NGHIEN CUU GIAO DUC NUGC NGOAI Ki luat hoc dudng 6 Hoa Ki Lé Thi Quynh Nga Vin Kroa hac Gio due Viet Nam 101 Trén Hung 920, Hoan Kim, HANG), VietNam mal: ngat@ nies edu m TOM TAT: Ki luat hoc duéng la mét trong nhiing bién php giéo dyc quan trong trong nha truding phé théng, gop phan xay dung nén nép, ki cuong trong nha truéng, giéo duc hge sinh tré thanh nhung nguéi vua tai vila duc, va tré thanh ngudi cé ich cho xa héi. Bai viét phan tich kinh nghiém ki luat hoc dudng 6 Hoa Ki thong qua céc ndi dung chinh: muc dich, nguyén tdc va hinh thie ki luat hoc duéng 48 cung cép mot kénh tham khéo cho giéo due Viét Nam. TW KHOA: Ki ludt hoc dung; kiluat hoc sinh; ki luat tich cue; céng bang giao duc; gido duc Hoa Ki, Nn bai 25/11/2020 -» Nha bi chinh sia 08/12/2020 1, Dat vin dé Trong nhiing nam hoc phé thong, hoc sinh (HS) khong, chi duge hoe nhiing kién thite khoa hoc eo bin ma con duge rén luyén dé tré thanh nguai chi tuong lai ciia dat nude, Nha trudng Vigt Nam rat quan tim gido due (GD) HS dé tro thanh nhimg ngudi vita tai vita dite, dé truéng thanh va tré thinh ngudi cé ich cho x4 hdi. Ngdy nay, cling véi su phat trién va di lén cia xa h6i, mdi ching ta duoc séng trong méi trong van minh, hién dai hon, nhung kéo theo dé cing cé nhiéu van dé nay sinh lam anh huéng dén adi séng xa hdi, trong do cd é dgo dite hoc dung ciia mét b6 phan HS dang bi xudng cp. Vige thi hanh ki ludt déi voi HS ld m6t trong nhong bign phap GD quan trong trong nha trrdng pho thong, g6p phan ngan chan khéng dé cc hign tugng sai trai phat trién, GD cdc HS pham sai Lim, gidp cdc em phan dau tro thanh HS t6t va thie day HS ty gide thyc hign quy dinh vé quyén han, nhiém vy cia minh nhim nang cao ¥ thite g6p phan xay dug nén nép, ki cvong trong nha truéng. Ciing chung béi canh dé, Hoa Ki da xac dinh cée quan diém va nguyén tic dé xy dug cdc néi dung cing nh hinh thir ki lat hoc duéng phi hgp va higu qua. 2. Ni dung nghién cau 2.1, So luge tinh hinh ki luat hoc dudng ¢ Hoa Ki Hoa Ki (tiéng Anh: United States, viét tit US) hay Mi (America), tén day di li Hop ching quéc Hoa Ki (tiéng Anh: United States of America, viet tit USA), 1a m6t quéc gia cong héa Iép hién lién bang bao gdm 50 tigu bang va m@t dic khu lién bang. Quéc gia nay nim gin nhu hoan toan trong Tay Ban cau voi 48 tiéu bang Tuc dia, tha d6 li Washington, D.C., thanh phé lon nhat la New York. Véi 3,79 trigu dam vudng (9.833.520 km?) va 327,1 trigu dan (2018), Hoa Ki la quéc gia lén thir 3 hoac thir 4 vé téng dign tich (trade hoac sau Trung Quéc, ti theo hai lanh tho ma An Dé va Trung Quoc dang tranh chap c6 duge tinh vao lanh tho Trung Quoc hay khong), thir 3 vé dan sé trén thé gidi va 1a m6t cudng quéc phat trién nhit trén thé gidi vé moi mat: kinh te, 60. TAP CHI KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM Duyét ing 25/02/2021, GD, céng nghé khoa hoc... Nha GD hge néi tiéng Gur nar Myrdal nhan dinh: “Trong suét chiéu dai lich sir ctia nuée Mi, GD luén [a niém hi vong Ién lao dé cai bién timg ca nhn va xa héi” [1]. Nhé vao cae chinh sich GD