter to operate at its maximum efficiency. Too-small channels will fesult in flooding thereby blocking the air flow and allowing the filter to go anaerobic. The final sedimentation tank is an integral pert of the trickling filter and must be considered as such; The function of this sedimentation tank is to remove the large masses of biological growths which have dropped from the filter media, The removel of these settleable biological growth accounts. The removal of these settleable biological growths accounts for 10 to 20 per cent of the efficiency of the filter in removing organic matter. Hicroorgenisms: Although classed es an aerobic treatment device, the trickling filter is not a true aerobic dévice but rather must be considered ai 6 8 facultative system. As the filter begins operation, it is primardly aerobic. The build-up of microorganisms créates an anaerobic layer at the stone interface whish is as pespntiel to the filter operation ea the aerobic activity which occurs at the upper microbial c surface, uw The microorganisms in the trickling filter reflect the facultative nature cf the filter. The predominant microorganisms are bacteria: aerobic, facultative, and anaer2bic. The obligate aerobic sporeformers and Bacillus, are easily found in the upper aerobic surfaces. On the other extreme the obligate ananarobe, Desulfovibrio, can be found at the microbial stone anter-face where oxygan is complétely void. The great mojority of bacteria in the filter ere facultative, living aerobically gs long as dissolved oxygen is present and anaerobically wher the oxygen is depleted. The facultative bacteria include varied species of the genera Pseudomones, Alcaligenes, Flevobacterium, Microtoccus, as well as members of the family of the Enterobacteriaceae. Fungi are also present in trickling filters. aerobic organisms, the fungi live only in those regions where dissolved oxygen exists. The fungi must compete with the bacteria for their food and are not overly successful. The ».emmpetition for food limits the growth of the fungi under normal environmental conditions. With unusuel sawage or at low PH levels the fungi can predominate ovdr the bacteria in the filter, but this is the exception rether than the rule. Being cess inorganic ions in the ‘ight by the algae for energy defini~ ty limite their growth to the surface of the filter, but stheir growth can be great enough to bring bring about clogging of the filter ayrface.116 Sewage Treatment: and jisp J 6 / In addition to the microbial plaftts, there is an ample animal population in the filter. The protozoa are the predomi- pant animals with all forms from the Phytomastigophora to Suctozia. The Phytomastigophora exist in the upper layers where the organic concentration is high engough to allow them to compete with the bacteria. Ciliate can be found all the way through the filter in the aerobic’ sections, The fres~ Swimming ciliates predominate at the filter surface while - the stalked ciliates predominate in the lower regions. The protozoa predomination will very from filter to | filter and even within a single filter in response to the | changing food supply and the environmental conditions. Higher animals include worms, snails, and insect larvae. these animals feed on the microorganisms in the filter and live in the upper aerobic areas. For the most party they contribute little to the action of the filter other than” « fen of some of the lower forms of microorganisms. Oxygen Absorption: Oxygen is absorbed from the air in direct proportion to the deficit existing in the liquid at the air~ liquid interface. The partial pressure of oxygen in the air in the void spaces is the driving force causing the oxygen to- dissolve in the liquid. If the liquid contains less oxygen than saturation, there willbe a definite drive to reestablish equi- ligrium at saturation. ‘The rate of:oxygen transfer will a fune- tion of the liquid characteristics and the oxygen deficit. ‘With most sewage the liquid characteristics are fixed and can be expressed as a constant K. do. week [Bp (eet)-05(actuar)] (8.2) It is readily appatent that tho maximum rate of oxygen transfer | will occur when the oxygen concentration in the liquid is zero. | It must be realized that the interfacial liquid layer will become saturated with oxygen and that the rate of oxygen transfer will fall to zero unless the oxygen in the intere facial layer is transferred into the lower areas where an oxygen deficit exists. The methdd of oxygen transfer is by simple diffusion from the saturated surface layer to the unsaturated lower layer. Diffusion is a slow process