ADMIRALTY Olea ees -\Xos for the World Atlantic Ocean Volume | 4] lak Waele oa eatin Hydrographic Office yi: }Co era) en uednieua tne aNo ca a Individual chapters on each of the world’s oceans Weather, c Shortest route rn nee ect egec aie Rov te em thn tant positions ro NMR Me Cun tC) [ cero rassoe forthe Wer Owe VOLUME? ow iow or Ie foe ge ee Vn Fea eeu RO ene neces Teele Macnee cme nme ene Pr cRer te sn iuerscos ste ered Eee Cte ae MRAM Ree Re ou We help to inform maritime decision-making for edie eae navigation, infrastructure development and the meaner cote Dentarg te ADMIRALTY Chart Agents. Alternatively, contact our Sree Neto areca F Hydrographic Office eC ae ee yal TPL Reel cen Feral 4 Cee ane Soiled karl A Nonytnrenecanr aarti admiraity.co.uk Mil iii Yule (if DULY a geeksNP136 ADMIRALTY SAILING DIRECTIONS OCEAN PASSAGES FOR THE WORLD VOLUME 1 ATLANTIC OCEAN Including Caribbean Sea and Mediterranean Sea FIRST EDITION 2018 IMPORTANT - SEE RELATED ADMIRALTY PUBLICATIONS Notices to Mariners (Annual, Permanent, Preliminary and Temporary); ADMIRALTY Information Overlay (Al); Symbols and Abbreviations used on ADMIRALTY Paper Charts (NP5011); ADMIRALTY Guide to ENC Symbols used in ECDIS (NP5012); The Mariner's Handbook (NP100, especially Chapters 1 and 20n the use, accuracy and limitations of charts); Salling Directions (Pilots); List of Lights and Fog Signals: List of Radio Signals and Tide Tables (or their digital equivalents) KEEP CHARTS AND PUBLICATIONS UP TO DATE AND USE THE LARGEST SCALE CHART APPROPRIATE PUBLISHED BY THE UNITED KINGDOM HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE Crown Copyright 2018 This document is protected by international copyright law. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transrmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office, Admiralty Way, Taunton, Somerset, TAt 2DN, United Kingdom (gov.uk/ukho)data @) at ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions (Pilots) provide essential information to support port entry and coastal navigation for all classes of ships at sea. They amplify charted detail and contain information needed for safe navigation which is not available from charts or other hydrogrephic publications. They are written with the assumption that the required charts and publications are to hand and are intended ta be read in corjunction with them. ‘The following sources of information, other than UKHO Publications and Ministry of Defence papers, have been consulted: Other publications IHS Sea-Web Information on climate and currents has been based on data provided by the Met Office The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office has used all reasonable means to ensure that this publication contains all the Information obtained by and assessed by it at the date shown below. Information received or assessed after that date will be includedin ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners where aporopriate. For details of ADMIRALTY Nolices {o Mariners and guidance on their use, see NP100 The Mariner's Handbook or NP294 How to keep your ADMIRALTY Products Up-to-Dato Copyright for some of the material in this publication is owned by the authority named under the item and permission for reproduction must be obtained from the owner. Warning. This volume should only be used once fully updated by Section VIl Notices to Mariners. Sailing Directions are kept up to date in a ‘Continuous Revision’ cycle. This means that they will be continuously revised for a Period of up to approximately tive years using information received in the Hydrographic Otfice, and then republished. Publication 'sannouncedin Part 1 of ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners, and a listing of all current editions is updated and published quarterly in Part 1B of ADMIRALTY Noticas to Mariners and six-monthiy in NP234 Cumulative List of ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners. Additionally, this _ist__is continuously updated and avaliable on the ADMIRALTY website at admiralty.co. ukimartime-safety-information| During the Ife of this book, it is updated as necessary by notices published weekly in Section VIl of ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners. Those in force at the end of the year are reprinted in NP247 (2) Annual Summary of ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners Part 2. Ast of updates in force is published in Section IV of the Weekly Ecition quarterly. Full detai's of how to keep Sailing Directions up-to-date can be found in NP294 How fo Keep Your ADMIRALTY Products Up-to-Date This edition supersedes the Sixth Edition (2014), which is cancelled. Mr John Humphrey Chief Executive United Kingdom Hydrographic Otfice 8th March 2018 ii a 2 8 Caribbean Sea Medtienare’n south aertic North Alantic Overview IndexOverview Mediterranean Sea Caribbean Sea Index HOW TO REPORT NEW OR SUSPECTED DANGERS TO NAVIGATION OR CHANGES OBSERVED IN AIDS TO NAVIGATION Hydrographic Notes allow you to inform us of any navigationally significant information. This information could include New of suspected dangers, changes to navigational aids, amendments to details included in publicatons and suspicious charts or publications that could be counterfeit. A Hydrographic Note with instructions, is contained in the back of the Weekly Edition of ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners, or can be downloaded from the UKHO Website, ation affecting safety of Ife at sea, forward to: navwarnings@biconnect.icom. Alternatively, contact For emergency infom 2352 T. +44 (0/1823 953448 (direct Ime) or F: +44 (0)1823 32 Altornatively, new dangers can be reported using the ADMIRALTY H-Note app. Available free for use on the iPhone and Android platforms, the app olfers a quick and simple way to report dangers and takes advantage of the mobile device’s camera and GPS functions, Further information regarding reporting new dangers can be found in NP100 The Mariner's Handbook or on the ADMIRALTY wobsito FEEDBACK To maintain and improve the accuracy of information contained within ADMIRALTY publications, The United Kingdom Hydrogrephic Office welcomes general comments, new or additional, and digital images from mariners and other users, Such information, including the source for the information if this is not based on personal observation, can be sont to UKHO using the contact details found on the rear cover of this publCONTENTS 5é Preliminary Pages Page a Record of Updates i How o report raw or suspetes dangers to navgaton or changes observed ina oravigaion Feedback v ADMIRALTY Ocean Passage te Word Lis of Vounes 1-2 vl Chapter + Rou Panning 1 How rues and areas comect Passage panning h Natl Condions 6 & ‘Winds and Weather. 8 é Snel a Cures, 0 2 chapter 2 i North tant 2 z ‘North Atantic Area Coverage, Ports and Connectors 8 ie Passages between English Channel and Strait of Gibraltar or intermediate Ports. 31 = Fassages between Noth Amerca ard paces between Gul of Mexico and Gabo Geant 31 Passages between Eastern Pato! Noth Ata Obeen anc Horn Goes of South Amerca 2 5 essay 1 and tom Arqubeago coe Aoes 2 i Passages to and from Arquipélago de Cato Verde. 32 z Connector Routes for the North Atlantic. 33 = North tant Routes. 2 8 Aveo, Ailes and Bayon (en Yo) 40 bibeo, Casalanc are Grafton “@ Z Chesepeeke, Dakar and Dundelk 4 5 Gijon, Helter end tea 46 Es La Coruna and Las Palmas. 48 3” Lisbon, Montreal, Newak (Bayonne) and Newport News. 50 g Pauebor, Pane Aux Worboe and Santander se Sota (SECIL Camont Factory) and Tanger Medtoranean 4 . chapters 2 South Atlentc 37 Z out Alani ree Gverage Ports and Conoco 5 a Passages off the East Coast of South America. 58 ° Paseages of WestCoast of Aca ea Taal Pessages so Connector Route for te South Ata 1 3 Sout Atanic Routes 6a ape Town, Angin, Doula and Ensenada, sa Lome, Monteviteo rand Pits Nove " Svar, Sepetva and Terra #8 Fe Grange and Viota 70a ! Caribbean Sea Chapter 4 Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea... is Mediteranean Sea Area Coverage, Ports and Coneciors Western part of the Mediterranean Sea, Eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. Connector Rovtes for Mediteranean Sea and Black Sea including Dardanellos. Mediterranean Sea ard Dardanelles Connector Routes Mediterranean Sea ard Black Sea Routes, ‘Ad Oukhaylah Agioi Theodoroi and Algeciras. Alger. Aliaga Barcelona Beirut, Dora Terminal. agian ang Ceuta. Damieta Fort. FOS sn Gena. Gibraltar Gioia Tauro . Halla lem. Koper and La Spezia... Lavera and Leghorn Limassol. Marsaok wooo Marseilles and Mersin Nomrut Bay. Piraous 3 Punto Franco and Sagunto. Salemo. Savona Vado and Sata, Tarragona Thessaloniki Valencia Valletta Black Sea routes fram Istarbul, Black Sea routes. Routes from the Dardanelles. Chapters Caribbean Sea and Gul of Mexico. Caribbean Sea and Gul of Mexico Area Coverage, Ports and Connactore -... Connector Routes for Carbbbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. Caribbean Sea and Gul of Mexico Routes Barranquilla, Bayport (Galveston) and Blount Island |Jacksonvite) Charleston and Coatzacoalcos, Goco Solo. Corpus Ctvisti, Deer Park (Galvesion) and Jacksonvila ‘Kingston, Miami and New Orieans. Puerto Cortes, Rio Haina and Santa Marta. ‘St Anna Bay, Texas Gity (Galveston) and Veracruz. Index Certificate of Authenticity... 147 148 151 155 156 158 180 162 184 166 168 171 175S a ie} > x} 2 ad ee S ES € 2 3.051 1 3006 "3.02 3.03 3.08 Bob oO Mat M08 M005” MAO Ms05 MsOrt ms0et 7.051 M02 S202 s.08 a a 8 s 6 é ¢ |veeoo aavery wines | é é é S ueo0 up FE 3 urea0 anvery won| & 2 2 8 esouopals | g 2 sees va e ov ses NSS | eS 2 29g uesuBsonpony : 20 someng z aes i ae Sunes cLivainay [sesso Sua aoe ed Woon se 3.041 3409136081 30014 3608 3e0L {3409 SADE 30h 0 MeO! MMyOE MOS MeO | MeOH MeOH! MsOO!