hop lima Hoa Ki cé thé dat duge nhimg tién b6 vuot bac, trong dé c6 chinh sich vé ki tuat hoc dudmg. V6i dac thi 1a mt qué gia khéng c6 dan tc chinh théng ma la quée gia cla ngudi nhap cu, 1a quée gia da dang chiing te nhat trén thé gidi, do két qui cla nhimg cue di dan dén ti nhiéu quéc gia khac nhau trén toan cau, thye t¢ GD Hoa Ki luén nhay cam v6i nhing diém yeu va nhan thie duge nhing diém manh cita minh dé co thé phat trién mOt tuong lai tét dep. Nghién ciru GD gan day do Trung tim cae bign phap cai céch dn quyén ting hd su cn thigt cita cai cach ki fuat lién bang. Bao céo nam 2015 (2],da ghi lai bén thap ki xu hung ki luat mang tinh quéc gia gitta HS da tring va da mau, thé hién mite 46 mé rdng khoang cach ki luat gitta HS da tring va da mau, gitta HS Latin va da tring, Ngoai ra, day ciing la chu dé chinh duge giai quyét trong Héi nghj Thuong dinh tai Nha Tring ve GD sém t6 chite vao nam 2014. Tai hoi nghi, Thw ki Té chire Y té va dich vu con ngudi, Sylvia M. Burwell va thu ki B6 GD, Ame Duncan dé xuat sang kién nhim thtic day bau khdng khi hoc during tich cye va hung din ki luat hoc duéng khéng phan biét déi xt cho nhiéu bén lién quan - cdc nha GD, higu truéng, ban gidm higu, thinh vién hdi dng trudng, nhdn vién nha trang, gido vién (GV), phy huynh va d6i tong quan trong nhat li chinh HS. Tir dé dén nay, vin dé ki lust hoc durmg tich eu, binh ding da duge xem nhur mot con song tién bé trong GD 6 Hoa Ki véi cdc chién luge can thigp tap trung vio ki lugt due xem xét gdm bén logi phan theo Lién bang, tiéu bang, cp quan va cde chinh sich cia timg trudng. 2.2. Mue dich ki luat hoe dung . Ki lugt la mot tap hgp cdc hinh dng duge xéc dinh dé Khic phue nhimg hanh dng duge cho 1a khng phi hgp cia HS. Cac nha khoa hoc Hoa Ki khi nghién ctu ve vané ki luat hoc durdng da cé hai nhén dinh chinh sau [3]: M6t 1a, HS 6 hanh vi Kéch chuan xuat phat tir nhieu nguyén nhan khdch quan va chit quan, trong 46 néi lén ba nguyén nhin lon: 1/ Mdi trudng hoc tap chu an toan, than thign; 2/ Cac quy dinh img xir trong nha truong edn cting nhc, chua phi hop; 3/ Thiéu sy quan tam va yéu thuong trong cudc séng cé nhan ciia HS Hai la, vat binh ding trong ki ludt hoc duéng 46i voi HS da tring va HS da mau, nbat la HS nguoi Mi g6c Phi. Cac nghién ciru cho thay & Hoa Ki, HS nguéi Mi géc Phi, dac bigt 1a HS nam bj ki luat truong hoc thuéng xuyén hon va mute dé nghiém khic hon so vi nhimg HS khac, tham chi nhieu trong hoc sit dung chinh séch ki luét khéng khoan nhugng dé hinh sy héa cdc hanh vi sai tréi nhu vi pham quy dinh vé trang phuc hoic cai GV. Khéng chi thé, cdc hinh thite ki luat cing khic nhau dya trén tinh trang kinh té xa hdi cia HS. Trong khi nhimg HS dén tir cdc gia dinh cé thu nhap cao thuéng nhan duge nhtng hinh thirc ki lugt nhe nhing (Vi du: Khién trach, d6i ché ngéi), thi nhimg HS c6 dén gia dinh cé thu nhap thap cho biét ho nhan nhimg hinh phat nang né hon, déi khi kém chuyén nghiép hon (Vi du nhu phé binh trude ca lap, luc soat dé dac ca nhan, phat dimg ca ngay trén lép,...). ‘Xuat phat