and is governed by the concentration gradients. The best method for oxygen transfer is by the creation of turbulence. Turbulence causes the replacement of the oxygen-saturated surface leyer by an unsaturated lower layer. The process of turbulence resulting in changing of Mquid layers at the air-liquid interface is commonly referred to as surface renewal. Surface enewal is the key to oxygen transfer and hence the upper limit of microbial metabolism. The total quantity of oxygen which can be transferred dnto a unit volume of the filter pur unit of time is primerily related to the area of biological growth exposed to a continu= ously moving air supply. Indirectly the exposed growth surfaces are related to the surface area of the filter media. An l~inch stone filter has aporoximately 37 sq.ft. of surface sree per Subic foot, while a 4-inch filter has only 9.5 sq.ft of surface zea par cubic foot. From @ purely oxygen transfer standpoint,e mit bees inch the leinch filet, potential than falter media ani ovement, the 4 Transfer than ¢: er Wald ‘have a greater rate the 4 inch filter @ the voids required for sat cinch filter cculd have a hii he leinch filtes, Organic Removal: The incoming sewage contad OF organic matt @x per unit volume which the As the liquid flows over the filter media, Bicrobial layer. The flowing liquid mixes’ with the bound water eouthe microbial surface. If the organic co bound-water layer is lower than in ihe flowing sewage, organic matter will be XX »} OU POS: aL of oxygen transfer Yet, from a practical viewpoint, iS on top of the isfactory air ghar rate of oxygen filter must remove, it than through the Meentration in the Sewage to the boun- wage, organic matter ybil be transferred from the flowing Sewage to the bound-water jeyer. If the organic concentration in tre higher than in its organic loa bound-water layer is the sewage, the flow of organic matter wilt be in the opposite direction, with the flowing sewage increasing in organic concentration. In effect, the flowing liquid transfer to the boun-water layer by dilution with he most rapid transfer occuring when the incoming organic concen ‘ration is high and the boun-water Concentration is a minimum. The filter will continue to remove organic matter only pictoorganisms reduce the organic concentration fez layer between applications of sewage, The for ayer of microorganisms are stimulates ap long as the in the bound-wa by the high org A’ portion of th: fot synthesis, weter layer is The rate o to the organic for the microor: to active metabolism gnac concentration as the fresh sewage flow past. Secpsanic matter is converted into new celle while an equivalent portion is oxidized te Although. the organic concent high, the total quantity of f microbial activity is dire. furnish the energy ration in the bound= ctly proportional Soncentration, The rate of removal of organic patter by the microorganisms falls off with ganisms to metabolize comple time. It is impo: ter washed out of it only if the filter deep which is impossible from a practical stands he microorganisms present, + » stone size or microbial su: of retention of the liquid in the filter, ai i prezation applied to the filter ie related to concentration, microbial activ: ilter is essentially he- organic concen- face area, the time ind the temperature,. “a a y i row oo 118 Sewage Tregt: ant’ ind j.) sel . the filter becomes anaerobic. In ceodth, keep the filter aerobic high organic sewage is unsually diluted by recirculation to a concentration to a concentration below that creating anaerobic conditions. The time of liquid retention in the filter is a function of the microbial surface area and the hydraulic loading rate. At high hydraulic loading rates the time of liquid retention becomes so short that the microorganisms do not have time to stabilize the organic matter removed and soon reduce its removal. It can be seen that @ high retitculation ratio decreases the organic concentration while shortening the liquid retention time, Both these factors are detrissntal to the removal of organic matter from the sewage. The microbial surface ares which actually comes in contact with the erganic matter is a function of the filter media size and the depth of the filter. For a filter with a given filter media characteristic, the microbial surface area can be related directly to depth. Thus; it is not surpirsing to note that the mathematical formultions for the rsmoval. of organic matter through @ filter have been related to filter depth. It is i portant that the public health encinser realizes that depth is nof an important factor but only