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Fig.1 (a) The position of the gene encoding the HSV-1 glycoprotein within the HSV-1 genome. Those listed below the viral genome are essential
for viral replication, and those above are non-essential genes. (b) HSV particles consist of an icosahedral capsid containing a 152-kb double-
stranded linear DNA genome. The viral nucleocapsid is surrounded by an amorphous tegument layer of virus and cellular proteins. The viral
envelope contains 12 viral glycoproteins, those necessary for entry (gD, gB, gH/gL) and modifications for vector retargeting (gD, gB, gC, gH).
(Goins. 2016)
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HSV displays a broad range of host cells and its cellular receptors are widely expressed on the cell surface of numerous
cell types.
Non-dividing cells may be efficiently infected and transduced by HSV.
Almost half of approximately 90 known viral genes are not essential for growth in tissue culture, and their deletion can
produce a sufficiently large genomic space for exogenous transgenes.
Recombinant HSV vectors can be easily produced to high titer and purity without wild-type contaminants.
The potential behavior of the virus may be exploited for stable long-term expression of therapeutic transgenes in
neurons.
HSV has interesting features that are retrogradely transported in neurons and metastasized in synapses and can be
utilized to track neuronal pathways.
Amplicon vectors
The amplicon is a plasmid-derived vector engineered to contain the origin of HSV DNA replication (ori) and HSV cleavage
packaging recognition sequences (pac). When amplicon is transfected into mammalian cells with HSV helper function,
they are replicated, form head-to-tail linked concatamers and are then packaged into viral particles. However, the use of
standard HSV-1 as a helper results in the production of helper‑contaminated vector stocks. Contaminant helper particles
may cause significant cytotoxicity and inflammatory responses that prevent their use in gene therapy or vaccination
protocols. To overcome these obstacles, Creative Biolabs offers different helper systems that do not require a helper
vector, such as the helper system consisting of the entire HSV-1 genome, without the pac signal, cloned into a bacterial
artificial chromosome (BAC) in E. coli providing a full set of transacting HSV‑1 function. Another different helper system
recently developed is based on the deletion of the packaging signal of the helper virus in the cells producing the amplicon
by site-specific recombination based on Cre/loxP. 0
Replication-defective vectors
The replication-defective virus is a viral vector in which an “essential” gene for viral replication in vitro is mutated or
deleted. Therefore, these mutants cannot grow unless they are complementary in trans in the transformed cell line. To
date, several replication-defective vectors have been constructed where the immediate early (IE) genes, expressing
infectious cell proteins (ICP) 0, 4, 22, 27 and 47 have been deleted in various combinations.
Replication-competent vectors
Several genes involved in HSV replication, virulence, and immune evasion have been identified, which are not essential
for the in vitro viral life cycle. These genes are often involved in multiple interactions with cellular proteins to optimize the
ability of the virus to grow within the cell. Typically, the deletion/modification of these genes, alone or in combination, are
used to produce HSV mutants with reduced ability to replicate in normal resting cells, but which can replicate in tumor or
dividing cells. so far, many of the HSV-1 and HSV-2 genes that are not essential in culture and alter the virulence in animal
models. Among these genes, genes encoding thymidine kinase (TK), ribonucleotide reductase (RR), the virion-host shut
off (Vhs) and the ICP34.5 proteins have been extensively studied.
Creative Biolabs is one of the world's leading leaders in vaccine technology development, providing the highest quality and
most comprehensive vaccine vector design services. If you need it, we are your best choice.
Reference
1. Goins W F, et al. (2016). Retargeting of herpes simplex virus (HSV) vectors. Current Opinion in Virology, 21: 93-101.
All of our products can only be used for research purposes. These vaccine ingredients CANNOT be used directly on
humans or animals.
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