tir nhimg nhan dinh trén, Hoa Ki da xac dinh ki luat hoc duéng vai HS 1a diéu quan trong dé tao ra mét méi trudng hoc tip an toan va vui vé, c6 anh huéng tich eye dén ca ca nhdn cing nhu méi trudng lop hoc. Sir dung cac bign phap ki luat phd hop va binh ding véi moi HS chinh la giup HS nhan thie duge hanh vi sai trai cia minh va hau qua cua no, dong thdi tham nhuan cac gid tri tap thé va Khuyén khich hanh vi pha hop déi voi lop hoc. Mye dich cia ki luat hoc duéng khong phai la cae hinh phat ma la nhim diéu chinh tich eye cée hanh vi c6 van dé trong Iép hoc va ngan can nhimng hanh vi sai trai trong tuong lai, dong thoi giup HS hoc cach lim chi hanh vi Iéch chuan cia ban than dé gép phan vao su phat trién tich cure cam xiic trong hoc tap va cam xii XB Ndi Nguyén tac ki lu@t hoc dwéng Cac hinh thitc ki ludt hoc duémg & Hoa Ki da duge xite inh theo nguyén tic (NT) chung nhit 1a nhim tao mdi truOng hoc tap tich cue, gop phan phat trién tinh cam, xd hi ciia HS, tn trong va binh ding. Dya vao NT chung dé, cdc nha truéng khdc nhau sé xay dymg nhimg NT khac nhau dé lim co so cho viée xdy dung chinh sich ki lugt cia truong minh, Duéi day 1a 18 NT cy thé do trang Joseph C. Wilson Magnet & Rochester, New York xay dung [4] NTI: Méi quan hé tich cyc (Positive Relationships): An toan truéng hoc va thinh céng trong hoc tap duge hinh thanh va cing cO khi can b6 quan li, GV va nhan vién nha truéng x4y dyng méi quan hé tich eye voi HS. va quan tim ig cling nhu hge tp cia cdc em, NT2: Céng bang va Nhat quan (Fairness and Consist- Lé Thi Quynh Nga ency): Can b@, GV, nhén vién nha trang cén guong mau ig cach gidng day, tic phong nghé nghiép mot tich cuc, cng bing va nhat quan. NT3: Hucng dan va Quan If higu qua (Engaging Instruc- tion and Effective Classroom Management): Huong dan va quan Ii higu qua i co s6 ciia ki ludt higu qua. NT4: Phong ngiza vi Can thigp hanb vi sai trai (Preven- tion and Intervention misbehavior): Ki ludt hoc duémg. duge thyc hign tét nhat bang cach ngan chéin hanh vi sai tréi trade khi n6 xay ra va sir dung cae bién phap can thigp hiéu qua khi né da xay ra. NTS: Ki luat c6 huéng dan (Discipline with Guidance): Ki luat hoc duéng di 46i véi hudng din va cho HS co héi hoe héi tir nhimg sai Lim ciia minh, dong g6p cho cong dong, gop phan gitip HS tiép tuc hoe tip c6 higu qua NT6: Hoe t6i da, dimg hoc t6i thiéu (Maximize Learn- ing and Minimize Removal): Ki luat hoc dong higu qui phai huéng dén t6i da thoi gian hoc cia HS va giam thiéu thi gian HS bj dimg viée hoc, dong thoi dam bao sy an toan cla HS trong nha trong va qua trinh GD lién tuc. NT7: Ki ludt 1a sy Iya chon cudi cing (Exclusionary ine as a Last Resort): Vige ap dung céc hinh thire ki lugt (inh chi, dudi hg, chuyén sang trudng gido dung) can hét sire han ché, chi trir khi nhimg hinh thire GD khac khéng cén tac dung. Déng thoi, khi ap dung cdc hinh thire ki luat nay can dam bao sy an toan ciia HS va qua trinh GD lign tye cho cdc em. NT8: Hé trg HS (Student Supports): Cac nha truong phai cé cae huréng din can thiép va cdc