4 5886482142090757881

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I I
1- STATE OF MATTER 1
2-ATOMIC STRUCTURE 13
3- ISOTOPES 31
4- BONDING 43
5- CHEMICAL FORMULA 49
6- METALS AND ALLOYS 73
7- REACTIVITY SERIES 111
8- SOLID STRUCTURE 127
9- ACID AND BASE 139
10- OXIDES 153
11- REDOX REACTION 165
12- ELECTROLYSIS 179
13- METAL EXTRACTION 201
14- ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL 211
15- RUSTING 227
16- CHEMICAL REACTION AND PHYSICAL CHANGE 235
17- RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTION 245

1
22
1- Two gas jars each contain a different gas. The gas jars are connected and the cover slips are
removed.
The diagram shows what happens to the particles of the gases.
cover slips
Which process has occurred?
A chemical reaction
B condensation
C diffusion
D evaporation
2- The diagram shows the result of dropping a purple crystal into water.
water purple
after five hours solution
purple
crystal
Which processes take place in this experiment?
chemical
diffusing
iffusing d
reaction
A
B
C
D
3
3- The diagram shows a sugar lump in a cup of tea.
Which two processes must happen to spread the sugar evenly in the tea?
first process second process
A diffusion dissolving
B dissolving diffusion
C dissolving melting
D melting diffusion
4- A sugar cube is dropped into a hot cup of tea.
The tea is not stirred.
Which statement explains why the tea becomes sweet?
A The heated water molecules penetrate the sugar cube.

B The hot tea causes the sugar to melt.
C The sugar cube dissolves and its molecules diffuse.
D The sugar molecules get hot and evaporate.
5- The particles of a substance gain energy and change from a regular ordered structure to a
disordered structure with large distances between the particles.
Which change of state is described?
A boiling
B evaporation
C melting
D sublimation
4
6- The diagram shows an experiment to demonstrate diffusion.
cotton wool soaked in ammonium cotton wool soaked in

hydrochloric acid chloride ammonia solution
Which statement explains why the ring of ammonium chloride appears as shown?
A Ammonia solution only produces a gas which moves until it meets the hydrochloric acid.
B Both solutions produce a gas, but ammonia moves quicker than hydrogen chloride because
it is lighter.
C Hydrochloric acid produces hydrogen chloride which stays at one end of the tube until the
ammonia reaches it.
D The two solutions run along the tube until they meet.
7- Small crystals of purple KMnO4 (Mr = 158) and orange K2Cr2O7 (Mr = 294) were placed at the
centres of separate petri dishes filled with agar jelly. They were left to stand under the same
physical conditions.
After some time, the colour of each substance had spread out as shown.
dish 1 dish 2
KMnO4 K2Cr2O7
The lengths of the arrows indicate the relative distances travelled by particles of each substance.
Which statement is correct?
A Diffusion is faster in dish 1 because the mass of the particles is greater.

B Diffusion is faster in dish 2 because the mass of the particles is greater.
C Diffusion is slower in dish 1 because the mass of the particles is smaller.
D Diffusion is slower in dish 2 because the mass of the particles is greater.
5
8- Small crystals of purple KMnO4 (Mr = 158) and orange K2Cr2O7 (Mr = 294) were placed at the
centres of separate petri dishes filled with agar jelly. They were left to stand under the same
physical conditions.
After some time, the colour of each substance had spread out as shown.
dish 1 dish 2
KMnO4 K2Cr2O7
The lengths of the arrows indicate the relative distances travelled by particles of each substance.
A Diffusion is faster in dish 1 because the mass of the particles is greater.

B Diffusion is faster in dish 2 because the mass of the particles is greater.
C Diffusion is slower in dish 1 because the mass of the particles is smaller.
D Diffusion is slower in dish 2 because the mass of the particles is greater.
6
9- In which changes do the particles move further apart?
W X
gas liquid solid
Y Z
A W and X B W and Z C X and Y D Y and Z
10- Diagrams X, Y and Z represent the three states of matter.
X Y Z
Which change occurs during boiling?
A X to Y B Y to Z C Z to X D Z to Y
11- ‘Particles moving very slowly from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.’
Which process is being described?
A a liquid being frozen

B a solid melting
C a substance diffusing through a liquid
D a substance diffusing through the air
7
concentration.’

B a solid melting
8
13- Which process causes the greatest increase in the distance between particles?
A condensation
B freezing
C melting
D sublimation
14- A sugar cube is dropped into a hot cup of tea.
The tea is not stirred.
Which statement explains why the tea becomes sweet?
A The heated water molecules penetrate the sugar cube.

B The hot tea causes the sugar to melt.
C The sugar cube dissolves and its molecules diffuse.
D The sugar molecules get hot and evaporate.
15- Which statement describes sublimation?
A Particles moving slowly past each other speed up and move further apart.
B Particles vibrating next to each other become mobile and move slowly past each other.
C Particles vibrating next to each other start to move rapidly and move further apart.
D Rapidly moving particles slow down and move closer together.
9
16- Compound X is a colourless liquid at room temperature.
(a) A sample of pure X was slowly heated from –5.0 °C, which is below its melting point, to 90 °C,
which is above its boiling point. Its temperature is measured every minute and the results are
represented on the graph.
F
90 °C
D
E
temperature
B
t °C C
A
–5 °C
time
(i) Complete the equation for the equilibrium present in the region BC.
X(s) ....................
(ii) What is the significance of temperature t °C?
.......................................................................................................................................
(iii) What is the physical state of compound X in the region EF?
.......................................................................................................................................
(iv) What would be the difference in the region BC if an impure sample of X had been used?
.......................................................................................................................................
10
17- Matter can exist as solid, liquid or gas. The arrows show some changes of state.
solid
A B
liquid gas
(a) Name the changes of state represented on the diagram.
(i) A ....................................................................................................................................
(ii) B ....................................................................................................................................
(iii) C ....................................................................................................................................
(b) Explain why energy has to be supplied to turn a liquid into a gas.
....................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
11
18- The graph shows how the temperature of a substance changes as it is cooled over a period of
30 minutes. The substance is a gas at the start.
300 S
250 T
V W
200
X
temperature Y
150
/ °C
Z
100
50
0
0 10 20 30
time / minutes
Each letter on the graph may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(a) Which letter, S, T, V, W, X, Y or Z, shows when
(i) the particles in the substance have the most kinetic energy,
. ......................................................................................................................................
(ii) the particles in the substance are furthest apart,
. ......................................................................................................................................
(iii) the substance exists as both a gas and a liquid?
. ......................................................................................................................................
(b) Use the graph to estimate the freezing point of the substance.
.............................. °C
(c) Name the change of state directly from a solid to a gas.
..............................................................................................................................................
(d) W
hen smoke is viewed through a microscope, the smoke particles in the air appear to jump
around.
(i) What term describes this movement of the smoke particles?
. ......................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why the smoke particles move in this way.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ......................................................................................................................................
12
13
14
1- Which statements about a phosphorus atom, 31
15 P , are correct?
1 The nucleon number is 16.

2 The number of outer electrons is 5.
3 The proton number is 15.
A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only
2- Element X is a non-metal.
In which position of the Periodic Table could element X be found?
A at the bottom of Group I

B at the top of Group 0
C at the top of Group I
D in the transition elements
15
3- The diagram shows the structure of an atom of element X.
e
key
e e e = electron
n = neutron
5p p = proton
6n
= nucleus
e e
What is X?
A boron
B carbon
C sodium
D sulfur
4- Element X is in Group I of the Periodic Table. X reacts with element Y to form an ionic compound.
Which equation shows the process that takes place when X forms ions?
A X + e – → X+
B X – e – → X–
C X + e – → X–
D X – e – → X+
16
5- Two atoms, X and Y, can be represented as shown.
41 45
20 X 20 Y
Which statement is not correct?
A X and Y are atoms of different elements.

B X and Y are isotopes.
C X and Y have different mass numbers.
D X and Y have the same number of electrons.
6- Two atoms have the same relative atomic mass but different chemical properties.
Which row about the proton and neutron numbers of these atoms is correct?
proton numbers neutron numbers
A different different
B different same
C same different
D same same
7- Which statements comparing the properties of electrons, neutrons and protons are correct?
neutrons and protons are only electrons and

both heavier than electrons neutrons are charged
A
B
C
D
17
8- Q+ is an ion of element Q.
What has the highest value in the ion?
A the nucleon number

B the number of electrons
C the number of neutrons
D the proton number

A
B
C
D
18
10- Two atoms have the same relative atomic mass but different chemical properties.
Which row about the proton and neutron numbers of these atoms is correct?
proton numbers neutron numbers
A different different
B different same
C same different
D same same

A
B
C
D
19
12- Element X has a nucleon (mass) number of 19 and a proton (atomic) number of 9.
To which group in the Periodic Table does it belong?
A I B III C VII D 0
13- The table shows the structure of different atoms and ions.
proton nucleon number of number of number of

particle
number number protons neutrons electrons
Mg 12 24 12 W 12
Mg2+ X 24 12 12 10
F 9 19 9 Y 9
F– 9 19 9 10 Z
What are the values of W, X, Y and Z?
W X Y Z
A 10 10 9 9
B 10 12 10 9
C 12 10 9 10
D 12 12 10 10
20
14 Which statement is an example of diffusion?
A A kitchen towel soaks up some spilt milk.

B Ice cream melts in a warm room.
C Pollen from flowers is blown by the wind.
D The smell of cooking spreads through a house.
15 Which element has the atomic structure shown?
e e
e e
key
e e e electron
e e n neutron
e 16n e
e e nucleus
e e
A Al B P C S D Si
16- Sodium chloride is an ionic solid.
A Ions are formed when atoms lose or gain electrons.

B Ions in sodium chloride are strongly held together.
C Ions with the same charge attract each other.
D Sodium chloride solution can conduct electricity.
21
17-
Which statement about a neutron is not correct?
A It can be present in different numbers in atoms of the same element.

B It has no electrical charge.
C It is always found in the nucleus of an atom.
D It weighs much less than a proton.
18 Which element has the atomic structure shown?
e e
e e
key
e e e electron
e e n neutron
e 16n e
e e nucleus
e e
A Al B P C S D Si
22
19- An element, X, can be represented as ba X .
A The number of protons in an atom of X is a.

B The exact position of X in the Periodic Table can be found from a.
C The relative atomic mass of X is b.
D The total number of electrons in one atom of X is b.
20- Which information about an element can be used to predict its chemical properties?
A boiling point
B density
C melting point
D position in the Periodic Table
21- The table shows information about atoms of three different elements.
proton nucleon number of number of number of

element
number number protons neutrons electrons
chlorine 17 35 17 W 17
chlorine 17 X 17 19 17
argon Y 40 18 22 18
potassium 19 39 19 20 Z
22- What are the values of W, X, Y and Z?
W X Y Z
A 18 35 18 19
B 18 36 18 19
C 19 35 19 18
D 19 36 19 18
23
concentration.’

B a solid melting
24- An atom has three electron shells. There are three electrons in the outer shell.
How many protons and how many neutrons are in this atom?
protons neutrons
A 13 14
B 13 27
C 14 13
D 21 24
24
25- Complete the following table which gives the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in each
of the five particles.
number of number of number of

particle
protons electrons neutrons
19 19 20
..............
56
26 Fe
.............. .............. ..............
3 2 4
..............
70 3+
31 Ga
.............. .............. ..............
34 36 45
..............
26- (a) (i) Define the term atomic number.
.......................................................................................................................................
(ii) Define the term nucleon number.
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(b) The table shows the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in some atoms or ions.
Complete the table. The first line is given as an example.
number of number of number of symbol or

particle
protons electrons neutrons formula
12
A 6 6 6 6C
B 12 12 12
C 8 16 2-
8O
D 11 10 13
25
27-
Concentrated ammonia solution gives off ammonia gas. Concentrated hydrochloric acid gives off
hydrogen chloride gas. Ammonia, NH3, and hydrogen chloride, HCl, are both colourless gases.
Ammonia reacts with hydrogen chloride to make the white solid ammonium chloride.
Apparatus is set up as shown.
cotton wool cotton wool

soaked in concentrated soaked in concentrated
hydrochloric acid ammonia solution
A B C D
glass tube
After ten minutes a white solid forms in the tube where the gases meet.
(a) (i) Write the chemical equation for the reaction of ammonia with hydrogen chloride.
. ......................................................................................................................................
(ii) Name the process by which the ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases move in the tube.
. ......................................................................................................................................
(iii) At which point, A, B, C or D, does the white solid form? Explain why the white solid forms
at that point.
the solid forms at ..............
explanation ..........................................................................................................................
. .....................................................................................................................................
(iv) The experiment was repeated at a higher temperature.
Predict how the results of the experiment would be different. Explain your answer.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ......................................................................................................................................
26
28- (b) State what is meant by the terms
(i)
element,
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
(ii)
compound,
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
(iii)
ion.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
29- (a) Complete the table.
particle charge relative mass
proton +1
neutron 1
electron
27
30- Rubidium and strontium are very reactive metals at the top of the reactivity series. Because their
ions have different charges, their compounds behave differently when heated.
(a) The formulae of the ions of these two elements are Rb+ and Sr2+.
Explain why these metals, which are in different groups, form ions which have different charges.
....................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(b) (i) How many protons, neutrons and electrons are there in one copper(II) ion 64
29 Cu 2+ ?
number of protons .....................
number of neutrons .....................
number of electrons .....................
45
(ii) 21 Sc represents an atom of scandium.
How many nucleons and how many charged particles are there in one atom of scandium?
number of nucleons .....................
number of charged particles .....................
28
31- (a) (i) Define the term molecule.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ......................................................................................................................................
(ii) Define the term element.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ......................................................................................................................................
(b) The table shows the composition of four atoms or ions, A, B, C and D.

protons neutrons electrons
A 10 10 10
B 10 12 10
C 12 10 10
D 13 14 10
(i) What is the atomic number of A?
. ......................................................................................................................................
(ii) What is the nucleon number of B?
. ......................................................................................................................................
(iii) Which of A, B, C and D are isotopes of each other?
. ......................................................................................................................................
(iv) Which of A, B, C and D are atoms?
. ......................................................................................................................................
(v) Which of A, B, C and D are positive ions?
. ......................................................................................................................................
(c)
Complete the table.
number of number of
protons electrons
Na
S2–
Cl 2
29
3030
31
32
1- The diagrams show four particles.
1 2
e e
e e
2p 3p key
2n 3n e = an electron
n = a neutron
e e
p = a proton
= nucleus
3 4
e e
e e
3p 3p
3n 4n
e e
e
Which two diagrams show atoms that are isotopes of each other?
A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 and 3 D 2 and 4
2- What is the relative molecular mass, M r, of nitrogen dioxide?
A 15 B 23 C 30 D 46
33
3- The diagrams show four particles.
1 2
e e
e e
2p 3p key
2n 3n e = an electron
n = a neutron
e e
p = a proton
= nucleus
3 4
e e
e e
3p 3p
3n 4n
e e
e
Which two diagrams show atoms that are isotopes of each other?
4- he atomic structures of four particles are shown.
particle
p article el neutrons protons
W 8 9
X 7 9
Y 8 1
Z 9 1
Which two particles are isotopes?
A W and X B W and Y C X and Z D Y and Z
34
5- Two atoms, X and Y, can be represented as shown.
41 45
20 X 20 Y
A X and Y are atoms of different elements.