when it is related to the mierobial surface area, Temperatura: The micvobis. suiface area in a trickling filter ds fixed'eo that tho active nicrobial population in the filter is essentially constant. The microbial layer is very sensitive to tempersiure; incecasing the rate of metabolism with rising temperetures and cucreesing the metabolic rate with decrcasing temperatures, Since the efficiency of organic removal ds geared to metabclism the filtecs' efficiency will definitely fall off in coid periods and inerease in warm periods. The Public health enginesr must realize that the microbial activity in the filter is @ functicn of liquid temperature and not air temperature, The air temperature dogs not have as strong an effect on the iiquid temperature ag might be expected from a cesual examination. In very cold weather the air temperature tends to cool the liquid but the microbiel metabolosm yields heat which tends to warm the liquid. The liquid temperature from the filter is then related to the quantity of cold air paseing through the filter and the quantiry of organic matter being meteholized. & heavily loaded filter will tend to remain /at_ a high temperature in the wintertime than a weakly loaded J filter, Recirculation: Recirculation is the return of a portion of the treated or partly treated sewage to the treatment process- usually the return is from the effluent of the second clarifier to the influent of the primary clariter. q Purposes of recirculation: (1) It provides a longer contact ‘time in tne Fascce wie wee tet nines the cawage is diluted due to recirculation. (2) inv rave of tiow through filters can be kept constant by varying the amount of sewage that is recirculated (3) The effluont quality is much improved, (4) The seeding of filters is done continuously with active organisms and enzymes, (5) It removes the wornout films and reduces the filn thickness. (6) It improves tha filter efficientRg represents the volume of rec 0 ‘aw sewage flow, The tecirculat 5 is common in treating damestic sewage groloyed with strong industrial wast Fecirculation are shows in Fig. a.32, Types of trickling Filters: There ware mainly two types of trickling filters namely: (1) Low Rate Tricking Filter oe St ickli i i rises Rate Trickling Filter and (2) High Rete Trickling Low Rate Tricktin Filter:The low-rate trickling fitter is fate filters varies depending upon the dean iteria bei por aces ecq"¥Staulicatiy, 9 uPer, Me da pedenitrist Bain pen Scze Per day (mgad), nepergenieally, § ta ae 2b S-day : Per 1,000 cu tt or Stone, define a low-vste trickling Filte; ath Tormal operation the lowerate filter wilt average 85 pe while it is not Surprising ta rand onix’s yery thin iim oF Sorrh on the bottam stance rts dow-rate filter is ino with the erdesigned. The demang for oxygen ig very low compa: oe Fluent from 2 low-rat. filter always contains on czel mélbigrama per liter of disaol nag eonan he 8x68e5. oxygen and the orxezsian of all the oxcea. to grow in the lower portion of the filter, The autotrophic nitrifying bacteria oxidize the ammonda to nitrite andthen to nitrete. Most low-rate filters show the exces nitrogen in the form of nitrates, indicating a very stable effluent. High-rate yrickling filters: The newd for Sdditional organic Temoval led to increased loadings bn filters, It was found tha if hydraulic loadings of domestic sewage were incressco rd Ab mged, the filters were onic to Fenove more pounds of BOD per ucit volume per day but the orgenié concentration in the effluent was very high’ Recirculation of the filtes effluent fo Produce the high hydraulic doading ‘reduced the influent tiga iS Concentration and produced @ lower orgenic concentra- tion in the effluent, satisfactory effluent can bo obtained only with considerable recirculation, Mathemat cally speaking, an a: recirculation de the upper linit, inovs on 8:1 facitculotion th influent concentration is ohly slightly above the effluent concentration and furthar recirculation becomesierely wasted motion:| as The original high-rate f. © oni *'et deep, sines most of the microbial activity tr@ in the pper 3 ft. Single-stage filers Yave way to -v..2-% ge fii ere to obtain Satisfactory effiuent quality. It was Pealized that two Soft filters were not f¥o. different than a single 6 ft. filter and so the high-rate filter increased its depth to 6 ft. The fact that the organic matter is distributed over a greater sugface ‘area prevents the development of the nitrifying bacteria and usually prevents and buildup of excess dissolved oxygen in the effluent. The high-rate filter is designed and operated very closely