dich vu hé tre thic hop khdc dé GD, ki luat céc em mét cach higu qua, bao gém ca nhiing HS da bj dinh chi hoc dudi hoc dé téi da hoa kha nang cua HS nham dap img cdc chudn myc x4 hOi va hoc thuat trong cong dong trudng hoe. NT9: Néu cao tinh than trich nhigm ciia HS (Student Responsibilities): Tat ca HS déu phai 6 trach nhigm thyc hign tét cde nhiém vu cua minh, di hoc nghiém tic, gop phan gin gitt mdi trrong GD an toan va than thién, img xir t6n trong vdi thay c6 va ban ba, chju trich nhigm v6i cdc hanh vi ciia minh NTI0: Han ché vige thyc thi phap ludt (Limited Role of Law Enforcement): Nhan vién hanh chinh, nhan vién an ninh va cdc nhan vign an toan khéc trong nha truéng 1a nguén nhan luc quan trong, hé trg cong déng trudng hoc trong viée ngan chan va giai quyét cc xung dét theo nhimg cach tich ee. Cae nhan vién nay duge dao tao, tap hudn thye hanh céc ki nang giai toa xung dt, stra Idi, phye hoi va phat trién HS nham dap img cdc yéu cdu pha hyp v6i lira tudi. Viée ap dung cae cudng ché phap Iuat duge gidm thiéu tdi da va chi 4p dung khi moi né tye déu da that bai. NTI: Giai quyét nhimg van dé bat binh dang vé chung t6c trong ki luat hoc duéng (Address Racial Disparities in School Discipline): Nha trudng phai giai quyét nhing van dé bat binh ding, phan biét ching t6c va céc dinh 86:38 thing 02/2021 61NGHIEN CUU GIAO DUC NUGC NGOAI kién khde Lam can tro sy thanh céng ciia HS trong ki Iudt hoc dudng ding thoi phai dap img mét cach co ban véi nhimg nhu cau khac biét dé. NTI2: Khéng ki thi (Non-Discrimination): Ki lugt hoe duéng phai duoc thy hién mot cdch céng bing, khong phan biét chiing t6c, mau da, t6n giéo, nguén goc quéc gia, gidi tinh, tudi téc, ngoai hinh. NT13: Dung quy trinh (Due Process): Ki luét chi higu qua khi c6 sr phan héi sau sac vé quy trinh cla HS va phu huynh, phi hop vai Lugt GD cia Bang va Hién phap Hoa Ki, va phai duge théng bao vé hinh phat cing nh cho HS co hdi trinh bay canh vi pham. NT14: Dao tao (Training): Can b6 quan li, GV va nhan vién nha trudng phai dugc dao tao vé quan li lép hoc, giai quyét xung d6t va ki luat tich eye. NTIS: Chinh sach chi tiét theo cap truéng (School- Level Policy): Nhimg quy tic img xir phai duge xdy yg nhat quan véi chinh sch cia Bang va duge cy thé héa cho phi hop vi timg truéng nhim muc tiéu cai thign méi truréng hoe duéng va phai duge Bang phé duyét. NTI6: Pho bién chinh sich (Distribution of Policy): HS, GV va nhan vién nha truéng phai dug thong tin day du vé cdc chinh sach ki luat cua nha trudmg. Nha trong, 6 trich nhiém cng khai chinh sich t6i tit ea HS va phy hhuynh va cng bé chinh sich trén website cia trudng dé tat ca moi ngudi déu cé the truy cép. NTI7: Sy phi hop cia gia dinh (Family Engagement) Nha trudng 1a noi hé trg gia dinh trong viée GD con em ctia ho. Vi vay, viée phéi hop gitta gia dinh va nha truéng la hét sire c6 y nghia. Nha trudng cé trach nhiém théng bdo téi phy hinh vé hanh vi cia con em ho, va phy huynh phai cé trach nhigm cing tham gia gidi quyét cae van dé ca con em minh. NTI18: Chia sé trach