B X and Y are isotopes.
C X and Y have different mass numbers.
D X and Y have the same number of electrons.
6- Which statements about isotopes of the same element are correct?
1 They are atoms which have the same chemical properties because they have the
same number of electrons in their outer shell.
2 They are atoms which have the same number of electrons and neutrons but
different numbers of protons.
3 They are atoms which have the same number of electrons and protons but different
numbers of neutrons.
A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 only D 3 only
7- The diagram shows some properties that substances may have.
To which labelled part of the diagram does 235U belong?
used as
compound A an energy
source
C
B D
radioactive
35
8- Which statements about isotopes of the same element are correct?
1 They are atoms which have the same chemical properties because they have the
same number of electrons in their outer shell.
2 They are atoms which have the same number of electrons and neutrons but
different numbers of protons.
3 They are atoms which have the same number of electrons and protons but different
numbers of neutrons.
A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 only D 3 only
9- The diagram shows some properties that substances may have.
To which labelled part of the diagram does 235U belong?
used as
compound A an energy
source
C
B D
radioactive
36
10 Two isotopes of hydrogen are H
Which diagram shows the arrangement of particles in the two isotopes?
1 2
1H 1H
e e key
e = an electron
A n p
p = a proton
e n = a neutron
e e = a nucleus
p
B p
n
e e
p
C p
p
e
p p
D
n n
37
11- Which diagram does not show the outer shell electrons in the molecule correctly?
A B C D
H H H Cl H C H Cl Cl
12- What is different for isotopes of the same element?
A nucleon number
B number of electron shells
C number of electrons in the outer shell
D proton number
38
13- What do the nuclei of 11H hydrogen atoms contain?
A electrons and neutrons

B electrons and protons
C neutrons only
D protons only
14- Which statement explains why isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties?
A They have a different number of neutrons in the nucleus.

B They have the same number of neutrons in the nucleus.
C They have the same number of outer shell electrons.
D They have the same number of protons as neutrons.
15- Carbon has three naturally occurring isotopes, 12C, 13C and 14C.
Which statement explains why the isotopes have the same chemical properties?
A They have the same number of electrons in the first shell.

B They have the same number of electrons in the outer shell.
C They have the same number of neutrons in the nucleus.
D They have the same number of protons as neutrons.
39
16-
23 24
(c) Two different atoms of sodium are 11 Na and 11 Na .
(i) Explain why these two atoms are isotopes.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) 24
11 Na is radioactive. It changes into an atom of a different element which has one more
proton.
Identify this element.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) State two uses of radioactive isotopes.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
17- (b) The following are isotopes of carbon.

12 13 14
6C 6C 6C
(i) In terms of numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons, how are these three isotopes the
same and how are they different?
They are the same because ...............................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
They are different because .................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii) Why do all isotopes of carbon have the same chemical properties?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
40
18- Carbon and silicon are elements in Group IV of the Periodic Table. Both carbon and silicon exist as
more than one isotope.
(a) Define the term isotopes.
.....................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Complete the following table which gives information about carbon atoms and silicon atoms.
carbon silicon
proton number
electronic structure
nucleon number 12 28
number of neutrons in one atom
41
19- .Six different atoms can be represented as follows
3 3 12 13 14 19
1A 2D 6E 6G 7J 9L
(b) Two of the six atoms shown are isotopes of each other.
(i) What is meant by the term isotopes?
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) Which two of the six atoms shown are isotopes of each other?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Why do isotopes have identical chemical properties?
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
42
43
44
1- The electronic structures of two atoms, X and Y, are shown.
X Y
X and Y combine together to form a compound.
What is the type of bonding in the compound and what is the formula of the compound?
type of bonding formula
A covalent X2Y
B covalent XY2
C ionic XY2
D ionic X2Y
2- In which compounds are pairs of electrons shared between atoms?
1 methane
2 lead bromide
3 sodium chloride
A 1 only B 2 only C 1 and 3 D 1, 2 and 3
3- The positions of four elements in the Periodic Table are shown.
Which element does not form a compound with chlorine?
C
A D
B
45
1 methane
2 lead bromide
3 sodium chloride
5- The table shows the electronic structure of four atoms.
atom electronic structure
W 2,8,1
X 2,8,4
Y 2,8,7
Z 2,8,8
Which two atoms combine to form a covalent compound?
A W and X B W and Y C X and Y D X and Z
6- Which statement describes the attractive forces between molecules (intermolecular forces)?
A They are strong covalent bonds which hold molecules together.

B They are strong ionic bonds which hold molecules together.
C They are weak forces formed between covalently-bonded molecules.
D They are weak forces which hold ions together in a lattice.
46
7- Part of the Periodic Table is shown.
Which element is a gas that does not form a compound with potassium?
A B
C D
19 39
Element X, 9 X , forms a compound with element Y, 19 Y .
Which statement describes the bonding in the compound formed?
A X and Y share electrons.

B X gives away one electron to Y.
C Y gives away one electron to X.
D Y gives away two electrons to X.
1 methane
2 lead bromide
3 sodium chloride
47
Which element is a gas that does not form a compound with potassium?
A B
C D
9- The table shows the electronic structure of four atoms.
atom electro structure
W 2,8,1
X 2,8,4
Y 2,8,7
Z 2,8,8
Which two atoms combine to form a covalent compound?
A W and X B W and Y C X and Y D X and Z
10- Which statement describes the attractive forces between molecules (intermolecular forces)?
A They are strong covalent bonds which hold molecules together.

B They are strong ionic bonds which hold molecules together.
C They are weak forces formed between covalently-bonded molecules.
D They are weak forces which hold ions together in a lattice.
48
11- Caesium chloride and rubidium bromide are halide compounds of Group I elements.
Caesium chloride has the formula ……1……, a relative formula mass ……2…… that of rubidium
bromide and bonds that are ……3…… .
Which words correctly complete gaps 1, 2 and 3?
1 2 3
A CaCl different from ionic

B CaCl the same as covalent
C CsCl different from ionic
D CsCl the same as covalent
12- Which dot-and-cross diagram shows the outer shell electron arrangement in a molecule of
nitrogen?
A B C D
N N N N N N N N
49
13- Metal P reacts with non-metal Q to form a compound.
Which process takes place and which type of compound is formed?
process type of compound
A electrons are transferred from P to Q covalent

B electrons are transferred from P to Q ionic
C electrons are transferred from Q to P covalent
D electrons are transferred from Q to P ionic
14- The structure of ethanoic acid is shown.
H O
H C C
H O H
Which diagram shows the arrangement of outer shell electrons in a molecule of ethanoic acid?
A B
H H
O O
H C C H C C
O H O H
H H
C D
H H
O O
H C C H C C
O H O H
H H
50
15- Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature and boils at 78 °C.
Sodium chloride is a solid at room temperature.
Which statement about the bonding in ethanol and sodium chloride is not correct?
A Each ethanol molecule is held together by weak covalent bonds.

B The ethanol molecules are held together by weak attractive forces.
C The sodium ions and chloride ions are held together by strong attractive forces.
D The sodium ions and chloride ions are held together in a giant lattice.
16- The molecules N2, C2H4, CO2 and CH3OH all have covalent bonds.
These bonds consist of shared pairs of electrons.
Which row gives the total number of shared pairs of electrons in the molecules shown?
total number of shared

molecule
pairs of electrons
A N2 2
B C2H4 6
C CO2 2
D CH3OH 4
51
17- Which dot-and-cross diagram shows the outer shell electron arrangement in a molecule of
carbon dioxide?
A B C D
O C O O C O O C O O C O
18- A period of the Periodic Table is shown.
gro
group II III IV V VI VII VIII
element R S T V W Y Z
The letters are not their chemical symbols.
A Element R does not conduct electricity.

B Elements R and Y react together to form an ionic compound.
C Element Z exists as a diatomic molecule.
D Element Z reacts with element T.
52
19- c) The structural formula of carbonyl chloride is given)
.below Cl
C O
Cl
Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons around the atoms in one
molecule of this covalent compound.
Use ○ to represent an electron from an oxygen atom.

Use × to represent an electron from a chlorine atom.
Use ● to represent an electron from a carbon atom.
20- (b) Scandium fluoride is an ionic compound. The valency of scandium in scandium fluoride is
three.
Draw a diagram which shows the formula of this compound, the charges on the ions and the
arrangement of the valency electrons around the negative ions.
Use × to represent an electron from a fluorine atom.

Use ○ to represent an electron from a scandium atom.
21- Calcium reacts with nitrogen to form the ionic compound calcium nitride, Ca3N2.
(a) Draw a diagram, based on the correct formula, which shows the charges on the ions and the
arrangement of the electrons around the negative ion.
Use o to represent an electron from a calcium atom.

Use x to represent an electron from a nitrogen atom.
53
54
22- (c) The diagram shows the electron arrangement in a molecule of ammonia, showing only outer
shell electrons.
N H
(i) State the type of bonding in ammonia.
.......................................................................................................................................
(ii) Hydrazine, N2H4, is another compound of nitrogen and hydrogen.
Complete the diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of hydrazine,

showing only outer shell electrons.
H H
N N
H H
55
(d) Magnesium reacts with sulfur to form the ionic compound magnesium sulfide, MgS.
The diagrams show the electronic structures of atoms of magnesium and sulfur.
Mg S
56
23- Nitrogen can form ionic compounds with reactive metals and covalent compounds with non-metals.
(a) Nitrogen reacts with lithium to form the ionic compound lithium nitride, Li3N.
(i) Write the equation for the reaction between lithium and nitrogen.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Lithium nitride is an ionic compound. Draw a diagram which shows its formula, the charges
on the ions and the arrangement of the valency electrons around the negative ion.
Use x for an electron from a lithium atom.

Use o for an electron from a nitrogen atom.
(b) Nitrogen fluoride is a covalent compound.
(i) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of the
covalent compound nitrogen trifluoride, NF3.
Use x for an electron from a nitrogen atom.

Use o for an electron from a fluorine atom.
[2]
(ii) Lithium nitride has a high melting point, 813 °C. Nitrogen trifluoride has a low melting point,
–207 °C.
Explain why the melting points are different.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
57
(c) Name two forms of the element carbon which have giant covalent structures.
.............................................................. and ........................................................................ [1]
(d) Complete the diagram to show the electron arrangement in a carbon dioxide molecule.
Show the outer shell electrons only.
O C O
24- Silicon(IV) oxide and sodium chloride have different types of bonding and structure.
(a) Name the type of bonding present in
silicon(IV) oxide, .......................................................................................................................
sodium chloride. ........................................................................................................................

[2]
(b) Name the type of structure present in silicon(IV) oxide.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
58
(c) (i) Silicon(IV) oxide has a high melting point. Explain why.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Silicon(IV) oxide is a poor conductor of electricity. Explain why.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity. However, it conducts electricity when molten.
Explain why solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity, whereas molten sodium chloride
does conduct electricity.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[2]
25- (b) Ethanol can also be made by the catalytic hydration of ethene. The equation for the reaction is
shown.
C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH
(i) Name a suitable catalyst for this reaction.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Calculate the maximum mass of ethanol that can be made from 56 g of ethene.
maximum mass of ethanol = ............................. g [2]
59
60
61
62
1- The structure of an organic compound, X, is shown.
H H
H H
C C
H C
H
C C
H H
C C
H H
H H
What is the molecular formula of X?
A C6H9 B C6H12 C C7H12 D C7H14
2- A compound contains one atom of calcium, two atoms of hydrogen and two atoms of oxygen.
What is the correct chemical formula of the compound?
A CaO2H2 B HOCaOH C H2CaO2 D Ca(OH)2
3- A molecule, Z, contains two atoms of oxygen, six atoms of hydrogen and three atoms of carbon.
What is the formula of Z?
A CH3CH2CHO
B CH3COCH3
C C2H5CO2H
D C3H6CO2H
63
4- Which element does not form a stable ion with the same electronic structure as argon?
A aluminium
B chlorine
C phosphorus
D potassium
5- The electronic structures of atoms Q and R are shown.
Q R
6- Q and R form an ionic compound.
What is the formula of the compound?
A QR7 B Q2R4 C QR D Q7R
64
7- The electronic structures of atoms X and Y are shown.
X Y
X and Y form a covalent compound.
What is its formula?
A XY5 B XY3 C XY D X3Y
8- The chemical compositions of two substances, W and X, are given.
W Na(Al Si3)O8
X Ca(Al 2Si2)O8
Which statements are correct?
1 W and X contain the same amount of oxygen.

2 W contains three times as much silicon as X.
3 X contains twice as much aluminium as W.
A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 and 3 D 1, 2 and 3
9-
How many atoms of hydrogen are there in a molecule of ethanol, C2H5OH?
A 1 B 2 C 5 D 6
65
10- Which diagram correctly shows the ions present in the compound potassium fluoride?
–
+ e e
e e e e
e e
e e e e e e
A K+ e e e e e e F–
key
e e
e e e e = nucleus
e e
e = electron
+
– e e
e e e e
e e
e e e e e e
B K– e e e e e e F+
e e
e e e e
e e
e e + –
e e e e
e e
e e e e e e
C K+ e e e e e e F–
e e
e e e e
e e
–
e e +
e e e e
e e
e e e e e e
D K– e e e e e e F+
e e
e e e e
e e
66
11- The electronic structures of atoms X and Y are shown.
X Y
X and Y form a covalent compound.
What is its formula?
A XY5 B XY3 C XY D X3Y
12- Two atoms of magnesium, Mg, react with one molecule of oxygen, O2.
What is the formula of the product?
A MgO B MgO2 C Mg2O D Mg2O2
13- The table shows the numbers of atoms present in the formula of some compounds.
Which row is not correct?
numbers of atoms formula
A 1 × calcium, 1 × carbon, 3 × oxygen CaCO3

B 1 × carbon, 5 × hydrogen, 1 × oxygen C2H5OH
C 1 × hydrogen, 1 × oxygen, 1 × sodium NaOH
D 2 × hydrogen, 4 × oxygen, 1 × sulfur H2SO4
67
14- Use your copy of the Periodic Table to help you answer these questions.
(a) Predict the formula of each of the following compounds.
(i) aluminium fluoride ........................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) arsenic oxide ................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) silicon bromide .............................................................................................................. [1]
15- (b) Deduce the formula of each of the following ions.

