Molecular Zippers in Gene Regulation

Molecular Zippers in Gene Regulation
Author(s): Steven Lanier McKnight

Source: Scientific American , Vol. 264, No. 4 (APRIL 1991), pp. 54-105
Published by: Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc.
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/24936868
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Molecular Zippers
in Gene Re gulation
Recurring copies of the amino acid leucine in proteins
can serve as teeth that uZip" two protein molecules together.
Such zippering plays a role in turning genes on and of{
by Steven Lanier McKnight
L
ike contemporary scientists, the Even this more precise answer begs covered as an outgrowth of research
cells of humans and other mul the question, because it does not ex into the structure of DNA and, later,
ticellular organisms tend to spe plain why certain genes are activated into the organization of genes. By the
cialize. Consider, for example, skin cells in one cell but not in another. Virtual early 1980s scientists had known for
and liver cells. The skin cells known as ly all cells in an organism carry identi more than 25 years that DNA is a dou
keratinocytes form a protective barrier cal genes. Yet only keratinocytes abun ble helix, composed of two strands
between an animal and its surround dantly express keratin genes, that is, of nucleotides (the building blocks of
ings. They are quite different from the they transcribe the genes into messen DNA). Nucleotides consist of a sugar,
hepatocytes of the liver, which store ger RNA templates for the keratins and a phosphate and chemical group called
glycogen (a source of energy), eliminate then translate those templates into the a base-either adenine (A), cytosine
toxins from the blood and secrete many keratins themselves. Ukewise, only he (C), guanine (G) or thymine (T). The
constituents of blood serum, including patocytes express the albumin gene. two DNA strands are linked at the bas
albumin. The question of how such dif Thus, the problem of differential gene es, and the nucleotides thus coupled
ferences arise has challenged biologists expression continues to challenge, but are known as base pairs. Adenine on
for the better part of a century. it is slowly yielding to scrutiny, as is one strand always pairs with thymine
A somewhat superficial answer might the broader question of how any gene on the complementary strand, and cy
be that the identifying properties of is switched on and off. In our own con tosine pairs with guanine.
cells derive from the specialized pro tribution to such work, my colleagues Investigators had also determined
teins they produce, as distinct from the and I at the Carnegie Institution of that genes include both a protein-encod
"housekeeping" proteins made in every Washington have built on the major ing element and regulatory elements.
cell. For instance, keratinocytes gain discovery, made by other workers, that The base pairs of the encoding element
their strength from fibrous proteins gene expression is controlled to a great specify the amino acids to be linked to
called keratins, which assemble into extent by proteins that bind to DNA. gether into a protein chain-the gene
long, intertwined cables. Similarly, hep We have demonstrated that many product. The regulatory elements con
atocytes can store glycogen because such gene-regulating proteins "zip" to trol transcription of the encoding seg
they synthesize liver-specific enzymes gether into pairs. This linkage is critical ment. Work in bacteria, and subse
tailored to that task. to their ability to bind to DNA. It also quently in multicellular organisms, es
At a deeper level, one might add that seems to control gene activity in other tablished that one regulatory element,
because the instructions for making ways and to play a part in determining called the promoter, lies adjacent to
proteins are carried in the genes, the why a gene is turned on in one cell but the encoding region. The promoter dic
defining properties of a cell are deter not in another. Because the "teeth" that tates where on the DNA molecule an
mined by the mix of genes that are ac join the molecules almost always con enzyme called RNA polymerase will ini
tive. (Each gene, which is made up of sist of the amino acid leucine, we have tiate transcription, and it influences
DNA, specifies a single protein.) come to call the toothed region the leu the rate of transcription.
cine zipper. During the 1980s, studies of viruses
uncovered other regulatory elements
W
e discovered the leucine zip called enhancers. An enhancer can lie
STEVEN LANIER McKNIGHT is a staff
per in 1987, as we were try thousands of base pairs from the en
member in the department of embryolo
ing to learn more about how coding element it controls. In other re
gy of the Carnegie institution of Wash
ington in Baltimore and is an investi
DNA-binding proteins activate genes. spects, though, enhancers seem to be
gator at the facility's Howard Hughes The first such proteins had only recent quite similar to promoters [see "DNA,"
Medical institute. He earned his Ph.D. in ly been identified. Investigators knew by Gary Felsenfeld; SCIENTIFIC AMERI
biology from the University of Virginia in something about how they worked, but CAN, October 1985]. For example, en
1977. McKnight has been affiliated with an impasse of sorts had been reached. hancers, like promoters, increase the
the Carnegie institution ever since, ex To understand that impasse, it helps to rate of transcription. Indeed, they work
cept for the years 1981 to 1984, which
have a sense of the state of research at in concert with promoters. Both ele
he spent at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer
the time. ments can consist of several hundred
Research Center in Seattle.
Gene regulatory proteins were dis- base pairs, which are grouped into mo-
54 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN April 1991