nhiém (Shared Accountability): Cae trudng nén cng tic véi cde té chite, higp hoi va ‘co quan lién quan dé chia sé trach nhigm cing nhu chia sé ngudn lye hé tro nha tring trong vige phat trién cé nhan va phat huy kha nang cua GV, nhan vién nha trrng nham dap img céc nhu cau hoc tap va nhu cau xa hi cla HS thay vi chi c6 mdi lye hrgng GV phai chiu trach nhigm nhur true day. 2.3. Hinh thie ki luat hoc dung 2.3.1. Triing phat than thé (Corporal punishment) Trong sudt lich sit GD, phuong phap phd bién nhat 46 duy tri ki lu{t trong truéng hoc 18 trimg phat thin thé. Khi dita tré di hoc, GV phai dong vai tro nhu mét phy huynh véi nhiéu hinh thite ki lut hoc khen theréng, khdc nhau. Hin thie trimg phat than thé Li, mt trong so nhimg hinh thire duc str dung kha phé bién. Hién nay, c6 Khoang 69 quéc gia van str dung hinh phat than thé & tring hoe. Néu ai dé cdn nghi rang ki luat theo kiéu “thwong cho 62 TAP CH KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM roi cho vot, ghét cho ngot cho bisi” chi ding véi van héa A Dong thi cé 18 da nham. Néu nhu vie GV @ noi nao 6 trén dat nude Vigt Nam con danh HS va bi lén an gay git, thi Hoa Ki nhiéu tiéu bang con cé luat cho phép GV sir dung bign phap “Tring phat than thé”. Khai nim nay duge dich nguyén van tir eym tirtiéng Anh “Corpo- ral Punishment”. © Hoa Ki, trimg phat than thé duge cho phép trong 19 tiéu bang (Alabama, Arizona, Arkan- sas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Car- olina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas va Wyoming) (xem Hinh 1). Corporal Punishment in Schools is Legal in 19 States here compra pynonmentit sed 9 18 oF Shoot or More a (Nguén: Washingtonpost) Hinh I: Céc bang can cho phép sit dung trig phat than thé Vige cac bang nay van sir dung hinh thire trimg phat than thé duoc giai thich 18 do Hoa Ki la dat nude rat dan chi, HS rat ty do ma viée 4p dung nhiéu hinh phat khac khéng hiéu qua thi trimg phat than thé 1a hinh phat 6 tae dong true tiép nhat dén sy thay déi hanh vi cua tré [5]. Tuy nhién, vige ap dung hinh phat nay o Hoa vige cho phép GV ding don roi voi HS nhung phai duge su chap thuan cua phy huynh hode ngudi giém hd. Va dé GV khong bj kign vi hanh vi nguge dai tré em, GV van phai tuan thi nhimg quy tic mhat dinh, theo d6 “roi” d& phat HS phai cé hinh ban day, dé tranh gay thuong tich cho cdc em va dirgc quy dinh la mét cai roi dang mai chéo dai 16 inch, réng 5 inch va day nita inch (1 inch = 2,54 cm) duge goi la pad- ding. Cac hinh thie nhu tat, véo tai, danh hay ede hin thirc ling ma HS déu bj cam tuyét doi. Trig phat phi than thé (Non-corporeal forms of dis- action) nay, gin nhu moi quéc gia trén thé gidi 44 phé chuan Cong wée cia Lién hop quée vé Quyén tré em nén cé nghia vu thy hign cae quyén duge ligt ké trong cong ude. Digu 28 (khodn 2) cua Cong wae quy dinh ring, cdc phuong phdp ki luat trong trudng hoe phai “nhat quan véi phim gia con ngui cua tré em va phit hop voi Céng ude nay” [6]. Uy ban vé Quyén Tré em — co quan(Ngudn: The Siriking Outlier) Hinh 2: Roi trong quy