(i) phosphide ..................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) barium ........................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) francium ........................................................................................................................ [1]
68
16- (a) For each of the following, give the name of an element from Period 2 (lithium to neon), which
matches the description.
Elements may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(b) Give the formula of a compound that contains
(i) only boron and oxygen, ................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) only lithium and nitrogen. . ............................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 10]
17- Gallium is a metallic element in Group III. It has similar properties to aluminium.
(b) Give the formula of
gallium(III) chloride, ..................................................................................................................
gallium(III) sulfate. ....................................................................................................................

[2]
18- Thallium is a metal in Group III. It has oxidation states of +1 and +3.
(a) Give the formula for the following thallium compounds.
(i) thallium(I) sulfide .................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) thallium(III) chloride ............................................................................................. [1]
69
19- (a) The symbols of six particles are shown below.
Na+ Ca2+ Kr P Si O2–

Select from the list of particles to answer the following questions. A particle may be selected
once, more than once or not at all.
(i) Which two ions have the same electronic structure? . .................................................. [1]
(ii) Which ion has the same electronic structure as an atom of argon? . ............................ [1]
(iii) Which atom can form an ion of the type X3–? ................................................................ [1]
(iv) Which atom can form a hydride which has a formula of the type XH4? . ....................... [1]
20- Beryllium is a metallic element in Group II.
(a) Give the electronic structure of a beryllium atom.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Give the formula of beryllium oxide.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
70
21- The table gives information about five particles. The particles are all atoms or ions.

particle
protons neutrons electrons
A 6 8 6
B 12 12 12
C 13 14 10
D 8 8 10
E 11 12 11
nswer the following questions using the information in the table.

A
Each particle may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(a) Which particle, A, B, C, D or E,

(i) is an atom with atomic number 12,
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) is an atom with nucleon number 14,
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) is an ion with a positive charge,
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) has only one electron in its outer shell?
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b)
D is an ion of an element.
Identify the element and write the formula of D.
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
71
72
72
73
74
1- The diagrams show the structure of two substances used to make electrical conductors.
X Y
Which statement correctly describes X and Y?
A X is a pure metal and Y is a compound.

B X is a pure metal and Y is an alloy.
C X is a solid and Y is a liquid.
D X is harder and stronger than Y.
2- Which statement about the uses of aluminium, mild steel and stainless steel is correct?
A Aluminium is used for food containers as it has a high density.

B Mild steel is used for car bodies as it is resistant to corrosion.
C Stainless steel is used for aircraft bodies as it is strong.
D Stainless steel is used for cutlery as it is resistant to corrosion.
75
3-
Electrical cables are made from either ……1……, because it is a very good conductor of
electricity, or from……2……, because it has a low density.
Overhead cables have a ……3…… core in order to give the cable strength.
1 2 3
A aluminium copper magnesium

B copper aluminium magnesium
C copper aluminium steel
D magnesium copper steel
4- Which object is likely to be made from stainless steel?
A B
bicycle chain car body
C D
can of beans teaspoon
76
5- Why is argon gas used to fill electric lamps?
A It conducts electricity.
B It glows when heated.
C It is less dense than air.
D It is not reactive.
6- An element melts at 1455 °C, has a density of 8.90 g / cm3 and forms a green chloride.
Where in the Periodic Table is this element found?
7- he diagrams show two items that may be found in the home. Each item contains zinc.
zinc plated bucket brass door-knocker
In which is zinc used as an alloy?
bucket door-knocker
A
B
C
D
77
8- Which substance will not conduct electricity?
A aluminium
B copper
C plastic
D steel
9- The diagrams show two items that may be found in the home. Each item contains zinc.
zinc plated bucket brass door-knocker
In which is zinc used as an alloy?
bucket door-knocker
A
B
C
D
78
10- An element melts at 1455 °C, has a density of 8.90 g / cm3 and forms a green chloride.
Where in the Periodic Table is this element found?
11- Why is argon gas used to fill electric lamps?
A It conducts electricity.
B It glows when heated.
C It is less dense than air.
D It is not reactive.
12- Which statement about the Periodic Table is correct?
A Elements in the same period have the same number of outer electrons.
B The elements on the left are usually gases.
C The most metallic elements are on the left.
D The relative atomic mass of the elements increases from right to left.
13- The table shows properties of four metals.
Which metal is the most suitable for aircraft construction?
resistance to
density strength
corrosion
A high
igh low
B high
igh low
C low
ow h high
D low
ow high
79
Which properties of the element titanium, Ti, can be predicted from its position in the Periodic
14- Table?
can be used conducts electricity forms coloured

has low density
as a catalyst when solid compounds
A
B
C
D
15- X is a Group I metal.
Y and Z are Group VII elements.
When X reacts with Y a salt is formed. A solution of this salt reacts with Z to form a different salt.
What are X, Y and Z?
X Y Z
A K Cl 2 I2
B Li Cl 2 Br2
C Mg Br2 Cl 2
D Na I2 Cl 2
16- In the outline of the Periodic Table below, some elements are shown as numbers.
1 2
3 4
5 6
7
Which two numbers are metals in the same period?
80
Which properties of the element titanium, Ti, can be predicted from its position in the Periodic
17- Table?

has low density
A
B
C
D
81
18- The table shows some properties of the Group I metals.
metal melting point / °C hardness reaction with water
lithium 181 moderately soft steady effervescence

sodium 98 soft vigorous effervescence
potassium 63 very soft very vigorous effervescence
rubidium ? ? ?
What are the properties of rubidium?
A melts below 63 °C, very soft, reacts explosively with water
B melts below 63 °C, very soft, reacts slowly with water
C melts above 181 °C, very soft, reacts explosively with water
D melts above 181 °C, very soft, reacts slowly with water
1 2
3 4
5 6
7
82
20- Which diagram represents an alloy?
A B
C D
21- Which statement is not correct?
A Aluminium is used in food containers because of its resistance to corrosion.

B Aluminium is used in the manufacture of aircraft because of its strength and low density.
C Mild steel is used in car bodies because of its strength and low density.
D Stainless steel is used in chemical plant because of its strength and resistance to corrosion.
83
22- The noble gases, which are in Group 0 of the Periodic Table, are all very ....... 1....... .
....... 2......., one of these gases, is used to provide an inert atmosphere in lamps.
Another, ....... 3......., is used for filling balloons because it is less dense than air.
Which words complete the sentences about noble gases?
1 2 3
A reactive argon helium

B reactive helium argon
C unreactive argon helium
D unreactive helium argon
23- The diagrams show the structure of two substances used to make electrical conductors.
X Y
Which statement correctly describes X and Y?
A X is a pure metal and Y is a compound.

B X is a pure metal and Y is an alloy.
C X is a solid and Y is a liquid.
D X is harder and stronger than Y.
24-
Which statement about the uses of aluminium, mild steel and stainless steel is correct?
A Aluminium is used for food containers as it has a high density.

B Mild steel is used for car bodies as it is resistant to corrosion.
C Stainless steel is used for aircraft bodies as it is strong.
D Stainless steel is used for cutlery as it is resistant to corrosion.
84
25- Which properties of the element titanium, Ti, can be predicted from its position in the Periodic
Table?

has low density
A
B
C
D
26- X is a Group I metal.
Y and Z are Group VII elements.
When X reacts with Y a salt is formed. A solution of this salt reacts with Z to form a different salt.
X Y Z
A K Cl 2 I2
B Li Cl 2 Br2
C Mg Br2 Cl 2
D Na I2 Cl 2
1 2
3 4
5 6
7
85
28- Where in the Periodic Table is the metallic character of the elements greatest?
left or right at the top or bottom

side of a period of a group
A left bottom
B left top
C right bottom
D right top
29- Rubidium is a Group I metal.
Which statement about rubidium is not correct?
A It has a higher melting point than lithium.

B It has one electron in its outer shell.
C It reacts vigorously with water.
D It reacts with chlorine to form rubidium chloride, RbCl .
30- The table gives information about four elements, P, Q, R and S.
melting point electrical conductivity colour of iodide

density in g / cm3
in °C of element when solid of element
P 98 good 0.97 white

Q – good 13.53 red
R 1410 poor 2.33 colourless
S 1535 good 7.87 green
Which elements could be transition elements?
A P, Q and S B Q and S only C R and S only D S only
86
31- Where in the Periodic Table is the metallic character of the elements greatest?
left or right at the top or bottom

side of a period of a group
A left bottom
B left top
C right bottom
D right top
32- Which statement about the elements in Group I is correct?
A Hydrogen is evolved when they react with water.

B Ions of Group I elements have a –1 charge.
C Sodium is more reactive than potassium.
D Solid sodium is a poor electrical conductor.
33- Osmium is a transition element.
Which row gives the expected properties of osmium?
compounds
melting point density
formed
A high
igh coloured
B high
igh white
C high
igh white
D low
ow h coloured
87
34- Some properties of substance X are listed.
● It conducts electricity when molten.

● It has a high melting point.
● It burns in oxygen and the product dissolves in water to give a solution with pH 11.
35-
What is X?
A a covalent compound
B a macromolecule
C a metal
D an ionic compound
36- Copper is a transition element used to make saucepans.
Which property is not correct for copper?
A good conductor of heat

B insoluble in water
C low melting point
D malleable (can be hammered into shape)
88
37- Which element is less reactive than the other members of its group in the Periodic Table?
A astatine
B caesium
C fluorine
D rubidium
38- The elements oxygen and sulfur are in the same group of the Periodic Table.
Which statement about oxygen and sulfur is not correct?
A They are non-metals.

B They have giant covalent structures.
C They have six electrons in their outer shells.
D They react together to form an acidic oxide.
Stainless steel is an alloy of iron and other metals. It is strong and does not rust but it costs much
39- more than normal steel.
What is not made from stainless steel?
A cutlery
B pipes in a chemical factory
C railway lines
D saucepans
89
40- Which element is less reactive than the other members of its group in the Periodic Table?
A astatine
B caesium
C fluorine
D rubidium
Ununseptium (atomic number 117) is a man-made element that is below astatine in Group VII of
41- the Periodic Table.
What is the expected state of ununseptium at room temperature?
A a diatomic gas
B a liquid
C a monatomic gas
D a solid
Stainless steel is an alloy of iron and other metals. It is strong and does not rust but it costs much
42- more than normal steel.
What is not made from stainless steel?
A cutlery
B pipes in a chemical factory
C railway lines
D saucepans
90
43- Element X is shiny and can be formed into a sheet by hammering.
Which row correctly describes the properties of element X?
conducts electricity melts below 25 °C
A
B
C
D
44- The table compares the properties of Group I elements with those of transition elements.
Which entry in the table is correct?
property Group I elements transition elements
A catalytic activity low high

B density
ensi low
C electrical conductivity low high
D melting point high low
45-
Which compound is likely to be coloured?
A KMnO4 B KNO3 C K2CO3 D K2SO4
91
46- The diagram shows the positions of elements P, Q, R, S and T in the Periodic Table.
These letters are not the chemical symbols for the elements.
S T
Q R
Which statement about the properties of these elements is correct?
A P reacts more vigorously with water than does Q.

B P, Q and R are all metals.
C T exists as diatomic molecules.
D T is more reactive than S.
47- Which diagram could represent the structure of an alloy?
A B
– + – +
+ – + –
– + – +
Which property do all metals have?
A Their boiling points are low.

B Their densities are low.
C They conduct electricity.
D They react with water.
92
48- Which diagram shows a common use of stainless steel?
A B C D
An element X has the two properties listed.
1 It acts as a catalyst.
2 It forms colourless ions.
49-Which of these properties suggest that X is a transition element?

property 1 property 2
A
B
C
D
50- Aluminium is the most common metal in the Earth’s crust.
Which is not a property of aluminium?
A low density
B resistance to corrosion
C good conductor of electricity
D poor conductor of heat
93
51-
Which object is least likely to contain aluminium?
A a bicycle frame
B a hammer
C a saucepan
D an aeroplane body
The diagram shows a section of an overhead power cable.
steel
ceramic
aluminium
52-
Which statement explains why a particular substance is used?
A Aluminium has a low density and is a good conductor of electricity.

B Ceramic is a good conductor of electricity.
C Steel can rust in damp air.
D Steel is more dense than aluminium.
94
53- Which statement about the elements of Group I is correct?
A Lithium is more dense than sodium.
B Potassium has a higher density than lithium.
C Potassium is less reactive than sodium.
D Sodium has a higher melting point than lithium.
54- An element X has the two properties listed.
1 It acts as a catalyst.
2 It forms colourless ions.
Which of these properties suggest that X is a transition element?
property 1 property 2
A
B
C
D
55- A list of properties of aluminium is shown.
1 It conducts heat.
2 It has a low density.
3 It is resistant to corrosion.
Which properties make aluminium useful for making food storage containers?
A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 3 only C 1 only D 3 only
95
56- Which metal is commonly used to form alloys with a non-metallic element?
A copper
B iron
C magnesium
D zinc
57- Which object is least likely to contain aluminium?
A a bicycle frame
B a hammer
C a saucepan
D an aeroplane body
96
58- Which statements about Group I and Group VII elements are correct?
1 In Group I, lithium is more reactive than potassium.

2 In Group VII, chlorine is more reactive than fluorine.
statement 1 statement 2
A
B
C
D
The Periodic Table lists all the known elements.
Elements are arranged in order of ....... 1 ....... number.
The melting points of Group I elements ....... 2 ....... down the group.
The melting points of Group VII elements ....... 3 ....... down the group.
59- Which words correctly complete the gaps 1, 2 and 3?
1 2 3
A nucleon decrease increase

B nucleon increase decrease
C proton decrease increase
D proton increase decrease
60- The table gives information about four elements.
Which element is a transition metal?
electrical density in melting point

conductivity g / cm3 in °C
A good 0.97 98
B good 7.86 1535
C poor 2.33 1410
D poor 3.12 –7
97
61- Which diagram shows the structure of an alloy?
A B
– + –
+ – +
– + –
+ – +
– + –
+ – +
– + –
+ – +
– + –
C D
62- Which metal would be suitable for all of the following uses?
• making aircraft bodies
• making food containers
• making overhead power cables
A aluminium
B brass
C mild steel
D pure iron
98
63- What is not a property of Group I metals?
A They are soft and can be cut with a knife.

