AC Circuits | BI-B6 DC Generators wa uv G1-G4 Doman hora eres Emergency Generator and Emergency Supply ness | Batteries K1-K2 eae ae | Insulation MI1-M3 Protection, Dist Q1-Q6 oe aesMARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers AC_ FUNDAMENTALS Q. Define the following terms with reference to alternating currents. i) Cycle ii) Time period vi) Average value v) Peak factor —_v) Wave form i) Frequeney i) Cycle: One complete set of positive and negative values of alternating quantity is knows as cycle One complete cycle spreads over 360° or 27 radians. ii) Time period: The time taken by an alternating quantity to complete one cycle is known as its time period (T) iii) Frequency: The number of cycles / second is called the frequency of the alternating quantity. Unit Hz. iv) Peak factor: It is defined as the ration of maximum value of alternating quantity to its RMS value. For sinusoidal alternating quantity this factor is 1.414. v) Waveform : The shape of the curve obtained by plotting the instantaneous values of voltage or current as the ordinate against time as abscissa is called its waveform. vi) Average Value: The average value of alternating current is that value of direct current which transfers across any circuit in a given time, the same charge as is transferred by the alternating current in the same circuit. Q. Explain the significance of the root mean square value of an alternating cut wave form, Define the form factor of such a wave form, The root mean square value of an alternating current or voltage is of considerable importance in practice, because the ammeters and voltmeters record the RMS value of alternating current and voltage respectively. In electrical engineering work, unless indicated otherwise, the values of given current and voltage are always the RMS value. It is the effective or virtual value. This is the steady (d.c.) current when flowing through a given circuit for a given time produces the same heat as produced by the alternating current when flowing through the same circuit for the same time. ‘The form factor is defined as the ratio of RMS value to the average value. Its numerical value is 1.11. The form factor enables the r.m.s value to be found from the arithmetic mean value and vice versa. Q. Find the instantaneous value of a 50Hz sinusoidal emf wave of maximum value 100V, at an instant of time 0,003 seconds after the zero value. E = E,sinot where o = 2af Given, Em = 100V., f = SOHz ‘Therefore e = 100 sin (2 x 180 x 50 x 0.003) = 100sin54° = 100 x 0.809 = 80.9V Ans. A-l& MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions ond Answers Q. Find the first time after zero, when the instantaneous value of a sinusoidal current wave is 6.8A. the maximum value is 12A and the frequency is SOHz. Find also the 2" time after zero when the instantaneous value becomes 6.8. I = I,sinot Given, In = 12A andI = 6.8A Therefore, 6.8 = 12 sin (2x 180x 50x t) Sin (2 x 180x 50x) = 68/12 = 0.566 2x 180xS0xt = 345° t 34,5/ 18000 = 0.0019 secs or 1.9 m secs to obtain the second time value it is necessary to find time for a half cycle. ‘Time for cycle = %x1/50 = 0.01 secs ‘The second time at which the instantaneous value of current will be 6.8A 0.01 - 0.0019 = 0.0081 secs or 8.1 m secs Ans. Q. An alternating current varying sinusoidally with a frequency of S0Hz has an rms value of 20A. Write down the equation for the instantaneous value and the find the valtic i) 0.0025 sees and ii) 0.0125 sees after passing through the positive maximum value. iii) At what time measured from the positive maximum value will the instantaneous current be 14.144? i) Given I = 20A. therefore In @ = 2nx 50 rad/ sec. therefore i = 28.2sin100nt amps 20/0.707 = 28.24 i 282A +. 225° ————_+ when t = 0.0025 secs, after positive maximum value A2(iii) Q MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers i = 28.2 cos 100 x 180 x 0.0025 (positive maximum takes place at n/2 radians, hence wave form at this point can be considered as i = 28.2cos100mt amps) or else if sin equation has to be employed, then time can be calculated for 0.0025 secs can be added = 28.2 cos45” = 204 when t= 0.0125 secs 28.2cos100 x 180 x 0.0125 this positive maximum position and then the herei= 14.144 14.14 = 28.2cos100 x 180 xt 05100 x 180xt = 0.5 100 x 180xt = 60°, hence t = 60/ 18000 = 1/300sec. Ans. An alternating current of frequency 50Hz has a maximum value of 100A. Calculate (a) its value 1/600sec after the instant the current is zero and its value decreasing thereafter _(b) how many seconds after the instant the current is (increasing thereafter) will the current attain the value of 86.6A. 100sin100zt a) i = 100sin2x x 50x case (i) current zero and decreasing after Hence time as referred to point O is 1/100 + 1/600 Therefore, i = 100sin 100 x 180.x 7/600 Case (ii) , the time to be taken from point O b) Hence 86.6 = 100sin100 x 180 x t Sin18000t = 0.866 18000t = 60° 60/ 18000 = 1/300secs. Ans. time measured from A not from zero, 71600secs = 100sin210° = -50A Ans.MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers lal emf of 100V maximum value is connected in series with an emf of 80V maximum value lagging 60° behind the 100V emf. Determine the maximum value of the resultant voltage and its phase angle with respect (o the 100V emf. — Resolving into horizontal and vertical components, find the resultant and the required angle. Horizontal component : Ex = 100cos0° + 80cos60° 100 + 80x05 = 140V. 100sin0® - 80sin60° 0 - 80x 0.866 Resultant E = V140" + (-69.28)" = 156.2V The phase angle of the resultant cosp = Ey/E = 140/156.2 = 0.896 = 26,33" Ans. ion i = 40sin30t where tis in secs. A second current t by 60°. Vertical component: By fo 69.28V A current is represented by the equ: of same frequency but twice the amplitude lags behind the fi Calculate: (a) the value of the first current when second is at a posi (b) the values of both current 0.02 secs later. a) @ =2nf = 50 hence f = 50/2x3.14 = 8Hz Tm = 40 Amps When second current is at its positive peak, the first current be at 150°. e peak Time taken for I cycle = 1/f = 1/8 secs Time taken for “4 cycle = 1/16 secs and time to reach %4 cycle = 1/32 secs Time taken for 60° = 60/90 x 1/32 = 0,021 secs Hence time elapsed for first wave when the second is at its positive peak = 0,03 + 0.021 secs 40sinot = 40sin(2 x 180x 8x 0.051) = 21.85 A Ans. b) 0.02 secs later, t = 0.071 40sin(2 x 180x 8x 0.071) =-16.57 A Ans. second current i = 80sin(2aft— 7/3) = 80sin(2 x 180 x 8 x 0.071 - 60°) 45.197 A Ans. first current i __ a i Adrf MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers Q. With the delta-sta aid of delta and star connection diagrams, state the basic equation from which the d star-delta conversion equation can be derived ? o—_,——— 3740 aa i ayo | fa} b In ‘Star’ connection, Vpy = Vi / V3 and Ipn = I. Power = V3 Vi, I.cosp In ‘Delta’ connection, Van= Vi. and Ipn = h/V3, power = V3 Vi h.cosg. In view of the relationship between the line and phase currents and voltages, any balanced star connected system may be completely replaced by an equivalent delta connected system. A 3 phase star connected system having the voltage of Vi and current IL, may be replaced by a delta connected system in which phase voltage is Vi and phase current is :/V3. Similarly, a balanced star connected load having equal branch impedances each of Z, may be replaced by an equivalent delta connected load whose each phase impedance is 3Z.& MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers AC CIRCUITS Q. Compare series and parallel resonance circuits. Find the frequency circuit resonates. at which the following 1=150 G ee Rp = 100 r { 1 Li L,=02H | <—_——— AC supply a Series resonance Parallel resonance 1, At resonance, net reactance is zero, 1. Net susceptance is zero L/C =Z? 2. Circuit impedance is minimum, Z=R_ | 3. Reactive or waitless component of the consequently the circuit admittance is line current is zero. eee 4. Dynamic impedance = L/CR ohms Bb ASE eed Line current is minimum and is in } given by VR | phase with applied voltage. | 4. Power dissipated is maximum, V°/R 6. Power factor of the circuit is unity. 5. Power factor is unity Itis a rejector circuit 4 | XL = Xe 2. The admittance equals conductance: | | , | | 6. Voltage across the coil is higher than |g the voltage across the capacitance due to its resistance | 9. The current circulating between the two . The parallel resonance is referred as current resonance 7 Resonant frequency = 1/28VLC |" branches is many times greater than the | 8. Iris an acceptor circuit | fine current taken from the supply. 9. The series resonance is referred as 10, Resonant frequency voltage resonance Wm WLC = R?