dinh etia Hoa Ki gidm sat viéc thyc hién Cong ude - da lién tue dién diéu nay khi yéu cau phai c6 luat cam trimg phat than thé tai trong hoc, Cac eo quan gidm sat ciia cdc diéu khae cing nhén manh ring, Luat Nhan quyén quéc 18 va khu vue ddi hoi phai c6 Iudt cim trimg phat than thé tai tréng hoc. Do dé, viée cam trimg phat than thé tai trong hoc phai dugc hiéu la mét nghia vy vé nhan quyén. Tir d6, cdc hinh thite trimg phat phi than thé da duoc quan tam nghién ctru, dé xuat va 4p dung cho phi hop va higu qua. Hoa Ki ciing theo cach tiép can GD ki luat tich cue nay ma c6 m6t s6 hinh thite trimg phat phi than thé nhu sau: Tam gitt/Nhét (Detention): Ciing nhy nh hoc &@ Vuong quéc Anh, Ireland, Singay Jc, New Zealand, Nam Phi vi mt s6 quéc gia kha. “tam giam” la mot trong nhimg hinh phat phé bién nhat 6 cde trudmg hoc & Hoa Ki. Theo d6, HS vi pham sé bj nhét 6 m@t khu vue duge chi dinh cia truéng trong mot thoi gian cy thé ciia mot ngay hoe (thudng 1a vao gid an tru hoe gid ra choi, hodic khi két thic gid hoc) va 6 dé trong mét khodng thoi gian nhat dinh khéng duge qué 45 phiit. Hinh thire ki luat nay duge ap dung vei nhimg vi pham chua nghiém trong dén mite phai dinh chi ho&e dudi hoc, bao gm: Khéng hoan thanh nhiém vy duge giao, cé hanh vi khong phi hgp voi quy dinh cia trudng, I6p. Hinh thite ki luat nay can phai dim bao nhimg yéu cau sau [7]: - Luén luén cé nguéti giém sat HS trong suét thai gian tam gilt. Nguoi gidm sit cé thé la GV, nhan vién nha truing; - Vige tam gidt HS khéng duge thye hign trong thoi gian hoc tp trén lép (c6 thé 14 vao gid’ &n trua, gig ra chai hoge sau gids hoc); - Néu tam gilt HS sau gid hoc, phai thong bao véi cha me HS; - Trong thoi gian tam gitt, HS cé thé viét bain kiém diém, ké hoach ca nhan ho§c hoan thanh bai tap trén lop; Le Thi Quynh Nga - Déi véi HS da bj tam git nhiéu lin ma khong c6 su tién bé thi phai 4p dung hinh thire ki ludt khac. Tham van (Counseling): Tham van cing duoc cung cp khi HS gap phai nhimg van dé kho khan tam li va 6 nhing hanh vi sai tréi. Muc dich ciia tham van la gitip HS nhn ra nhiing sai lm ciia minh va tim ra nhimg cach tich cuc dé thay d6i cude séng cia HS. Tham van cing c6 thé gitp HS Lim 10 nhimg ki vong cua trudng, cing nhu hiéu duge hau qua cia viée khong dat duge nhimg tiéu chuan do. Dinh chi (Suspension): Dinh chi hoac tam dimg hoc tap trén lop 1a mét hinh thirc trimg phat ma HS khéng dug phép tham gia cdc budi hoc binh thug. G Hoa Ki, cé hai hinh thire dinh chi hoc: trong trudng (ISS - Inside suspension) va ngoai truémg (OSS - Outside suspension). Dinh chi trong trudng co nghia 1a HS dén trudng nh nh thuéng nhung phai 6 trong mot phong duge chi dinh trong ca ngay hoc. Dinh chi ngoai trudng cé nghia la HS bj cm dén truong [8]. Di la ISS hay OSS, nha trudng déu phai théng bao cho phy huynh/ngudi giém hé ctia HS ve |i do va thé in dinh chi, chang han nhu. HS tham gia vio danh/chiri nhau trong truémg hose lam hong/pha hay tai sin cia truéng [9]. Trong thi gian bi dinh chi, HS duge yéu cau tiép tye hoc va hoan thanh