coastal erosion refers to the natural process in which shoreline and landforms

warn away by waves, currents and tides. result from storm surges, climate
changes and human activites.waves transport sand and sediments along
shoreline. overtime, shoreline become damage.it can have economic and
environmental sequences. soft shorelines, such as sandy beaches are affected
to erosion.coastal erosion management depends on the cardition of the
area.studying coastal erosion is crucial for protecting Coastalcommunities. to
control the coastal erosion, a range of control strategies have been developed.
(1) Beach Nourishment,replenishing eroded beaches with sand or sediment.
widen the beach and also act as defence against incoming waves,a popular
strategy in coastal towns and tourist destination.(2) Hard structures include
seawalls, breakwaters and groynes seawalls made of concrete or steel
provides immediate protection to coastal properties but can lead to beach
erosion further along the coast.Breakwaters reduce wave energy before it
reaches the shore and used to protect harbors.Gronynes built perpendicular to
the shore line, trap sand and prevent it from moving alongshore. (3) Dune
Restoration planting native vegetation an dunes and stabilizing Them against
erosion.(4) Living Shorelines use natural elements such as vegetation , oyster
reefs to stabilize shorelines and create habitats for marine life.(5) Coastal
Regulations and Zoning implementing strict land-use and zoning laws.aim to
prevent buildings and infrastructure in coastal areas.(6) Managed Retreat
involves relocating structures away from the shoreline to safer areas. help
protect coastal communities.(7)Sand Dune Fencing trap wind-blown sand and
assist in maintaining dune systems.(8)Breakwater Restoration regular
maintenance ensures these structures remain effective (9) Education and
Public awareness critical aspect of erosion control. educating the public about
erosion control measures are vital for long-term success. oceanic crust is
formed through volcanic activity of mid-ocean ridges.consists of basaltic rock,
which is rich in iron and magnesium.oceanic crust is generally younger than
continental crust, with the oldest sections being around 200 million years
old .thinner than continental crust, ranging from 5 to10 km in thickness.oceanic
crust is denser than continental crust due to its basaltic composition.it often
gets subducted beneath continental crust at convergent plate boundories.
oceanic crust is constantly being created and spread apart at mid-ocean
ridges, a process known as seafloor spreading. it forms the ocean floor's
topography, features like underwater mountains and abyssal plains.stripes of
alternating magnetic polarity on the ocean floor provide evidence for seafloor
spreading oceanic crust hosts hydrothermal vents which support unique
ecosystems.