/ ee Solution to the problem: Resonant frequency = 1 /2aV¥ LC Total inductance = 0.1+0.2 = 0.3H Total capacitance = C\C)/C) +) = 2x 0.5/2.5 = 04 pF Hence resonant frequency =1/2x 3.14xV0.3x04 =549Hz Ans. Bel. MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers Q.a) Define the following terms b) a) b) ith reference to alternating currents. i) Cycle ii) Time period ii) Frequency iv) Peak factor A heater unit of inductance has a resistance of 6.50. and is intended for use h 100V mains. For what S0Hz voltage would it be suitable when placed in series with a external apparatus, of negligible resistance, having an inductance of 0.01 n? If the frequency rises by 5% and this voltage remains constant, what would be the resulting change of voltage at the heater terminals? i) Cycle: One complete set of positive and negative values of alternating quantity is known as cycle, one complete cycle spreads over 360° or 2x radians. ) Time period: The time taken by an alternating quantity to complete one cycle is known as its time period (T) Frequency: ‘The number of cycles / second is called the frequency of the alternating quantity. Unit Hz. iv) Peak factor: It is defined as the ration of maximum value of alternating quantity to its RMS value. For sinusoidal alternating quantity this factor is 1.414 Resistance of winding = 6.5.2 Working voltage = 100V Hence, rated current = 100/6.5 = 15.38A. Reactance of the choke XL = 2nfL = 2x 3.14x 50x 0.01 = 3.149 7.220 Impedance of the circuit = V6.57+3.14? = ¥52.11 Hence circuit voltage would be = Ix Z = 15.38 x 7.22 = 111.04V Hence applied voltage should be 111.04 V to give 100V on the heater. When the frequency rises by 5%, new frequency = 52.5 Hz New X= 2x3.14x 525x001 = 3.2979 New impedance = Zy = V6.5" + 3.29 53.12 = 7.2882. New heater current = V/Zy = 111.04/7.288 = 15.23 A New voltage across heater terminals = 15.23x6.5 = 98.995 V Hence change of voltage = 100-98.995 =1.005V Ans. B2& MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers Q. a) Show that for a Y connected load the voltage is V3 times the phase voltage. b) Three similar coils of each of resistance 200 and inductance 0.5 henry are connected a star connection to a three phase 50 Hz, 400V (between lines) supply. Calculate the line current and the total power absorbed. a) The voltage induced in each winding is called the phase voltage and current in each winding is likewise known as phase current. Voltage between any pair of terminals is called the line voltage and the current flowing in each line is called line current. In Y connection (known as star connection) the connected together to form a neutral point. ends of the three windings are There are two phase windings across a pair of terminals. Hence the instantaneous value of pd. between any two terminals is the arithmetic difference of the two phase emfs concerned However the r.m.s value of this p.d. is given by the vector difference of the two phase emfs. If we denote the phases as R,Y,B, let Er, Ey, Ep be the phase voltages and Let Vpy be the line voltage between phases R and Y ‘Vy be the line voltage between phases Y and B Vor be the line voltage between phases B and R. Then p.d between R and Y ie. Vay = vector difference of Ex and Ey Vey is found by compounding Ex and Ey reversed and its value is given by the diagonal of the parallelogram. ie the resultant of Ex and Ey reversed. ‘The angle between Eg and Ey reversed is 60°. Eg = Ey = Ep = Eph, then Vey = 2x Epnx cos 60°/2 = 2xBnx¥3/2 = VBE pq Line voltage = Y3 phase voltage. b) Instarconnection Ep) = Ejine/¥3 = 400/V3 = 230.94V Impedance per coil Z = VR?+X? = ¥20°+157? = 158.20, Hence Ipy = 23.94/ 158.2 = 1.460 A In star connection line current = phase current Hence line current I, = 1.460 A Power factor = cosp = R/Z = 20/1582 = 0.1264 Power = V3 x V_ x x cosp= 127.8 watts Ans. B-3i MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers Q Q. a) Explain how fluorescent tubes power factor is improved. b) A fluorescent tube lamp taking 80 W at 0.7 power factor (lagging), from a 230V. 50 Hz supply is to be corrected to unity power factor. Determine the value of the correcting approach required. a) The power factor is normally improved by connecting a capacitor in parallel with the supply. Without this capacitor the power factor may be as low as 0.2 lagging due to the choke’s inductance and the supply current will be 4 to 5 times larger than normal b) As the capacitor will be connected in parallel to'the supply to improve the power factor, ‘The power factor to be unity indicates the condition of parallel resonance Tn such a case, the current through the capacitor should nullify the reactive component of load current, ie. the current through the tube. Power of the tube = 80 watts Supply voltage Vi cosp = 80, hence I = 80/230%0.7 = 0.4969 A The current through the capacitor = reactive component of this line current 0.4969 x sing = 0.4969 x 0.714 = 0.3548 A hence V/Xe = 0.3548, Xe = 230/0.3548 = 648.250 1/2nfC = 648.250; orC = 1/648.25x314 = 4.912 x 10° Farads 230V, and power factor = 0.7 hence the capacitor to be added in parallel to the power supply is 4.912 pFarads. Ans. A total load of $000 KW at 0.8 power factor is supplied by two alternators in parallel. One alternator supplies 6000 kW at 0.9 power factor. Find kVA rating of the other alternator and the power factor Alternator A supplies 6000kW at 0.9 p.f. (lagging assumed) Its apparent power = 6000/0.9 = 6667 kVA Cosoq = 0.9, hence pa = 25°50’ and sing, = 0.4357 Hence reactive power = 6667 x 0.4357 = -2905 kVAR Alternator supplies = 8000-6000 = 2000kW Apparent power = 8000/0.8 = 10000 kVA Cos 06 Hence reactive power of the load = 10000x 0.6 = -6000kKVAR 0.8 (assumed lagging) sing Reactive power of alternator B = -6000 ~ (-2905) = - 3095 KVAR ‘Therefore apparent power of alternator B = 4” 2000° + 3095? = 3685 kVA. Power factor of alternator B = 2000/3685 = 0.543 (lagging) Ans. Bedoe MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers Q. What is capacitive reactance, and how does it arise in AC circuits? A capacitor in an AC circuit exhibits a kind of resistance called capacitive reactance, measured in ohms. This depends on the frequency of the AC voltage, and is given by Capacitive Reactance = Xe = WoC = 1/2nfC ‘The larger the capacitance of the capacitor, the more charge has to flow to build up a particular voltage on the plates, and the higher the current will be. The higher the frequency of the voltage, the shorter the time available to change the voltage, so the larger the current has to be. The current, then, increases as the capacitance increases and as the frequency increases, ‘The AC power supply produces an oscillating voltage. Follow the circuit through one cycle of the voltage to figure out what happens to the current. Step 1 - At point a (see diagram) the voltage is zero and the capacitor is uncharged. Initially, the voltage increases quickly. The voltage across the capacitor matches the power supply voltage, so the current is large to build up charge on the capacitor plates. The closer the voltage gets to its peak, the slower it changes, meaning less current has to flow. When the voltage reaches a peak at point b the capacitor is fully charged and the current is momentarily zero. Step 2 - After reaching a peak, the voltage starts dropping. The capacitor must discharge now, so the current reverses direction. When the voltage passes through zero at point c, it's changing quite rapidly; to match this voltage the current must be large and negative. Step 3 - Between points ¢ and d, the voltage is negative. Charge builds up again on the capacitor plates, but the polarity is opposite to what it was in step one. Again the current is negative, and as the voltage reaches its negative peak at point d the current drops to zero. Step 4 - After point d, the voltage heads toward zero and the capacitor must discharge. When the voltage reaches zero it’s gone through a full cycle so it's back to point a again to repeat the cyc BSca MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers Q. What is reactive power? Why is such a term not encountered when DC sources are used in electric circuit? ‘Active power, also known as working power, is the energy converted into useful work. ‘Apparent power, on the other hand, is the total energy consumed by a load or delivered by the utility. So power factor is the proportion of power converted into useful work to the total power consumed by the loads or delivered by the power source. The power not converted into usefull work is called reactive power (Q). Reactive loads such as inductors and capacitors dissipate zero power, yet the fact that they drop voltage and draw current gives the deceptive impression that they actually do dissipate power. This "phantom power" is called reactive power, and it is measured in a unit called Volt-Amps-Reactive (VAR), rather than watts Power merely absorbed and returned in load due to its reactive