to the upper linits of microbial metabolism, A comparison of standard Rate and High Rate filters is shown in Table @.2 Table 8.2 Comparison of standard Rate and High Rate Standard | High Rete Bate Feature Depth of Filtering Media (a) Single stage {b) Double or multistage 2. Hydraulic loading 5-8 ft 3-8 3-4 ft 25-4 (a) gallons/day/sf? 25-100 z 200-1,000 (b) million gallon/acre/day Less than 4 10-40 ‘tmgad) —— 3, Organic loading a (a) BOD (ibs) /acrenft/day 200-1,000 1,000-3,000 (BOD (1bs)/1,090 cuft/day Over 25 4. Efficiency, per cent 35-60 365300) Tricklin ter Design: There are numerous variables which mey Gifect the performance and, thus, the design of trickling filter The designs have been based, for the most part, on empirical standards. A more rational approsch appears possible in the light of recent research, Some of th@ factors to be considered by the design engineer ere: 1. Composition and the characteristi vaste material 2] Organic loading to be applied on the fiivor 3. Hydraulic loading on the filter 4. Pretreatment by sedimentation 5. Recirculation gatio and system 6. Filter beds, their volume, area end dep Filtering media to be used Aeration Temperature Many of these factors are interelated ar ure considered jaintly due to lack of specific design informs*ions Since the treatment of sewage with tric ng filters, is primarily a biochemical process, the Swdey, 2u C-80D determina- {ion ie the printipel yardstick used to measur ‘both the Characteristics of the applied organic lcu. and the quality ofyay itert ‘ed aL 12 the final effluent. Variations in concentration may be consid gbie jand may vary hourly, daily and seasonally in Yooh volume and strength. Such variations are provided for in design by / multiple pumping arrangements and recirculation facilities, Since the trickling filter is an aerobic Process, it is essen tial that the waste applied to the filter be non-saptic for ciency of. teickling filters, Various methade of recirculation ‘are shown in Fig.8.12. Some methods of recircus (1) at low flows enly, (2)..at constant rete at cl) filmes, (3) et © rate proportional to squage fise and (4) at anual conerggnstent Fates predetormined autometicelly or by manual control, Eckenfolder developed an efficiency formulation applicebl to the Wesign of stone filtors treating domestic sewage, , L, e 100 = tn. (8.2) Ye 142.5 (p0-61 gO 88 : where L = BOD concentration in Filter effluent Lp = BOD cahcentration epplied to the filter D = depth of filter, ft. Q = hydraulic loading, mgad. When recirculation.is used, the influent BUD is diluted by the recirculated fiow. The applied BOD including recirculation can be computed as by + RL - . = ti te. (8.3) be wT where L; = influent sewage POD R = recirculation ratio Lp = BOD after admixture with recirculated flows or BOD concentration applied to the filter The filter performance of « recirculeted flow can be estimated by combiing Eqs. 8.2 and 6.3 as follows P =a. — 100. (8.4) U Do-67/g0-50)7 aOY ah FO Oe 122 Sewage Treatm®' cgentens; 8 | ‘pps The BOD removal in: trickling: titers is affected. by climatic conditions in the same way that other’ bi@logical processes are affected by temperature. Howland has shown thst the temperature effect’ on the filter purformance may be expressed by the rela- tionships (7-20) - . Ey = E91.035 (8,5) where Ey = BOD removal efficiency at temperature T° E2o= BOD removal efficiency at 20°C.” Example: Compute the BOD removal from a settled domestic sewage ina 6 ft deep filter with a hydraulic loading of 15 mgad without recirculation, Solution: Using tq. 8.2 0.67 0.37 aca = tray = 0.88 qv (as) 09 100 $7 TEER Owe) ~ Ges 92-8 por cont +". BOD removal = 100-31.8 = 68.2 per cent. Example: Tha BOD removal efficiency was found to be 71% at 20°C. What efficiency would be expected at 24°C 7? Using Eq. 6.5 )(24-20).93(2,035)*e01.5% Eoq = 71(1.035 Example: Compute the recirculation ratio ta obtain 90% BOD Temoval, using a depth of 5 ft and a hydtaulic loading of 15 mg Using Eq.8.4 L 2 Tinceae o Tp * Taree sro =o [> Solving for R, we get R=3.B8, which means tKat the ratio of thel recirculated flow'to the incoming sewage flow is 3,86:1. In order to remove treated liquid from the base of the trickling filter end to provide adequate air supply to the filter slime, some system of underdrains is necessary to desig These are usually constructed as a filse floor made of special tile pieces constructed fot this purpose. Circular retaining walls around filter media are usually designed as spiral struc and are made of reinforced cement concrete.General practice has been to use empirical relationships