© 1991 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC

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tifs: distinctive sequences of six to 10 centrate in this article on the elements controlled by proteins bound to them.
base pairs. A typical enhancer or pro controlling the activation of genes. The list of such regulatory proteins,
moter might include five to 10 motifs, When promoters and enhancers were which includes many in multicellular
some of which repeat. first identified, little was known about organisms, continues to grow.
I should note that other regulatory how they worked. Then, in about 1984, Tjian's discovery gave rise to a plau
elements known as silencers, which re Robert Tjian and his colleagues at sible model of gene activation. In that
press gene expression, have also been the University of California at Berke view, each motif in a promoter or en
discovered. Elegant work by Alexander ley made a fundamental breakthrough. hancer represented a binding site for a
D. Johnson of the University of Califor They found that a motif repeated five regulatory protein. A gene would be ex
nia at San Francisco has shown that si times in the promoter of what is called pressed significantly only if every mo
lencers, like enhancers, can function at the early gene in the mammalian SV40 tif in its promoter and enhancer was
great distances from the encoding ele- . virus could be avidly bound by the pro bound. Hence, expression of a partic
ment of a gene and consist of a patch tein SPI. Moreover, after SPI bound it, ular gene would be restricted to cells
work of DNA motifs. They are also prob transcription of the early gene was se capable of synthesizing the complete
ably controlled in much the same way lectively activated. This was the first array of regulatory proteins needed to
as enhancers. Although silencers are im demonstration outside of bacteria that recognize every motif.
portant to gene regulation, I shall con- regulatory elements on genes could be The prediction that individual motifs
ZIPPERING of two proteins (left pan of image) by interaction sent not leucine but positively charged amino acids that may
of their leucine amino acids (yellow spheres) can help certain strengthen the proteins' grip. The green cluster is the ami
proteins to grip DNA (white) and thus to activate or silence no acid asparagine; it may help the DNA-binding segments,
genes. The yellow spheres touching the DNA (right) repre- which track in the wide major groove, to wrap around DNA.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN April 1991 55


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PROMOTER PROTEIN-ENCODING REGION
CjEEP was made by hepatocytes but
not by cells that form the secretory
duct work of the liver.
This last observation raised the pos
sibility that CjEEP might participate
in selective gene expreSSion, helping to
switch on the genes for the speCialized
proteins (such as albumin) that make
-
-
-
-
-
.....
_
one cell distinct from another. We soon

-
-
-
-
-
-
confirmed that CjEEP did contribute to

-
-
-
-
-
CENTER DIRECTION OF
-
-
1 the production of specialized proteins

-
-
OF DYAD READING
13'
\
13'
"'-i �
3' in hepatocytes and fat cells. We had
5'
BASE --J
!�!G C G G G 1 5'
A T T G C;G C A A T
5'
C A C:G T G
managed to isolate just the kind of reg
I iI I I I I 11111:11111 I I 1:1 I I
ulatory protein we would need if we
PAIR
! 3'1 G T GIC
3'1
:C : C G C C C T A A CGCG T T A A C were to learn how differential gene ex
3{J 15' 115' : ,15'
�
pression is regulated in mammals.
I <0--1
MOTIF DYAD -SYMMETRIC MOTIF DYAD-SYMMETRIC
(Sequence of base pairs in the MOTIF soon as we had cloned the
CjEEP gene and determined its
3'
two halves is identical when
read in the 5' to direction) full nucleotide sequence, thus
revealing the identity and order of the
TYPICAL GENE includes a protein-encoding region and two elements, called the pro
protein's 359 amino acids, we imme
moter and enhancer, that regulate gene transcription: the copying of the encoding
region into messenger RNA for translation into a specified protein_ Promoters and diately ran the amino acid sequence
enhancers consist of several motifs, groupings of nucleotides (the building blocks through a computer data base to see
of DNA) that constitute docking sites for proteins. The nucleotides themselves whether it resembled that of any other
are distinguished by chemicals called bases-adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) known proteins. The finding of similar
or thymine (T). Zippered proteins often bind to dyad-symmetric motifs, which con sequences in parts of other proteins
tain two identical halves; each protein in a pair binds to one of the two halves. would guide us to regions that were
potentially important to the function of
CjEEP. When specific stretches of ami
are binding sites for regulatory pro body would also help us to clone the no acids have crucial roles, they are of
teins turned out to be correct, as did gene encoding the protein-that is, to ten conserved during evolution, so that
the notion that every motif has to be isolate the gene and synthesize its pro the same stretch reappears in function
occupied if a gene is to be regulated duct in quantity. That accomplished, ally related molecules within and also
appropriately. Yet, in a surprising turn we would be able to study the regulato between species.
of events, my colleagues and I noticed ry protein in detail, fishing around for The computer search revealed that a
that although only hepatocytes synthe clues as to how it helps to activate oth 60-amino acid segment of CjEEP was
size albumin, cells taken from the brain er genes. We would be able to deter quite similar to segments of two other
and spleen also contained proteins that mine its complete amino acid sequence proteins: the products of the myc and
could recognize the known regulatory and perhaps deduce something about (os proto-oncogenes. Proto-oncogenes
elements of the albumin gene. its three-dimensional structure, the me are genes that normally serve the body
This and similar observations by oth chanics of its binding to DNA and the well but become cancer-causing when
ers suggested that the steps involved nature of its interactions with other reg they undergo certain mutations. In
in Switching on a gene were more com ulatory proteins. CjEEP, some part of the highlighted re
plex than originally envisioned. Protein The plan was sound but difficult to gion was known to participate in bind
recognition of every regulatory motif in carry out. Indeed, my colleagues Peter ing DNA. The normal activities of the
a gene apparently was not adequate F. Johnson, Barbara]. Graves, William Myc and Fos proteins were not known,
in itself. To gain a fuller understand H. Landschulz and I spent three years but the fact that a part of them re
ing of how promoters and enhancers just purifying the protein and raising an sembled the CjEEP DNA-binding re
worked, investigators would have to antibody against a small fragment of it. gion suggested they too might be gene
learn much more about the proteins As soon as we had purified the pro regulatory proteins. Subsequently, oth
that bind DNA. tein, we found that it had affinity not er workers showed that Myc and Fos
only for the CAT motif in promoters are indeed regulators.
M
y colleagues and I were among but also for a motif called the core ho We, in the meantime, set about deci
the many scientists who took mology, common to many enhancers. phering the architecture of the related
on that task. We decided to We thus named the substance CjEBP, regions. The three-dimensional struc
concentrate on a protein that recog for CATjEnhancer-Binding Protein. ture of a protein, which is dictated by
nized a motif called CAT (short for With the help of the antibody, we its sequence of amino acids, influenc
CCAAT) found in many promoters, also discovered that our protein was es how it interacts with other mole
both in viral and mammalian genes. not made in all tissues. It was abundant cules. Unfortunately, there are no fool
Once we isolated a small amount of the in the liver, lungs, small intestine and proof rules for predicting a protein's
protein, we planned to raise an anti placental tissue as well as in fat. But it architecture from its linear amino acid
body against it. The antibody would was virtually absent in most other tis sequence, and so we had to resort to
serve as a tracer, enabling us to pin sues of adult mammals. Where it did a certain amount of guesswork [see
point when and where in the mamma occur, it was restricted to the special "The Protein Folding Problem," by Fred
lian body the protein was put to work. ized cells that define the physiolog eric M. Richards; SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN,
By more circuitous means, the anti- ical properties of tissues. For example, January).