properties is referred to as reactive power. True power is a function of a circuit's dissipative elements, usually resistances (R). Reactive power is a function of a circuit's reactance (X)& MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers ALTERNATORS ied before an | nerator ean be be sat Q.a) State the conditions, which mu paralleled with live bus- b) L Sketch a lamp-bright configuration for synchronizing lamps 2 State the advantages of the lamps-bright system State the disadvantages of the lamps-dark system. a) Normally two or three generator units are provided on board the ship. At least two of them have to be run in parallel to share total electrical load that exceeds capacity of a single machine. ‘When load is less and normal only one machine will be run and either of the other two can be kept as stand by. Change over of main and standby generator units require a brief parallel running period to achieve a smooth transition without a blackout situation. Parallel running is achieved in 2 stag nchronizing and load sharing, Both can be carried out automatically, but manual control is still in common use and is generally provided anyway as a back-up to the auto control mode. The generator, which is already supplying power to bus-bar and on load is known as running machine and the generator to be paralleled with it is known as incoming machine. Paralleling is done by synchronizing the incoming machine with the bus-bar or the running generator For synchronising, the following three conditions are to be satisfied: 1. Incoming and running machine voltages to be equal 2. Incoming and running machine frequencies to be equal. 3. their phase sequences to be equal b) 1. Synchronising is achieved by using i) ‘Dark Lamps Method’ (2 lamps) — for single phase alternators ii) ‘Bright Lamp Method’ (2 lamps) ~ for single phase alternators iii) ‘Sequence Method’ (3 lamps) ~ for three phase alternators. In each case the lamps are connected between the incoming generator and busbar C4& MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers i) Dark Lamp Method ; Let us consider synchronising of a single phase alternator with lamps connected as shown in the figure. Here it is apparent that equality and phase on either side of the breaker results in zero voltage across the lamps, which are then completely dark. A difference of frequency will cause the lamps to brighten and darken, indicated by rate of pulsation. This method of synichronizing sometimes make the judgement of the midpoint of dark period difficult, ie. closing of paralleling breaker. It is overcome by the bright lamp method. ii) Bright lamp meth as shown, In this method the lamps of the dark lamp method are cross connected =) @ © Inc Menta The bright lamp connection, as shown, ensures that the lamps are at maximum brightness when the two supplies are in phase. It should be noted that the rating of the lamps should equal the working voltage of the system, as this will be the voltage across each lamp when synchronism occurs. C2= MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers In case of 180° out of phase condition, the voltages of the bus-bars and incoming machine oppose each other, as far as the two lamp circuit is concerned. The voltage acting around the lamp circuit ids zero. Hence the lamps are dark, and only attain maximum brightness when synchronism occurs. The moment for closing the breaker can thus be determined with exactness. One lamp also can be used and the other replaced by a resistor mounted within the switchboard, iii) Sequence method: The sequence method is preferred as it displays a rotation of lamp brightness. This method is used for synchronizing 3 phase alternators (normally available on board the ships) ORS (i) terme tame QL Breaker Runiog Akerator Incoming Altemator Arrangement of Synchronising Lamps This method indicates the incoming machine is running fast (clockwise) or slow (anticlockwise). The lamps sequence must appear to rotate slowly clockwise. Correct synchronism occurs when the top or key lamp is dark and the other two lamps are equally bright. The error is the frequency of the incoming machine as compared with busbar frequency is shown by the rate at which the lamps darken or brighten b) 2. Advantages of lamps-bright configuration In case of 180" out of phase condition, the voltages of the bus-bars and incoming machine oppose each other, as far as the two lamp circuit is concerned. The voltage acting around the lamp circuit ids zero. Hence the lamps are dark, and only attain maximum brightness when synchronism occurs. The moment for closing the breaker can thus be determined with exactness. One lamp also can be used and the other replaced by a resistor mounted within the switchboard b) 3. Disadvantages of Lamps-Dark Method The judgment of the midpoint of the bright period is comparatively easier compared to dark lamp method. Effective synchronization and closing of the breaker will be easier and convenient in a bright lamp configuration.ee MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers Q. Explain why, upon heavy impact loading, self excited compounded alternators provide the best response in limiting voltage dip and recovery time? The terminal voltage of an alternator drops (voltage dip) on impact loading (which is instantaneous) and recovery of this drop takes place and steady state voltage is obtained after certain time. This phenomenon is due to the sub-transient, transient reactances and the steady state is reached when these two reactances stabilize into synchronous reactance. There is first an instantaneous current peak of about eight times full load current as determined by sub-transient reactance. This peak decays rapidly to a lower value and then at a slower rate determined by the varying transient reactance until a steady state is reached, determined by the synchronous reactance. The effect of power factor of impact loading on the transient as well as the steady state voltage regulation is important and it is necessary to take these conditions into account in the design of the machines. It is important to note that the magnitude of the effects of sub-transient and transient reactance is not controllable by AVR. Too great a dip with too long a recovery time will cause objectionable flicker of lighting and may have adverse effects on the other running motors, volt sensitive equipments (like radar if connected directly to mains) etc. AVR cannot control the amount of dip but can influence the speed of recovery . Recovery time is also affected by the time constant of the generator and exciter and the voltage ceiling of the later Recovery time involves excitation system. The requirements for excitation voltage and current vary over a very wide range, not only to meet the normal load and p.f. changes but also upward and downward field forcing. The more rapidly the output voltage can be changed so more rapidly can the generator voltage be restored and this must b e achieved without sacrificing stability. Static systems can produce very fast response when properly designed. Compounded generators using current transformers correctly designed are capable of providing a high instantaneous forcir voltage giving the best potential transient performance and as they do not operate on a closed loop system there is no risk of instability. ‘The need to avoid a total collapse of generator voltage under short circuit conditions is fundamental to the maintenance of protective and discriminatory systems ‘These limitations have led to the development of self excited compounded generators in which not only is the dip much less than in conventional machines but the recovery time is also considerably improved. In these systems, the load change itself has an immediate effect on the excitation without any delay arising from AVRs or exciters. Practically all self excited generators are also compounded and therefore come under the category of voltage regulation is based on “functional” rather than “error operated”. This term embraces tems of voltage control which operate by measuring or sensing changes n loading conditions and endeavors to maintain normal voltage by the use of components built into the system. They differ from ‘error operated’ systems in which a change of voltage takes place and it is then restored to normal, which is the principle on which AVR’s operate. It follows that functional systems will generally respond faster than error operated systems. Because of practical difficulties, some “functional” systems use an AVR for trimming purposes to maintain the normal voltage within very narrow limits. With standard equipments the voltage can be maintained within 1.5% to 2.5% of rated voltage. Most of the systems use the terminal voltage as datum for establishing the no load voltage and use the load