for trickling filter process design, especially when two or more stage filters are used simultaneously, Several of these relation have been developed from the data collected at the sewage treatment plants. The National Research Council (USA) developed one of the more popular relationships of—this-type. The NRC formula for a first-stage filter may be written as § = Se - (8.6) wood + 0.0085 ey ViFy) where Ey = efficiency of the firét stage filter in per cent. & = applied load pounds of S-day, 20°C BOD/day of settred sewage to the first stage filter, Vy = volume of filtering media, acre-ft of the first stage filter, Fy = recirculation factor of the first stage filter, The recirculation factor F) can be determined from +R, fu ne Oe where R = ratio of recirculated flow to the incoming sewage flow. For a second-stage filter, the efficiency equstion becomes 100 &2* Snes (8.8) 2 Te 0.00857(1-E) WF ay where E, = efficiency of the second stage filter. Wo = applied load, pounds of S-day, 20°C-BOD/day of settled sewage to the second stage filter. Vp = volume of the filtering media of the second stage © Filter, acre-ft, F, = recirculation factor of the second stage filter. Exemple: Find (a) acre-ft of filtering media required to effect 85 per cent removal of BOD from 10 mgd of waste containing 180 mg/l of five-day BOD when.it is applied to’ a single-stage trickling filter, (b) the ROD loading of the filter per acre-ft, and (c) the BOD loading and hydraulic’ loading if the filter is made 6 ft deep. Assume that the sewage is not to be recirculated. Sol ion: Using Eq. 8.6 : 100 (a) &, = 1 = THO BOOSH 7F Sy Sines there is no recirculetion, Fy = 1 Wy © 160x8.34x10=15, 000 100 85 = TyO-DoEST Is, oo07V, +". OV, = 34.6 acre-ft.124 Si i \" BI (b) Wy/V, = 234988 2 433.5 ab/acre=re “ (c) 433.5x6 = 2,600 lb/acre (ROD loading) and 2428 = 5.76 sore +. 30 . os Brag nad/ecre (mgad) Example: A trigkling filter plant de ts treat 2.2 mgd.of sewage at @ rate of $00,000 gpd per acrasfoot. The average BOD of the applied sewage is 130 mg/l, Ther@ ds no limit on the organié loading. If because of topographical conditions, the net effect- ive depth of the filter cannot exceed 6.33 ft, what Should be the size of the filter if two units are to be used ? Solution; Volume of the filters Bagot go = 4.4 acre-ft, a0 Area of filter = —{"te-= 0.7 acre = 30,300 oq. ft. Area of each filter = 254309 . is,150 say Ft. bia meted of the filter = 7 43-482 = 140 fe. Exemple: The efflusnt from a primary clarifier (average flow Tmgdy S-day BOD of 15U mg/1)is to be applied to a stenderd trickling filter. The loading is to be 10 1b per 1,000 cu ft of filter media per day. Surface loading is to be 2 mgd per abre. Determine the voluiié ‘of thetilter and the depth. Solution: Filter volume = 15948-34%2 . 425,000 cu ety 4 Area required = a acre = 21,780 sq. ft. Filter depth = eee = 5.75 ft, Example: The BOD of a raw sewage-to be received at a proposed treatment plant with a single stage high rate filter is 200 ng/l.and the plant effluent is to contain a BOD of 40 mg/L only. If the total flow is 1 mgd, BOD ‘removal in the primary clarifier is 35%, filter loading of 0.45 ab of BOD per sq. ft. of filter surface per day, what should be thé volume of sew recirculated and the diameter of the filter 7 Assijme the f efficiency as 63% Solution Total ROD of raw sewage per day = 260x8,34%2=2,000 ibs. BOD to be remained in the filter effluent per ddy = 40x8.34x10334 lbs. BOD removal in the primary clarifier = 0.38x2,000=700 4 BOD to be removed by the filtere2,00M-(700+334)=966 Ibs. Without recirculation, the BOD of the sewage applied to + filter = 240x0.65=156 lbs.——$<—< =r ment and Disposal 125 oN Since the Ai of trefFluent should not exceed 40 mg/l and the efficiency is 63% the BOD of the sewage applied to the filter should not be greater than 4u/(1-0.63) = 108 mg/l. Therefore, the recirculetion will be necessary and the volume of sewage to be recirculated should be Hor X 1,000,0GU = 705,000 gpd. BOD loading ie U.25 1b per sq.ft of filter surface, Therefore, the BOD removal in the filter and the followirg clarifier is 0.45x0.63 & 0.28 lb per sq.ft. Area required to remove 966 lb of BUD = 966/0.26=3,450 sq. ft. 2.450 Diameter of the filter = ¥ ¥ 67 ft. Example: A single stage filter of L'mgd with a BOD of 240 mg/2, loading of 3,000 1b of BOD in ¢! and the recircutation =atio is t the strength of the effluent ? (b) a two stege plant and the re same, determine the BOD cf the Assume 35% removal of BOD by the Solution: (6) f icaah 2 raw sewage flow designed for a per acre-ft. (a} what will be t is proposed to use " vetio remains