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We knew that parts of many pro peats in gene regulatory proteins en of how the combination took place
teins fold into an alpha helix, a kind of able such proteins to join at their zip would presumably help clarify how the
coil. We therefore began by considering per regions, forming two-part units two proteins function in the cell.
whether the segments relating CjEBP, called dimers. That understanding took The CjEEP-related regions of both
Fos and Myc might adopt that struc time to gel, however, and depended on GCN4 and Jun contained leucine at ev
ture. If the regions contained the amino certain other discoveries. ery seventh position of an idealized al
acids proline or glYCine, an alpha helix First , in an observation that was to pha helix. Putting all of these obser
would be unlikely, because those two influence our thinking critically, we no vations together, Landschulz, Johnson
amino acids are rarely found in the ticed that the motifs bound by CjEEP and I proposed that the role of the am
helices. In fact, there were no prolines are dyad symmetric, a feature common phipathic alpha helix was to create a
or glycines. to many promoters and enhancers.
Amino acids with different chemi Such motifs consist of two identical
cal properties are often segregated on halves [see illustration on opposite
the surface of alpha helices, a feature page). Mark Ptashne and his colleagues
known as amphipathy. For example, at Harvard University had already dem
a helix might have hydrophobic (water onstrated in bacteria that such motifs
hating) amino acids on one face and are bound by dimers and that each di
hydrophilic (water-loving ) versions on mer subunit interacts with one of the
the opposite face. Evidence of such am dyad halves [see "A Genetic Switch in
phipathy would support our proposal a Bacterial Virus," by Mark Ptashne,
of helicity, and so Landschulz examined Alexander D. Johnson and Carl O. Pabo;
a 35-amino acid segment of CjEEP to SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, November 1982).
see if it would be amphipathic when ar Their work suggested to us that CjEEP
ranged as an alpha helix. Sure enough, might combine with itself to form a di
the hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino mer before binding to DNA.
acids were segregated. Second, we learned of two addition
Because hydrophobic amino acids are al proteins that were related to CjEBP.
attracted to other water-hating sub One of them, called GCN4, was a gene
stances, it seemed possible that the hy regulatory protein from yeast. In what
drophobic face might interact with hy was becoming a recurring theme, Kev
drophobic regions on other proteins, in Struhl and his colleagues at Harvard
whereas the hydrophilic face would "be had determined that the DNA motif
content" to interact with water, the ma bound by GCN4 was dyad symmetric
jor constituent of cells. illtimately we and that GCN4 hooks onto the DNA as
confirmed that the hydrophobic face a dimer.
does interact with other proteins, but The other protein, which was identi
in an unusual way. fied by Peter K. Vogt and his co-work
I remember scanning a penciled ers at the University of Southern Cal
sketch of the putative CjEEP helix that ifornia, was the product of a proto-on
Landschulz had completed just before cogene known as jun. Provocatively,
the Christmas holiday of 1987. I was Tom Curran of the Roche Institute of
surprised to see that the amino acid Molecular Biology had shown that the
leucine, which is extremely hydropho Jun protein could combine with the Fos
bic and protrudes relatively far from protein to form a dimer. A knowledge
the backbone of the helix, occupied ev
ery seventh position. This "heptad re
peat" caused the leucines to be aligned
in a plane along the length of the helix,
so that they essentially formed a con
tinuous ridge.
T
he orderly arrangement of the leu
cines intimated that they served
some useful purpose; perhaps
they participated in the hydrophobic in
teractions we had posited. Landschulz
and I then inspected the Myc and Fos
proteins to see if they too displayed the
same pattern, which would bolster the LEUCINE ZIPPER (above) was discovered
when a small segment of the protein
possibility that the heptad repeats were
CjEBP was fit into a hypothetical alpha
important. To our delight, we saw that
helix, a structure in many proteins. Sur
the CjEEP-related regions of Myc and
prisingly, the leucines, which make up
Fos not only were amphipathic when every seventh amino acid, lined up in a
fit into an alpha helix, they also sport column. A computer model (left) shows
ed the same heptad repeat of leucines another view of the putative helix. The
seen in CjEEP. red projections are leucines; the blue
We now know that the leucine re- spheres represent other amino acids.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN April 1991 57