__ MuOSI__ MOLE so6eg vos ‘upaqqy ASBUIUINGd Eoaeead fy HON, SOHERY NOS. UBBURLOUDAW, SECLEaED eenCla a= ROUTE PLANNING Introduction Ocean Passages lor the World is a guide for passage planning, it has been updated using AIS (Automatic Identification System) data for container, bulk cargo and passenger types of vessels collected over a period of one year. Using this data, the busiest areas and ports and the most frequently used roures between these areas and ports are presented in a graphical and tabular format. Ocean Passages for the World also contains distances and notes on the weather, dangers and other factors that could affect navigation, Preliminary Pages This book should be only be used as 2 guide and used in conjunction with the latest ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions, Routeing Charts and other appropriaie ADMIRALTY char's and publications when detailed passage planning is required. How routes are organised Ocean Passages for the World is in two volumes. Volume 1 includes Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. Volume 2 includes indian Ocean, Red Sea, Persian Gull, SE Asia, Indonesia and Pacific Ocean. For N Europe see the appropriate ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions. Contents Each volume is civided into chapters. Each chapter covers an area and routes are grouped by areas. Chapters include the chapter area coverage showing ports and connectors for that area, area spectic ‘notes and cautions on factors (lor example, natural conditions, limiting concitons, navigational hazards and regulations) that could affect navigation, area ‘through’ routes and routes that orginate from named ports (listed alphabetically) Finding and using routes within Ocean Passages for the World The routes detailed in Ocean Passages for the World are either port to port (the route is contained within one area). port to connector (the route spans more than one area) or connector to connector (area ‘through) routes. Areas are linked by connectors and routes that span more than one area will pass through and be linked by a connector. All routes are subject to the ordinary requirements of navigation, The routes shown are the most frequently used routes between ports, calculated and plotted from AIS data collected over a period of one year. Routes can be rhumb, great circle or compaste great circle and distances (length of route) are shown in Nautical Miles (NMs). These routes are presented ina graphical and tabular format showing start points, end points and waypoints. Each point s geographical positon (GP) is given in degrees and minutes. Starting poin's and end points quoted may be a considerable distance trom the port and are usually plot grounds or anchorages or close to the start of a TSS. Routes are overlaid onto currents that have been taken from the January edition of the relevant ADMIRALTY Routeing Chart. Currents are provided to assist the mariner in determining the potential direction of a particularly route. Currents should only be used as an indicator and other ADMIRALTY producis should be sed vihen detailed passage planning is required. The appropriate ADMIRALTY Routeing Chart should be consulted for seasonal changes to currents and routes. Any diagrams are representational and should not be used for navigation ‘South Atlantic Waypoints detailed in tables are listed sequentially by their waypoint identification number (ID) and names for ports and connectors are listed alphabetically. Where options for either the whole route or part of a route are shown, these are identified by a route identifier for example A, B, C and will be shown on the routeing diagram and in the routeing table. The chosen route, star! and end points and waypoints can be determined from the routeing diagram. These can be cross referenced witn the routeing table to obtain coordinates (GPs) for the chosen route. For each route, this provides a guide for planning, however, conditions will rarely be precisely as predicted and the advice should be reviewed in the light of existing circumstances. Diagrams are provided for each raute, These, however, should only be taken as an indication of the general direction of the route and should nat be relied on to show all details. The scale of these diagrams only permits large land masses to be included, Ocean and coastal charts, of a scale sufficient for the safe navigation of the vessel, must always be used for passage planning and navigation. See Mariner's Hancbook for advice on the use of charts and other navigational aids iterranean ‘Sea Caribbean Sea Met HOW ROUTES AND AREAS CONNECT PASSAGE PLANNING The selection of the best track for a passage demands skilled evaluation of a number of factors, the principalZ z § i 5 Index: cweren Weather routeing Having planned the passage considering the normal conditions, consideration should than be given to the actual conditions which are expected for the voyage. With the aid of the latest weather forecasts, weather maps and ice char's, a system of weather routeing enables the original route to be mocified to make best use of the actual weather pattem and the alterations ‘expected to take place within it. This will produce the greatest economy in fuel expenditure and reduce the risk of heavy weather damage to the ship and her cargo. ‘Weather Routeing Services are provided by certain foreign governments and private firms; details of which ccan be obtained from ADMIRALTY List of Radio Signal, Volume 3, ‘These services apply lates! weather reports and jong range forecasts to determine the best route for a Particular vessel. On passage, modifications to the route are passed to the vessel to enable early action to avoid developing areas of adverse conditions. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has established a global service forthe transmission of igh seas weather warnings and routine weather bulletins. Meteorological sorvice areas (METAREAS) are identical to the 16 NAVAREAS. For details of the service, see ADMIRALTY List of Radio Signa's, Volume 3 and Annual Summary of ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners. Load Line Rules ‘The zones, areas and seasonal periods defined in The International Convention on Load Lines, 1966 and protocol of 188, as amended, are shown on the back end-papers of this book. These rules apply to all ships, except ships of war, ships engaged solely in fishing and pleasure yachis, Offshore installations In some parts of the world oil and gas fields are found many miles offshore. The rigs, platforms and associated moorings and pipalines used in operating these fiolds form hazards to navigation. Many fields lie within Prohibited or Resvicted Areas and mest ofthe installations are protected by Satety Zones. For descriptions of installations and Safety Zones, see The Mariner's Handbook and Annual Summary of ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners. Offshore winatars, for generating electricity, are increasingly being developed in various parts of the world ‘and could pose a hazard to shipping. Traffic Separation Schemes Whore main shipping lanes converge when entering straits, channels or round headlands, or in other areas where trattic is congested, Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS) have been established. All such schomes are shown on appropriate charts and referred to in ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions. Rule 10 of Intemational Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 applies to all IMO-adopted ‘schemes. Regulations for unadopted schemes are given in ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions In this book reference is made to Tralfic Separation Schemes in waterways through which the various routes described pass, but not to those in port approaches or innor coastal waters. Archipelagic Sea Lanes ADMIRALTY charts show all adopted archipelagic sea lanas. including the axis lines and the lateral li the sea lanes, ‘Areas to be Avoided ‘Areas which are to be avoided for various reasons have been established in some parts of the world. All such areas, which are IMO-approved, are shown on ADMIRALTY Charts and described in ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions. Maritime Satety Information (MSI) MSI is defined as “navigational and meteorological forecasts and other urgent safety-related messages", of vital importance to ll ships at sea. Itis a sub-system of the Glodal Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) Full details of MSI_and GMDSS can be found in ADMIRALTY List of Radio Signals, Volumes 9 and 5 respectively.‘World-Wide Navigational Warning Service (WWNWS) Navigational waming messages to give eauly information of important incidents or changes which may consiituta a danger fo navigation are promulgated by the WWNWS. The service consieis of three warning systems NAVAREA warnings which are issued for each of the 16 geographical areas covering the sea areas of the world. They normally provide sufficient information to enable vessels o pass in safety through main shipping lanes clear ofthe coast Coastal wamings which are used for information of importance only in a particular region. They are broadcast by the country concerned. Local warnings usually rafer to inshore waters and do not carry information needed for ocean passages, They are often issued by coastguards, port or pilotage authorities, For details of the service, see ADMIRALTY List of Radio Signals, Volumes 9 and 5 and Annual Summary of ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners, Ship Reporting Systems The purpose of such systems are either to: Enable the positions of ships in oceanic areas to be maintained ashore in order to facilitate search and rescue operations when they are required. Ships of all nations are encouraged 0 participate in these systems. For details see ADMIRALTY Liet of Radio Signals, Volume 1. Regulate traffic in ports and their approaches. For details of these systems see ADMIRALTY List of Radio Signals, Volume 6. AMVER (Automated Mutual-assistance Vessel Rescue System) is such a sysiem and is operated on a world wide basis by the US Coast Guard. Certain other countries operate similar systems for particular areas off their coasts. For AMVER and some of the sysiems participation is voluntary while for others itis mandatory. For further details of these systems, sae Annual