to be the clarifer, Total BOD of raw seyage par day - 24048 544} = 2,000 lbs. Filter volume = 2,D00/3,000<0.5° sere.rc, Amount of BOD applind to jhe t W/VF = 1300/(0.6 removal in the f4 entage of BUD :ifier is € = 100/ § (2-0 .vassyT BOD of the plant effluent O.17)36 mg/l. (b) Volume of each filter = U.67/2-0.253 acre ft. Wy ANVyF, = 1300/(0.335x1.65)2360 ty per asze-fé. 4 cant, €, = 100/(1+0.008 Amount of BOD in the effluent of the first stage filter 23ND. = 377 Its. : 100 oye 2.0085 = O71 Yeh BOD in the plant effluent 3 24Gx(i-! EQ » SEXES -5i)=19.5 mg/L Example: A two stage trickling fiitca ts to.trest a x ewal flow of 1.12 mgd with a BOD of 28. filters are of equal capacity) 2: of 2800 1b of BOD i6 the raw = /i. “ve filters (both the no dssigned for a loading gece-ft. and the126 Sewage Tin SS Ue Whet will be the BOD of the final@rrluent if 30% BOD is removed by the primary clarifier ? Solution: Total BOD load of the sewage = 265x8.34x1,12=2650 lbs. BOD load on the filters = 265(1-0.30) = ‘mre Filter value required = 16572800-= 0.662 acre ft Volume of each filter = 0,662/2 = 0.331 acre re Recirculation factor, F = b+td) 3 7, ) (440.302. BOD loading on the first stage filter, w, = 1855 ibe, 1855 “M\F) = aapercr ° 2277 00 a Te. 006SYS 3 Again, wo = 1855 (1-0.68) = 592 ibs. 100 Ey = ri: = 55% 0.0085 M To.7t Yoraraxi.71 BOD of the final effluent = 265(1-0.3) x (1-0.68)x(1-0.55)=26.7 mg, 8.12 Activated Sludge Process: Activated sludge is defined as the sludge settled out of previously agitated in presence of abundant oxygen. The activated sludge process is a system:of bilogical waste-treatment in which biologically active growths are continuously circulated and contacted with organic waste in presence of oxygen. The oxygen is supplied to the system from compressed air injected into the sewage in the form of fine bubbles under tinbulent candtions. In the conventional activated sludge process, the sewaga is presettled and the effluent from the primary clarifier (Fig.8.13) is subjected to secondary treatment by activated sludge organiens This effluent, containing suspended end dissolved organic wastes, is aerated for a few hours in an aeration tank. During this period adsorption, flocculation and various oxidation reactions take place. The biochemical process is accelerated by the additio of a substantial volume of settled sludge from the secondary clarifier, This settled sludges (activated sludge) is composed of microorganiams in an active state of growth and acclimated of the waste being treated. The effluent from the aeration tank is passed to the secondary sedimentation tank or clarifier where the flocculated microorganisms settle out. A portion of this sludge is again used for seed. The effluent from this secondary or seed. The effluent from this secondary or final clarifier is clear and low in 30D, several modifications of a this simplified flow pattern are used for both sewage and me industriel wastes secondary treatment units. t 8u3 ey,+13) oer Final Clarifies Recirculatio Effiuen Aeration Tank cemeig Sitdg® Digester oconventional Activated Sludge atinent Plant Fig.8.13 Schematic Diagram of Process of Sewage Tre. Microorganisms: Activated Sludge js mae up of becteria, fungi, Ts, and sometimes nem: des. The bacteria are the most important group of migeasy ones which are Tesponsible for the stabilization of the organic matter and floc formation. All typos ap bacteria make up acti- waged sludge. The nature of the erganse Compounds in the sewage being stabilized detelmicos which basterial genera will predomi~ patie. JA proteinacuous sewace will faroor Alsalgenes, Flavobacterium, and Bacillus while @ carbchydrace sewage of a hydrocarbon waste fonds Faaset Peeudomones os well, Fung? are usually not desiresle in are found under certain conditions. A high carbohydrate waste, upguel organic compounds, low pH, and nutritional deficiencies all stimulate fungi tand toward the filamentous forms which ponte lemseoe ,f2ock formation. With ces-aty industrial wastes a ponfilamentous fungi Fuserius, can Produce an activated sludge with normal settling shazector sticg, but thio is the unusual rather theh the normal situation. ectivated sludge but Tha protozoa do not contribute directly to the stabili- zation of organic matter in the Rewagd being treaced by activated Sludge. The organic concentration ie toe lew ta guppozt animal growth, Protezog grows with the Bacteria and eventually feed upon bacteria, type activated sludge systems that the as the predominant anima Fragments of activated slu survive after all the fy by the protozda. The ro stable biological syste