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surface that would enable proteins to Dimer formation is also blocked by mu Biomedical Research at the Massachu
coalesce into dimers and that such di tations that exchange leucines with ami setts Institute of Technology, applying
mer formation was required for DNA no acids that generate weaker hydro a variety of investigative techniques to
binding. Because leucines strongly at phobic attractions. Importantly, all mu the GCN4 molecule, have established
tract one another, we further postulat tations that impair dimerization also that zipper regions associate in parallel
ed that the ridge of leucines on one block DNA binding. when they combine. Instead of interdig
protein would interlock with a similar Initially we also suspected that the itating, the leucines on apposed mole
ridge on another protein, essentially zipper regions might adopt an antipar cules line up side by side [see illustra
zippering the two proteins together. allel orientation when they joined, so tions on this page).
Many findings now support these pro that the leucines would interlock like Kim and O'Shea further showed that
posals. Notably, mutations that would the teeth of a true zipper. Since then, the joined helices form a classic coiled
disrupt the creation of an alpha helix in however, Peter S. Kim and Erin K . coil-a well-known structure seen in
the zipper section prevent zippering. O'Shea o f the Whitehead Institute for dimers of many long fibrous proteins,
including keratins and the lamins that
form the nuclear envelope. The fibrous
ANTIPARALLEL ZIPPERING PARALLEL ZIPPERING
proteins zipper by means of regularly
spaced hydrophobic amino acids yet
NH2 NH2
are not dependent solely on leucine,
�
NH2
the quintessential hydrophobiC amino
acid. Hence, the leucine zipper is a var
iation on a widespread theme; it proba
LEUCINES bly evolved to ensure the tight linkage
\�
DNA-BINDING of short alpha helices.
COOH REGION
In yet another prediction, we sug
gested that zippers could either join
two identical proteins, forming what is
called a homodimer, or join dissimilar
proteins, such as Fos and Jun, to form
ZIPPER
REGION a heterodimer. The idea that two differ
ent proteins could be coupled by the
zipper was the most unconventional as
pect of our model, but various investi
gators have now proved it correct. In
cluded in the known mixed pairs are
heterodimers formed by the combina
tion of different variants of the C/EBP
protein.
NH2 We recognized that such cross-mix
ing could be important to the ability of
an organism to regulate gene expres
sion. To better understand the specific
role of the cross-mixing, though, we
first needed to know more about how
zippering might aid binding. Although
the leucine zipper can generate the di
mers needed for DNA binding, the zip
per region cannot itself bind DNA.
E
arly in our studies of C/EBP we re
alized that a region rich in basic
(positively charged) amino acids
) speCifically, arginine and lysine-resid
ed close to the zipper. Because DNA
is quite acidic (negatively charged ) and
because positively charged substanc
es strongly attract negatively charged
COILED ones, we postulated that this basic, or
COIL
arg/lys, region might be the part of the
protein that directly contacted DNA. If
that was the case, perhaps the zipper
ing of two molecules served to bring
their arg/lys regions into proper posi
tion for combining with dyad-symmet
HOW TWO PROTEINS MESH at their zipper regions was not initially obvious. If the
regions were antiparallel, the leucines would be expected to interdigitate (top left) ric motifs.
like the teeth in a true zipper. If the molecules were parallel, the opposing leucines Studies have now shown that the
would instead overlap (top right). The parallel model, which places the DNA-binding arg/lys region is indeed the DNA-bind
regions in a suitable position for contacting dyad-symmetric motifs, is now known ing region. For instance, mutations in
to be correct. The proteins combine to form what is called a coiled coil (bottom). that region have been found to prevent

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
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EARLY MODEL OF DNA BINDING CURRENT MODEL
NAME
OF GENE
r
SOURCE REGULATOR AMINO ACID SEQUENCE (each letter represents an amino acid)
6-AMINO ACID
DNA-BINDING REGION CONNECTOR LEUCINE ZIPPER
I II II I
BP DKNSNEYRVRRERNNIAVRKSRDKAKORNVETOOKVLE�TSDNDRLRKRVEOLSRELDTLRG-
CREB EEAARKREVRLMKNREAARECRRKKKEYVKCLENRVAV ENONK T�IEELKALK DLYC HKS D

MAMMAL
JUN SOERIKAERKRMRNRIAASKCRKRKLERIARLEEKVKT KAONSELASTANM TEOVA LK O
YEAST
{
FOS
GCN4
EERRRIRRIRRERNKMAAAKCRNRRRELTDTLOAETDO
PESSDPAALKRARNTEAARRSRARKLORMK0LEDK VEE 1 EDKKSALOTEIANLLK EK E
LSKNY HLENEVARLKK LVGER-COOH

LEF
1
{
YAP1 DLDPETK OK RTAONRAAORAFRERKERKMK ELEKK VOS ESIOOONEVEATFLRDOL I LVN
{
CYS-3 ASRLAAEEDKRKR NTAASARFRIKKKOREO LEK SAKEMSEK VTOLEGRIOALET ENK YLK G
OTHER
FUNGI CPC1 IAER 0 R YKNLALA H GAS T E-COOH
HBP1 KSENSSLRIELDRIKKEYEELLS
PLANT TGA1 IOLEOELERARKOGMCVGGGVDA
OPAQUE 2 KAENSCLLRRIA LNOKYNDANV-
ARGININE ,
'RR R R RR
CONSENSUS -------------
�
------- -------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ---
N R L L L L L
MOLECULE
/KK K K KK
LEUCINE
LYSINE
INVARIANT ASPARAGINE
DNA-BINDING REGION of zipper proteins was once thought highlighting), suggesting that they aid binding and touch the
to be a continuous alpha helix and to protrude from the DNA DNA. Moreover, asparagine (green ), a potential helix break
(top left). A comparison of the amino acid sequences of 11 er, was found to lie at a fixed point in the DNA-binding region
proteins (bottom) showed that certain amino acids in the pro of every protein. It, then, might allow the protruding section
trusion were conserved from molecule to molecule (yellow to bend and thus contact the DNA continuously (top right).
dimers from combining with DNA effi and mammals) diverged more than a segments of all 11 proteins were free
ciently. Research into the structure of billion years ago. of the helix-disrupting amino acids gly
the bineting region has also support The comparison initially suggested cine and proline. Moreover, we saw that
ed the notion that Zippering orients the that all the proteins were designed so in every one of the proteins, the zipper
arg/lys regions appropriately for con that when they were assembled into a and DNA-bineting region were separat
tact with DNA. dimer, the resulting unit would adopt ed by exactly six amino acids. If that
Much of our knowledge of how zip the shape of a Y. The zippered region connector segment was helical, it would
pered proteins bind DNA came from would form the stem, of course, and serve to ensure that any conserved ami
an extensive comparison of 1 1 gene the arg/lys regions would form the no acid in the arg/lys area of the he
regulatory proteins that each contained DNA-bineting arms. lix would lie on the same face in every
neighboring zipper and arg/lys regions. We further suspected that the helix of molecule-presumably on the face in
The selection included proteins from the zipper region would extend straight volved in DNA bineting.
plants, fungi and mammals-organ through the DNA-bineting region. We We anticipated as well that each heli
isms that in some cases (notably plants thought so in part because the arg/lys cal arm of the Y would combine with