Summary of ADMIRALTY Notices to Mariners. Pollution of the Sea \mternational regulations concerning pollution of the sea by oll or other substances are contained in International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (MARPOL 1973) as amended by the Protocol of 1978 and known as MARPOL 73/78. Further information can be found in The Mariner's Handbook. Details of “Pollution Reporis by Radio’ are given in ADMIRALTY List of Radio Signals, Volume 1. Preliminary Pages Caribboan Sea IndexLoad Line Zones NOTE: The zones, areas and seasonal periods shown on this chart folate fo THE MERCHANT SHIPPING (LOAD LINE) RULES 1998 Nor ATEANTC INTER SEASONAL AREA “Sareaeeure NORTH ATLANTIC ate ‘Wee Nt seis, | vacant ad =e ras tm 12 ash ry err Wa. 0 1 Jee | / | a sia ne Ima one ey SIENA os (ieatetites a oe ee ‘Sere 83 av OF BENGAL SEASONALTROPICAL AREA Tone |e able 7 | T7 suines 20Ne wo Saabs nis ee ; rater ——— ’ : craeane re Z S = SaaS RADE] | dime 2 \ iy aan as: Ca ae ‘ ean aN "e N Tene aes \ x > ist AUBANSER St ( tes, eae rorciu 20 S . oe Toe omen sari trsecastic ie ire Wee Oe Sone WOnD Be » Merdian 0° of Greenwich 90) 60 90° East120° 8° 1 The Pers shown on tis oh xEY Soeday toes of eet of —— Boundaries o! Zones and Aroas ~ Boundaries o thet part of the North Ailantic Oeaan to which the Winter North Atlantic Load Line applies SEASONAL 26 wire eos wisn Ser ew 8, Tee a8). ostoNe Sime 1aso9}08, Dee Basa, X Longitude 180° from Greenwich 150°Caribbean Sea NATURAL CONDITIONS Climatic conditions The diagrams give the general distribution of atmospheric pressure, wind, 6ea surface temperature, fog. currents and ice. Their accompanying notes should be read careful The general principles of maritime meteorology, of ccean current circulation, of formation and distribution of ice and the formation of fog are given in The Mariner's Hancbook. The climatic features of particular oceanic areas are given at the beginning of the appropriate chapters of this book. Seasonal winds Over certain parts of the oceans the general distribution of pressure and winds, such as the Trade Winds, is greatly maditied by the seasonal heating and cooling of adjacent large land masses. The result is a seasonal reversal of the prevailing wind over the adjacent oceans and known in low lalitudes as "monsoons". Tropical Storms Signs of Tropical Storms, their typical behaviour and precautions which can be taken to avoid them, are described in The Mariner's Handbook. When affecting particular areas they are described in the appropriate volume of ADMIRALTY Salling Directions. Depressions Inthe middle latitudes, depressions which usually swoop in an E direction across the oceans of the Nand hemispheres, are the dominant influence on the weather. Of immense power, they cover great areas of the ‘9ceans with uninterrupted winds of long duration and build up extensive areas of high seas and heavy swel. They are an important factor in decicing the route of a passage. Sea and swell Sea is the name given to waves in, what is known as, the generating area where the waves are formed by the wind, The following terms are used to describe the height of the sea waves: Description Height in metres Calm - giassy 00 Calm - rigpled 00-0. Smooth wavelets 01-05 Slight 05-1.25 Moderato 125-25 Rough 25-40 Very rough 40-60 High 60-90 Very high 90-140 Phenomenal Over 14.0 ‘Swell is he wave motion caused by a meteorological disturbance, which persists after the disturbance has died down or moved away. Swell often travels for considerable distances out of ite genorating area. The folowing terms are used to describe swell waves: Length of wave Height of wave Short 0-100m — Low 0-2m Average 100. 200m Moderate «2-4 Long Over 200m — Heavy Over 4mowaeTER 1 Abnormal waves ‘Wherever sea or swell waves encounter a seabed rising steeply trom deep water, a strong opposing tidal stream or current, or are reinforced by waves from another wave system, they may be distorted to form large abnormal waves. Where waves are normally large, such abnormal waves may be massive, steep-tronied and capable of causing severe structural damage to the largest of ships. Places where abnormal waves have been reported, usually near the 200 m depth contour at the steep edge of a continental shelf, include: Parts of the Norwegian Sea: Off the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay; Off the NW coast of Spain; Off the SE coast of South Africa, It is off the SE coast of South Africa that most reports have been received and most research has been cartied out on these waves, For further information, see The Mariner's Handbook, Currents ‘The principal currents of each ocean are described at the beginning of the appropriate chapter of this book and in greater detail in the appropriate volume of ADMIRALTY Salling Directions, Detailed current information can be found in the series of Routeing Charts which depict, on a three monthly basis, the predominant direction, rate and constancy of currents in the various oceans, {t'should be appreciated that the number of current observations available varies enormously, being greatest in the areas of the principal shipping routes. In other parts of the oceans, particularly in polar regions, observations are sparse. Predominant direction is the mean direction of the 90° sector containing the greatest number of vecior representations of all the current observations in the area Constancy, as indicated by the thickness of the arrow on the diagrams, is a measure of the persistence of a ‘current. Low constancy, for example, implies marked variability in rate and, parficularly in direction’ Change in currents is continuous and most marked in tropical waters. Variabilty of direction occurs in the most Constant currents and in many other areas the predominance of the indicated direction is often minimal ‘On average, over the greater part of the ocoans the proportion of current observations of less than Ye kn is between 50 and 60 percent. Ice Ice limits and drift anc ice reporiing services in particular areas are given at the beginning of the appropriate chapters of this book. More detailed information regarding ice reports can be found in ADMIRALTY List of Racio Signals, Volume 3, Over recant years, with increasing aveilabilty of information from satellites, it has become apparent that the variability of ice extent trom year to year is probably much greater than previously thought. There may also bbe a tendency for some trends to continue for a number of years. Coral waters Coral reets are often steep-to, and depts of more than 200 m may be found within 1 cable of the edge of a rool. Soundings are therefore of litle value as a waming of their proximity. The soundings furthermore shoal 0 rapidly tha ts sometimes dificult to tollow the echo sounder trace and the echo itself is often weak owing to the steep bottom proiile. ‘Navigation among coral reets is therefore almast entirely dependant upon the eye and in ocean areas where these reefs abound the greatest care is required. Wherever possible, passage through the worst parts o! such areas should be made in daylight, while every precaution should be taken to keep an accurate check (on the ship's position. For further information on navigation in coral waters, see The Mariner's Handbook. Local magnetic anomalies In parts of the oceans, particularly where volcanic action has taken place, local magnetic anomalies have been reported. For further information on local magnetic anomalies, see The Mariner's Handbook, and for details of reporis, 00 the appropriate volume of ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions. ? u Caribbean Sea IndexPreliminary Pages Caribbean Sea WINDS AND WEATHER, Intertropical Convergence Zone Inthe North Atlantic Ocean, the beltof calms and light variable winds, known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone, Equatorial Trough or Doldrums which lies between the Trade Winds of the two hemispheres remains Not the equator throughout the year. The actual position is subject to much day-to-day variation, as is also the width of the zone, which averages about 200 to 300 miles but may at times be reduced to almost nothing by an increase in strength of one or both Trade Winds. There is evidence 10 show that showers, squalls or thunderstorms are more common within 200 to 300 miles from the African coast than in the W part of the area. Visibility in the Intertropical Convergence Zone is invariably good except in rain. South-west Monsoon ln summer the intense heating of the land mass of N Africa lowers the atmospheric pressure over that area and distorts the Equatorial Trough towards N. The south-east Trace Wind is drawn across the equator and is forced to veer by the earth's rotation, so that it arrives off the W coast of Africa between the equator and about 15°N, fo the E of about 20°W, as a SW wind which is known as the south-west monsoon. This monsoon, which is accompanied by cloudy weather and considerable rainfal, lasis from about June Uunti the middle of October: the rainfall is heavy on the coast Detween The Gambia and Liberia. Visibilty 1s ‘good at this seacon except in rain. During the rest of the year winds in this area are mainly N between Liberia and Mauretania, out are mostly from between S and W in the Gull of Guinea; in both cases they are gonerally light. Betwean November and February a dry, dust laden wind known as the “Harmattan” occurs at times. Weather at this season is ‘generally fine, but visibiy is often only moderate due to haze and it may bacome poor while the Harmattan is biowing ‘Towards the beginning and end of the rainy season, that is April to May and October to November, violent thunderstorms accompanied by severe squalls, generally from the E, occur at times near the coast. These are known locally as “Tornadoas”, but they should no! be confused with storms of that name which occur in the interior of the United States and of Australia, to which they bear no relation. North-east Trade Wind The North-east Trade Wind forms the SE and equatorial sides of tho clockwise circulation round the oceanic