current to provide the extra excitation needed to balance the armature reaction and leakage C4= MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers reactance effects. ‘The various systems used differ in the method adopted for trimming (which is required to take care of loading conditions, variation of field resistance from cold to hot, and power factor). In most of the schemes a saturated reactor is used. Parallel operation between self excited generators and conventional machines with DC exciter and quick acting AVR is not advised because the rapid response of the former due to load fluctuations ‘would tend to cause them to take most of the load and thereby endanger the stability of the system: There are usually no fuses in the regulating system, hence there is no danger of excessive excitation or excess voltage such as can occur with AVRs. As for the control system is concerned, when two machines are intended for parallel operation, their control system components should also be connected in the same phase sequence. In compounded self excited alternators, this is achieved by static excitation, described as follows The principle of static excitation system is that a three phase transformer with two primaries, one in shunt and other in series with the alternator output, feeds current from its secondary windings through a 3 phase rectifier for the excitation of main alternator rotor Excitation for the no load condition is provided by shunt connected primary winding which is designed to give sufficient main rotor field current for normal alternator voltage at load. The reactor coils create an inductive effective so that the current in the shunt winding lags the main output voltage by 90°. Build up of voltage is assisted by capacitors, which promote a resonance condition with the reactors or by means of a pilot exciter.se MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers ‘The load current in the series primary coils. contributes to the additional input to the excitation system to maintain voltage as load increases. Variations in load current directly alter excitation and rotor field strength to keep the voltage approximately correct. Both shunt and series inputs are added vectorially in the transformer. Diodes in the three phase rectifier change the AC to DC, which is then smoothed and fed to the alternator rotor through slip rings. Voltage control within close limits is achieved by trimming with static AVR to counteract small deviations due to internal effects and wandering from the ideal load/voltage line. The AVR may be of the static type (functional) or error operated type. Q. Give a bri rotor of a outline of the AC generator ‘and maintenance that should be given to the stator and Always ensure that generator prime mover is shut down and locked off. Circuit breaker should be put off and warning sign boards (o be placed before doing any maintenance. 1. Check all connection in the stator terminal box are tight. Check for signs of oil and water contamination of cable insulation within the terminal box. 2. Keep cooling air intake and exhaust are free of dirt and dust. Clean the filters at regular intervals. 3. Ensure that the space heaters come “on” automatically whenever the alternator is stopped for a Jong time. They should go “off” when the alternator is started. 4. Inspect and clean alternator rotor and stator windings by removing dust with dry lint free cloth: ‘An industrial type vacuum cleaner with rubber or plastic nozzle (so as not to damage the winding insulation) is very effective in removing dirt. Oil on the winding r educes insulation resistance and shortens its life. Use electro cleaner for degreasing. Minor abrasions to winding insulation can be repaired after cleaning by applying air drying varnish. 5. Slip rings on the rotor must be checked for even wear and that carbon brushes have free movement in their boxes. Correct brush pressure can be checked by pull type spring balance and compared with maker's instruction. A pull of around 0.14 to 0.21 kg/cm? is usual. Worn ‘out brushes (below 2 cms approximately) suffer reduced spring pressure and cause sparking at slip ring contacts. Replace brushes with correct type and ‘bed’ them to the curvature of the slip rings. This can be done by placing a thin strip of glass paper (not emery paper) over the slip ring, with its cutting surface under the carbon brush. Pull glass paper around slip ring til] brush surface has the same contour as the slip ring. Remove all traces of carbon dust with a vacuum cleaner 6. In case of brushless alternator, the rotating diodes should be kept free from dirt, oil and dampness. 7. Measure the insulation resistance of stator and rotor windings. Remember to disconnect any electronic circuit components which may be damaged by a 500V insulation test. Measure the insulation of the stator winding and the rotor winding to earth, and between stator phases ‘A minimum value is 1 MQ, but a lower value may be acceptable to a surveyor based on 1kQ/volt. 8. No load running checks should be don before synchronising and loading. On load check for ‘excess temperature rise and load sharing stability when running in parallel C6& MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers Q. A twelve pole, 3 phase, delta connected alternator runs at 600 rpm and supplies a balanced star connected load. Each phase of the load is a coil of resistance 350 and inductive reactance 25Q. The line terminal voltage of the alternator is 440V. Determine a) frequency of supply) current in each coil ¢) current in each phase of the alternator d) total power supplied to the load. Frequency f = NP/120 where P = number of poles and N = rpm a) f = 12x 600/120 60 Hz Ans. b) Since the load is balanced, Vin = 4403 volts Impedance of one phase of load, Zm= V35?+25°Q = 43.012 For star connected load, Ij =I. Therefore, Ip, = 440/V3 x 43.01 = 5.91A = 5.91 A Ans. Therefore current in a coi ©) Current in each phase of alternator, = 13 = 5.91N3 = 3.41 A Ans. d) Power factor of Load = cos = R/Z = 35/43.01 = 0.81 (Lagging) Ans. Q. a) Derive an expression for the emf induced in an AC generator. b) Describe the eff AC generator. ct of vary 1g power factors on the load/voltage curve of ¢) A 3000 KVA, 6 pole alternator runs at 1000 rpm in parallel with other machines on 3300V bus bars. The synchronous reactance is 25%. Caleulate the synchronizin; power for 1 mechanical degree of displacement and the corresponding synchronizing torque. a) Let Z = number of conductors / phase 27 where T is the number of coils or turns per phase number of poles requency of induced emf in Hz flux/pole in webers rotor rpm Ky = distribution factor of the winding pitch or coil span factor P f ® N C7MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers Average induced emf per conductor = dp/dt; do = gP dt = 60/N sec hence, average induced emf per conductor = @P/60/N = @PN/60 but f=PN/ 120, hence N = 120f/P; average induced emf/conductor = gP x 120f/Px 60 = 2f@ volts, ‘Total number of conductors is Z/phase or 2T/phase, Hence induced emf/phase = 2fox2T = 4 fet volts RMS value of induced emf/ phase = 1.11 x 4fpT volts = 4.44 fg T volts. This would have been the actual value of the induced voltage if all the coils in a phase were full pitched and concentrated or bunched in one slot (instead of being distributed in several slots under poles). This not being so, the actually available voltage is reduced in the ratio of the winding factors. Hence actual voltage available per phase. = 4.44 k,kafoT volts b) With change in load, there is a change in terminal voltage of alternator. The magnitude of this change depends not only on the oad, but also on the load power factor. For unity power factor, armature reaction effect is distortional, for lagging power factor it is demagnetizing — hence drop in terminal voltage, and for power factor, it aids the main m.m.f and hence armature reaction is magnetizing. Hence greater induced e.mf. To keep terminal voltage same, excitation has to be reduced, r | | ©) Alternator is working in parallel with other alternators. Hence it can be considered to be connected to infinite busbars. Voltage / phase = 3300/13 = 1905 volts Full load current I = 3x 10°/V3 x 3300 = 525A Now, IX; = 25% of 1905 ; hence X, = 0.25 x 1905/525 = 0.90752. Synchronizing power = 3 x aE”/X, a= [mech = 1x 6/2 = 3° electrical @ = 3xx/180 = 7/60 electric radians hence synchronizing power = 3 x xx 1905? /60x 0.9075 x 1000 = 628.4kW. Ans. 9.55 x 628.4 x 10°/ 1000 = 6000N-m Ans. Synchronizing torque = 60 x synch power / 2m x Ny= ic = MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers Q. a) b) a) b) BASIC DC AND DC CIRCUITS Explain the factors which govern the variation of resistance of conductors. mand carries a current of An armature conductor has a effective length of 400r