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one half of a dyad-symmetric recogni a suitable pOSition for forming ionic at some point, enabling it to bend. Puz
tion site on DNA. The DNA helix it bonds with the negatively charged sug zled, we reinspected our 1 1 proteins.
self is grooved, much as a screw has ar and phosphate backbone of the Although the argjlys regions lacked
grooves. The major groove is wide, and DNA. Such bonding would help keep the classical helix breakers glycine and
the minor groove is narrow. We the protein firmly in place on the DNA. proline, they all contained the amino
expected that one arm of the Y would A second finding was less supportive acid asparagine in the same spot. Like
fit into the major groove on the near of our initial thinking. We saw that the proline and glYCine, asparagine can in
face of the DNA, touching one half of argjlys region, if displayed as a contin terrupt helices.
the motif, and the other arm would fit uous helix, would be too long to allow
W
into the major groove of the far face, uninterrupted contact with DNA. The ith the help of Paul E. Sigler
touching the other half of the motif. top of each arm of the Y would pro and his colleagues at Yale Uni
To evaluate the validity of this con trude from the DNA instead of folding versity, we refined our molecu
ceptual model, Charles R. Vinson, a around it. Such an arrangement seemed lar modeling to include a break in the
postdoctoral student in my laborato unlikely considering that the arginines helix at the invariant asparagine. The
ry, built a ball-and-stick model pairing and lysines in the protruding segment new model enabled the full length of
two identical molecules of CjEEP. The are highly conserved and therefore al the argjlys regions, including the for
molecules zippered nicely and could be most certainly involved in binding DNA. merly protruding parts, to track contin
made to adopt the Y shape. Moreover, we found that substitution uously in the major groove of the DNA
In Vinson's model the conserved ar of those amino acids with others pre molecule. The binding of DNA by those
ginines and lysines fell on the inside of vented binding. regions of a protein dimer is analogous
each arm of the Y. That arrangement Thus, we were forced to acknowledge to the scissors grip applied by wres
fit well with our conception, because that if the argjlys region was in fact he tlers as they lock their legs around the
it placed the arginines and lysines in lical, the helix would have to be broken torso of opponents.
HETERODIMERS INCREASE NUMBER OF USABLE MOTIFS HETERODIMERS INCREASE VARIETY OF PROTEIN COMBINATIONS
a a
DYAD-SYMMETRIC DNA
MOTIF A
I, \
,
HOMODIMER A
(Identical proteins) PROTEIN BOUND TO
ACTIVATION DOM AIN
b b
DYAD-SYMMETRIC DNA
MOTIFB
I, \
HOMODIMER B HOMODIMER B
c c
ASYMMETRIC DNA MOTIF
HETERODIMER
(Different proteins) HETERODIMER
HETERODIMERS, zippered pairs of nonidentical proteins, gene regulation. Alternatively, the benefit could lie elsewhere
offer two possible benefits to an organism. If homodimers, (right). Protein-binding "activation domains" in a homodimer
pairs of identical proteins, recognize only dyad-symmetric always combine with identical proteins (a and b). whereas
(twinlike) motifs (a and b at left), the existence of hetero the domains of heterodimers bind dissimilar proteins (c).
dimers able to recognize asymmetric (mismatched) motifs (c) The heterodimers may thus increase the number of ordered
would increase the number of motifs that can be enlisted for protein complexes that can be used to turn genes on or off.

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
Nuclear-generated electricity saves more oil each day
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Generating electricity with nuclear every day. That's more than the oil we America's growing electricity demand
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country, nuclear electricity already cuts huge supertankers of foreign oil every day. Energy Awareness, P.O. Box 66080,
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©1991 USCEA