anticyclone situated in about 30°N. This Tiade Wind belt extends from the African coast as far W as the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, blowing from the NNE on the E side of the ocean and from a littlo Nf € in the W part of the zone. The S limit of the North-east Tiade Wind is marked by the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The winds blew permanently with an average strength of force 4, though on rare occasions they may increase to force 7 or decrease to force 2. In the Gulf of Mexico they are more variable beth in direction and strength; between October and Apri they are sometimes iniesrupted in that area by strong or gale force N winds, known as ‘Northers" in the NE part of the Trade Wind zone the weather is generally fair or fine with small amounts of detached ‘cumulus and itle or no rain. Cloud caver and showers increase towards the lntertropical Convergence Zone and towards the W part; in the latter area rain is comparatively frequent, particularly in summer. Haze occurs frequently in the E part of the Trade Wind zone; itis caused by the dust or sand carried seaward by the provailing offshore wind. Sea fog forms at times in the NE part of the zone over the cold water of the Canary Current. In the W part of the zone, visiblity is good except in rain. The Variables (Horse Latitudes) belt of generally light or variable winds over the oceanic area of high pressure extends across the ocean in about 30°N, oscillating from about 23°N in winter to 32°N in summer. The predominant winds in this area, E ol about 20°W in winter and 30°W in summer, are from between N and NE and form an extension of the North-east Trade Winds, particularly in summer. Weather in the E part of the zone is fine with litte cloud; in the W part there is more cloud and rain is fairly common. Visibility in the E part is often reduced by haze and sometimes by ‘og. Hurricanes Hurricanes occur in the W part of the North Atlantic Ocean. They affect in particular the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas and Bermuda, with the adjacent sea areas. They occur from June to November and sometimes in May and December, with their greatest frequency irom August to Ociober, More detailed information on storm frequencies will be found in the relevant volumes of ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions. Notes of precursory signs and avoiding action are published in The Mariner's Hardbock.consereR + Westerlies The N part of the Atlantic Ocean experiences precominantly unsattled weather on the polar side of the ‘oceanic anticycione. As a result of the almost continuous passage of depressions across this zone in an E or NE direction, the wind varies greatly in both direction and strength and there is a high frequency of strong winds. Gales are common especialy in winter. The stormiest belt extends roughly from ihe vicinity of Newfoundland to the channel between Icoland and Foroyar. The central and E sections of thie belt are especially stormy and winds of force 7 and over may be expected on 16 to 20 days per month in January and February. In July, which is the quiotest month, the siormigst area remains SW of Iceland but the frequency of winds of force 7 and above is only about 7 days a month in it. Close to the coasts of Greenland, Iceland and Norway, katabatic winds are common. Fog and visibility The frequencies of fog and poor visibility are indicated on the Routeing Charis and the subject is veated at length in the relevant ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions. In the region of the Westerlies, overcast skies, with periods of rain or snow, alternate with bri fine spells. Cloud amounts are generally large. The part of the North Atlantic Ocean most affected by fog lies E and S of Newtaundlano. In the vicinity of the coast between Long Island and Nova Scotia, and the Newioundland Banks, fog is very prevalent in late soring and early summer, being due to the mavement of warm, moist air from S or SW ‘over the cold Labrador Current; over a large part of this area fog is experienced on more than 10 days a month. Itis also liable to occur at times in other parts of this zane; usually in spring and early summer and in association with winds from between S and SW. Visibility is good with NW winds except in showers. Tho North Polar regions ‘The greater part of the region lying on the polar side of the Westerlies is denied to navigation on account of ice. The prevailing wind is ftom some E point, though, as in the case of the Westerlias, great variations in direction and strength are caused by the passage of depressions across the area. Gales are commen but Jess so than in the Westerlies, Weathor is generally very cloudy, and precipitation, usualy in the form of snow, may occur at any time, Fog, olten of the Arctic sea-smoke type, is prevalent in summer. Further iniormation is published in the relevant ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions, ‘SWELL Height and direction Between the oquator and 30°N, frequencies of swell gator than 4m in height arely exceed two to four percent. One of the most persistent swels is trom the NE, between Islas Canarias and the NE coast o! South America. In the extreme SE, off Freetown, S and E swells prevail Between 30°N and 40°N, frequencies of swell greater than 4 min height are: April 10% May to August 5t0 10% September to November 10% December to March 20% The predominant direction is from between W and NW. Between 40°N and 60°N, frequencies of swell greater than 4 m in height are Apri 20% May to July 10% August and September 20% October to March 30% InDecember and January a maximum of 40% is reached in an area centred on S5°N, 22°W. Throughout the year swell comes mainly from between SW and NW, with swell from W predominating, i Length of swell ‘Swell in the Ailantic Ocean is generally short less than 100 m) or average (100 to 200 m) in length. However long swells may be found from time to time, though they are less frequent than in the Pacific Ocean,10 CURRENTS North and South Atlantic Oceans ‘The Atiantic Ocean is dominated in equatorial regione by the semi-permanent N and S sub-tropical anticyclones centred in latitudes 25° to 30°N and S respectively, Under the infiuanco of the North-east and South-east Trade Winds the reepectve clockwise circulation ofthe 'N gyre and counter-ciookwise circulation of the S gyre ensure a steady transport o! water to the W between 25°N and 25°S, the N and S boundaries varying by 2 few degrees with the season. Just N of the equator a Counter-current sets to the E Detween the North and South Equatorial Currents over 2 narrow latitude band for part of each year. Polewards and across the belt of variable winds near the centre of tne gyres weaker E-going flows are generated under the influence of W winds blowing around the Icelandic and Sub-Antarctio low pressure belts. Again, in both hemispheres. there is a weak return tlow to the W adjacent to the land masses in polar latitudes. North Atlantic Ocean The North Equatorial Current setting W to the S of the main sub-tropical gyre provides a continucus supply ‘of warm water into the Gariobean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, This is supplemented through the year by a S ‘equetorial flow that has crossed the equator, and been diverted to the WNW by the prominent NE coast of Brazil. However from May to November a good deal of this water turns E into the Equatorial Counter-current which then splits, some continuing E, the rest turning back NW to join the North Equatorial Current. in the N hemisphere wintar an anti-clockwise circulation develops at about 7°N, 47°W, probably because of interaction between the North Equatorial Current and a weakened Equatorial Counter-current. The WNW sets along the Brazilan coast are of high constancy with average rates of between 2 and 3 kn. ‘The combination of warm surface waters and a steady inflow into the Gull of Mexico allows @ noticeable ‘head of water” to develop. The resulting outflow through the Straits of Florida is further enhanced by recurving equatorial waters being topographically accelerated through Old Bahama Channel onto its E lank This combined ‘low is intially called the Florida Current and later the Gulf Stream, Average rates in the highly constant main stream reach 9 to 3/2 kn during the summer months beiween 25°NN and 20°N at 78° to 80°W. Rates decrease to the N to near 1 kn in the vicinity of Cape Hatteras where the current tends to turn away from the shore and set in a broad E to ENE direction towards W Europe. In this general area, 10 the NE of Cape Hatteras and S of Newfoundland, the current is joined on its W flank by cooler water that has originated in the N part of Baffin Bay and steacily moved S gathering melt water from the Canadian mainland and island coasts. South of Newloundland more fresh and cool wator from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence adds to the formation of a marked temperature discontinuity Doth at he surface and at cepin as the cold and warm currents converge. The cold Labrador Current is tumed through $ to E on the N side of the of the warmer Gulf Stream. The combined flow then continues ENE at a reduced rate and greater variability as the North Atlantic Current. Approaching the coasts of W Europe the S part of the flow is tumed gradually through SE 10 S and the N part Continues to the W of tho British Isles and on to the N coast of Norway and the Arctic Basin The relatively weak but general S-going ditt E of 30°W and between 25°N and 45°N is known as the Azores Current in the W, the Portugal Current off the lberian coast and the Canary Current in the SE. Average rates are Ve 10 % kn and constancies low, increasing to moderate or more in the Canary Current. Tho N part of the North Atlantic Current continues toward Iceland but to the SW of the island partis turned 'NV/ as the relatively warm irminger Current. The W part forms a weak counter-clockwise eddy between S Greeniand and Iceland and the E part continues clockwise around lcsland rejoining the NE-setting North