cae bai tap. i hoe (Expulsion): Budi hoc 1a bién phép cu cing, khi tat ca c4e phuong phap ki ludt khae da that bai. Mac dit nhiéu ngwéi cho rang dudi hoc 1a hinh thitc eye doan nhung 6 Hoa Ki hinh thire nay van duge ap dung véi nhimg hanh vi nghiém trong nhu: Dét lita trong Khuén vién trudng, kich hoat béo déng gid hoje tin cong GY, nhan vién hoge quan li truémg hoe,... Vi tinh chat cue doan nén viée dudi hoe & Hoa Ki phai duge Hoi dong GD hoic téa an théng qua, dic biét 6 6 cdc truong céng lap. G cae trudng céng lap, nha truéng phai cung cap cho HS cdc bign phap bao vé theo quy trinh hgp phap vi cae co 86 GD céng lip hoat déng nhur mot b6 phan ma réng cia chinh quyén tiéu bang. Vi dudi hoc la hop phép nén & Hoa Ki cé nhimg trong tiép nhan HS bi dudi hoc dé quan li GD cac em (trudng gido duéng). Céng li phue héi (Restorative justice): Cong Ki phuc hdi 1a mét i thuyé ‘Ong li tap trung vao héa giai va thoa thudn hon la trimg phat, theo 46 guoi pham toi phai nhan trach nhigm déi véi bi hai. Khai nigm nay da c6 tir tram nam truée trong qua trinh tim each cai thién higu qua cia hé théng tu php hinh sy. Vi sy thanh céng cia né ma gan day, viée ap dung céng li phuc héi trong cac trong hoe & Hoa Ki duge quan tim. 6 California, Hoe khu Théng nhat Oakland bat str dung chuong trinh nay tai mot truéng trung hoc vao nam 2006. Trong vong ba nim thi diém, nha truéng 4a ghi nhan con sé rat tugng: Da giam 87% sé vu dinh chi hoc va mite dé bao lye hoc duémg cing giam tuong img [10]. 86:38 thang 02/2021 63NGHIEN CUU GIAO DUC NUGC NGOAI Trong trudng hoc, céng li phyc héi thuong bao gom hoa gidi déng ding hoic cdc cudc trao déi cé sy gid sit ctia ngwdi én xung quanh mt hinh vi vi pham, Mdi HS déu duge lén tiéng, trong dé ngudi c6 hanh vi sai trai 6 co héi trinh bay su vige, nguyén nhan, hdu qua va cée hanh d6ng sira sai. Céng li phuc héi tap trung vo vige xdy dug méi quan hé va cong dong néi chung ddi voi cd nhan HS va hanh vi pham ti ciia ho, tao cam giée ring, moi ngudi déu 1a mot phin cla cong déng va cé trach mhigm duy tri céc gid tri cia cOng dong cu thé. Day la mot phuong phap khéng chi gitip nang cao hiéu bie é é cdc gid tri cOng déng ma con la mot phuong phap durge cho la c6 higu qua nhw mét gidi phdip thay thé cho cae hinh thitc ki lu@t thong thurdmg nhur trimg phat than thé, giam gitt, dinh chi va dudi hoe. 3. Két luan La quéc gia phat trién cia thé gidi cing voi nhing nhimg thinh tyu to lon vé kinh té, GD, khoa hoc cong nghé, Hoa Ki cling cé nhimg kho khan riéng ciia minh, trong dé c6 nhimg khé khan trong GD. Véi dac thi 1a quéc gia cia nguéi nhap cur va da dang ching t6c nhat Myrdal, G, (1962), An american dilemma, In New Tribalisms, pp. 61-72, Palgrave Macmillan, London. Fuitors of Rethinking Schools, (2014), Restorative Justice: What it is and is not, Rethinking Schools, http ‘www.rethinkingschools.org/archive/29_Ol/edit1291 shtml, truy cap ngay 06/10/2020. Naphtali Hoff, (2015), Why Kids Classrooms, The Huffington Post. Joseph C.Wilson Magnet High School, General Principles of School