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
Having established that many pro trast to dyad-symmetric motifs have dimers is underscored by the finding
teins zipper to form dimers, my collab nonidentical halves [see left side ofillus that cross-mixing probably occurs in
orators and I began to speculate on tration on page 62]. many classes of gene regulatory pro
why evolution might have built the zip The increase in the repertoire would teins, not only in those with leucine
per feature into many gene regulators. arise, however, only if homodimers zippers. Indeed, Harold Weintraub of
In our view, the chief value of this fea were actually restricted to recognizing the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research
ture may well lie with the creation of dyad-symmetric motifs. As it turns out, Center in Seattle and David Baltimore,
heterodimers by the cross-mixing of my co-workers and I have found pre now at the Rockefeller University, have
nonidentical proteins. liminary evidence that homodimers and identified cross-mixing ( by a means
To explain the logic of this view, I heterodimers bind asymmetric motifs other than the leucine zipper) in an en
must update the model of gene regula equally well. Our methods for studying tirely different class of gene regulators,
tion discussed earlier. Recall that if a DNA binding may not be subtle enough known as helix-loop-helix (HLH) pro
gene is to be activated, every DNA mo to mimic conditions within the living teins. Weintraub and his colleague An
tif in its promoter and enhancer has to cell. Nevertheless, if our initial results drew B. Lasser have shown that one
be bound by a regulatory protein. Yet are confirmed, they would indicate that such protein , called MyoD, is central to
it seems that such attachment alone is the special value of heterodimers lies the specialization of muscle cells.
not sufficient. Apparently, DNA-bind elsewhere.
X
ing proteins must also "fit" comfort Alternatively, heterodimers might though I have concentrated on
ably with proteins that bind to neigh serve to increase the number of differ leucine zipper proteins in this
boring motifs. ent jigsaw puzzles that can be formed article, I must emphasize that
Although several different proteins by a limited set of regulatory proteins. many different classes of gene regula
seem capable of recognizing and at For this notion to make sense, it is nec tory proteins participate in gene activa
taching to a particular motif, so that essary to discuss yet another function tion and the specialization of cells. For
several different combinations of mole al domain that has been found in gene example, James E . Darnell, Jr. , and his
cules can in theory cover a particular regulatory proteins. colleagues at Rockefeller have found
enhancer or promoter, many research As Ptashne and his colleague Ann that a number of regulatory proteins
ers now suspect that only one of the Hochschild first recognized, gene acti from different classes give rise to the
possible permutations will in fact acti vation by proteins bound to DNA may specialized activities of differentiated
vate the promoter or enhancer of a giv be achieved by parts of regulatory pro hepatocytes.
en gene. teins that are quite distinct from the Those of us interested in better un
In other words, only one combina parts responsible for binding DNA. In derstanding cell specialization must
tion of regulatory proteins will mesh studies of the cI protein encoded by now determine how the many different
into a "key" having the correct three-di the bacteriophage lambda (a virus that regulatory proteins in cells fit together
mensional shape to regulate transcrip infects bacteria), the Harvard workers on their DNA templates and communi
tion. Cells that lack even one piece of showed that a region critical for gene cate with one another. The discovery of
the key, which I sometimes liken to a activation was totally dispensable for the leucine zipper has solved part of
jigsaw puzzle, will fail to activate the DNA binding. They predict that this cI the problem. No one knows when the
corresponding gene. Hence, a gene will activation domain interacts in some full answer will emerge, but the prob
remain silent if a cell is missing, say, way with the RNA polymerase that car lem finally begins to seem conquerable.
just one subunit of a crucial dimer or ries out transcription.
a protein that interacts appropriately Leucine zipper proteins, including
with that subunit. CjEEP, Fos, Jun and GCN4, also have
FURTHER READING
According to this thinking, the series functional domains that are distinct
THE LEUCINE ZIPPER: A HYPOTHETICAL
of motifs in an enhancer or promoter from their zipper and DNA-binding seg STRUC11JRE COMMON TO A NEW CLASS
form the template to the puzzle. The ments. By analogy, they too can be OF DNA BINDING PROTEINS. W. H. Land
actual pieces of the puzzle are the gene called activation domainS. The biochem schulz, P. F. Johnson and S. L. McKnight
regulatory proteins themselves. Exact ical role played by these regions is not in Science, Vol. 240, pages 1759-1764;
ly how such jigsaw puzzles assembled fully understood, but they may well June 24, 1988.
on DNA enable transcription to occur serve as docking sites for other pro EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULA
TORY PROTEINS. Peter F. Johnson and
is not clear but is the focus of intense teins. Even within families of cross-di
Steven L. McKnight in Annual Review
study [see "How Gene Activators merizing proteins, these domains will
of Biochemistry, Vol. 58, pages 799-
Work ," by Mark Ptashne; SCIENTIFIC differ. Hence, two varieties of CjEEP 839; 1989.
AMERICAN, January 1989]. that can zipper together will each have EVIDENCE THAT THE LEUCINE ZIPPER IS A
a distinct activation domain, as will Fos COILED COIL. E. K. O'Shea, R. Rutkow
SCience, Vol. 243,
W
ithin this conceptual frame and Jun, which, it will be recalled, com ski and P. S. Kim in
work , I can think of two bene bine with each other. pages 538-542; January 27, 1989.
THE DNA BINDING DOMAIN OF THE RAT
fits that heterodimeric regula Heterodimers of leucine zipper pro
LIvER NUCLEAR PROTEIN C/EBP Is BI
tory proteins might offer an organism. teins, then, could expand the number
PARTITE. W. H. LandschuIz, P. F. John
In one scenario the benefit would de of distinguishable jigsaw puzzles avail son and S. L. McKnight in SCience, Vol.
rive from the ability of the argjlys re able to an organism because the acti 243, pages 1681-1688; March 31, 1989.
gions in a heterodimeric protein pair vation domains of the dimer subunits ACTION OF LEUCINE ZIPPERS. Ted Abel and
to recognize two different nucleotide would each bind to a different protein. Tom Maniatis in Nature, Vol. 341, No.
sequences within a single DNA motif. In contrast, if only homodimers exist 6237, pages 24-25; September 7, 1989.
SCISSORS-GRIP MODEL FOR DNA RECOG
That ability would expand an organ ed, the proteins contacted by a DNA
NITION BY A FAMILY OF LEUCINE ZIPPER
ism's repertoire of usable regulatory bound dimer would always have to be
PROTEINS. C. R. Vinson, P. B. Sigler and
motifs, because the presence of the het identical [see right side ofillustration on
S. L. McKnight in Science, Vol. 246, pag
erodimers would enable cells to exploit page 62]. es 911-916; November 17, 1989.
asymmetric dyad motifs, which in con- The potential importance of hetero-

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
Advertising El Supplement
STATE OF NEW JERSEY

OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR
CN-OOI
TRENTON
08625
JIM FLORIO
GOVERNOR
April, 1991
Dear Friends:
In New Jersey we have, without question, made significant

contributions to the world's technological development. As the
following special report illustrates, New Jerseyans continue a
tradition of creative genius by engaging in wide-ranging scientific
innovation and technology-driven enterprise.
This special report makes it possible to showcase, in very

concrete terms, New Jersey, The Invention State. Of course, the
report could not have been accomplished without a partnership of
industry, academia, and government. Such partnerships, in fact, are
the hallmark of New Jersey's strategy for technology-led economic
development.
On behalf of all New Jerseyans, I proudly urge you to become an

active participant in technology transfer by contacting one of our
many exciting programs or companies profiled in this report. In
doing so, you will not only reap tremendous reward from advanced
products, processes and services, but you will also contribute to
the competitive position of our entire Nation.
tr ly yours,
FW��
NJ 2

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
---- Advertising El Supplement -----
New Jersey THE INVENTION STATE

Technology for EconoIllic Growth
treptomycin. The transistor. The communi worked on a bipartisan basis with the New Jersey State
cations satellite. Condensed soup. The Legislature to obtain more than $20 million in annual
submarine. The semiconductor laser. Color research support for these centers, through the state's
television... Each, in its time, represented a operating budget.
stunning technological breakthrough. Some Results have been spectacular. The enormous
were scomed as unlikely a few short years leverage afforded by the state's contribution now
before their development. Now, each is a reality. And provides an incentive for private, R&D-based compa
in every case, the idea migrated from laboratory to nies to create enduring linkages with New Jersey's
marketplace in New Jersey, the Invention State. research universities, including Princeton, Stevens In
In an effort to understand what today's science stitute of Technology, Rutgers (New Jersey's State
means for tomorrow's human society, this report University), New Jersey Institute of Technology, and
which was produced in cooperation with the New the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey.
Jersey Commission on Science and Technology In the process, these institutions have undergone an
offers you a glimpse into the research laboratories of exciting transformation, pooling the state's scientific
New Jersey, where the next millennium's advanced resources-both intellectual and financial--on a scale
products and services already are taking shape. that was unthinkable only a decade ago.
''Technology for Economic Growth" explores the Acting as powerful "magnets," the ATCs have
partnership that NewJersey seeks to stimulate, through drawn into New Jersey nearly two dollars in federal and
its Science and Technology Commission, among the private "matching" support for every dollar contributed
state's large, R&D-intensive firms, its university scien by the state. As they reach a critical mass of research
tists and engineers, and the small entrepreneurial firms actMty, the ATCs are exhibiting true synergies, gener
that arise in the wake of such interactions. ating not only new ideas and technologies, but also the
In designing and implementing a concrete strat extemal funds that are needed to improve facilities,
egy for economic growth, New Jersey is not alone acquire equipment, and develop faculty into the Nobel
among the states, but it has indisputably led the nation prizewinners of the next generation.
in public/private partnerships for technology transfer In the process, the state's public and private
as a touchstone of that strategy. New Jersey enjoys sectors are cooperating to nurture New Jersey's most
two key advantages: its highly trained workforce, and valuable resource: its young people, who can now,
the broad technological spectrum spanned by its more easily than ever, acquire the advanced education
leading industrial and high-tech firms. WIth the highest they will need to help American companies innovate,
per capita concentration of scientists and engineers in compete, and launch small, high-tech businesses of
the United States, and more than 700 industrial, aca their own. This report testifies to the vision and contri
demic, and govemment laboratories of nearly every butions of those industry leaders who continue to
description from agriculturaVfood processing to health make New Jersey a matchless location for technology
care/pharmaceutical to satellite/telecommunication enterprise. The story is told by key figures in those
technologies, New Jersey provides an infrastructure companies, often touching upon one or more of the
that supports more than $15 billion worth of research four broad technological areas used by the Commis
and development annually. sion to structure its own programs and actMties:
HistOrically, prior to the formation of the state's biotechnology, advanced materials, information tech
Science and Technology Commission, relationships nologies, and environmental protection technology.
among New Jersey's technological enterprises and its "New Jersey: Technology for Economic Growth"
academic resources tended to be ad hoc in nature. is designed as the first stage of a continuing process
Wrth the establishment of nearly a dozen state-sup which will ''transfer'' knowledge as well as technology.
ported Advanced Technology Centers (ATCs) and Through this partnership of private and public talents
related programs, New Jersey has sought to formalize and energies, New Jersey is truly unsurpassed as
such linkages. Two times since 1984, the state's home for tomorrow's leading edge technological en
voters have signaled their support for this economic terprises.Join inour effortstoreadythenext miliennium's
development strategy, approving nearly $1 00 million in products and services, which will serve vital needs and
bonding authority for ATC construction and equip maintain our nation's competitiveness.
ment. Moreover, two successive Govemors have -New Jersey Commission on Science & Technology
NJ3

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
---- Advertisi ng Su p p lement
NE-wr JERSEY f one organization symbolizes American re