Allantio Current. There is a difuse counter-clockwise circulation between the N coast of Norway, Svalbard ‘and NE Greenland. This is complex and probably consists of a number of minor eddies formed along the boundary between the predominant warm N Atlantic water in the SE and the cold outflow fram the Arctic Basin in the N and W. ‘To the NW of Norway the warm N-setting current diverges, part passing to the W of Svalbard and part continuing around Nordkapp, into the S part of the Barents Sea and along the W coast of Novaya Zemiya. ‘As the warm more saline water meets the colder fresher Arctic water it sinks Dut continues into the Arctic Basin as a sub-surface warm current. ‘The East Greenland Current emerges from the Arctic as an extension of the Transpolar Drift and continues ‘SSW, the cold temperature being maintained by melt water from the ice edge, glacers and fjords. Res are mostly near /» kn tut increase to near 1 kn at tmes during the summer months, particularly S of Denmark Strait. Currents are mainly variable in the central regions of the main gyres and of near moderate consiancy along the € coast of Greenland, Oft Kap Farvel the combined Eas! Greenland and recurving Irminget ‘Currents turn N along the SW coast of Greenland, The circulation in Davis Strait and Baffin Bay is broadly Counter-ciockwise with a tendency for a N and § gyre. The strongest of these generally weak currents are fon the W side. Further S the flow becomes mare organised continuing SSE as the Labrador Current thus ccomplating the gyre.Equatorial Counter-current South of about 10°N the currents are more complex and show 2 marked seasonal variation. Lying between the North and South Equatorial Current, which both set W, the E-setting Equatorial Counter-current fluctuates throughout the year. tis a minimum during March and April when there is little evidence of any E-going sets inthe W, and its only evident trom 20°W in the E. During the late spring a small area of E-going sels appears off the NE coast of Brazil between the equator and about 4°N. This gradually moves NW and oxpands E over the ‘allowing few months emerging with an extension 'o the W o! the Guinea Current. By the late summer and early autumn the Counter-current is at its maximum extent from near 50° W to its confluence with the Guinea Current in 20° W. During November and December the Equatorial Gurrenis tend to merge near 30°W. A slow ‘contraction of both the E and W sections of the Countor-currant takos place over the following months to the spring minimum. Constancies in the Counter-current are mostly moderate or high and average rates are between 1 and 1% kn. The width of the Counter-current varies continuously but is usually between 4° and 6° of latitude and is centred about 7°N. Newfoundland Banks Aer passing the Strait of Belle sie and the E coast of Newfoundland, the Labrador Current covers the whole ‘of the Grand Banks except, during summer, the extreme part. A large branch of the current follows the E ‘edge of the bank; this is the part which carries the ice farthest § to reach the transatlantic shipping routes nether branch rounds Cape Raco and sots SW. Although somo of the water that has passed on to the Grand Banks continues in a more S direction, especially during August 10 October, the bulk ot it sets SW and ‘continues, as a SW-going set, to fil tho region botween Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and the Gulf Stream. ‘The Labrador Current subsequently continues S along the coast o! the United States as a cold current as far as about 36°N from November to January, @7°N from February to April, 38°N from May to July and 40°N from August to October. Between the S limit of the Labrador Current and the Tail of the Bank, the warm and ‘cold waters converge on a line which is known as the “Northern Edge” (or sometimes the North Wall) of the Gull Steam. ‘The E end of the Northern Edge presents the greatest hydrographic contrasts to be found in the word, the water changing irom the olive or boitle green of the Arctic side to the indigo blue of the Gulf Stream: a temperature change of 12° to 0° Coleius has been recorded within a ship's length, ‘The currents off the coasts of Labrador and Newfoundland are complex; for details, reference should be made to the relovant volumes of ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions. North Se ‘A branch of the North Atlantic Current diverges from the main flow NE of the Shatland Isles and flows S, fanning out E towarcs the S par! of the Skagerrak, along the E coast of Bitain as far as tne Thames Esiuary itis there joined by a branch of the North Atlantic Current which passes through the English Channel and the Strait of Dover, the combined currents then flowing along the Netherlands and Jutland coasts. This current then flows arcund Skagerrak in a counter-clockwise direction and finaly sets N along the W coast of Norway. The outflow from the North Sea forms the Norwegian Coastal Gurrent and is probably the most constant part of the circulation. In about 62°N this current re-joins the main branch of the North Atlantic Current flowing towards Nordkapp. In most paris of the North Sea, except in Skagerrak, these currents are small and mostly insignificant to navigation compared with the predominant tidal influence and the effect of wind drift currents, Western approaches to English Channel ‘After SW or W gales, a set towards the mouth of the channel may be expected, al @ rate depencing on the locality, strength ang duration of the gale. In winter, sets of up to 12 kn are somelimes recorded, mainly in directions between ENE and SE, but the tidal streams are responsible for most of the water movement within the 200 m contour. Bay of Biscay Of the mouth of the Bay of Biscay the current is trencing SE to S to form the beginning of the Portugal Current. A branch enters the bay and recurvos W along the N coast of Spain, but over most of the bey the currents are highly variable with a tendency for directions between E and S to predominate. The rates for the ‘most part do not axcoad 1 kn and very rarely reach 2 kn. Following W or NW gales, E-going sets ocour off the N coast o! Spain. sometimes attaining a rate of 3 kn off Bilbao and 4 to & kn at tho head of tho bay particularly where current and tidal stream are in the same direction, 4 fs u Caribbean SeaMediterranean gash Atantio Caribbean Sea 12 ICE General remarks The folowing brief account of ice in the North Atlantic is by no means comprehensive. Before undertaking voyages through areas in which ico is likely o be met, The Mariner's Handbook and the relevant ADMIRALTY. Saling Directions shoud be studied, as wall as the monthly Routeing Charts, which show the ice limits. These limits are shown approximately on diagrams but they may not always agree with the Routeing Charts \which endeavour to show the extreme limits on a monthly basis as far as this is possible with tho limited and variable data available Detaiis of Ice Waring and facsimile ice chart broadcasts are also available and are described in the relevant volumes of ADMIRALTY List of Radio Signals, ‘A facior always to be borne in mind where ice conditions are concerned is their great variability. For this reason, and on account othe sparsity of observations in many arees, the charted posttions of ice limits must be regarded as approximate. The dates which follow refer 1o average conditions Ico limits and drift ‘The Routeing Charts show the influence of the ocean currents in setting the pack ioe over much ofthe area of the Grand Banks of Newioundiand from the latter part of January unti May, while the E part of the ocean remains ice-free to high latitudes. ‘Almost all the icetergs which menace the North Atantic routes originate in the glaciers of tho W coast of Greeniand whore they are calved at a rate of several thousand a year. Most are carried N by the West Greenland Current, round the nead of Baffin Bay, and then S by the Canadian and Labrador Currents, and when they finally reach the shipping routes they may be several years od, The bers calved on the E coast ‘of Greeniand also drift S, and may be met off Kap Farvel. Some diift across the East Greenland Current and may be met throughout the year on the E flank of thai current, extending SW from the W extremity o Iceland Others dit round Kap Farvel, but they do not survive the relatively warm waters of the Davis Strait and are ‘not a source of danger on the regular transatlantic routes. Icebergs may be found beyond the limits of the pack ice at all seasons, but mostly in early summer, in winter ‘many aro frazen into the pack ice. Ice in specific localities Kap Farvel. The greatest distance at which bergs aro mot S of Kap Farvelis generally about 120 miles. This usually occurs in May when they may be encountered as far S as 66°N and as far E a 32°W. Their leas! extent is in December. Bergs are not usually met S of 48°N between Seplemoer and December, but may well be encountered in any month N of 52°N. Saint Lawrence River. Below Montreal the river is closod by ice between early December and mid-April Commercial navigation ceases in most parts of the Gult of Saini Lawrence by md-Decamber. in the S pari avigation is not considered safe between early December and mid-Apri Strait of Belle Isle. The Strait is generally not navigable from late December until June. Cabot Strait. The Sirait is usually navigable from mid-April until February, Pack ice arrives from N of Cape Face about the end of January in an ordinary season, extending round the coasis of the Avalon Peninsular in February, until early May. ‘The Grand Banks of Newfoundland. The Grand Barks are entirely free o! pack ice between July and December inclusive. Pack ice reaches the banks in January and extends farthest S in March and April, on the E edge of tho banks. In very rare seasons, dangerous pack ice may exiend lo the Tail of the Bank and even S of it but, on average, the floes bagin to break up on reaching 45°N, In the region of the Grand Banks, the worst season for icebergs is between March and July, with April, May