Discipline, btps://www.resdk12. orgidomain/4871, tray cap ngay 15/7/2020. Gershoff, E. 7, & Font, 8. A, (2016), Corporal punishment in US public schools: Prevalence, disparities in use, and status in state and federal policy, Social Policy Report, 30(1), 1-26. UNICEF Vigt Nam, Céng tic Lién Hop quac vé Quyén tre em BI Misbehave in [4] (5) (6) trén thé gidi, déng thai la quéc gia theo chu nghia ty do, dan chi, nén vige dim bao ki lugt hoc duéng cling ki mt thch thire vi Hoa Ki. Qua tim hiéu kinh nghigm xy dumg va thye thi chinh sich ki ludt hoc duémg 6 Hoa , chiing t6i thay ring, dé Viét Nam thanh céng trong vige xay dyng va thyc thi chinh sich ki ludt hoc duréng thi muc tiéu ki luat hoc dudng dau tién can xéc dinh phai huéng dén xay dug méi trudng hoc dudng an toan, thin thign dé phat trién hai hoa nhin cach va tri tué cia HS, Cac chinh séch ki lat hoc duimg duge xay dung tén co sé tim hiéu nguyén nhan, xéc dinh nhimg muc tiéu 1 rang, nhimg nguyén tic va hinh thite cy thé, phii hop. Cac néi dung va hinh thite ki ludt hoe dong can vira dit khoan dung dé déng vién, khuyén khich sy phat trién cia HS, vira dui nghiém khiic dé han ché nhimg hanh vi tu do, dan chi qua da, vira khong vi pham nhan quyén, vita dim bao cdng bing, KhOng phin bigt 46i xir véi da dang HS, Nhing ni dung cy thé vé ki lugt hoc duémg & Hoa Ki trinh bay 6 trén la nhimg ndi dung ma Viét Nam cé thé tham khao, van dung cho phi hgp véi thy tién nuée nha. [7] McCann, $, (2017), Detention Is Not the Answer, https! inweommons.nweiowa.edu/education_masters/60/, (uy cp ngay 12/8/2020. Skiba, Russel, (2006), Zero tolerance, suspension, and expulsion: Questions of equity and effectiveness, In Evertson, CM. (ed.), Handbook of classroom management: Research, practice, and contemporary issues, Erlbaum, pp.1063-1092. American Psychological Association Zero Tolerance Task Force, (2008), Are tolerance policies effective in the schools? An evidentiary review and recommendations, American Psychologist, 63 (9), p.852— 862, Payne, A. A., & Welch, K, (2015), Restorative justice in. schools: The influence of race on restorative discipline, Youth & Society, 47(4), p539-564 [8] 19) zero (19) SCHOOL DISCIPLINE IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Le Thi Quynh Nga ‘The Vietnam Nationa Intute of Educational Sciences 401 Tran Hung Dao, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vitnam Email: ngaig@vnies edu yn ABSTRACT: Schoo! discipline is one of the important educational measures in high schools, contributing to creating order and discipline in schools and educating students to become both talented and virtuous people who is useful or society. The article analyzes the experiences of schoo! discipline in the United States by focusing on the main contents, including purpose. principles, and forms of school discipline with the aims of providing a reference for Vietnamese education. KEYWORDS: Schoo! discipline; student discipline; positive iline; equity education; American education. TAP CHI KHOA HOC GIAO OC ViET NAM