Assuming that the average flux density in the air gap under the poles is 0.5 calculate the force in newtons exerted on the conductor. Resistance of conductor = px 1/a where p= specific resistance 1 = length of conductor in mtrs a= area of cross section of conductor in m* Resistance of the conductor depends basically on the resistivity of the material, length of the conductor and the area of cross section of the conductor. Resistivity (hence, Resistance also) varies with temperature. For the positive coefficient resistance materials, the resistance increases with temperature. For negative temperature coefficient materials, the resistance decreases with increase in temperature. Resistance of the conductor depends also on the nature of the material Force on aconductor = BIL newtons B = 05ST 1 = 25 Amps L = 400mm = 04 mtrs Hence force F= 0.5 x 25x 0.4 5.0 newtons Ans.MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers Q. Three batteries A.B and C have their negative terminals connected together. Between the positive terminals of A and B there is resistor of 0.5 and between B and C there isa resistor of 0.30. Battery A_105V, internal resistance 0.250 Battery B 100 V, internal resistance 0.20 Battery C _95V, internal resistance 0.250. nt values Determine the the two resistors and the power dissipated by them Ih 0562 1 032 Using Kirchoff's laws: 105-100 = I) ,0.5 + ()~ Ie) x 0.2 +1), 0.25 100-95 = (h-1)x0.24+hx03,hx 0.25 5 =0.75h+021,-02h ay and = 02h-02N+4055h .. ....(2) solving for I, and Ip, we get I) = 7.06 A and b = 8.55 A power in 0.50 resistor = 7.06°x 0.5 = 3.53x 7.06 = 24.9 watts 8.55°x0.3 = 73.1x0.3 = 21.9watts Ans. power in 0,30 resistor D2ria MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers Q Explain the principle of conservation of charge and its relationship to Kirchost"s current law. ‘The conservation of energy and conservation of charge when applied to electrical circuits are known as Kirchoff’s laws, Conservation of charge = total charge in, equals total charge out. Kirchhoff's circuit laws are a pair of laws that deal with the conservation of charge and energy in electrical circuits. The principle of conservation of electric charge implies that: At any point in an electrical circuit where charge density is not changing in time, the sum of currents flowing towards that point is equal to the sum of currents flowing away from that point. An electrical network is an interconnection of electrical elements such as resistors, inductors, capacitors, and switches. It can be as large as an electricity distribution or transmission network. An electrical circuit is a network that has a closed loop, giving a return path for the current. A network is a connection of two or more simple circuit elements, and may not necessarily be a circuit. Charge density is the amount of electric charge per length, area, or volume. D3& MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers CABLES Q.a) Describe the materials used as conductors in cable b) A section of a supply cable AB_ 1 Km long has a fault to earth such that, when end B is disconnected, the resistance measurement from end A to earth is 5Q. When end A is disconnected, the resistance reading from end B to earth is 3Q. The length of the cable AB has a resistance of 40 when intact. Find the distance of the fault from end A. a) The materials normally used in the cables are, 1. Hard Drawn Copper : It has the highest conductivity (97%), high tensile strength and the best weather resisting properties. Quite costly and material availability is comparatively less. For the same length it weighs more than the aluminium conductor. Its resistivity is quite high. Comparatively more ductile. 2. Hard Drawn Aluminium : For the same resistance and voltage drop, aluminium conductor has 1.6 times the cross section of copper but due to low density, the weight is only 0.48 times. Comparatively cheaper. Property Hard drawn copper _| Hard drawn aluminium Conductivity @ 20°C 97% | 61% Resistivity @ 200°C i 17774 | 2.845 Constant mass temperature coefficient 0.00381 | 0.00403. | of resistance per °C @ 20°C | | Coefficient of linear expansion per °C 0.00017 0.000023 _ Density @ 20°C_gms/em* 8.89 2.703 UTS Ke/mm 35-47 16-22 Final modulus of elasticity 12000 7000 b) Let the resistance of the fault = RQ Since the cable resistance itself is 4 Q, (Resistance of end A to earth—R) + (resistance of end B toearth -R) = 40 or 5-R +#3-R=40 hence = 20 for a cable resistance can be assumed to be proportional to the length. From end A to fault = 50 and the fault resistance is 2. Hence, cable length is such as to have a resistance of 3 ‘Thus fault must 3/4 x 1000 = 750 mtrs fromend A Ans.& MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Anse: Q. A load resistance of 2,10 is fed through the twin core cable 437m long. the cable is 4.38 x 10% Q/m. the d.c. supply voltage is 250V. An earth fault somewhere along the positive line caused the supply current to rise to 120A and the load current to fall to 987A. At what distance along the cable did the fault occur? (In this problem cable length is given wrongly. The length should be 457m for the fault to occur within this length. With 437m the fault will occur outside the cable length which is absurd. But we shall work with 437m as given length and at the end, we shall prove that the answer is absurd and then please mention if the length is taken as 457m, the fault will occur at 348.4m, which is the answer) Fault cutent VDC Supply 0.1914 Q Each core of the cable will have a resistance of 437 x 4.38 x 10° =437x 10°x4.38x 10% = 0.19140 Let the resistance between the supply and the fault condition be x ohms. Then the circuit will be as shown. Applying Kirchoff's laws: 250 = 120x +98.7(0.1914-x) +98.7 (2.1) + 98.7 (0.1914) = 120x + 18.891 — 98.7 x + 207.27 + 18.891 = 120x ~ 98.7x +.245.052 21.3x = 4.9478; hence x = 4.9478/21.3 = 0.23239 ‘The distance of the fault is therefore 0.2323 / 4.38 x 10% = 530.34 m i » ti Ge (this means the fault occurs outside the cable length which is absurd) Looks like the cable length given is wrong may be due to printing error, ‘Assuming the cable length to be 457m, we get the cable resistance as 0.2 and the value of x becomes 0.1526 Q. Hence the distance of fault becomes 0.1526 / 4.38 x 10“ = 348.4m, which is well within the length of the cable i Correct distance of the fault will be 348.4 m from the supply point.& MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions ond Answers CAPACITORS Q. What are the troubles that exist in capacitors? Explain how to check with an obm-meter The capacitors are usually connected in shunt or in series with the load to improve power factor or voltage. If the shunt capacitor is connected, then the voltage drop decreases and the voltage rises at the load end. The voltage drop is given by, voltage drop = Rl +XIx—Xle. where I. is the current through the capacitor. IF. be made sufficiently large, both resistive and reactive drops can be neutralized. However, if I. is made large enough to compensate the voltage drop at full load, there will be covercompensation at light loads, as a shunt capacitor will continue to draw the same current imespective of the load. The voltage as a result of over compensation can rise to an unacceptable high level at the receiving end. To overcome the difficulty, manual or automatic switching of capacitors, to suit the requirements of load and voltage are resorted to. Where the capacitors of a fixed rating with no automatic or manual control are installed, the rating of the capacitors should be equal to the reactive component of the minimum load over a 24 hour period. This will ensure unity p.f. at the minimum load. Capacitors of larger rating can be used if voltage conditions permit. Each capacitor unit consists of ‘a large area of insulation, and though the failure of this insulation is rare, it cannot be entirely ruled out. A capacitor can become, ‘shorted’ or ‘open circuited” or develop ground fault. If a unhealthy unit is not promptly isolated from the cireuit, it can result in damage, electrical and mecttanical, to other healthy units in the assembly. Metal casing enclosing a capacitor unit can rupture and cause extensive damage. Entire banks of capacitors will be ruined if fault protection is not provided. Protection if provided by Fuses and circuit breakers (incorporating protection against unbalance in currents, in addition to the usual overload protection). Wherever the fuses are used, itis preferred that each individual unit is separately protected by a fuse. The capacitors when connected have to always operate at full load. Its KVA, loading varies as the square of the applied voltage. Hence, it is necessary to keep a close watch on the voltage. Capacitors should normally not be operated at a voltage exceeding 110% of the rated voltag It is good practice to operate the capacitors at maximum permissible voltage and maximum ambient temperature simultaneously. If there is a tripping of supply, sufficient time should be allowed for capacitors to discharge before switching them on again. There must not be more than 10% residual voltage across the terminals at the time of re-closing of the breaker. Suitable timing device should be incorporated for this purpose in automatically controlled capacitors. Capacitors should be allowed to discharge through the discharge device provided for the purpose before working on them. A warning instruction that ‘discharge capacitors before handling’ must be prominently displayed. Fl& MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers A capacitor can be checked with a battery operated ohm-meter as below: 1. A good capacitor shows ‘dead short’ between any two terminals at first, and the resistance reading gradually starts building up as the capacitor begins to charge up to the battery voltage. 