and June as the months of greatest frequency. Bergs are not often found S of 40°N or E cf 40°W, though occasionally they may be considerably outside these limits. They ave particularly prevalent around the € flanks of the banks, on which many of them ground. More detail is given in the relevant volume of ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions. Denmark Strait. The sirait is normally tree of ice on its E side throughout the yeer, but on rare occasions, a in the spring of 1968, the ice spreads across from Greenland to close the strait. icebergs may be mel throughout the year on both sides of the Denmark Strait, White Sea. The White Sea is normally closed to navigation from about mid-December to mid-May. Kol'skiy Zaliv. The N part remains open throughout the year bul, from December to April ice forms along the shore and at times breaks away, to be carried out to sea. It may be a hindrance for three or four days at atime in exceptionally cold winters, Norwegian coast. None of the main ports on the W coasts is ever closed by ico, and the closure of Oslo is rare. North Sea. Serious ice conditions in the entrances to German, Netherlands and Danish ports, lasting from 1 0-4 weeks, occur about two or three times in ten years at some time between mid-January and early March,CHAPTER Ice Information Services ce information, comprising up-to-date reports and forecasts {rom the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the Grand Banks of Newloundiand, Greenland, iceland and the NW approaches to Europe are transmitted trom the ‘coast radio stations listed in the rolovant volume of ADMIRALTY List of Radio Signals. International Ice Patrol. This service is operated by the US Coast Guard with the primary object of collecting data and waming shipping of the amount and oxiont of icobergs and sea ice in the vicinity of the Grand Banks, The service operates principally between the parallels of 39° and 50°N and the meridians of 42° and 60°W during the ice season from February or March until about the end of June. In spite of the efforts of the International {ce Patrol bergs are known to drift unnoticed into the usual routes in the vicinity of the Grand Banks. For dotails o! the Intornational Ice Patrol see the relevant volumes of ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions and ADMIRALTY List of Radio Signals. lee Advisory Service. This service, maintained by the Canadian Coast Guard during the winter navigational season, is based on aerial reconnaissance. Reports of exsting and forecast ice conditions are broadcast {rom certain Canadian racio stations. For details of the service see the rolevant volumos of ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions and ADMIRALTY List of Radio Signals. The volume Ice Navigation in Canagian Waters, issved by the Canadian Coast Guard, should also be consulted. Caution. Tests conducted by the International Ice Patrol have shown that radar cannot provide postive assurance for iceberg detection. Sea-water is a bettor reflector than ico. this moans that unloss a berg or growler is observed outside the area of ‘sea retuin’ or ‘cutie it will not be detected by radar. The average range of detection of a dangerous grower, if detected at all ic only 4 miles. Radar is a valuable aid, but its use cannot replace the traditional caution exercised during a passage passing near the Grand Banks during the ice season,ConAorER + Explanatory Notes for World Climatic Chart (January) GENERAL, ‘Tho information inooeporated in this chart deals CURRENTS. Only the location and direction of the main wth he average, not actual, concttons anc this is Ocean currents are indicated. Excent where the therelore a Cimact, and rot 2 Weather Chart winds are gonoraly ight andlor variable, a3 in the Unless oenvise stated, tne chant represents \Wcinity of the Equatorial Counter Currents, ere the characteristic stato of alfeirs for Janvary Is close agreement botwoon the cracton of the {epproximately the height of the rorthemn winter =z current and that of the prevaling wind. A cect ‘and southern summer) result this is that, according to whother the wing For detailed information about any particular blows from waumer Io colder latitudes, oF vice part ofthe werd, reference stould be made to the versa, the surface water temperatures will be Appropriate Weather Hanebooks, Ciimacte and bore, of below, the average or the fatiude ‘Curent Atlases, Admiral Plots and Ice Crarts. ‘Some iea ofthe relative warmth or coldnass of PRESSURE Prosauro, Ike wind, variable in quantty. On the eurenisis given by the extentto which the sea any ivan day in Janvary the actual pressures \sothermsin the vicinity ofthe current arows bend ‘recorded and tho arrangomont of Ines of equal pelewards or equatonwards respectvely; thus the 1018mb—— pressure (= cbars) may De qute diferent from Benguela Curren! i obviousy cold the Aguhas those shown on tis chart Ths is especialy ikaly Current warm, to be ihe case wit the ‘Vaveling Lows’ (or SEATEMPERATURE Uniice pressure and wnds, the day-o-cay depressions) which usually move from West to variation of sea temperature i vary smal rmonthy East across tne temperature zone, The “Highs” (or changes of more than 1°- 2°C are unusual, anc anticyclones) are much less mablle and their day- yeartowyear departures fom the mean monthly {e-cay variations of pressure much smaller. This value are ofthe same ow ore. the main reason why the Trades for instance, are psc ___ in the open ocean, and along leeward shores. toad in force and dioston than the Wlestorios sea and air temperatures agree aly closely fof te Noh Atlantic, (within 1 of so): ths February sea temperatures wins The artons give the genoral picture of the off Scily is approximately 010°C. and the prevaling winds over tne oceans. Where tnese average air temperature fr the same place 8°C. winds are unususlly steady, asin he Trades, the ‘Along. windward shores, eopecialy in high airows have been strenghened: in such cases laitudes, aterences up to 10°- 20°C. are. not = can be assumed that the winds blow in the Uncommon, Sometimes the ait wil ba much elder ae ection indicated cn more than 2/ards of all than the sea (e.g. hgh latudes in wnlen; at occasions. Where the arrows are broken oF others (2.9. in summer alang the wes! coast of S ‘omitted atogether, asin the hear ofthe High and Arca) tne sea wil have the lower temperature, GALE FREQUENCY Low pressure areas, there the winds ae variable. §=— FOG Sea fog Is tkely to form wherever warm air eo SWELL Gales and low pressures usualy go together tis 15 the main reason why they are mostly Confined tothe extratropical deprossion zones of the word. Winds of force 7 or more occur on more than 10 days a month in the darkersinted areas. ‘Such winds occur on §-10 days @ month in the lighar ties areas. No aitempt has been made to show te dstributcn of swell, but i ean be inferred broadly from inlormation on the chart. Low or mederate ‘swell is lable to occur to the leoward of al the ‘main wind bots; there i, fo instanco, a persistent short ard ow- at times moderate - swel along the E African coast during tho NE. monsoon. Hosvy ‘swell Is generally only produced in the exta- tropical gale zonos; however, in favourable Cckcumstances it generates up to 3000 miles Ice esses over cold water: it is most likely to be Dersistent where the sea isotherms lying athwatt tho track of a wind blowng irom warmer to ecler Waters are packec closely together. Areas in Which ¢00 fog may bo anceuntorad on at loost § days a month a indicated by @ tgnt stippe, Ice is about he most variablo ofall the elemonts depicted on this chart The year-to-year fluctuations inthe limi of packice (or icoborgs for that matter) are efter very considerable, For instance, in some seasons Jan Mayen cemains almost completely ice-fiee; in others it cannot be approached by a ship not specially stengthened until Jay Icebergs formed by the ‘calving’ of ice rom continental ice-caps anc valley glacers) are liable to be oncouniored beyond the peck-ice limits atl seasons ofthe year, but mosty in early beyond the corfines of these zones. Those Ccrcumstances are most ikely to arse in the rear ‘ol the eastward-moving depressions where in the Norther Hemisphere, the winds are N. Westerly land in the Souther Hemisphere, S. Westerly From thie it folowe 6) that heavy swell ic more ‘ely to outrun te gate zones on teir tropica than on their poloward fanke, and (i) that it fe ‘mote they 10 be experenced inthe easter than Jn tho wostera sides of tho oceans. ‘summer. They mot fast once they havo defted into comparatively war water e.g. the Gut Steam. NORTHERN HEMISPHERE an uno 8 paen an ests not TET T YN Aporertnint xbage Otbor ie Nevenbar SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE ean Lint 48 pechioe a re fast non TROPICAL STORMS (Feb Moreh In low latitudes gales are almost enttely AA AAa44k —— Sxr0ne tnt ebor anit (at ames oe yea confined to those areas fequentad by tropical ‘storms, In @ normal year the numer of such RAINFALL This is another uncertan quantiy, and he storms seldom exceeds two a month anyone amount faling in @ paricular January may dear fata. In the South Indian and South Pactic “ lite relation to te averages shown on the chart (Oveans the cyctone season usualy lasts from Se especaly is ths the case wth areas iying near ‘Dacomber o Apri: in the South Atlantic and north the lower mito! the 1"= 4° zone, Over the oceans fof me equator mere are generaly no topical a the only habitually rainy areas are the Doldrums INTERTROPICAL storms in these montne. Le and the storm (depression) belts of middle anc CONVERGENCE The chart shows the mean monthly position high lattudes. The Trades and N.E. Monsoon ‘ZONE ff the Intertropical Convergeney Zone. The blowing, it wil be noteed, off arid lands, are (EQUATORIAL severity of the weather near the Zone depends. ractcaly rainess. TROUGH) upon the degree of wind convergence (POLDAUNS) occurring there and varies both in space and 1 es time trom clear skies, when there Is. no onvergencento squell, with heavy rain and thunderstorms, when