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A consumer is one who buys goods and services for satisfaction of wants. When a
consumer intends to purchase a product, there are two methods to determine the optimal
quantity:
(i) the utility approach
(ii) the indifference curve approach.
The aim is to obtain the highest satisfaction possible from the money spent on goods and
services.
Utility Approach
Utility
It means realised satisfaction to a consumer when he is willing to spend money on a stock
of commodity which has the capacity to satisfy his want. Realized satisfaction occurs
after consumption, while expected satisfaction occurs before purchase. Utility varies
between individuals, locations, and time periods, and is subjectively determined by the
consumer's desire. Utility can be measured and differs among people, places, and times.
For e.g. Consumption of 2 units of X gives 10 utils.
Total Utility
It is the sum of all the utilities that a consumer derives from the consumption of a
certain amount of a commodity. Mathematically, it is calculated as:
TUn = MU1 + MU2 + .....+ MUn
Marginal Utility
It is addition made to the total utility as consumption is increased by one more unit of
the commodity. Mathematically, it is calculated as:
MUn = TUn – TUn – 1 or MUn = ΔTU = Change in marginal utility
ΔX Change in quantity of X
If a consumer has a fixed income and only consumes one product, they can either spend
their income on the product or save it. If the marginal utility of the product is higher
than the marginal utility of their income, they can increase their total utility by
spending their income on the product.
Thus, a consumer is in equilibrium when he satisfies the following condition:
i.e., MU of the good = Price of the product
A consumer will not buy more than 3 units of X in the above case. This is because if he
buys 4 units of X then the price he pays (Rs. 5) will be more than the MU of x he derives
which is worth Rs. 4. Hence, in order to maximise utility a consumer will buy that quantity
of the good where the MU of the good is equal to the price that he has to pay. Therefore,
a consumer is in equilibrium when he consumes three units of good X because at three
units of good X, MU of good = Price of the product.
Indifference Curve
An indifference curve shows different combinations of two goods that yield the same
level of utility or satisfaction to the consumer
Assumptions
Rationality: He seeks to maximize consumption benefits within his budget and prices.
Diminishing Marginal Rate of Substitution: The slope of indifference curve is called
Marginal Rate of Substitution (MRS) of X for Y. MRS is defined as the amount of good
Y the consumer is willing to give up to consume an additional unit of good X, while
leaving total utility unchanged.
Consistency of Choice: If consumer is preferring good X over Y, then his choice will
remain same all the time.
Monotonic Preference: Consumer preferences are monotonic when, for any two bundles,
the consumer prefers the bundle with more of at least one good and no less of the
other good compared to the other bundle such as he will prefer the bundle (2, 3) to
bundles (2, 2), (1, 3) and (1, 2) bundles.
Units of Units of ΔY
_____
Combinations Commodity Y Commodity X MRSXY = ΔX
A 16 1 —
B 11 2 5Y : 1X
C 7 3 4Y : 1X
D 4 4 3Y : 1X
E 2 5 2Y : 1X
F 1 6 1Y : 1X
Features
Downward Sloping to the Right: The downward sloping curve indicates that when one
good's quantity decreases, the quantity of the other good must increase to compensate
the consumer, maintaining an equivalent bundle.
Convex to the Origin: An indifference curve is convex to the origin because of
diminishing marginal rate of substitution i.e. slope is diminishing.
Two Curves do not Intersect each other: Indifference curves cannot intersect because if
they did, it would imply that one point is simultaneously better and worse than
another.
A higher indifference curve represents a higher level of satisfaction: Higher
indifference curve represents more quantities of one or both goods, a higher
indifference curve shows higher utility level.
Indifference Map
A family of indifference curves is called an
Indifference Map. It gives a complete picture of a
consumer’s scale of preference for two goods. Higher
the indifference curve, more is the level of utility.
Budget Line
A budget line is a line which shows all possible combinations of two goods that a
consumer can buy with his given income and prices of the commodities. The equation of
a budget line is:
Px.X + Py.Y = M
PX = Price of commodity X
X =Quantity of commodity X
PY = Price of commodity Y
Y =Quantity of commodity Y
M = Total income of consume
Budget Set: It is the collection or set of all the possible bundles or combinations of two
goods that the consumer can buy with his income and prevailing prices of the
commodities.
Budget Constraint: The budget constraint shows that a consumer can choose any
bundle as long as it costs less or equal to the income she has, given income and prices of
goods.
Assumptions
Income of consumer is given and remains unchanged.
Prices of the commodities are given and remain unchanged.
Explanation
A