2. A good capacitor will show an almost infinite resistance between the terminals and the earth point from the very beginning Q.a) Derive an expression for the capacitance of a cylindrical capacitor. b) Find the voltage across each dielectric in the capacitor consisting two diclectries between the plates when the applied voltage is 200V. €; = €o, €2 = 5€ o, d= 3mm, d; = Imm, A= 1m’, a) D= flux in coulomb /area in m?= w/ A =Q/A Cim?, = Q/2nx C/m* where 2nx is the Area of the curved surface of the imaginary co-axial cylinder E = electric intensity = D/€y €, = Q/2nx Ey €, Vin Now, dV = -Edx Or V = -Edx = -,°f-Qdx/2ax & €, -Q/2n€o€, { logx }°s -Q/2n€o€, {log ea—logeb} = - QM 2x €y€, log a/b) C = QW = 2€o€; / loge (b/a) b) EB DIE, = Q/AG D/ = Q/AG Vi = Ed) and V2= Eads Vil Va dof €2 dof 5€y-1/ 5€o VitV2 = 200V Solving for Vi& V2 , we get V1 = 187.5 V and V2 = 12.5V Ans. F2MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers DC GENERATORS Q. The armature of a 4 pole generator runs at 600 rpm. the area of each pole face is 0.09m" and the flux density in air gap is 0.92. find the average emf induced in each conductor. If the armature is made up of 210 single turn coils connected to provide 4 parallel paths between brushes, find generator terminal voltage. E, = generated voltage = gZN/60 x P/A Number of turns = 210, hence number of conductors 0.92 x 0.09 0.0828 x 420 x 600/60 x 4/4 420 0.0828 wb 347.76V_ Ans. B=0.92T, hence flux @ = Bx area Therefore Ey Q. Two generators supply a total current of IS0A. the terminal voltage of on ine falls uniformly from 230V on open circuit to 218V when delivering 80. ‘The terminal voltage of 2" machine falls uniformly from 236V to 220V when delivering 80A, calculate the current output of each generator and busbar voltage. For machine 1, fall in voltage is 12V. Hence the rate of fall = 12/80 = 0.15V/amp For machine 2, fall in voltage is 16V. Hence the rate of fall = 16/80 = 0.2 V/amp Let V = bus bar voltage, I, = current output of machine 1, I Then V = 230—0.151), Also V = 236-0.2h Hence 230-0.15 = 236-0.2h Therefore 0.2-0.15h = 6, Given +h = 150 = current output of machine 2 Solving the equations for Iy and Ir, we get J = 68.6A, and I; = 81.44 Substituting the value of I in the equation we get ‘V = 236-0.2x 81.4 = 219.7V Ans. Q. A small 2 pole magneto has a useful flux of 0.0015 wb. Calculate the average induced emf for an armature having 400 turns driven @ 1200 rpm. Number of turns = 400, hence number of conductors = 800 All these conductors are in series because while one conductor of a turn is lying under one magnetic pole, the other conductor of same turn is lying under the opposite pole, so that their emf’s add up. (Fleming’s RH rule). In one revolution each conductor passes through 2 poles. hence it cuts through the flux of 2 x 0.0015 wbs. N = 1200 rpm or 20 rps. Therefore flux cut by one conductor/sec = 2 x 0.0015 x 20 wb. Therefore armature emf = 2x 0.0015 x 20x 800V = 48V Ans. GAae MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers Q. A 100 KW, 250V generator is paralleled with a 300 kW, haye same voltage ‘OV gener: gulation. The first generator is supplying a cui other 500A. what would be the current supplied by each generator i 600A is connected to the bus. for. Both generators int of 200A and the onal load of Paralleled generators with different power ratings, but the same voltage regulation will divide the bus load in direct proportion to their respective power ratings. ‘Therefore the current supplied by Generator I 100___x 600 = 150A Ans. 100 + 300 the current supplied by Generator 2. = 300/400 x 600 0 450A Ans. ~ ‘The armature of a 4 pole shunt generator is lap wound and generates 216V when running at 600 rpm, the armature has 144 slots with 6 conductors / slot. If the armature rewound to be wave connected, find the emf generated at the same speed and flux/pole. Emf generated = @ZN/60 x P/A 216 4 ox 144 x 6 x 600/60 9x 60x 144 hence @ = 216/60x 144 216 2 fora wave wound armature emf generated = —2!6_ x 1_x 6x 144x 600x 4 60x 144 60 = 432V Ans. 2. a. b. A 90V d.c generator is used to charge a battery of 40 cells in se average emf of 1.9V and an internal resist connecting cells is 10, xplai n why heaters fitted to a generator. es, each cell having an ince of 0.0025Q. If the total resistance of the caleulate the value of the charging current. If a generator is to be left idle for a longtime or whenever it may take sometime before it can be commissioned to service, it should be made sure that its windi are suitable heated to prevent internal condensation forming on its insulation. The dampness or moisture entry due to ambient conditions, may deteriorate the insulation leading to detrimental results b. 40 cells of internal resistance 0.0025Q are connected in series. Hence the total internal resistance will be = 40x 0.0025 = 0.12 total voltage required to be charged for the cells = 40x 1.9 = 76V hence back emf = 76 V terminal voltage available 90V external resistance added for charging = 10 hence charging current = terminal volts - back emf, internal resistance of cells + external resistance = 90 - 76/1401 = 14/11 = 12.724 Ans. G2& MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers Q. A shunt wound generator has the following open circuit characteristic. If the actual field resistance value is half that of the critical ld resistance, above which the machine will fail to excite, find the open The emf when the generator is operating at 9 load of 200 A, falls to 135 V. Find the terminal voltage and the armature resistance Field current (A) 05 10 20 30 40 5.0 Open circuit voltage (V) 55 90 133 160 179 193 The open circuit characteristic is plotted with the given data. Y-axis Open circuit volts and the X-axis being field current Draw the tangent to this curve. ‘The resistance value obtained from this curve is the critical resistance. Consider a field current of 1 A, corresponding O.C voltage is 120V; Hence the critical resistance 120/1 = 120Q According to the data, the field resistance is half of the critical resistance, Hence the field resistance is = 600. Consider a current of 1.5A, the corresponding voltage for this field resistance will be 60x 1.5 = 90V. Mark this point on the graph and join this with the origin, and extend it to cut the graph This will be the shunt field resistance line. The intersection point gives the required OC voltage which is= 146V. Ans Again from the OCC (open circuit characteristic) an emf of 135 v requires a field current of 2.1 A. It must be remembered that the field resistance has not been altered and is 60 Q. The voltage necessary to maintain 2.1 through this field resistance is the terminal voltage ‘Therefore terminal voltage = 2.1 x 60 = 126V Ans. Armature voltage drop is = 135 - 126 = 9V ive. LRa = 9; the armature current = 200+ 2.1 = 202.14 hence Ry 9/202.1 = 0.045 0 Ans. G3rea MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers Q. Explain the basic function of commutator. ‘A commutator is an electrical switch that periodically reverses the current in an electric motor or electrical generator. Commutators enable motors to run on, and generators to produce, direct current instead of alternating current. More generally, commutators can be used to convert between direct and alternating current. It typically consists of a set of copper contacts, fixed around the circumference of the rotating part of the machine (the rotor), and a set of spring-loaded carbon brushes fixed to the stationary part of the machine (the stator) that complete the electrical circuit from the rotor’s windings to the outside of the machine. Friction between the copper contacts and the brushes eventually causes wear to both surfaces. The carbon brushes, being made of a sofier material, wear faster and are designed to be replaced easily without dismantling the machine. The copper contacts are usually inaccessible and, on small motors, are not designed to be repaired. On large motors the commutator may be re-surfaced with abrasives. Each segment of the commutator is insulated from the adjacent segments; a large motor may contain hundreds of segments.& MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers DCMOTORS Q. A 100kW, 460V shunt generator was run as a motor on no load at its rated voltage and speed. The total current taken was 9.8A, including a shunt current of 2.7A the resistance of the armature circuit at normal working temperature was 0.110. Calculate the efficiencies at (a) full load (b) half load No lo: no load armature current jo = no load shunt field current Given that no load current (total) OBA. Hence no load armature current Tap 98-27 = 7.1A No load armature copper losses 7.1?x O11 = 5.5451 watts Field resistance 460/27 70.3722. Field copper loss at no load = 2.7°x 170.37 = 1242 watts Hence total copper losses on no load 1242 + 5.5451 1247.5451 watts Input to motor = Vxnoload current = 460x 9.8 = 4508 W. Since the motor is on no load, this input goes to meet the total losses on no load. Hence Iron losses + frictional losses = total losses - copper losses = 4508 - 1247.5451 3260.4549 watts a) Full load conditions: Load current = 100000/460 = 217.3913 A Hence armature current Ta 217.3913-2.7 = 214.6913 A ‘Armature copper loss 214.6913" x 0.11 570.1589 watts. 1242 watts (same as at no load) 3260.4549 watts 9572.6138 watts output + losses 100000 watts 100000 + 9572.6138 109572.6138 watts output / input 100000 / 109572.6138 91.26% Ans. Field copper loss Iron and frictional losses Hence total losses Input power Output power Hence input hence efficiency b) Half load conditions: ‘Armature copper loss (1/2)? x full load copper loss 1/4 x 5070.1589 = 1267.5397 W 1242 watts 3260.4549 watts field copper loss iron and frictional losses hence total losses = 5769.9946 watts input power 50000 + 5769,9946watts efficiency ‘output / input 50000 / 55769.9946 89.65 % Ans. HelMARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers Q. A 440V shunt motor takes and armature current of 30A at 700 RPM. ‘The armature resistance is 0.7 ohms. If the flux is suddenly reduced 20%, to what value will the armature current rise momentarily? Assuming unchanged resisting torque to motion, what will be the new steady values of speed and armature current? Original conditions: By= 440-(30%0.7) = 419V Original flux ®1 Final flux condition 02 - 0.8 @1 Emf is proportional to flux. New back emf = Ey: = 0.8 x 419 = 335.2 V And momentary current is given by V-Ey /R, amps = 440 - 335.2/0.7 = 149.7 A Ans. If final torque conditions T, =; (original torque), Torque is proportional to flux and armature current (T = KO 1,) Dili = Orla ‘Therefore Ip = 0x 30 / 0.80; = 30/08 = 375A New armature current = 37.5 A Hence new back emf By: = 440—37.5x0.7 = 413.75 V Ey / @2No / ON; = 0.8, No / B,700 Hence, No= 413.75 x 700/419 x 0.8 = 864.4RPM. Ans. Q. A 230V motor, which normally develops 10 kW at 1000 rpm with an efficiency of 85% is to he used as a generator. The armature resistance is 0.15 Q and the shunt field 220 Q. If it is driven at 1080 rpm, and the field current is adjusted to 1.1 A, by means of the shunt regulator, what output in kW could be expected as a generator, if the armature copper loss was kept down to that when running as a motor? istance Motor output = 10kW Motor input = 10x 100/85 = 11.76 kW Current taken from supply = 11760/230 = 51.13. A Shunt field current = Ip = 230/220 = 1,045. A Armature current I, = 51.13~ 1.045 = 50.085 A say 50.1A Back emf Ey, = 230-(50.1x 0.15) = 222.5V ‘Asa generator speed is increased and flux is increased in proportion to the shunt field current Generated voltage E = 222.5 x 1080/1000 x 1.1/ 1.045 = 252.98 V Since the armature copper loss is the same as for the motor, the armature curtent should be same, i.e 50.1 A Therefore, terminal voltage V = 252.98 - (50.1 x 0.15) = 245.47 V Output current = 50.1 1.1 = 49 A So output = 245.47 x 49/1000 = 12.03kW Ans. H-2MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers Q. The normal full load armature current of a DC motor driving a ship’s accommodation blower is 100A when working on 240V supply. nature ‘istance is 0.120. calculate the total resistance of the motor starter, if it is desired to limit the armature input current to 1.5 times full load current when the starter handle comes on the first stud. What is the back emf of this motor when running at normal full speed at full load’ Fall load current = 100A Maximum current = 150A R, = 0.12Q and V = 240V @ start maximum current is limited to 150A. Let Rs be the resistance of starter in the armature circuit (that which is added) I, (atstart) x (Ry+Rs) = 240V Instart = 240/0.12+Rs ie O.124Rs = 240/150 = 1.6 orRs = 16-012 = 1480 Motor starts and accelerates upto required speed at full load, drawing full load current of 100A. ‘Thus the starting resistance is till in circuit, but a back emf is building to a value, Ey, = 240 100(1.48 +0.12) = 240-160 = 80V. Ans. istance is 0.8Q. and the on amount to 150W. Q. A 220V shunt motor takes 10.25 on full load. The armature re: field resistance is 8800. The losses due to friction, windage and th ‘ind the output power and the efficiency of the motor on full load. Motor input on full load = 220 x 10.25 = 2255W Field current = 220/880 = 0.25A Armature current = I, = 10,25—0.25 104 Therefore, copper losses = IR, + I? Ry = 100 x 08 + 0.0625 x 880 Friction, windage, iron losses = 150W Total losses = 150+135 = 285W Output = input-losses = 2255-285 = 1970W Ans. Hence efficiency = 1970/2255 = 87.4% Ans. Q. Ina brake test on a motor, the effective load on the brake drum was 222.7 N, the effective diameter of the drum 0.5 m, and the motor speed 960 rpm. Under these conditions the input to the motor was 30A at 230V. Calculate the output of the motor and its efficiency 5.68 N-m 5594.7W Ans. Torque = Force x distance = F x r = 222.7 x 0.25 Output = 2aNT/60 = 2 x 3.14 x 960 x 55.68/ 60 Motor input = 230 x 30 = 6900W Hence efficiency = 5594.7/6900 = 81% Ans.a MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers Q. A shunt motor supplied at 230V runs at 900 rpm. When the armature current is 0A, the resistance of armature circuit is 0.40. Calculate the resistance required in series with the armature circuit to reduce the speed to 500 rpm. Assume the armature current is 25 Given: V = 230V, Ni = 900rpm, I = 30A, R, = 0.40 No 00 rpm, Iz 25A, (Ra +R) = ? (let R be the resistance required in series with armature) VIR, = 230 - 30x04 = 218V Exo = V- ka(Ra+ R) = 230-25x(0.4+R) But Ey2/ En = No/Ni3 Hence Ey: = 218 x 500/900 = 121.11V So, 121.11 = 230 - 25x(0.4+R) 0.44R = 230-121.11/25 = 108.89/25 = 4.355 HenceR = 4.355-0.4 = 3.955Q Ans. The resistance required to be added in series with the armature circuit is 3.955Q. Q. A DC shunt machine connected to 250V mains has an armature resistance of 0.120. and the resistance of field cireuit is 1230. Find the ratio of speed as a generator to the speed as a motor. The line current in each case if 80. ‘As motor, Ey = V-IRa; also Ey= @ ZNs/60 x P/A I = 250/125 = 2A. Therefore I, = 80-2 = 78 A. Hence, Ep = 250-78 x 0.12 = 240.64 V. As generator, Ep V+I,4Ra and Eg = @ ZNz/60 x P/A Ip = 250/125 = 2A Therefore I, = 80+2 = 82A. Hence Ey = 250+82x0.12 = 259.84V E,/ Ey = Nz/N; = 259.84/240.64 = 1.079. The ratio of speed as generator to the speed as a motor = 1.079 Ans. HetMARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers Q. A series connected DC motor has a field and armature resistance of 0.10 and runs @ 600 rpm, when taking a full load current of 100A from a 210V supply. Calculate the speed of the motor when the torque is reduced to 75%. RatRee 0.10, p= IL = Ie = 100A. V = 210V. No/N; = Exo! Es: x @i/ 2 = Eeo/ Ebi X lai / tao, as 9% Ly Togh » 12; hence Ty I? and T; 2 lo” Given T2/T; = 0.75 of 3/4 = lo’ / I? Hence Ig? = ki?x3/4; = 100x 100x% = 7500 Iz = V¥7500 = 86.60A. Ey = V-ly(RatRe) = 210-100x0.1 = 200V Ey: = V- Igx0.1 = 210-866 = 201.34. N2/600 = EBy2/ Ey x Ii / = 201.34/200 x 100/86.6 Therefore N; 600 x 201.34/200 x 100/ 86.6 697.48 rpm. Ans. Q. A rudder motor of a Ward-Leonard type steering gear is a compound wound machine, details of which are given below. From this information find a) armature current b) the torque developed by the motor ©) output power of motor. Armature volts = 90V, resistance 0, RPM = 370, IR drop over armature may be taken as 8.SV. Shunt field separately excited from 110V supply, resistance 650, turns/pole = 1000. Series field ly excited by prime mover line current of 325A, turns/pole is LI. Torque in N-m is given by, T = I, x @ (kWh/pole) x 10% x 6.8 - 15 N-m. MME/Pole (AT) 3000 3500 4000 4300 5000 5500 6000 ofpole (kWh) 