the convergence is “marked.GENERAL, PRESSURE winos GALE FREQUENCY a SWELL ‘TROPICAL STORMS. INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE (EQUATORIAL 1016 — TROUGH) (COLDRUNS) ‘CHAPTER | Explanatory Notes for World Climatic Chart (July) The information incorporated inthis chart deals with average, not actual, conditions and this is therelore a Cimacte, and not a Weaiher Chart. Unless otherwise stated, the chart represents the characteristic state of atlas for July (epproxmaiely the height ofthe northern summer ‘and the southern winte). For dolaled information about any partculer part of the world, reloronce should be mede tothe appropriate Weather Handbooks, Clmacic and (Currant Atlasos, Admiraly Piois and lee Chars. Pressure, Ike wind, 's vanable in quanity. On ‘any given’ day in July tho actual prossures ‘recorded and the arrangement of ines of equal pressure (= ischars) may be quite diferent from those shown on tis chart. This is especialy key to be the case with the ‘traveling Lows’ (or depressions) which usually move trom West 10 East across the temperature zone. The "Highs" (or antisyelones) are much less motile and ther éay- to-cay variations of pressure much smaller. Ths 's tho main roneon why the Tadee, for inetance, are leader in fo'ce and drecton inan ine Westeries fof tho Now Atlantic The anions give the general picture of ine provaling winds over tho oogans. Where these Winds are unusuelly steady, as inthe Trades, the arrows have been strengthened: in such cases t can be assumed that the winds blow In the 3] eS Neos. Neds Noo? NcOg coz NcOF 70 eee \ ae F if > 2 8 = > if a 8 ee a : = 3 = i Re | peerll lta acted SqUa UO, ‘NUR YLO ‘oqueRy ypc m5 Beg uBaqque: xopul Aywuwijaig o iV MUON °S ——ueauevia pow o) 1 22B = D (5) eS © 2 Sj ES mw 10 s'W 80; 7O"W BO;WHBOFW 40°W S0'Wi BOW sebed Asoutuniosg NoOg squequeg MUe TY YON oquepy nos Pes ueoueneupoyy eg ueaqqued xeput 40ew 90°W 80°W 702W, BOW _50°W 23a Na ee eS Eas Roy [ody —— ale ) sy ‘ 2 : = ella 2 5 \ 8 ¥ 4 : , 2 ee Laven EY fre aa ees Tee eens i swaqueg SHUEY YON oHuBRY YINoS eg ueaqqueg xepu ueeuesiaIpay 24Surface Sea Temperatur 20 cow sebeg mer eae vos patted, | suuoweo onveny won IVS — egy eS iagy PASUEDNAUED a ane ccoeseniaen ; wn we we 2 sm Se Bay slo | \se Nod NeOS NLOh NOB NsG2_N}OF 8.01 _s.02 \s.08 | sor xepul S209) 50°W 40°W 30°W 20'w 10"W oe 60°W 80sW 70°W, g0ewseBed ‘Arouun pag sjuawog mavueng, SWUEHY UFOS —eeuerenpayy PAS UBECAUED xepu NORTH ATLANTICNorth Atlantic Area Coverage, Ports and Con OE ow ew Tow ew sow WW ow aw iowOLD we z z ee 8 “in toommag 8 =e Menon oe ° g eis | = Neen New on @ 2] B Mnuone g 2 fogs 5 chan @ 8 eae =| 2 © Lapras =) z 5 & 2 5 ©, ba - z z | = ° = was sow eorw 70eW GOW SOW aOFW SOW OW 1OPW sore | g a z 3 & 4 Es 53 g a & 3 st Pre 8 ° Cae 28North Atlantic Area Coverage, Ports and Connectors worER? 5 E ‘Aveiro Aviles Bayonne (New York) Bibao Casablanca Coute Charleston Chesapeake, Newport News Dakar Dundalk Gibvattar Algeciras Gijon Halilax 40°39'N 08°49°;W 49°42'N 05°58°W 40°40'N 74°05'W 43°36°N 03°11 W 33°41'NO7°34°W 35°55'N 05°19°W 32°4'N 79°47'W 36°57'N 76°01'W 14°36'N 17°25. 36°57'N 76°01 W 96°08'N 05°26'W 49°98'N 05°40°W 444°30°N 63°20 Huelva Itequi Jacksonville La Coruna Las Pamas Liston Montroal Pointe Aux Trambles (Les Escounine) New York Paulsboro Santander Setubal Tanger-Mediterranoan 37°06°N 06°50°W 01°38'S 43°46°W 30°24'N 81°23°W 49°28'N 08°25°W 28°08'N 15°23'W 38°37'N 09°24 45°39'N 73°32'W 49°20'N 40°27'N 39°00'N 75°08 W 43°33'N 03°46 W 38°25'N 09°00'W 8°56'N 05°30'W Antigua Channel Bishop Rock W Cabo Calcanhar Caicos Passage Cape Sierra Leone Crooked Island Passage N Galloone Passage Guadeloupe Channel le COuessant SW Mayaguana Pasage Mid Atlantic 16°34'N 81°53'W 49°41°N 0701 W 04°36°S 34°57'W 22°15'N 72°20 W 08°26'N 1529W 29°52'N74°41°W 10°87'N 60°s4'W 15e40'N 61935'W 48°24°N 06°04'W 22°30'N 73°20W 04°26°N 26°44°W Mona Passage Mouchoir Passage NE Providonee Channel Sombrero Passage SW Approaches St Lucia/St Vincert Channel Strats of Florida N Strat of Gibraltar € Strat of Gibraltar W Tobago Passage B°44°N 67°57 W 21°16'N 70°42'W 26°44°N 77°04'W 18°10°N 63°32'W 49°11°N 06°39'W 13°34'N 61°12 27°26'N 79°17 W 96°00'N 05°24'W 35°57'N 06°26°W 11°35'N 60°35'W 29 Pages Contents Overview é Sea Mediterranean Caribbean Sea IndexcuneteR This chapter contains information relating to passages within and across the North Atlantic Ocean. Relevant navigational publications should be consulted when planning and conducting passages. These publications include ADMIRALTY Routeing Guides, ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions and The Mariner's Handbook, amongst others. PASSAGES BETWEEN ENGLISH CHANNEL AND STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR OR INTERMEDIATE PORTS Notes and Cautions Trafie Separation Schemes exit in the enrance to the English Chanrel ile d’Ouessant and othe Spanish ang Portigueao coast. For regulations governeg hom see ADMIRALTY Saling Siecle Fishing For deiails of fishing grounds see relevant volume of ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions. Natural Conditions Natural lle d Quessant. When rounding ile d Quessant in uncertain weather, great care should be taken, see Channel Pilot. The incidence of fog in the vicinity is high, it is important to remember, when in fog, that itis not always possible from the land to determine the existence of fog banks in the offing and thal fog signals May not therefore be in operation. Bay of Biscay. Between lle dQuessant (48°28'N 5°05'W) and Cabo Finisterre (42°53'N 9° 16°W) a general E-going set may be experienced. Onshore winds bring clouds, which may develop into low visibility naar the ecast, The coast between Cabo Ortegal (43°46'N 7°S2'W) and Cabo Finisterre (42°53'N 9° 16°W) is a dangerous lanatall except in good weather. owing to the E-going set of the current, the tidal streams and the risk of poor Visibility with low cloud which may obscure the lights. Approaching across the Bay o} Biscay, a landfall should be made at Cabo Villano (43°10'N 9°13'W) which is high and easily recognised. in poor viibilty, soundings will give.a good indication of the distance off the shore, See also Bay of Biscay Pilot ‘West coasts of Spain and Portugal ‘Athough In general a good offing is advisable off the coasts of Spain and Portugal, when coasting the normal ‘oute for N-bound traffic follows the coast to Cabo Finisterre (42°53'N 9°16'W) more closely than that for S-bound trac The channel between liha Berlenga (89°25'N 9°30°W) and Cabo Carvoeiro (39°21’N 9°24'W) is clear and deep and may be taken in clear weather. When uncertain of the position near Os Farilhdes (39°29'N 9°33'W) and ha Berlenga (39°25'N 9°30'W). itis vital to gain sea room since sounding gives litte incication of the vicinity of these islands. For general remarks on depths off these coasis see West Coasts of Spain and Portugal Pilot. Inthe vicinity of Gabo de Sao Vicente (37°01'N 9°00"), the currents set strongly along the coast and have a tendency towards the cape. S-going currents predominate; N-going currents are especially likely to occur during SW gales. PASSAGES BETWEEN NORTH AMERICA AND PLACES BETWEEN GULF OF MEXICO AND CABO CALCANHAR Notes and Cautions Gulf of Mexico, West Indies channels and E coast of USA, For recommended approaches to the Gulf of ‘Mexico and cirections for passages through the West indies Channels or along the E coast of the United ‘Statos, s00 relevant volume of ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions, Natural Conditions AA strong N-going current will be encountered for 200 miles in the N approaches to North-East Providence Channel Bahamas ‘The Gulf Stream is the main factor affecting voyages in the part of the ocean between Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Bahamas Bermuda For routes passing near Bermude Islands, see relevant volume of ADMIRALTY Sailing Directions. i i 31Preliminary Pages Contents ‘South Atlantic, Caribbean Sea 32 PASSAGES BETWEEN EASTERN PART OF NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN AND NORTH COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA Notes and Cautions Ofishore hazards. Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paolo and Aol das Rocas, which are both low-lying and ‘angerous, as wall as Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha, lie close 'o the routes to Recife, and in the main stream of the W-going South Equatorial Current. The coast S of Cabo de S20 Roque should be approached with caution. Currents, which often set onshore should be guarded against. Landfall off Recife should normally be made in 8°00’S 34° 40'W, 10 miles E of Ponta de Olinda, or N of this position from October io January. See South America Pitot, Volume | PASSAGES TO AND FROM ARQUIPELAGO DOS ACORES Natural conditions Currents. The islands lie in the main flow of the Azores Current and S of the predominantly W winds of the North Atlantic Ocean. PASSAGES TO AND FROM ARQUIPELAGO DE CABO VERDE Natural conditions. Currents ‘The E islands of Arquipélago de Cabo Verde more especially feel the force of the Canary Current setting to the SW; several wrecks have been caused by Gisregarcing it. The currents between the islands of the group are frequerily stiong, irregular and influenced by the wind. For further details of currents see Africa Pilot, Volume I Local magnetic anomalies have been reported in the vicinity of Arquipélago de Cabo Verde, especially off the W side of Sal, off the E side of Boavista and near Fogo and Brava,saBeg weg ‘Arouioies SPEIRS, AENIENO SQUERY HINOS — eoueuoypoyy PPS UPPED, op Connector Routes for the North AtlanticTolulal=r0i Colma! Noe Noob By $204] NOE NOP N08 3.08 3.0 20 reno er m,oc M08 meoe M06 M06 s.01 Naot Nace N-o8 NOP N05 aT eg ueeqaued xepuy 34relat Toso) ma tele LC) ‘Connector to Connector Routes =e ein «Ey NE Providenee Chanel 25°44'N77°04'W Strait of Gibraltar W 95°57'N 06°26'W Ee Mona Passage 18°41°N 67°57°W Strait of Gibraltar W 35°57'N 06°25'W é = NE Providence Channel 25°44N77°0¢W Stra Gbratar W 35°57 NOS*25W Anigua Channet 6°34 61°59 Stra