B They react when exposed to oxygen in the air.
C They produce an acidic solution when they react with water.
D They react rapidly with water producing hydrogen gas.
64- Which statement about transition elements and their compounds is correct?
A All the transition elements have an oxidation state of +2 only.

B Aqueous solutions of the salts of transition elements are generally coloured.
C Transition elements change from metal to non-metal across the period.
D Transition elements can act as catalysts but their compounds cannot.
99
65- What is not a property of Group I metals?
A They are soft and can be cut with a knife.
B They react when exposed to oxygen in the air.
C They produce an acidic solution when they react with water.
D They react rapidly with water producing hydrogen gas.
66- Different forms of steel contain different proportions of carbon.
Steel P contains a high proportion of carbon.
Steel Q contains a low proportion of carbon.
A P is stronger and more brittle than Q.

B P is stronger and less brittle than Q.
C P is less strong and more brittle than Q.
D P is less strong and less brittle than Q.
67- What is a property of all metals?

A conduct electricity
B hard
C low melting points
D react with water
68- Metal M is mixed with copper to produce brass.

What is M?
A chromium
B nickel
C vanadium
D zinc
100
69- Which statements about the trends across a period of the Periodic Table are correct?
1 Aluminium is more metallic than sodium.

2 Beryllium is more metallic than carbon.
3 Boron is more metallic than lithium.
4 Magnesium is more metallic than silicon.
70- Astatine is an element in Group VII of the Periodic Table.
Astatine is ......1...... reactive than iodine.
The melting point of astatine is ......2...... than the melting point of iodine.
Astatine is ......3...... in colour than bromine.
Which words complete gaps 1, 2 and 3?
1 2 3
A less higher darker

B less lower lighter
C more higher darker
D more lower lighter
71- Which row describes the properties of a typical transition element?
forms coloured can act as

melting point
compounds a catalyst
A high no no
B high yes yes
C low no yes
D low yes no
101
72- What is a property of all metals?
A conduct electricity
B hard
C low melting points
D react with water
73- Which row describes how the metals are used?
mixed with zinc used to

to form brass galvanise iron
A aluminium tin
B aluminium zinc
C copper tin
D copper zinc
102
74- For each of the following unfamiliar elements predict one physical and one chemical
property.
(a) caesium (Cs)
physical property ..............................................................................................................
chemical property .............................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) vanadium (V)
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) fluorine (F)
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 6]
103
75- The table below gives the electron distributions of atoms of different elements.
element electron distribution

A 2+7
B 2+8+4
C 2+8+8+1
D 2 + 8 + 18 + 5
E 2 + 8 + 18 + 7
F 2 + 8 + 18 + 18 + 8
For each of the following, select an element or elements from the table that matches the description.
Each element may be selected once, more than once or not at all.
(a) These two elements are in the same group.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) This element forms a fluoride with a formula of the type XF3.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) This element reacts violently with cold water.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) This element has a macromolecular structure similar to that of diamond.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) The only oxidation state of this element is 0.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(f) This element is bromine.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(g) This element is a good conductor of electricity.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]
104
76- Scandium, proton number 21, is not a typical transition element.
(a) Scandium is a low density metal which has only one oxidation state in its compounds. Scandium
compounds are white solids which form colourless solutions. Titanium, the next metal in the
period, is a far more typical transition element. How would the properties of titanium differ from
those of scandium?
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
105
78- Iron from a blast furnace contains about 5% of the impurities – carbon, silicon, phosphorus and sulfur.
Most of this impure iron is used to make steels, such as mild steel, and a very small percentage is
used to make pure iron.
[2]
(ii) Explain why pure iron is malleable.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Mild steel is an alloy of iron and carbon.

Suggest why mild steel is harder than pure iron.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 14]
106
79- Gallium is a metallic element in Group III. It has similar properties to aluminium.
(d) Alloys of gallium and other elements are often more useful than the metallic element itself.
Suggest two reasons why alloys of gallium are more useful than the metallic element.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
80- Nickel, copper and zinc are three consecutive elements in the Periodic Table.
(a) Nickel and copper are transition elements.
State three chemical properties of transition elements.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
107
81- For each of the following elements give one physical property and one chemical property.
(a) bromine (Br2)
physical property .......................................................................................................................
chemical property ......................................................................................................................

[2]
(b) carbongraphite(C)

[2]
(c) manganese (Mn)
108
82- Substances can be classified as elements, compounds or mixtures.
State whether each of the following is an element, a compound or a mixture.
(a) brass . ................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) gold . ..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) butane .................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) air ......................................................................................................................................... [1]
109
110
111
112
1- A student carried out an experiment to find the order of reactivity of five metals.
They were tested with cold water, hot water and steam and the results recorded in a table.
metal cold water hot water steam
V no reaction reacts slowly vigorous reaction

W no reaction no reaction slow reaction
X reacts slowly vigorous reaction not attempted
Y no reaction no reaction no reaction
Z vigorous reaction explosive reaction not attempted
What is the order of reactivity of these metals?
most reactive least reactive
A V W Y X Z
B W X Z V Y
C Z X V W Y
D Z X Y W V
2- In an experiment, three test-tubes labelled X, Y and Z were half-filled with dilute hydrochloric
acid. A different metal was added to each test-tube. After a few minutes the following
observations were made.
In tube X, bubbles slowly rose to the surface.

In tube Y, there was a rapid release of bubbles.
In tube Z, no bubbles were produced.
Which three metals match the observations?
tube X tube Y tube Z
A copper
oppe iron
B magnesium
agne copper
C zinc
inc magne copper
D zinc
inc magne iron
113
3- Samples of five different metals, E, F, G, H and J were reacted with dilute sulfuric acid using the
apparatus shown.
gas syringe
bung
dilute sulfuric acid

metal
The volume of hydrogen gas collected after one minute was measured.
The results are shown on the bar chart.
25
20
15
volume of gas
collected / cm3
10
0
E F G H J
metal
4-
What is the order of reactivity of the metals (most reactive first)?
A E, F, G, H, J
B G, E, H, F, J
C J, F, H, E, G
D J, H, G, F, E
114
5- The statements describe how different metals react with cold water.
● Calcium sinks, fizzing and releasing a steady stream of hydrogen.

● Copper does not react.
● Sodium floats, fizzing and rapidly releasing hydrogen.
● Zinc does not react but does react with steam, releasing hydrogen.
Using the information, where should hydrogen be placed in the reactivity series?
A below copper
B between sodium and calcium
C between calcium and zinc
D between zinc and copper
6- Four metals P, Q, R and S are added to separate aqueous solutions of their ions.
The results are shown.
2+
me
metal Q2+ R2+ S2+
P key
Q = reaction occurs
R = reaction does not occur
S
What is the order of reactivity of the metals, most reactive first?
A Q→P→S→R
B Q→S→P→R
C R→P→S→Q
D R→S→P→Q
115
A list of metals is shown.
aluminium
copper
iron
magnesium
silver
zinc
Which metal will displace all of the other metals from aqueous solutions of their salts?
A aluminium
7- B iron
C magnesium
D zinc
116
8- A list of metals is shown.
aluminium
copper
iron
magnesium
silver
zinc
Which metal will displace all of the other metals from aqueous solutions of their salts?
A aluminium
B iron
C magnesium
D zinc
9- The section of the reactivity series shown includes a newly discovered element, symbol X.
The only oxide of X has the formula XO.
Ca
Mg
Fe
X
H
Cu
Which equation shows a reaction which occurs?
A Cu(s) + X2+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + X(s)
B 2X(s) + Cu2+(aq) → 2X+(aq) + Cu(s)
C X(s) + Fe2O3(s) → 2Fe(s) + 3XO(s)
D X(s) + 2HCl (aq) → XCl 2(aq) + H2(g)
117
10- The ionic equations represent the reactions between four metals, P, Q, R and S, and solutions of
the salts of the same metals.
P + Q2+ → no reaction
R + P2+ → R2+ + P
Q + S2+ → Q2+ + S
S + P2+ → S2+ + P
S + R2+ → S2+ + R
S + Q2+ → no reaction
What is the correct order of reactivity of the metals?
most least
A P R S Q
B Q R S P
C Q S R P
D S Q P R
11- Zinc oxide can be reacted with carbon to produce zinc metal.
Which equation for this reaction is correct?
A 2ZnO + C → 2Zn + CO
B 2ZnO + 2C → 2Zn + 2CO2
C ZnO + C → Zn + CO
D ZnO + 2C → Zn + 2CO2
118
12- Some metals react readily with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Some metals can be extracted by heating their oxides with carbon.
For which metal are both statements correct?
A calcium
B copper
C iron
D magnesium
119
How many different salts could be made from a supply of dilute sulfuric acid, dilute hydrochloric
13- acid, copper, magnesium oxide and zinc carbonate?
A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6
Elements in Group I of the Periodic Table react with water.
Which row describes the products made in the reaction and the trend in reactivity of the
elements?
products trend in reactivity
less reactive down the group

A metal hydroxide and hydrogen more reactive down the group
B metal hydroxide and hydrogen less reactive down the group
C metal oxide and hydrogen more reactive down the group
D metal oxide and hydrogen
14- The table shows the reactions of four different metals with water.
metal
etal rea
W reacts vigorously with cold water

X no reaction with water
Y reacts very slowly with water, more vigorously with steam
Z reacts violently with cold water
What is the correct order of reactivity, from most reactive to least reactive?
A W→X→Y→Z
B W→Z→Y→X
C Z→W→X→Y
D Z→W→Y→X
120
15- The oxide of element X is reduced by heating with carbon.
Element X does not react with cold water, steam or dilute hydrochloric acid.
What is X?
A copper
B iron
C magnesium
D zinc
16- The diagrams show what happens when three different metals are added to water.
bubbles flame
of gas
X Y Z
X Z
A calcium
alcium potassium
B copper
opper ca potassium
C potassium
otassiu copper
D potassium
otassi calcium
121
17- The metal beryllium does not react with cold water.
It reacts with hydrochloric acid but cannot be extracted from its ore by using carbon.
Where should it be placed in the reactivity series?
magnesium
A
zinc
B
iron
C
copper
D
18- The statements describe how different metals react with cold water.
● Calcium sinks, fizzing and releasing a steady stream of hydrogen.

● Copper does not react.
● Sodium floats, fizzing and rapidly releasing hydrogen.
● Zinc does not react but does react with steam, releasing hydrogen.
Using the information, where should hydrogen be placed in the reactivity series?
A below copper
B between sodium and calcium
C between calcium and zinc
D between zinc and copper
122
W X Y
Z
Which row correctly describes the properties of elements W, X, Y and Z?
has four
has variable reacts with very
outer shell
oxidation states cold water unreactive
electrons
A W Y Z X
B X W Y Z
C Z W Y X
D Z Y X W
he results of two experiments are given.
1 Cobalt displaces manganese from an aqueous solution of a manganese salt.

2 Manganese displaces silver from an aqueous solution of a silver salt.
Three more experiments are carried out.
3 Cobalt is added to an aqueous solution of a silver salt.

4 Manganese is added to an aqueous solution of a cobalt salt.
5 Silver is added to an aqueous solution of a cobalt salt.
In which experiments does a reaction take place?
A 3 only B 3 and 4 C 4 and 5 D 5 only
123
20- Some properties of element X are shown.
melting point in °C 98
boiling point in °C 883
reaction with cold water gives off H2 gas
reaction when heated with oxygen burns to give a white solid
In which part of the Periodic Table is X found?
A Group I
B Group VII
C Group VIII
D transition elements
124
21- Aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide by electrolysis.
(a) Why is aluminium not extracted by heating aluminium oxide with carbon?
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
125
22-(d) hen a piece of aluminium is placed in dilute hydrochloric acid, there is no immediate visible
W
reaction.
If the aluminium is left in the dilute hydrochloric acid for several hours, bubbles start to form.
Explain why aluminium does not react immediately with dilute hydrochloric acid.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
126
127
128
1- Solid F is an element.
Solid G is a compound.
Neither solid conducts electricity but G conducts electricity when dissolved in water.
These properties suggest that F is ……1…… and that G is ……2…… with ……3…… bonds.
1 2 3
A diamond AgCl covalent

B diamond NaCl ionic
C graphite AgCl ionic
D graphite NaCl covalent
2- Graphite is a form of carbon.
Why can graphite be used as a lubricant?
A Graphite contains delocalised electrons which move throughout the structure.

B Graphite contains weak covalent bonds so the atoms move easily.
C Graphite has a low melting point so it easily turns into a liquid.
D Graphite has weak forces of attraction between layers so they can move.
3- Diamond and graphite are both macromolecules.
A Diamond and graphite contain carbon atoms only.

B Diamond and graphite contain charged ions.
C Diamond and graphite have high melting points.
D The atoms in diamond and graphite are held together by covalent bonds.
129
4- Metals consist of a lattice of positive ions in a ‘sea of electrons’.
Why is aluminium malleable?
A Its ions are attracted to the ‘sea of electrons’.

B Its ions are tightly packed together.
C Its ions repel each other.
D Its layers of ions can slide over each other.
5-
Which property is not considered a typical metallic property?
A good conductor of heat

B low melting point
C malleable (can be hammered into shape)
D strong
6- Which substance exists as a lattice of positive ions in a ‘sea of electrons’?
A liquid potassium chloride

B solid graphite
C solid magnesium
D solid silicon(IV) oxide
130
7- Graphite and diamond are both forms of the element carbon.
Which row shows the number of other carbon atoms that each carbon atom is covalently bonded
to in graphite and diamond?
graphite diamond
A 3 3
B 3 4
C 4 3
D 4 4
8- Which statement describes metallic bonding?
A The attraction between a lattice of negative ions and delocalised protons.

B The attraction between a lattice of positive ions and delocalised electrons.
C The attraction between delocalised protons and electrons.
D The attraction between oppositely charged ions.
9- Which substance is a macromolecule?
A ammonia
B carbon dioxide
C diamond
D water
The diagram shows metallic bonding.
Which labels are correct?
X Y
A atomic nucleus outer electron

B metal atom mobile electron
C metal ion mobile electron
D positive ion negative ion
131
10- The ‘lead’ in a pencil is made of a mixture of graphite and clay.
‘lead’
When the percentage of graphite is increased, the pencil slides across the paper more easily.
Which statement explains this observation?
A Graphite has a high melting point.