2500 2700 2860 2990 3100 3190 3275 a) Voltage drop across armature = I,R, = 8.5V; and Ry = 0.02880 I, = 8.5/0.0288 = 295.138, say 295.14A Ans. Shunt field current = I, = 110/65 = 1.692A ‘Turns/pole for shunt field = 1000 Therefore, AT/P for shunt field = 1000 x 1.692 = 1692 Series turns/pole = 11, and series field current = 325A ‘Therefore series field AT/P = 325x 11 = 3575 HS= MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions ond Answers Hence total AT/P (ampere turns/pole) = 3575 + 1692 = 5267 Plot the graph with the values given for MMF (AT) and flux (kWb), and find out the flux. corresponding to this MMF (AT/P) of 5267 3150 kWoipole, 295.15 x 3150 x 10%x 68-15 N-m = 617.2 N-m Ans, ¢) output power 2nNT/60 = 2x 3.14x370x617.2/60 = 24kW. Ans. From the graph, corresponding flux b) Hence torque = I, x @ (kWb/pole) x 10% x 6.8 = 15 Q. The magnetic field in the air gap of a 2 pole motor has a flux density of 0.8 Testa. ‘The armature is wound with 246 conductors, each of 400mm effective length, mounted at 150mm effective radius, and at full load each conductor carries a current of 20A. that the actual torque produced is equivalent to that due to 2/3 of the number of conductors cutting the lines of force at right angles, find (a) the torque in N-m (b) the shalt power developed at 500 rpm. Force on one conductor F = Bx Ix L newtons = 0.8 x 20x 400x 10°N = 6.4N Force due to all active conductors. = 2/3 x 246x 6.4 = 1050N a) torque produced = 1050x 150x 10° = 157.5N-m. Ans. b) shaft power developed = 2nNT/60 = 2x 3.14 x 500 x 157.5/60 Watts = 8243 watts = 8.24kW Ans. Q. A DC motor is required to give a starting torque of 135 Ib.ft. Its armature is wound with 240 conductors, each conductor taking a current of 8A. what must be the lenzth of the armature if the average radius of the conductors from the axis of the machine is 6.4". ‘The flux density of the poles is 0.84 wh/m? and only 70% of the conductors are effectively cutting the magnetic flux at ar Torque = force x radius Hence force = torque / radius this force is produced by only 70% of the total number of conductors therefore force exerted by each conductor =_253___ = 1.5 Ibs 240x0.7 or 1.5/0.225 = 6.67 newtons force = BIL newtons, where B- flux density wb/m? I - current in conductor in A L- length of the conductor in m 0.84x8xL 0.9924 mtrs Ans. Hence 6.67 L HG= MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers nt of 120A, nt of the stance of 0.20 and with an armature cu Calculate the speed and armature cut of its initial value, the total torque rem Q. A shunt motor has an armature re runs at 750 rpm of a 400V supp! motor, if the flux per pole is reduced to 75: unaltered. IR drop in armature = 120x0.2 = 24V Therefore, original back emf Es: = 400-24 = 376V Torque T © ly, so for the original condition, Ty 0 1 x 120 Let current under new condition be I, and the torque T Therefore, T300 0.75 91x Ib Hence, T/T = 91x 120/0.75 91x ke Given, T; = T Hence, I; gx 120/0.75 @, = 160A Ans. So, for this condition back emf will be, Ex2 = 400-160x 0.2 = 368V Given, N; = 750 rpm To calculate No Ni/No = Ep xo Eq2X Or Hence Np = 368 x 9.x 750 = 980 rpm Ans. 0.75 pix 376 Q. a) Name the types of motors commonly used on board the ship, giving their applications. b) A four pole motor has a wave wound armature with 594 conductors. ‘The armature current is 30A and the flux per pole is 0.009 wh. Calculate the total power developed when running at 1400 rpm. Estimate the shaft output power iff the mechanical losses are assumed to absorb 10% of the developed power a) DC Shunt motors : (or lightly compounded motors) suitable for fans, pumps etc DC Series motors : used where high starting torque is required such as for engine turning gear, winches, windlasses and capstans, boat winches etc. DC Compound motors : (cumulatively compounded) used where high starting torques are required or where the load is pulsating such as compressors, hoists, winches, reciprocating pumps etc. differentially compounded motors do not find any application in the marine field. AC Synchronous motor: mainly used for propulsion system and as a synchronous condenser or compensator for shaft generators. Not normally used for auxiliary purposes. H-7MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions ond Answers AC Induction motors: Mostly used for all auxiliary purposes (like for cooling water pumps, ballast pumps etc., compressors etc) AC Schrage or commutator motors are not normally used for auxiliary purposes Alll the above mentioned motors when used on board the ship, depending on their location and purpose they must be either drip proof, flame/explosion proof, water tight, weather proof, hose proof, totally enclosed etc as far as their enclosures are concerned b) Given data: P =4, A = 2, z = 594 and ® = 0.009 Hence E, = @ZN/60 x P/A = 594 x 0,009 x 1400 x 4/ 60x 2 = 249.48V the power developed = Eyl, = 249.48 x 30 = 7484.4 W mechanical power loss = 10% of developed power hence mechanical losses are = 748.44 W hence shaft output power = 7484.4 - 748,44 = 6735.96 W say 6.735 kW Ans, Q. A shunt generator supplies 100A at a terminal voltage of 100V. The prime mover is developing 23.8 kW. Shunt field resistance is 500 and the armature resistance is 0.1 2. Find a) copper losses) the iron and friction losses ¢) the commercial efficiency Commercial efficiency = watts available in the load circuit / mechanical power supplied = Vx / prime mover output in kW field current Ir = 100/50 = 2A; hence armature current I, = 100+2 = 102A. soI,R, = 102x0.1 = 10.2 V therefore, Ey = V+hR, = 100+ 10.2 = 110.2V armature copper loss 1040.4 watts field copper loss, 200. watts a) total copper loss = 1040.4 +200 = 1240.4 watts Ans power developed in armature = Ey fy = 110.2 x 102 = 11240.4 watts useful output’ == Vxk = 100x100 = 10000 watts Prime mover output = Generator input = 23800 W, Total losses = Input - output = 23800 - 10000 = 13800 W Copper losses = 1240.4 watts b) Hence Iron losses = 13800 - 1240.4 = 12659.6 watts ©) Commercial efficiency = output/ input = 10000/23800 = 42.016 % Ans HS& MARINE ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY - Questions and Answers Q. (a) Explain clearly the effect of the back e,m. of a shunt motor. ‘What precautions must be taken when starting a shunt motor? (b) The curve of induced e.m.f. against excitation current for a separately-excited generator when run on no load at 1200 rev/min is given by: E.mf-(v) 15 88 146 196 226 244 254 Excitation Current (A) 0 0.4 08 12 16 2.0 24 Deduce the voltage to which the machine would self-exeite if the shunt-field resistance was set at 9000. and the machine was run at 900 rev/min, a) The back emf is the emf produced in the armature, opposing the terminal voltage. As soon as the armature starts rotating, dynamically induced emf is produced in the armature conductors. The direction of this induced emf as forum by Fleming’s Right Hand Rule, is outwards, that is in direct opposition to the applied voltage. Hence Ey = ZN/60 x PYA volts. Back emf depends among other factors, upon the armature speed, armature current. If Ey is high, then I, will be small. If speed is less then Ey is less, hence more current flows which develops more torque. Hence Ey acts like a governor, making the motor self regulating so that it draws as much current as just needed. Motor efficiency is the ratio of power developed by the armature to its input. That is Ey. I,/V.. ls meaning the efficiency will be higher with higher E, as compared to V (applied voltage). The maximum power is developed (mechanical power) when back emf is equal to the half of the applied voltage. This condition however not realized in practice, because in that case the current would be much beyond the normal current of the motor. Moreover, half the input would be wasted in the form of heat and taking other losses (mechanical and magnetic) into consideration, the motor efficiency will be well below 50%, b) Data given is for the graph @ 1200 rpm Calculate the emfs for the same excitation current, but for 900 rpm, by multiplying the given values by %4_ (as By is proportional to N) Tabulate the values as shown: [Excitation current in Amps] o | 04 | os | 12 | 16 | 20[ 24 | Emf (V) @ 1200 rpm 1s_[ 88 | 146 | 196 | 226 | 244 | 2: Emf (V) @ 900 rpm 11.25 | 66 | 1095 | 147 | 1695 | 183 | 1905 | Draw the graph, emf on Y-axis and the excitation current on X-axis. Given that shunt field resistance as 902. For 1A excitation current, voltage drop across the resistance will be 90 x | = 90V Mark this point, i. for 1A on X-axis, and 90V on Y-axis. Draw a line through this point from origin, cutting the curve at some point, This line is the shunt field re The voltage on Y-axis corresponding to this point where the line cuts the curve will be the voltage produced. Answer = 185V ince line. H9