of Gbratar W 35°57 Nos'25W Caicos Passage 22"15N72°20W Sia of Gbralar W 35°57 Nos‘2sW Mouchoir Passage 21°16N 70°42W Stat of Gbratar W 25°57 Nos*2sW Ee Guadeloupe CHannal 1S°4Q'N 61°35 W Strait of Gibraltar W 36°57"N 06°26 W : Antgua Channel 16°34'N61°53'W Strait of Gbraltar W 35°57'N 06°25. W = ‘Sirait of Gibratar W ‘35°57'N06°26°W Cape Sierra Leone 08°26°N 15°29°W ss Staltot Gibratar W 35°57'N 06°20°W Cape SieriaLeone 08°26'N 15:29 Salt of Gibatar W 35°57N 06°26°W Cape Seria Leone 06°26 15-291W Sait of Gibraar € 26°00N 05°2¢W Strat of Gtratar W 25°57 Nos*25W Salts of Fonda N 27°26 N 79°17 W Sta ol Gbratar W B5°STNOS*W 50g i Lucia/St Vincent Channel 13°34'N 61°12'W Gabo Calcannar 0438'S 34°57 W 1919 S Tobago Passage 11°95°N 60°35°W Cabo Calcanhar 04°38'S 34°57 W 1821 é Gateone Paseage 10°57'N 60°54'W Cabo Caleantar ouae'saecs7W 1017 Nett Nowe Pessage NE TeONG0<7H MAES Terie cowenie3eW NAGE Neva dee jogos Yr2RNTGRW —NABT Leora soca ieew WAHe Cap er {acest W—NAED9 von sevow iestw Wee? Cabotaas Zy-S0ME-OIW NAGS rodeo SearoutS gorse tue W Nate oreo araaniereew 2 a i 5 3 3B g g § 3 3Meare elm aCe} N08 NOP NOS 3.0 20 ‘Mao! mooz. 108 ‘M07 mos 08) moe, M08 M06 08 1309, moe moe M06 8.01 NeOL Nooe Noor 36cna LefolaTal-focelm atoll} Eien Mona Passage 18°<1'N 07°57 W SW Approaches 48°11'N 06"39'W 4300 Antigua Channel 16°34'N61°53'W lle dOvessant SW 46°24'N 06°04'W 4100 Caices Passage 22°15N 72°20W —Bienop Rock W 49°41'NO7°01'W 4549 Caicos Passage 22°15IN 72°20W SW Approachos 49°11'N 06¢30'W 4501 Caicos Passage 22°151N 72°20W le FOuessani SW 48°24'N 06°08'W 4541 Mouchot Passage 21°161N 70°42'W Bishop Rock W 49°41'NO7-01'W avy Mouchoir Pascage 21°161N 70°42'W SW Approaches 49°11'N 06¢39'W z Mouchoir Paseage 21°161N 70°42W tle FOucscani SW 48°24'N 08°08'W ara Mona Passage 18°41'N 67°57 W lo ¢Ouessant SW 48°24'N 06¢08'W as 8 Antigua Channel 16°341N 61°53W Bishop Rock W 49°41'N 07°01 'W 4153 Antigua Chanel 16°34'N 61°53'W SW Approaches 49°11'N06"39'W 4143 NE Providence Channe 25°44'N 77°04'W SW Approaches 49°11'N06°39'W 4795 NE Providence Channe! 25°44'N 77°04'W lo FOuessant SW 48°24'N 06-08'°W amg Strait of Gibraltar € 36°00'N 05°24'W lle dOuessani SW 48°24'N 06-08'W 15S Mayaguana Passage 22°30'N 73°20'W Bishop Rock W 49°41'NO7°01'W aoa Mayaguana Passage 22°30'N 73°20'W SW Approaches 49°11'N 06°90 40g Mayaguana Passage 22°301N 73°20W le fOuessani SW 48°24'N 06-08;W 4594 Sirits of Foxida N 27°26'N 79°17 W —_Bichop Rock W 49°41'N 07-01 'W 4891 alts of Forida N 27°26'N 79°17W SW Approaches 49°11'N06e30'W 4095 Straits of Frida N 27°26 79°17W le dOuessant SW 48°24'N 06°08'W pa ape Sierra Leone 08"26'N 18°28'W ile GOuessami SW 48°24'N06-08'W 2991 Md Atlantic C4°26'N 26°44'W le dOuesseni SW 48°28'N06-08;W 3303 NE Providence Channel 25°44'N77°04'W Bishop Rock W 40°41'N 07°01 'W 4793 Mona Passage 1B°41'N 67°57 W Bishop Rack W 49°41'N 07-01 'W 406 Ci a ee = NAST Mona Passage NE 1S*4gN56°47W —NAII4 Cabo Fnistowe NE 456N0820W NARS Archipelago dos Bjagos W22'N17-38'W —-NAROD. Azores W wrsenessew NAB6 Cap Veet 14248'N 18°00'W _-NA342_Off Capo Roca TSS 38°0'N 00°50'W NAB7 Cabo Barbas 21°59'N 16°01°W _NAGA5_ Off Finisterte TSS 49° 16N 10°00'W NAB® Tenesite S 27°49'N 16°28'°W A363. Off Finisterre TSSN 43°31'N 09°49'W NBO Tenesifo N 28°46'N 16°36°W __NAG78__Hirondolle Seamount § 26°56N 12°44'W NAQO Las Palmas S 27°30'N 15°15 —_-NAGB3. Tenonte E 24'N 15°55'W NAST Las Patras N 28°26'N 14°49'W —-NA€GI_ San Sebaslian dela Gomera SE_27° 17 N 16°30'W Medi Caribbean Sea Index 37sabeg é 7 9 i es se. xepul Ase uted suenucy ‘meInlenQ SHUEHY UMS eo yeneypayy PAS HBAGHED pul North Atlantic RoutesSCT id Bayonne ry BS S eg Averi 3 ERT Noo Moe WOE "0r M05 08 OL M08 M06 3 Zz 2 ef 8 2 2 8 4 2 2 z 2 8 a 2 2 3.01 Mo ce moe or mos m0 moe goo 18,06 sobeg ees 5 J x Austere sueI09 Manson SRUENY MOS eoubypony — PeS UECCRUED pul 40eRe Averio, Aviles and Bayonne (New York) Preliminary From Aveiro To Aviles To Bilbao To Casablanca To Las Palmas To Santander From Aviles To Aveiro To Casablanca From Bayonne (New York) To Casablanca To laGoruna 40°99'N oa°4e'W AVE 43°42'N 05°S8'W AVS 43°24'N 03°11 BIO s3°41'N 0734 CAS 28°08'N 1520'W LPA 43°33'N 03°46 W SOR 43°42'N 05°58'W AVS 40°39'N 0B°40'W AVE S3°41'NO7°34'W CAS 40°39'N 74°03. W BAY 33°41'N07°34'W CAS 43°28'N 08°25 LOG Ee Avero Aviles Aviles Aviles Bayonne (New York) Bayonne (New York) Bayonne (New York) Bayonne (New York) Bayonne (New York) Bayonne (New York) Bayonne (New York) 40°39'N 080 W 43°42'N 05°58 W 43°42'N 08768 W 43°42'N 05°58 W 40°39'N 74703 W 49°39'N 74°03 W 40°39'N 74-03 W 40°39'N 74°03 W 40°39'N 74703 W 40°99'N 74°03 W 40°99'N 74°03 W PT Es ES MA ES ES ES MA MA ES lle dOuessant SW lle dOuessant SW Strait of Gibratar E Strait of Gbraitar W Bishop Rock W lie }Ouessant SW Mid atantic ‘SW Approaches sia s of Florida N Strait of Gbraltar E Strait of Gibraltar W 659 sv 1019 618 495, 1022 4097 4016 48°24'N 06°08'W 48°24°N 06°04'W 36°00'N 05°28 35°57'N 08°25°W 49°41'NO7°01'W 48°24°N 06°04 W 04°26'N 26°44'W 49°11'N 06°39. W 27°26/N 79°17 W 36°00'N 05°28°W 35°57'N 06°26°W NPor NP22 Nez NPt NPr Np22 N22 NPG? NPI Nea NP NPG? 171 North Europe ports 407 North Europe porte 1» Mositerranoan, Mermaca 10°? Denia and Black Sea ports Maciteranean, Marmara Denizi and Biack Sea ports 4199 North Europe pots 4230 North Europe pots 3740 South Atian 4210 North Europe pons Carbbean, Panama Canal and Pacific pons 4208 Meciteranean pons 4208 Mediterranean poris 1022 1028 NAY Groat South Channel NA23_ New York SE NA37 New York S NASB Cape Hatteras SE NAN12 Cabo Finisterre S NA114 Cabo Finisterre Ni NAQ71 Sable Island NA32&_ Retriever Searro NNA3S1 Cape S.Vicerte T: 'NAS42_ Cape Roca TSS NNAS45 Cape Finisterre T e SS 40°30'N 68°42°W 40°01'N 73°13'W 39°30N 73°47'W 35°04'N75°01'W 42°35'N 10°02 43°56'N ca"20'W_ 40°38'N 58°14 W unt 40°02'N €5°50°W 5 35°40'N 09°17'W 38°39'N 09°59 W 43°16 'N 10°00 W NA358_ Offchore Casablanca 95¢90°N 09°30 W NA350_Off Gabo Carvooko 39°19'N 09°57 W 'NA3EO_ Offshore El Jadida NW 95°28'N 10°49 W NA361_ Cape &.Vicento NI 20'N 00°37 W NA362 Offshore Ras Cantin 93°03'N 12°19 W NA3BS Finistoro TSS N NAgB4 Off Carino NE NA3B5 Off Aviles NW NAGE Off Santander NA485_Long Island S NAG6 Sandy Hook 43°31'N 09°40 W 43°51'N 07°48. W 43°45°N 08°22 W 43°95'N 04°07 W 40°25'N 73°46 W -49°32'N 74°00 W 4 Contents Overview E Mediterranean Caribbean Sea Se IndexS 3.01 é 2 z a z a0) sebeg Asouuaaia squewuog M02 MOE 0b M205, M02 m.ce Mor M08 oat onl in M208 0d, M08 M206 14,09, M0 M308 M206 ees, weournaypoy PS UPPGAUED ul S.01 Neo N.08 N.0P Ne08 N02 4Bilbao, Casablanca and Charle: From |Bibae 49°ot NOON W BIO ES eee To Aveo 40°20'NOB°40"W AVE PT 3 No? 3. To Casablanca 33°41'N07°34'W CAS MA 1180 NPt a To Usbon 88°37 NOS"2EW LIS PT 827 neers BS From Casablanca 33°41'N.07°34'W CAS MA NPT * Te [arao| 40°2e'N06°49"W AVE PT sm per To Ales A2°W2NOE°SEW AVS ES 1040 p22 To Bayonne New Yor) 40°301N72°03W BAY US 2097 wees 3 To Bibao 49°34 08°11 W BIO ES 1208 p22 : To Chesapethe, Newport News 90°S7'N76°OI'W UFG US 204 69 = To Gijon 49°96°N 05°40'W GU eS 1064 ‘NP22 S To Hucha a7*06NO6°50W HUY ES 285 Pc? To Liston 38°37 NOG=2EW LIS PT 260 Lisbon Santa Apslonia NPG? Te ore semneniow WTR CA a07e P65 Setubal 26°25'N 08°00'W SET 978 Seal Cement Factoy NFO i Bilbao 43°34°N 03°11 W le dOuessant SW 48°2UNOB°02W 452 North Europe porte Bibao 43°34°N 03°11 W Mona Passage 18°41'N67°57W 4971 Carbbean ports Mediterranean, Suez Canal and Indian Ocean ports Mediteranean, Suez Canal Bibac 49°94N09°11'W Strait of Gioratar E 36°00'NOS“28W 1189 Charlesion 32°43'N79°47'W Bishop Rock W 4g°41'NO7°O1 W 4667 North Europe ports a Charleston 92°43'N 79°47°W Ile d'Quessant SW. 48°24°N 06°03'W 4698 Norn Europe ports - ae (nn é B eS a an ae NA38 Cape Hatteras SE 35°04'N 75°01'W NA345_ Cape Finisterre TSS 43° 16'N 10°00 W B NAS9 —Charlesion 92°37'N 79°35'W NA348. Saint-Felicito N 49°08'N 67°24 5 NA271_ Sabie Island 40°38'N 58°14°W. NA364 Off Carino NE 43°51'N07°46'W 5 NNA3O4 Tall of the Bank W 43°0BN52"19W —_NA3B5_ Off Avies NW 43°46'N 08°22'W 2$00 ‘$201 0 NoOF Noo, oot 30h N08 ma 8.0 Not N02 Noe Noob M06 me soBeg Areuujexg squawog maneno, onueay unos eas ueeueveIpeW ag uvaqquea 44 xepulCHAPTER 2 Let -serolofer-1.coom Bll UNO MBIT ATe alk From Chesapeake 96°57'N76°01'W UFG US To Casablanca 33°41'NO7°34W CAS MA From Dakar 14°96'N 17°28'W DKR SN To TangerMediierranean 36°S5'N05°30'W PTM MA To Vitoria 20°19'S 40° 1S‘W VIX BR Port to Connector Routes 4204 1718 248 Chesapeake 36°57'N 76°01 W Chesapeake 96°57'N 76°01'W Chesapeake 36°57'N 76°01 W Dakar 14°96'N 17°25'W Dakar (Route A) —14°36°N 17°25 W Dakar (Route 8) 4°961N 17°25'W Dakar 4°96'N 17°25'W Dundalk 96°67'N 76°01'W Dundalk 36°57'N 76°01'W Dundalk 36°57'N 76°01 W Dundalk 36°57'N 76-01'W ‘Staats of Florida North Strat of Gibraltar E Stat of Gibraltar W Cape Sierra Leone le dOuessant SW lle dOuessant SV Stait of Gibraltar E Bishop Rock W le dOuessant SW Nase age NagE NAST ABS, age Nag? NagB Naso. Naot Nana Chesapeake East Cape Hatteras SE Chesapoako Bay SE Cheasapeake Bay E Archipelago dos Biagos Cap Vert Cabo Barbas Tonotte $ Tenoife N Las Palmas Nv ‘Cabo Finistre Orishore 36°48'N 74°39 W 35°04'N 75°01 W 96°47'N 75°42W 96°57'N 75°44 W 11922'N 17°38'°W 14°48'N 18°00 W 21°59'N 18°01'W 27°49'N 16°24°W 28°46'N 15°36 W 2a°28'N 14°40°W 43°31'N 10°30 W 27°25N79°17 W 36°00'N05°24W 35°57'N 06°25. W (08°25'N 15°29 W 48°24'N 06°04 W 48°28'N 05-03 W 36°00'N05°28'W 49°41'NO7°01'W 48°24'N 08°04'W 49°11'N08°39W 27°26 79°17 W 5 P62 sé Net net ne? nes é 8 71 Carobean pors 4222 Wedterranean pons 1522 Mediteranean pots 2 418 South Alone porte 4 2596 North Europe ports é 2605 North Europe ports 725 Mediterranean ports 4411 Nonth Europe ports 4439 North Europe posts 4421 Noth Europe ports 799 Caribbean ports NATI4. Cabo Finstore NE aarsonoszgw = S NAS3T Of! Safi 32°40'N 09°55'W 3 NABtO. Cap Spare ssuoncoosw — § NAQ45. Cape Finistore TSS arreniocow 8 A376. Honda I Seamoun SS:E6N 12044W NAS7B. Stat of Gata Sere NOSsOW NA330. Strat of Gibraltar W 96°5'N 05°48'W g A498. Caryn Soareunt searNTew Bg SA3t4 Archos Sark N weessraw BO SA357_ Off Vitoria 20° 10'S 30°32'W 3 § g 3 s é Index 45