B Graphite is a form of carbon.
C Graphite is a lubricant.
D Graphite is a non-metal.
11- The ‘lead’ in a pencil is made of a mixture of graphite and clay.
‘lead’
When the percentage of graphite is increased, the pencil slides across the paper more easily.
Which statement explains this observation?
A Graphite has a high melting point.

B Graphite is a form of carbon.
C Graphite is a lubricant.
D Graphite is a non-metal.
132
Two macromolecular forms of carbon are graphite and diamond. The structures of graphite and
12- diamond are given below.
graphite diamond
(a) Explain in terms of its structure why graphite is soft and is a good conductor of electricity.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) State two uses of graphite which depend on the above properties.
It is soft ......................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
It is a good conductor of electricity ............................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) Silicon(IV) oxide also has a macromolecular structure.
(i) Describe the macromolecular structure of silicon(IV) oxide.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Predict two physical properties which diamond and silicon(IV) oxide have in common.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
133
13- In 1985 the fullerenes were discovered. They are solid forms of the element carbon. The structure
of the C60 fullerene is given below.
(c) A mixture of a fullerene and potassium is an excellent conductor of electricity.
(i) Which other form of solid carbon is a good conductor of electricity?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why metals, such as potassium, are good conductors of electricity.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
134
14- Carbon and silicon are elements in Group IV. They both form oxides of the type XO2.
(a) Silicon(IV) oxide, SiO2, has a macromolecular structure.
(i) Describe the structure of silicon(IV) oxide.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) State three properties which silicon(IV) oxide and diamond have in common.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) How could you show that silicon(IV) oxide is acidic and not basic or amphoteric?
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Explain why the physical properties of carbon dioxide are different from those of diamond and
silicon(IV) oxide.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 9]
135
(c) (i) Describe the bonding in a metallic element such as beryllium.

Include a labelled diagram and any appropriate charges in your answer.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Explain why metallic elements, such as beryllium, are good conductors of electricity.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
136
16- (c) (i) Describe the bonding in iron. Include a diagram in your answer.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Use your diagram in (c)(i) to explain why iron is malleable.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Iron containing a small amount of carbon is known as steel.
Explain why steel is less malleable than iron.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) (i) hen iron is added to dilute sulfuric acid, an aqueous solution of iron(II) sulfate is formed
W
as one of the products.
Write a chemical equation for the reaction.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) hen iron(III) oxide is added to dilute sulfuric acid, an aqueous solution of iron(III) sulfate
W
is formed as one of the products.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [3]
137
16-
138
139
140
1- Which reaction is not characteristic of an acid?
A It dissolves magnesium oxide.

B It produces ammonia from ammonium compounds.
C It produces carbon dioxide from a carbonate.
D It produces hydrogen from zinc metal.
2- Hydrochloric acid is used to clean metals.
The acid reacts with the oxide layer on the surface of the metal, forming a salt and water.
Which word describes the metal oxide?
A alloy
B base
C element
D indicator
141
3- Different plants grow best under different pH conditions.
Which plant grows best in alkaline soil?
grows best in soil at

plant
pH
A cabbage 6-8
B potato 4-7
C strawberry 5-7
D wheat 6-7
4- Which statements about alkalis are correct?
1 When reacted with an acid, the pH of the alkali increases.

2 When tested with litmus, the litmus turns blue.
3 When warmed with an ammonium salt, ammonia gas is given off.
5- Which acid reacts with ammonia to produce the salt ammonium sulfate?
A hydrochloric
B nitric
C phosphoric
D sulfuric
142
6- Which statement is not correct?
A When a base reacts with an ammonium salt, ammonia is given off.

B When an acid reacts with a base, neutralisation takes place.
C When an acid reacts with a carbonate, carbon dioxide is given off.
D When the acidity of a solution increases, the pH increases.
7- Which reaction is not characteristic of an acid?
A It dissolves magnesium oxide.

B It produces ammonia from ammonium compounds.
C It produces carbon dioxide from a carbonate.
D It produces hydrogen from zinc metal.
8- Which statements are properties of an acid?
1 reacts with ammonium sulfate to form ammonia

2 turns red litmus blue
A
B
C
D
9- Which row describes whether an amphoteric oxide reacts with acids and bases?
reacts with acids reacts with bases
A no
o
B no
o y
C yes
es
D yes
es
143
10- Which statements are properties of an acid?
1 reacts with ammonium sulfate to form ammonia

2 turns red litmus blue
1 2
A
B
C
D
11- Which row describes whether an amphoteric oxide reacts with acids and bases?
reacts with acids reacts with bases
A no no
B no yes
C yes no
D yes yes
12- Which statements about a weak acid, such as ethanoic acid, are correct?
1 It reacts with a carbonate.

2 It does not neutralise aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.
3 It turns red litmus blue.
4 It is only partially ionised in aqueous solution.
13- Chloric(I) acid, HCl O, is formed when chlorine dissolves in water. It is a weak acid.
What is meant by the term weak acid ?
A It contains fewer hydrogen atoms than a strong acid.

B It is easily neutralised by a strong alkali.
C It is less concentrated than a strong acid.
D It is only partially ionised in solution.
144
14- Which reaction will result in a decrease in pH?
A adding calcium hydroxide to acid soil

B adding citric acid to sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
C adding sodium chloride to silver nitrate solution
D adding sodium hydroxide to hydrochloric acid
15- The oxide of element X was added to an acid. It reacted to form a salt and water.
oxide of
element X
acid
What is the pH of the acid before the reaction and what type of element is X?
pH type of element X
A greater than 7 metal

B greater than 7 non-metal
C less than 7 metal
D less than 7 non-metal
145
16- A colourless solution is tested by the following reactions.
Which reaction is not characteristic of an acid?
A A piece of magnesium ribbon is added. Bubbles are seen and the magnesium disappears.
B A pungent smelling gas is produced when ammonium carbonate is added.
C Copper oxide powder is added and the mixed is warmed. The solution turns blue.
D The solution turns blue litmus red.
17- The graph shows how the pH of soil in a field changes over time.
At which point was the soil neutral?
11 A
pH of 7 B
soil D
5 C
time
18- Four ionic half-equations are shown.
1 Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s)
2 2I–(aq) → I2(aq) + 2e–
3 Fe2+(aq) → Fe3+(aq) + e–
4 Cl 2(g) + 2e– → 2Cl –(aq)
A In equation 1, copper(II) ions are oxidised to copper.

B In equation 2, iodide ions are reduced to iodine.
C In equation 3, iron(II) ions are oxidised to iron(III) ions.

D In equation 4, chlorine is oxidised to chloride ions.
146
19- Which substance is the most acidic?
substance pH
A calcium hydroxide 12
B lemon juice 4
C milk 6
D washing up liquid 8
20- The graph shows how the pH of soil in a field changes over time.
At which point was the soil neutral?
11 A
pH of 7 B
soil D
5 C
time
22- Which method can be used to obtain ammonia from ammonium sulfate?
A Heat it with an acid.

B Heat it with an alkali.
C Heat it with an oxidising agent.
D Heat it with a reducing agent.
147
23- Hydrogen chloride gas reacts with water to produce an acidic solution. The equation for the
reaction is shown.
HCl + H2O → Cl – + H3O+
Which statement describes what happens during the reaction?
A The chloride ion is formed by accepting an electron from the water.

B The hydrogen chloride loses an electron to form the chloride ion.
C The water accepts a proton from the hydrogen chloride.
D The water donates a proton to the hydrogen chloride.
24- What is not a typical characteristic of acids?
A They react with alkalis producing water.

B They react with all metals producing hydrogen.
C They react with carbonates producing carbon dioxide.
D They turn blue litmus paper red.
148
Hydrogen chloride gas reacts with water to produce an acidic solution. The equation for the
25- reaction is shown.
HCl + H2O → Cl – + H3O+
Which statement describes what happens during the reaction?
A The chloride ion is formed by accepting an electron from the water.

B The hydrogen chloride loses an electron to form the chloride ion.
C The water accepts a proton from the hydrogen chloride.
D The water donates a proton to the hydrogen chloride.
26- Slaked lime is used to neutralise an acidic soil.
How does the pH of the soil change?
from to
A 6 7
B 7 8
C 8 7
D 8 6
27- What is not a typical characteristic of acids?

A They react with alkalis producing water.
B They react with all metals producing hydrogen.
C They react with carbonates producing carbon dioxide.
D They turn blue litmus paper red.
149
28- (a) Match the following pH values to the solutions given below.
1 3 7 10 13
The solutions all have the same concentration.
solution pH
aqueous ammonia, a weak base ............
dilute hydrochloric acid, a strong acid ............
aqueous sodium hydroxide, a strong base ............
aqueous sodium chloride, a salt ............
dilute ethanoic acid, a weak acid ............
(b) Explain why solutions of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid with the same concentration, in
mol / dm3, have a different pH.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(c) Measuring pH is one way of distinguishing between a strong acid and a weak acid.
Describe another method.
method .......................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
results ........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
150
Butane is oxidised to a mixture of carboxylic acids by oxygen in the presence of a catalyst.
29- The acids formed are methanoic acid, ethanoic acid and propanoic acid – the first three members
of the carboxylic acid homologous series.
(a)
(iii) All members of this series are weak acids.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
151
Butane is oxidised to a mixture of carboxylic acids by oxygen in the presence of a catalyst.
30- The acids formed are methanoic acid, ethanoic acid and propanoic acid – the first three members
of the carboxylic acid homologous series.
(iii) All members of this series are weak acids.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(d) Ethanoic acid is a weak acid.
(i) When referring to an acid, what is meant by the term weak?
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(ii) Describe how you could show that ethanoic acid is a weaker acid than hydrochloric acid.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
152
153
154
1- Element X forms an oxide, XO, that neutralises sulfuric acid.
Which row describes X and XO?
element X nature of oxide, XO
A metal acidic
B metal basic
C non-metal acidic
D non-metal basic
2- Only two elements are liquid at 20 °C. One of these elements is shiny and conducts electricity.
This suggests that this element is a ......1...... and therefore its oxide is ......2...... .
Which words correctly complete gaps 1 and 2?
1 2
A metal
etal a
B metal
etal
C non-metal
on-met
D non-metal
on-me
155
A alloy
B base
C element
D indicator
A alloy
B base
C element
D indicator
156
5- Which type of oxide is aluminium oxide?
A acidic
B amphoteric
C basic
D neutral
6- Element E:
• forms an alloy
• has a basic oxide
• is below hydrogen in the reactivity series.
What is E?
A carbon
B copper
C sulfur
D zinc
157
7- Which oxide is amphoteric?
A Al 2O3 B CaO C Na2O D SO2
8- Element E:
• forms an alloy
• has a basic oxide
• is below hydrogen in the reactivity series.
What is E?
A carbon
B copper
C sulfur
D zinc
9- The positions of elements W, X, Y and Z in the Periodic Table are shown.
Y
X Z
Which elements form basic oxides?
A W, X and Y B W and X only C Y only D Z only
158
10- The diagram shows a simplified form of the Periodic Table:
W X
Y
11- Which elements will form an acidic oxide?
A W and Z B W only C X and Y only D Y only
Germanium oxide is a white powder.
Germanium oxide reacts with concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Germanium oxide reacts with concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide.
Germanium oxide does not dissolve when added to water.
Which type of oxide is germanium oxide?
A acidic
B amphoteric
C basic
D neutral
159
12- Some properties of four oxides are listed.
Oxide 1 reacts with both acids and alkalis to form salts.
Oxide 2 reacts with acids to form salts but does not react with alkalis.
Oxide 3 reacts with alkalis to form salts but does not react with acids.
Oxide 4 does not react with acids or alkalis.
Which row describes the oxides?
oxide 1 oxide 2 oxide 3 oxide 4
A amphoteric acidic basic neutral

B amphoteric basic acidic neutral
C neutral acidic basic amphoteric
D neutral basic acidic amphoteric
13-
Which statement about oxides is correct?
A A solution of magnesium oxide will have a pH less than 7.

B A solution of sulfur dioxide will have a pH greater than 7.
C Magnesium oxide will react with nitric acid to make a salt.
D Sulfur dioxide will react with hydrochloric acid to make a salt.
14- Germanium oxide is a white powder.
Germanium oxide reacts with concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Germanium oxide reacts with concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide.
Germanium oxide does not dissolve when added to water.
Which type of oxide is germanium oxide?
A acidic
B amphoteric
C basic
D neutral
160
15- Some properties of four oxides are listed.
Oxide 1 reacts with both acids and alkalis to form salts.
Oxide 2 reacts with acids to form salts but does not react with alkalis.
Oxide 3 reacts with alkalis to form salts but does not react with acids.
Oxide 4 does not react with acids or alkalis.
Which row describes the oxides?
oxide 1 oxide 2 oxide 3 oxide 4
A amphoteric acidic basic neutral

B amphoteric basic acidic neutral
C neutral acidic basic amphoteric
D neutral basic acidic amphoteric
16- The table gives some properties of an element.
melting point in °C 342

appearance of the element grey
appearance of the chloride of the element dark blue
density in g / cm3 19.2
electrical conductivity when solid good
17- Which other property would you expect this element to have?
A acts as a catalyst
B brittle
C forms an acidic oxide
D highly reactive with water
161
18- Scandium, proton number 21, is not a typical transition element. [3]
(c) Scandium oxide is insoluble in water. Describe how you could show that it is an amphoteric
oxide.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
162
19- This question is concerned with the following oxides.
aluminium oxide
carbon monoxide
copper(II) oxide
silicon(IV) oxide
sodium oxide
sulfur dioxide
zinc oxide
Choose one oxide from the above list to match each of the following descriptions. An oxide may be
used once, more than once or not at all.
(a) This oxide does not react with acid or alkali. ....................................................................... [1]
(b) This oxide reacts with water to give a strong alkali solution. ............................................... [1]
(c) This oxide is used as a bleach. ........................................................................................... [1]
(d) This oxide is amphoteric. ..................................................................................................... [1]
(e) This oxide has a giant covalent structure. ........................................................................... [1]
(f) This oxide is soluble in water and it is acidic. ...................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]
163
(d) Beryllium hydroxide is amphoteric.

Beryllium hydroxide reacts with acids. The salts formed contain positive beryllium ions.
(i) Give the formula of the positive beryllium ion.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between beryllium hydroxide and
hydrochloric acid.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Beryllium hydroxide also reacts with alkalis. The salts formed contain beryllate ions,
BeO22–.
Suggest a chemical equation for the reaction between beryllium hydroxide and
sodium hydroxide solution.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
164
165
166
1- Which equation shows an oxidation reaction?
A C + O2 → CO2
B CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
C CaO + 2HCl → CaCl 2 + H2O
D N2O4 → 2NO2
2- Which equation shows an oxidation reaction?
A C + O2 → CO2
B CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
C CaO + 2HCl → CaCl 2 + H2O
D N2O4 → 2NO2
3- In which equation does the oxidation of the underlined compound occur?
A 2CuO + C → CO2 + Cu
B Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
C 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
D MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl 2 + 2H2O + Cl 2
4- In which change is N2O3 oxidised?
N2
B
A
N2O4 N2O3 N 2O
C
D
NO
167
3- In which change is N2O3 oxidised?
N2
B
A
N2O4 N2O3 N 2O
C
D
NO
Which change represents an oxidation reaction?
A chlorine changes to chlorate(I) ions

B chlorine changes to chloride ions
C copper(II) ions change to copper
D potassium manganate(VII) ions change to potassium manganate(VI) ions
168
5- Which equation represents a reduction reaction?
A Fe2+ + e– → Fe3+
B Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e–
C Fe3+ + e– → Fe2+
D Fe3+ → Fe2+ + e–
6- Which equation represents a reduction reaction?
A Fe2+ + e– → Fe3+
B Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e–
C Fe3+ + e– → Fe2+
D Fe3+ → Fe2+ + e–
7- An example of a redox reaction is shown.
Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu
Which statement about the reaction is correct?
A Zn is the oxidising agent and it oxidises Cu2+.

B Zn is the oxidising agent and it reduces Cu2+.
C Zn is the reducing agent and it oxidises Cu2+.
D Zn is the reducing agent and it reduces Cu2+.
An example of a redox reaction is shown.
Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu
8- Which statement about the reaction is correct?
A Zn is the oxidising agent and it oxidises Cu2+.

B Zn is the oxidising agent and it reduces Cu2+.
C Zn is the reducing agent and it oxidises Cu2+.
D Zn is the reducing agent and it reduces Cu2+.
169
9- Which process is involved in the extraction of zinc from zinc blende?
A Cryolite is added to lower the melting point of zinc blende.

B Molten zinc blende is electrolysed.
C Zinc blende is heated with carbon.
D Zinc blende is roasted in air.
170
10- The red colour in some pottery glazes may be formed as a result of the reactions shown.
heat
CuCO3 CuO + CO2
CuO + SnO Cu + SnO2
These equations show that ……1…… is oxidised and ……2…… is reduced.
Which substances correctly complete gaps 1 and 2 in the above sentence?
1 2
A CO2 SnO2
B CuCO3 CuO
C CuO SnO
D SnO CuO
11- The equations for two reactions P and Q are given.
P 2NaNO2 + O2 → 2NaNO3
Q 2HgO → 2Hg + O2
In which of these reactions does oxidation of the underlined substance occur?
P Q
A
B
C
D
12- Which reaction involves oxidation?
A heating hydrated copper(II) sulfate in the air

B polymerisation of ethene
C rusting of iron
D thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate
171
13- The equations for two reactions P and Q are given.
P 2NaNO2 + O2 → 2NaNO3
Q 2HgO → 2Hg + O2
In which of these reactions does oxidation of the underlined substance occur?
P Q
A
B
C
D
14-
Which process does not involve oxidation?
A burning a fossil fuel

B conversion of iron from the blast furnace into steel
C distillation of crude oil
D rusting of iron
172
15- The element vanadium, V, forms several oxides.
In which change is oxidation taking place?
A VO2 → V2O3
B V2O5 → VO2
C V2O3 → VO
D V2O3 → V2O5
16- Four ionic half-equations are shown.
1 Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s)
2 2I–(aq) → I2(aq) + 2e–
3 Fe2+(aq) → Fe3+(aq) + e–
4 Cl 2(g) + 2e– → 2Cl –(aq)
A In equation 1, copper(II) ions are oxidised to copper.

B In equation 2, iodide ions are reduced to iodine.
C In equation 3, iron(II) ions are oxidised to iron(III) ions.

D In equation 4, chlorine is oxidised to chloride ions.
17- Copper(II) oxide reacts with hydrogen.
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
Which row is correct?
oxidising agent reducing agent
A H2 CuO
B CuO H2
C H2O Cu
D Cu H2O
173
18- .The following are examples of redox reactions
(a) Bromine water was added to aqueous sodium sulfide.
Br2(aq) + S2–(aq) → 2Br –(aq) + S(s)
(i) Describe what you would observe when this reaction occurs.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Write a symbol equation for this reaction.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Explain, in terms of electron transfer, why bromine is the oxidant (oxidising agent) in
this reaction.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Iron and steel in the presence of water and oxygen form rust.
colourless
gas forms
oxygen dissolved
in water
electrons
Fe2+ goes
move
into solution
in metal
The reactions involved are:
reaction 1
Fe → Fe2+ + 2e–
The electrons move through the iron on to the surface where a colourless gas forms.
reaction 2
Fe2+ + 2OH– → Fe(OH)2
from water
reaction 3
..........Fe(OH)2 + O2 + ..........H2O → ..........Fe(OH)3
The water evaporates to leave rust.
174
19- (i) What type of reaction is reaction 1? .................................................................... [1]
(ii) Deduce the name of the colourless gas mentioned in reaction 1.
..............................................................................................................................
(iii) What is the name of the iron compound formed in reaction 2?
..............................................................................................................................
(iv) Balance the equation for reaction 3.
..........Fe(OH)2 + O2 + ..........H2O → ..........Fe(OH)3
(v) Explain why the change Fe(OH)2 to Fe(OH)3 is oxidation.
....................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
175
20- The rate of a photochemical reaction is affected by light.
(a) The decomposition of silver bromide is the basis of film photography. This is a redox reaction.
2AgBr → 2Ag + Br2

cream black
step 1 2Br – → Br2 + 2e–
step 2 Ag+ + e– → Ag
(i) Which step is reduction? Explain your answer.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Which ion is the oxidising agent? Explain your answer.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
176
4
21-(a) When magnesium is added to aqueous copper(II) sulfate a reaction occurs.

he ionic equation for the reaction is shown.
T
Mg + Cu2+ Mg2+ + Cu
(i) Give one change you would observe during this reaction.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why this is a redox reaction.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Identify the oxidising agent in this reaction. Give a reason for your answer.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) A redox reaction occurs when magnesium is heated with iron(III) oxide.
Write a chemical equation for the reaction between magnesium and iron(III) oxide.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
177
178
179
180
1- Copper and hydrogen can each be formed by electrolysis.
At which electrodes are these elements formed?
copper hydrogen
A anode anode
B anode cathode
C cathode anode
D cathode cathode
2- The diagram shows the electroplating of a steel object.
+ –
copper steel object
copper(II) sulfate solution
A student made the following statements.
1 The object turns a reddish-brown colour.

2 The copper sulfate solution changes to a paler blue colour.
3 The copper electrode becomes smaller.
Which statements are correct?
181
3- What will be produced at the anode and at the cathode, if molten potassium chloride is
electrolysed?
anode (+) cathode (-)
A chlorine hydrogen
B chlorine potassium
C hydrogen chlorine
D potassium chlorine
4- Which products are formed at the anode and cathode when electricity is passed through molten
lead(II) bromide?
anode (+) cathode (–)
A bromide ions lead ions

B bromine molecules lead atoms
C lead atoms bromine molecules
D lead ions bromide ions
182
copper hydrogen
A anode anode
B anode cathode
C cathode anode
D cathode cathode
6- An object is electroplated with silver using an aqueous silver salt as the electrolyte.
Which set of conditions is used?
the object to be the other electrode

electroplated is the is made from
A anode carbon
B anode silver
C cathode carbon
D cathode silver
183
copper hydrogen
A anode anode
B anode cathode
C cathode anode
D cathode cathode
8- An object is electroplated with silver using an aqueous silver salt as the electrolyte.
Which set of conditions is used?
the object to be the other electrode

electroplated is the is made from
A anode carbon
B anode silver
C cathode carbon
D cathode silver
184
9- The diagram shows the electrolysis of molten zinc chloride, ZnCl 2.
electrode X + – electrode Y
molten zinc
chloride
10- Which statement is correct?
A Oxidation occurs at electrode X and the equation is: 2Cl – → Cl 2 + 2e–.
B Oxidation occurs at electrode Y and the equation is: Zn2+ + 2e– → Zn.
C Reduction occurs at electrode X and the equation is: Zn2+ + 2e– → Zn.
D Reduction occurs at electrode Y and the equation is: 2Cl – → Cl 2 + 2e–.
11- The diagram shows a method used to copper-plate a pan
+ –
copper pan
copper(II) sulfate
solution
Which equation represents the reaction at the cathode?
A Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu
B 2H+ + 2e– → H2
C 4OH– → O2 + 2H2O + 4e–
D 2O2– → O2 + 4e–
185
12- Which statement about electrolysis is correct?
A Electrons move through the electrolyte from the cathode to the anode.
B Electrons move towards the cathode in the external circuit.
C Negative ions move towards the anode in the external circuit.
D Positive ions move through the electrolyte towards the anode during electrolysis.
13- Which statement about electrolysis is correct?
A Electrons move through the electrolyte from the cathode to the anode.
B Electrons move towards the cathode in the external circuit.
C Negative ions move towards the anode in the external circuit.
D Positive ions move through the electrolyte towards the anode during electrolysis.
186
15- The diagram shows apparatus used in an attempt to electroplate a metal ring with copper.
+ –
bulb
metal ring copper electrode
aqueous copper(II)
sulfate (electrolyte)
The experiment did not work.
What change is needed in the experiment to make it work?
A Add solid copper(II) sulfate to the electrolyte.

B Increase the temperature of the electrolyte.
C Replace the copper electrode by a carbon electrode.
D Reverse the connections to the battery.
187
16- When concentrated sodium chloride solution is electrolysed, elements X and Y are formed.
X Y
concentrated
sodium chloride
solution
– +
What are X and Y?
X Y
A chlorine hydrogen
B hydrogen chlorine
C hydrogen oxygen
D oxygen hydrogen
17- Substance X was electrolysed in an electrolytic cell.
A coloured gas was formed at the anode and a metal was formed at the cathode.
power supply
anode cathode
substance X
What is substance X?
A aqueous sodium chloride

B molten lead bromide
C molten zinc oxide
D solid sodium chloride
188
18- Which metal could not be used for electroplating by using an aqueous solution?
A chromium
B copper
C silver
D sodium
19- Which products are formed at the electrodes when a concentrated solution of sodium chloride is
electrolysed?
cathode (–) anode (+)
A hydrogen chlorine
B hydrogen oxygen
C sodium chlorine
D sodium oxygen
20- Which row describes the electrolysis of molten potassium bromide?
product at anode product at cathode
A bromine
romine h
B bromine
romine po
C hydrogen
ydrogen
D potassium
otassiu
189
21- A student wishes to electroplate an object with copper.
Which row is correct?
object is made a suitable

the electrolyte is
A anode CuO(s)
B anode CuSO4(aq)
C cathode CuO(s)
D cathode CuSO4(aq)
22- In the electrolysis shown, chlorine is produced at W and sodium at X.
+ –
W X
Which labels are correct?
W X Y
A anode cathode NaCl (l)

B anode cathode NaCl (aq)
C cathode anode NaCl (l)
D cathode anode NaCl (aq)
190
23- Which apparatus could be used to electroplate an iron nail with copper?
A B key
+ – + – = copper sheet
= iron nail
aqueous copper(II) sulfate
C D
+ – + –
aqueous iron(II) sulfate
24- Which statements about the electrolysis of concentrated copper(II) chloride are correct?
1 Electrons are transferred from the cathode to the copper(II) ions.
2 Electrons move round the external circuit from the cathode to the anode.
3 Chloride ions are attracted to the anode.
4 Hydroxide ions transfer electrons to the cathode.
191
25- Which apparatus could be used to electroplate an iron nail with copper?
A B key
+ – + – = copper sheet
= iron nail
aqueous copper(II) sulfate
C D
+ – + –
aqueous iron(II) sulfate
26- Which statements about the electrolysis of concentrated copper(II) chloride are correct?
1 Electrons are transferred from the cathode to the copper(II) ions.
2 Electrons move round the external circuit from the cathode to the anode.
3 Chloride ions are attracted to the anode.
4 Hydroxide ions transfer electrons to the cathode.
192
27- Fuel cells are used in spacecraft to produce electrical energy.
hydrogen
anode
electrolyte
oxygen
cathode
(b) Hydrogen and oxygen react to form water.
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
(i) Give an example of bond breaking in the above reaction.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Give an example of bond forming in the above reaction.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Is the change given in (i) exothermic or endothermic?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) (i) Give two reasons why hydrogen may be considered to be the ideal fuel for the
future.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Suggest a reason why hydrogen is not widely used at the moment.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 8]
193
28- Aluminium was first isolated in 1827 using sodium.
(c) The electrolysis of a molten electrolyte is one method of extracting a metal from its ore.
Other methods are the electrolysis of an aqueous solution and the reduction of the oxide
by carbon. Explain why these last two methods cannot be used to extract aluminium.
electrolysis of an aqueous solution ...................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
using carbon .....................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
29- Carbonyl chloride is made from carbon monoxide and chlorine.
(b) Chlorine is made by the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride.

Describe this electrolysis. Write ionic equations for the reactions at the electrodes and name
the sodium compound formed.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
194
30- Hydrogen can be manufactured from methane by steam reforming.
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)

The reaction is carried out using a nickel catalyst at temperatures between 700 °C and 1100 °C and
using a pressure of one atmosphere.
The forward reaction is endothermic.
(e) Hydrogen can also be manufactured by electrolysis. The electrolyte is concentrated aqueous
sodium chloride. The electrodes are inert.
The products of electrolysis are hydrogen, chlorine and sodium hydroxide.
(i) Define the term electrolysis.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Name a substance that can be used as the inert electrodes.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Write an ionic half-equation for the reaction in which hydrogen is produced.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Where is hydrogen produced in the electrolytic cell?
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(g) State one use of
chlorine, .....................................................................................................................................
sodium hydroxide, .....................................................................................................................
hydrogen. ...................................................................................................................................
[3]
195
31- (b) The ions present in aqueous sodium chloride are Na+(aq), Cl –(aq), H+(aq) and OH–(aq).
The electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride forms three products. They are
hydrogen, chlorine and sodium hydroxide.
(i) Explain how these three products are formed. Give ionic equations for the reactions at the
electrodes.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii) If the solution of the electrolyte is stirred, chlorine reacts with sodium hydroxide to form
sodium chlorate(I), sodium chloride and water.
Write an equation for this reaction.
Cl 2 + ...NaOH → ..................... + ..................... + .....................
196
32- Copper(II) sulfate solution was electrolysed using the apparatus shown.
copper wire
carbon anode + – carbon cathode
bubbles of gas copper(II) sulfate

solution
(a) A gas was formed at the anode.
Identify this gas and give the test for this gas.
gas . ............................................................................................................................................
test . ............................................................................................................................................
result of test ................................................................................................................................

[3]
(b) During electrolysis, electricity passes through the copper(II) sulfate solution.
Solid copper(II) sulfate does not conduct electricity.
Explain both of these statements.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
197
33- c) )
The electrolysis was repeated using copper electrodes in place of carbon electrodes. The
half-equations for the reactions at the two electrodes are shown.
ionic
anode Cu(s) → Cu2+(aq) + 2e–
cathode Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s)
(i) Which species is reduced during the electrolysis? Explain your answer.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) The masses of the copper electrodes changed during the electrolysis.

State how and explain why the masses of the two copper electrodes changed.
Use the ionic half-equations to help you.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) Explain why, during the electrolysis, the colour of the copper(II) sulfate solution does not
change.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
198
When lead(II) nitrate is heated, two gases are given off and solid lead(II) oxide remains.
34- The equation for the reaction is shown.
2Pb(NO3)2(s) → 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
(c) Describe a test for oxygen.
test . ............................................................................................................................................
result . .........................................................................................................................................
[2]
199
35- Silicon(IV) oxide and sodium chloride have different types of bonding and structure.
(e) A concentrated aqueous solution of sodium chloride is electrolysed using carbon electrodes.
(i) Name the products formed at the electrodes.
product at the positive electrode (anode) ............................................................................
product at the negative electrode (cathode) ........................................................................

[2]
(ii) Write an ionic half-equation for the reaction occurring at the negative electrode.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) A dilute aqueous solution of sodium chloride is electrolysed using carbon electrodes.
Name the main product formed at the positive electrode.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(g) Molten sodium chloride is electrolysed using carbon electrodes.
(i) Name the product formed at the negative electrode.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Write an ionic half-equation for the reaction occurring at the negative electrode.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Chlorine is produced at the positive electrode.
Give the test for chlorine.
test ......................................................................................................................................
result ...................................................................................................................................
[2]
200
201
202
1- Four reactions that take place in the blast furnace to produce iron are shown.
Which reaction is used to keep the furnace hot?
A C + O2 → CO2
B CO2 + C → 2CO
C Fe2O3 + 3C → 2Fe + 3CO
D Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
2- The diagram shows a blast furnace.
In which part is iron ore changed to iron?
C
D
203
3- The diagram shows a blast furnace.
In which part is iron ore changed to iron?
C
D
Which row describes the conditions used to make steel from the iron produced by a blast
4- furnace?
calcium oxide
oxygen
xyge
(lime)
A
B
C
D
5- furnace?
calcium oxide
oxygen heat
(lime)
A
B
C
D
204
6- furnace?
calcium oxide
oxygen heat
(lime)
A
B
C
D
205
Iron from a blast furnace is treated with oxygen and with calcium oxide to make steel.
7-
Which substances in the iron are removed?
calcium oxide
oxygen removes
removes
A carbon acidic oxides

B carbon basic oxides
C iron acidic oxides
D iron basic oxides
8-
Why is cryolite used during the extraction of aluminium by electrolysis?
A It is a catalyst for the reaction.

B It lowers the melting point of the electrolyte.
C It protects the anodes.
D It separates the aluminium from the electrolyte.
9-
Aluminium is extracted by electrolysis of a mixture of aluminium oxide and cryolite.
A The electrodes are made from graphite.

B The formula for aluminium oxide is Al 2O3.
C The purpose of the cryolite is to lower the melting point of the mixture.
D The reaction taking place at the anode is Al 3+ + 3e– → Al .
10- Which process is involved in the extraction of zinc from zinc blende?
A Cryolite is added to lower the melting point of zinc blende.

B Molten zinc blende is electrolysed.
C Zinc blende is heated with carbon.
D Zinc blende is roasted in air.
206
11- Iron is extracted from the ore hematite in the Blast Furnace.
waste gases
raw materials:
coke, C
firebrick lining iron ore, Fe2O3
limestone, CaCO3
CO forms
CO2 forms
air
slag
molten iron
(a) The coke reacts with the oxygen in the air to form carbon dioxide.
C + O2 → CO2
(i) Explain why carbon monoxide is formed higher in the Blast Furnace.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Write an equation for the reduction of hematite, Fe2O3, by carbon monoxide.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) (i) Limestone decomposes to form two products, one of which is calcium oxide.
Name the other product.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Calcium oxide reacts with silicon(IV) oxide, an acidic impurity in the iron ore, to form slag.
Write an equation for this reaction.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Explain why the molten iron and the molten slag form two layers and why molten iron is
the lower layer.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) Suggest why the molten iron does not react with the air.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
207
12- (c) Aluminium can be extracted by electrolysis using the apparatus shown.
+ power –
supply
anodes wires
cathode
+ +
aluminium oxide
and cryolite
molten aluminium
(i) Name the type of particle responsible for the transfer of charge in
the wires, .............................................................................................................................
the electrolyte. .....................................................................................................................

[2]
(ii) Give two reasons why cryolite is used.
1 . .........................................................................................................................................
2 . .........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) Write the ionic half-equation for the formation of aluminium during the electrolysis.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Explain how carbon dioxide gas is formed at the anodes.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ...................................................................................................................................... [3]
208
13- Iron is extracted from its ore using coke in a blast furnace.
waste gases
raw materials:
coke,
iron ore,
limestone
air air
slag
molten iron
(a) Name the ore of iron which is mainly iron(III) oxide.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Describe the reactions occurring in the blast furnace.
In your answer, include

● two reasons for using coke in the blast furnace,
● a chemical equation for the reduction of iron(III) oxide,
● an explanation for using limestone in the blast furnace.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [6]
209
210
211
212
1- The diagram shows a simple cell.
flow of electrons
wire
metal X metal Y
dilute
sulfuric acid
For which pair of metals would electrons flow from metal X to metal Y?
X Y
A copper iron
B copper zinc
C iron zinc
D zinc iron
wire
metal P metal Q
dilute
sulfuric acid
Which pair of metals produces the largest voltage?
metal P metal Q
A iron
ron co
B magnesium
agnesi
C magnesium
agne
D zinc
inc co
213
3- The reactivity series for a number of different metals is shown.

magnesium zinc iron copper silver platinum
The diagram shows different metal strips dipped into an electrolyte.
metal strip metal strip
electrolyte
Which pair of metals produces the highest voltage?
A copper and magnesium

B magnesium and platinum
C magnesium and zinc
D silver and platinum
Which statement about fuels is correct?
A Heat energy can only be produced by burning fuels.

B Hydrogen is used as a fuel although it is difficult to store.
C Methane is a good fuel because it produces only water when burned.
D Uranium is burned in air to produce energy.
214
4- The reactivity series for a number of different metals is shown.

magnesium zinc iron copper silver platinum
The diagram shows different metal strips dipped into an electrolyte.
metal strip metal strip
electrolyte
A copper and magnesium

B magnesium and platinum
C magnesium and zinc
D silver and platinum
215
voltmeter
V
metal X metal Y
electrolyte
Which two metals produce the highest reading on the voltmeter?
X Y
A magnesium copper
B magnesium iron
C zinc copper
D zinc iron
216
6- The diagram shows two different metal strips dipped into an electrolyte.
metal strips
electrolyte
A copper and iron

B copper and magnesium
C copper and zinc
D magnesium and iron
217
7- Which metal combination produces the highest voltage reading in the cells shown?
A B
V V
Fe Cu Zn Cu
C D
V V
Cu Cu Mg Cu
218
8- Which metal combination produces the highest voltage reading in the cells shown?
A B
V V
Fe Cu Zn Cu
C D
V V
Cu Cu Mg Cu
219
9- Chemical reactions are always accompanied by an energy change.
(b) The cell shown below can be used to determine the order of reactivity of metals.
magnesium copper
electrode electrode
MgSO4(aq) CuSO4(aq)
porous barrier
(i) Is the reaction in the cell exothermic or endothermic? Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why the mass of the magnesium electrode decreases and the mass of the copper
electrode increases.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) How could you use this cell to determine which is the more reactive metal, magnesium or
manganese?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
220
10- Nickel, copper and zinc are three consecutive elements in the Periodic Table.
(c) Three cells are set up each using two metals.
cell 1 cell 2 cell 3
1.10 V 0.51 V ......... V

V V V
– + – +
zinc copper zinc nickel copper nickel
electrolyte electrolyte electrolyte
(i) Write the ionic half-equation for the reaction occurring at the zinc electrode in cell 1.
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) Putthe three metals, copper, nickel and zinc, in order of reactivity.
most reactive ........................................
........................................
least reactive ........................................

[1]
(iii) Complete the labelling in cell 3 by writing the polarity (+/–) of each electrode in the circles
and calculating the reading on the voltmeter. [2]
[Total: 11]
221
voltmeter
V
metal 1 metal 2
electrolyte
The simple cell was used with different metals as electrodes. The voltages were recorded in the
table.
● If the voltage measured is positive then metal 2 is more reactive than metal 1.
● If the voltage measured is negative then metal 1 is more reactive than metal 2.
metal 2
beryllium cobalt nickel silver vanadium
beryllium 0.0 V –1.6 V –1.6 V not measured –0.7 V
cobalt 0.0 V 0.0 V –1.1 V 0.9 V
metal 1
nickel 0.0 V –1.1 V 0.9 V

silver 0.0 V 2.0 V
vanadium 0.0 V
● he more reactive metal is oxidised.

T
● The bigger the difference in reactivity of the metals, the larger the reading on the voltmeter.
(a) In a simple cell using nickel and silver, the nickel is oxidised.
(i) Define oxidation in terms of electrons.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Nickel forms ions with a charge of +2.
Write an ionic half-equation to show the oxidation of nickel.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) What will happen to the mass of the nickel electrode when the nickel is oxidised?
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
222
12- (b) Use the data in the table to answer the following questions.
(i) Which of the metals in the table is the most reactive?

Explain your answer.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) State which two different metals have the same reactivity.
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Predict the voltage produced by a simple cell with beryllium as metal 1 and silver as
metal 2.
..............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(c) Describe how the simple cell in the diagram can be used to show that magnesium is more
reactive than beryllium. Explain your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 10]
223
A fuel cell produces electrical energy by the oxidation of a fuel by oxygen.
13- The fuel is usually hydrogen but methane and methanol are two other fuels which may be used.
A diagram of a hydrogen fuel cell is given below.
H2
e–
anode
V
cathode
e–
H2O O2
(a) When the fuel is hydrogen, the only product is water.

What additional product would be formed if methane was used?
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Write the equation for the chemical reaction that takes place in a hydrogen fuel cell.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) (i) At which electrode does oxidation occur? Explain your choice.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction at this electrode.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Fuel cells are used to propel cars.

Give two advantages of a fuel cell over a gasoline-fuelled engine.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
224
14-
Hydrogen and oxygen react together in a hydrogen fuel cell. A hydrogen fuel cell is shown in the
diagram.
hydrogen oxygen
H2 O2
electrolyte
water
membrane
(a) Name the process by which oxygen is obtained from air.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) (i) In a hydrogen fuel cell, the hydrogen molecules are converted into hydrogen ions, H+,
according to the ionic half-equation shown.
H2 2H+ + 2e–
What type of reaction does this ionic half-equation represent?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) What type of substance reacts by donating hydrogen ions, H+?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Write a chemical equation for the overall reaction that occurs in a hydrogen fuel cell.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) Hydrogen fuel cells are being developed as alternatives to petrol engines in cars.
(i) Give one advantage of hydrogen fuel cells compared to petrol engines.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Give one disadvantage of hydrogen fuel cells compared to petrol engines.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
225
(e) S
ome fuel cells use ethanol, C2H5OH, instead of hydrogen. Carbon dioxide and water are
products of the reaction in an ethanol fuel cell.
(i) Write a chemical equation for the overall reaction occurring in an ethanol fuel cell.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) tate an environmental problem caused by the release of carbon dioxide into the
S
atmosphere.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Name the process by which ethanol can be manufactured from a renewable resource.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) Name the process occurring when electrical energy is used to break down an ionic compound.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
226
227
228
1- A metal, X, is used to make oil pipelines.
X corrodes in air and water.
X can be protected from corrosion by attaching blocks of element Y.
A This process is known as galvanising.

B Y forms positive ions more readily than X.
C Y is an unreactive metal.
D Y is an unreactive non-metal.
2- A piece of zinc is attached to the hull of a steel boat. Steel is an alloy of iron.
Which statement explains why the zinc prevents the iron from rusting?
A Zinc is less reactive than iron, and iron is less likely to lose electrons than zinc.
B Zinc is less reactive than iron, and iron is more likely to lose electrons than zinc.
C Zinc is more reactive than iron, and iron is less likely to lose electrons than zinc.
D Zinc is more reactive than iron, and iron is more likely to lose electrons than zinc.
3-
Which method is not used for rust prevention?
A coating working parts of industrial machinery with oil

B covering wire for gardening use with plastic
C immersing gardening tools in water for storage
D painting car bodies
229
A test-tube containing damp iron wool is inverted in water.
4-
After three days, the water level inside the test-tube has risen.
damp iron wool
water
Which statement explains this rise?
A Iron oxide has been formed.

B Iron wool has been reduced.
C Oxygen has been formed.
D The temperature of the water has risen.
5- The apparatus shown is set up and left for a week.
damp iron wool
air
water
Which diagram shows the level of the water at the end of the week?
A B C D
230
6- Underwater steel pipes can be protected from corrosion by attaching magnesium blocks to them.
Which equation represents the reaction that prevents corrosion?
A Fe → Fe2+ + 2e–
B Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e–
C Mg → Mg2+ + 2e–
D Mg2+ + 2e– → Mg
7- Four iron nails had different metals wrapped around them.
The nails were placed in an open dish filled with water and left for a week.
Which iron nail has no protection against rusting?
A B
wrapped wrapped
in aluminium in copper
D C
wrapped wrapped
in zinc in magnesium
8-
Which method is not used for rust prevention?
A coating working parts of industrial machinery with oil

B covering wire for gardening use with plastic
C immersing gardening tools in water for storage
D painting car bodies
231
9- The following are examples of redox reactions.
(b) Iron and steel in the presence of water and oxygen form rust.
colourless
gas forms
oxygen dissolved
in water
electrons
Fe2+ goes
move
into solution
in metal
The reactions involved are:
reaction 1
Fe → Fe2+ + 2e–
The electrons move through the iron on to the surface where a colourless gas forms.
reaction 2
Fe2+ + 2OH– → Fe(OH)2
from water
reaction 3
..........Fe(OH)2 + O2 + ..........H2O → ..........Fe(OH)3
The water evaporates to leave rust.
(vi) Explain why iron in electrical contact with a piece of zinc does not rust.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
232
(c) Rusting of steel can be prevented by coating the steel with a layer of zinc.

Explain, in terms of electron transfer, why steel does not rust even if the layer of zinc is
scratched so that the steel is exposed to air and water.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
233
234
235
236
1- Some magnesium compounds undergo thermal decomposition.
What are the products of thermal decomposition of magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2, and
magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2?
Mg(NO3)2 Mg(OH)2
A MgO, NO2 and O2 MgO and H2O

B MgO, NO2 and O2 MgO and H2
C Mg(NO2)2 and O2 MgO and H2O
D Mg(NO2)2 and O2 MgO and H2
237
2- Which equations are balanced?
1 Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
2 ZnCO3 + 2HCl → ZnCl 2 + CO2 + 2H2O
3 Mg(NO3)2 + NaOH → Mg(OH)2 + 2NaNO3
4 CaCO3 + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + H2O + CO2
3- A gas is produced when calcium carbonate is heated.
Which type of change is this?
A chemical
B exothermic
C physical
D separation
238
Aqueous iron(III) sulfate and aqueous sodium hydroxide react to give a precipitate of
4-
iron(III) hydroxide and a solution of sodium sulfate.
What is the balanced equation for this reaction?
A Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Fe(OH)3(s) + Na2SO4(aq)
B Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + 3NaOH(aq) → Fe(OH)3(s) + 3Na2SO4(aq)
C Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + 6NaOH(aq) → 2Fe(OH)3(s) + 3Na2SO4(aq)
D 2Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + 6NaOH(aq) → 4Fe(OH)3(s) + 6Na2SO4(aq)
5- Which changes are physical changes?
1 melting ice to form water

2 burning hydrogen to form water
3 adding sodium to water
4 boiling water to form steam
6- Two equations are shown.
reaction 1 CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
reaction 2 CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
Which terms describe reactions 1 and 2?
reaction 1 reaction 2
A reduction hydration
B reduction hydrolysis
C thermal decomposition hydration
D thermal decomposition hydrolysis
239
Some metal nitrates and carbonates decompose when heated strongly.
7-
Metal Q has a nitrate that decomposes to give a salt and a colourless gas only.
The carbonate of metal Q does not decompose when heated with a Bunsen burner.
What is metal Q?
A calcium
B copper
C sodium
D zinc
Some marble chips (calcium carbonate) are heated strongly and substances X and Y are formed.
Substance X is a white solid that reacts with water, giving out heat. Substance Y is a colourless
gas.
What are substances X and Y?
A calcium chloride oxygen

B calcium hydroxide carbon dioxide
C calcium oxide carbon dioxide
D calcium sulfate oxygen
240
8- Rubidium and strontium are very reactive metals at the top of the reactivity series. Because their
ions have different charges, their compounds behave differently when heated.
(b) Strontium carbonate is similar to calcium carbonate. It is insoluble in water and it decomposes
when heated. Rubidium carbonate is soluble in water and does not decompose when heated.
(ii) Complete the equation for the decomposition of strontium carbonate.
SrCO3 → ............ + ............
(c) Metal nitrates decompose when heated.
(i) Rubidium nitrate decomposes as follows:
2RbNO3 → 2RbNO2 + O2
What is the name of the compound RbNO2?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The nitrates of most other metals decompose in a different way.

Complete the equation for the decomposition of strontium nitrate.
.......Sr(NO3)2 → ............ + 4NO2 + ............
241
9-
thermal decomposition is copper(II) oxide.
(i) State the colour change of the solid seen during the reaction.
start colour . .........................................................................................................................
end colour . ..........................................................................................................................

[1]
(ii) Write a chemical equation for the thermal decomposition of copper(II) carbonate.
. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Copper(II) carbonate reacts with dilute nitric acid. One of the products of the reaction is a
(ii) Copper(II) nitrate undergoes thermal decomposition.
Balance the chemical equation for the thermal decomposition of copper(II) nitrate.
......Cu(NO3)2 ......CuO + ......NO2 + ......O2
242
10- Iron is extracted from its ore using coke in a blast furnace.
waste gases
raw materials:
coke,
iron ore,
limestone
air air
slag
molten iron
(d) (i) When iron is added to dilute sulfuric acid, an aqueous solution of iron(II) sulfate is formed
as one of the products.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) When iron(III) oxide is added to dilute sulfuric acid, an aqueous solution of iron(III) sulfate
is formed as one of the products.
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
11- (a) (i) Name the products formed when sodium nitrate is heated.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) When copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2, undergoes thermal decomposition, three products are
formed. One of the products is nitrogen dioxide, NO2.
Write a chemical equation for the thermal decomposition of copper(II) nitrate.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
243
244
245
246
1- A student was investigating the reaction between marble chips and dilute hydrochloric acid.
gas syringe
bung
marble 25 cm3 dilute

chips hydrochloric acid
Which changes would reduce the rate of reaction?
temperature concentration surface area

of acid of acid of marble chips
A decrease decrease decrease

B decrease decrease increase
C increase decrease decrease
D increase increase increase
In separate experiments, a catalyst is added to a reaction mixture and the temperature of the
2- mixture is decreased.
What are the effects of these changes on the rate of the reaction?
catalyst temperature
added decreased
A faster
aster
B faster
aster
C slower
lower
D slower
lower
247
In separate experiments, a catalyst is added to a reaction mixture and the temperature of the
3- mixture is decreased.
What are the effects of these changes on the rate of the reaction?
catalyst temperature
added decreased
A faster faster
B faster slower
C slower faster
D slower slower
4- A simple way of making bread includes
1 Mixing flour with a small amount of yeast and some water to make a ‘dough’.
2 Leaving the dough in a warm place for the yeast to act on the dough to form carbon
dioxide which increases the volume of the dough.
Which factors affecting a reaction rate are involved in bread making?
temperature use of an enzyme
A
B
C
D
248
5- The diagram shows an experiment to measure the rate of a chemical reaction.
dilute
hydrochloric acid
measuring cylinder
metal
water
Which change decreases the rate of reaction?
A adding water to the flask

B heating the flask during the reaction
C using more concentrated acid
D using powdered metal
249
6- A liquid X reacts with solid Y to form a gas.
Which two diagrams show suitable methods for investigating the rate (speed) of the reaction?
1 2
X X
Y Y
balance
3 4
stopper stopper
X X
Y Y
balance
Which row describes how the energy of collision between particles changes when concentration
7- and temperature are increased?
concentration temperature
A increases increases
B increases no change
C no change increases
D no change no change
250
A liquid X reacts with solid Y to form a gas.
8-
Which two diagrams show suitable methods for investigating the rate (speed) of the reaction?
1 2
X X
Y Y
balance
3 4
stopper stopper
X X
Y Y
balance
9- Which row explains why increasing temperature increases the rate of reaction?
particles collide particles collide

more often with more energy
A
B
C
D
251
gas syringe
bung
marble
chips 25 cm3 of dilute
hydrochloric acid
Which changes slow down the rate of reaction?


gas syringe
bung
marble
chips 25 cm3 of dilute
hydrochloric acid
Which changes slow down the rate of reaction?


252
12- (a) Sodium chlorate(I) decomposes to form sodium chloride and oxygen. The rate of this reaction
is very slow at room temperature provided the sodium chlorate(I) is stored in a dark bottle to
prevent exposure to light.
2NaCl O → 2NaCl + O2
The rate of this decomposition can be studied using the following experiment.
20 40 60 80 100
oxygen collects
in syringe
sodium chlorate(I) solution
Sodium chlorate(I) is placed in the flask and 0.2 g of copper(II) oxide is added. This catalyses
the decomposition of the sodium chlorate(I) and the volume of oxygen collected is measured
every minute. The results are plotted to give a graph of the type shown below.
volume
of oxygen
0
0 time
(i) Explain why the gradient (slope) of this graph decreases with time.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Cobalt(II) oxide is a more efficient catalyst for this reaction than copper(II) oxide.
Sketch, on the grid, the graph for the reaction catalysed by cobalt(II) oxide.
All other conditions were kept constant. [2]
253
(iii)What can you deduce from the comment that sodium chlorate(I) has to be shielded from
light?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Explain, in terms of collisions between particles, why the initial gradient would be steeper
if the experiment was repeated at a higher temperature.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
254
13- The rate of a photochemical reaction is affected by light.
(b) A piece of white paper was coated with silver bromide and exposed to the light. Sections of the
paper were covered as shown in the diagram.
paper coated with

silver bromide
not covered
covered with
thin paper
covered with
thick card

Predict the appearance of the different sections of the paper after exposure to the light and the
removal of the card. Explain your predictions.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(c) Photosynthesis is another example of a photochemical reaction. Green plants can make simple
carbohydrates, such as glucose. These can polymerise to make more complex carbohydrates,
such as starch.
(i) Write a word equation for photosynthesis.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Name the substance which is responsible for the colour in green plants and is essential for
photosynthesis.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
255
14- Matter can exist as solid, liquid or gas. The arrows show some changes of state.
solid
A B
liquid gas
15- (c) The diagrams represent the same number of particles of a gas in two containers, D and E,
which have different volumes. The two containers are at the same temperature.
D E
In which container will the pressure be higher? Explain your answer.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
256
16- Magnesium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
MgCO3(s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl 2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
excess of magnesium carbonate pieces was added to dilute hydrochloric acid. The apparatus in
An
the diagram was used to measure the volume of gas produced. The total volume of gas collected
was recorded every 20 seconds.
bung
inverted
measuring cylinder
conical flask
dilute
hydrochloric water
magnesium carbonate
pieces acid trough
(a) The results obtained are shown on the graph.
120
100
80
total volume of
gas collected 60
/ cm3
40
20
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
time / s
(i) Describe how the rate of this reaction changed during the reaction. Explain why the rate
changed in this way.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ...................................................................................................................................... [4]
257
(ii) The experiment was repeated using the same mass of powdered magnesium carbonate
with the same volume and concentration of dilute hydrochloric acid.

Explain how the initial rate of reaction and total volume of gas collected would compare to
the first experiment.
initial rate of reaction ...........................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
total volume of gas ..............................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
[4]
(b) A piece of magnesium ribbon was cleaned. The experiment was repeated using this clean
magnesium ribbon instead of magnesium carbonate.
Mg(s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl 2(aq) + H2(g)

This reaction is exothermic.
The rate of the reaction gradually increased over the first 2 minutes.
Explain why the rate of the reaction increased.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
258
17- Copper(II) oxide reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
CuO(s) + 2HCl (aq) CuCl 2(aq) + H2O(l)
.00 g of copper(II) oxide were added to 50.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol / dm3 hydrochloric acid. This was an
6
excess of copper(II) oxide.
(a) T
he rate of the reaction can be increased by increasing the concentration of the hydrochloric acid
or by heating it.
(i) In terms of collisions, explain why increasing the concentration of the hydrochloric acid
increases the rate of the reaction.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) In terms of collisions, explain why heating the hydrochloric acid increases the rate of the
reaction.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
259
260

4 5886482142090757881

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

4 5886482142090757881

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TABLE OF CONTENTS

6- METALS AND ALLOYS 73

7- REACTIVITY SERIES 111

8- SOLID STRUCTURE 127

9- ACID AND BASE 139

10- OXIDES 153

11- REDOX REACTION 165

12- ELECTROLYSIS 179

13- METAL EXTRACTION 201

14- ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL 211

15- RUSTING 227

16- CHEMICAL REACTION AND PHYSICAL CHANGE 235

17- RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTION 245

The diagram shows what happens to the particles of the gases.

Which process has occurred?

Which processes take place in this experiment?

first process second process

4- A sugar cube is dropped into a hot cup of tea.

The tea is not stirred.

Which statement explains why the tea becomes sweet?

A The heated water molecules penetrate the sugar cube.

Which change of state is described?

cotton wool soaked in ammonium cotton wool soaked in

Which statement is correct?

A Diffusion is faster in dish 1 because the mass of the particles is greater.

Which statement is correct?

A Diffusion is faster in dish 1 because the mass of the particles is greater.

A W and X B W and Z C X and Y D Y and Z

10- Diagrams X, Y and Z represent the three states of matter.

Which change occurs during boiling?

Which process is being described?

A a liquid being frozen

Which process is being described?

A a liquid being frozen

14- A sugar cube is dropped into a hot cup of tea.

The tea is not stirred.

Which statement explains why the tea becomes sweet?

A The heated water molecules penetrate the sugar cube.

15- Which statement describes sublimation?

(ii) What is the significance of temperature t °C?

(iii) What is the physical state of compound X in the region EF?

(a) Name the changes of state represented on the diagram.

(a) Which letter, S, T, V, W, X, Y or Z, shows when

(ii) the particles in the substance are furthest apart,

(iii) the substance exists as both a gas and a liquid?

(c) Name the change of state directly from a solid to a gas.

(i) What term describes this movement of the smoke particles?

(ii) Explain why the smoke particles move in this way.

1 The nucleon number is 16.

A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

In which position of the Periodic Table could element X be found?

A at the bottom of Group I

Which statement is not correct?

A X and Y are atoms of different elements.

proton numbers neutron numbers

neutrons and protons are only electrons and

What has the highest value in the ion?

A the nucleon number

neutrons and protons are only electrons and

proton numbers neutron numbers

neutrons and protons are only electrons and

To which group in the Periodic Table does it belong?

proton nucleon number of number of number of

(a) Name the changes of state represented on the diagram.

(a) Which letter, S, T, V, W, X, Y or Z, shows when

(ii) the particles in the substance are furthest apart,

(iii) the substance exists as both a gas and a liquid?

(c) Name the change of state directly from a solid to a gas.

(i) What term describes this movement of the smoke particles?

(ii) Explain why the smoke particles move in this way.

Apparatus is set up as shown.

(iv) The experiment was repeated at a higher temperature.

(ii) Define the term element.

(i) What is the atomic number of A?

(ii) What is the nucleon number of B?

(iii) Which of A, B, C and D are isotopes of each other?

(iv) Which of A, B, C and D are atoms?

(v) Which of A, B, C and D are positive ions?

(i) Explain why these two atoms are isotopes.

Identify this element.

(iii) State two uses of radioactive isotopes.

(a) Define the term isotopes.

(i) What is meant by the term isotopes?

(iii) Why do isotopes have identical chemical properties?