search and development, it's AT&T Bell
The Invention Laboratories. With seven Nobel prizes and
more than 22,000 patents (averaging one
State each day since the company's founding in
1925), Bell Labs researchers have laid the
groundwork for the Information Age. Their inventions
by Sharon Kahn include the transistor, laser, solar cell, cellular mobile
radio, long-distance TV transmission, sound motion
pictures, and stereo recording. With fully 14,000 of its
hat's New Jersey got that other places 29,000 employees working at 16 Jersey sites, Bell Labs
haven't? The chief executive of one of the also is a big part of the state. Its parent company, AT&T,
state's pharmaceutical companies supplies is New Jersey's largest employer, housing 51,000 of its
some answers: ''We've arrived. We're old total 275,000 workers in the Invention State.
money and new discoveries. Wall Street gets If one technology epitomizes modem telecommuni
enamored of the frontier, but we've got our cations, it is fiber optics. The first fiber optic cables
sexy startups too. New Jersey can build from strength. installed in 1980 carried 45 megabits (million bits) of
We can take what's here already and build additional information per second. Today's hair-thin glass fibers
opportunity." route 3.4 gigabits (billion bits) of information per second,
What New Jersey has is more than 100,000 scien a 75-times greater capacity. However, we're nowhere
tists and engineers, giving near the capacity we need if the future of fiber optics is
the Invention State the to include transmitting multiple-channel television. "A
highest per capita con picture is worth a thousand words, right?" asks Dr.
centration of research David V. Lang, director of Bell Labs Compound Semi
professionals in the conductor Device Research Laboratory in Murray Hill.
country. New Jersey also "Well, transmitting TV requires a frequency of 6 million
has as much as 25% of all cycles per second, compared with 6,000 to send
the research dollars spent voice." Based on current bit-rate progress, Dr. Lang
in the United States. predicts that transmissions will reach the needed ca
The state has claimed pacity-a terabit, or 1 trillion bits of information per
individuals such as
Edison, whose inventions
helped launch the mod
em age, and Einstein, who ResearchattheDesignand Manufacturing Institute(DM�
helped unravel the mys at Stevens Institute of Technology focuses on inte
teries of physical science. grated product and process design, also known as as
Together, New Jersey's concurrent engineering, a procedure that designs the
Bell Labs lasers industry and academia have built arguably the world's finished product and the process used to manufacture
detect impurities in premiere spawning ground for communications, phar it at the same time. Concentratin g on the injection
new semiconductor maceutical, and chemical innovations. molding of polymer parts, the research staff at OMI is
materials Other pockets of the country are also research writing software-the automated concurrent engi
neering (ACE) program-to shorten design cycles and
intensive, but nowhere else has New Jersey's scientific
create product designs with fewer parts and less
diversity. "Places like California's Silicon Valley and
waste. ACE design specifications can be translated by
Route 128 near Boston tend to be very specific in their shop floor automation software into sets of instruc
research endeavors," observes Dr. Joseph D. Clark, tions to drive material transport, part production, and
vice-president of scientific affairs for the Consumer product packaging machinery.
Products R&D Division of Wamer-Lambert Co., Morris ThesameACEdesign specifications, along with read
Plains, and current chairman of The Research and ings from sensors and control mech3nisms under
Development Council of New Jersey, the official "club" development, allow researchers to model plastics
of New Jersey's research organizations. "But in New extrusion and injection molding as the processes take
Jersey, we have our pharmaceutical, telecommunica place. Workers monitoring the processes by com-
puter can correct problems on the spot With these
tions, and chemical companies. We've also got food
technologies, OMl's process line can switch from one
and consumer companies that spend research dollars,
product to another quickly, a flexibility that will allow
and banks that fund startups through venture and
American industry to manufacture smaller, more spe
incubation departments. New Jersey is a hotbed of cialized product batches. Circle NO.1.
technology."
NJ4

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192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
------- A d v e r t i s i n g D Supp l e m e n t ------
second-by the year 2000. Bell Labs is working toward

that goal with three parallel strategies .
The first involves employing high-speed lasers, such
as an experimental model that recently sent 350 billion Dr. Ilya Raskin of Rutgers' Center far
light pulses a second , 1 00 times the capacity of today's Molecular BioIogy(AgBiotach), willi w ..,,...
•
commercial lasers. Bell Labs researchers measured and his team Qt Rutgers' YIaIaInNI'I
each pulse at less than a trillionth of a second. This that salicylic acid. a close analog 01-- io
superfast laser "could transmit the text of 350 30- endogenOus signalling molecule in 1M1I_
volume Encyclopedia Brittanicas in one second , " says sponse of plants to pathogen attack.
the signal transduction pathway Is ..
Dr. Lang . "If you had a minute, you could send a good
toward manipulating the plant'SOWI1I II1II_ .
sized library-1 .2 million books. "
to provide enhanced disease RISistaIIC8. CIn.'ra:�l.'
The second strategy calls for carrying ever-higher
signal densities within the optical fiber. fiber optics as voice and data are today. We'll be
While commercial technology transports thinking about multiple terabits in the next century."
no more than two bands (or colors) of
light through the same strand , Bell Labs hile Bell Labs concentrates on communica
researchers have sent 1 0 bands through tions applications, the David Samoff Re
a fiber. Scientists could reach the tar search Center envisions optics that will power
geted terabit capacity by transmitting 33 computers. A comerstone of its program is
light channels, each carrying 30 billion the so-called "Grating Surface Emitting" (GSE)
bits of information per second. laser. Channeling 1 00 semiconductor lasers
Cables composed of Finally, such high-capacity, multiple wavelength into a pencil beam, the GSE is more easily switched than
flexible glass no systems will require optical amplifiers . Light waves previous semiconductor lasers. Generating a full watt of
thicker than a human travel only 30 to 50 miles before signals weaken, so power (compared with the 1 /1 00 watt that single semi
hair... signals must be amplified repeatedly as they travel over conductor laser chips emit) , the GSE is tiny enough to
long distances. Today's systems convert the photons fit through the eye of a needle.
to electrons for amplification, and reconvert them to "We're just starting to see new devices coming out
photons for the next leg of the transmission. Not only is of GSE technology," says Dr. Michael Ettenberg , vice
this costly, it is also cumbersome since each color president in Samoff's solid state research division.
requires its own separate electronic converter. Optical During the next three years, he expects optical disks to
amplifiers (spliced-in segments of fiber containing er replace the floppy and hard disk drives in computers,
bium, a rare-earth element) boost the signal pulses for providing 1 ,000 times more memory at a comparable
many channels simultaneously without converting the cost. "The next generation of PCs will have a far greater
photons to electrons. mix of stored i nformation-Dn-line encyclopedias,
After reaching a terabit? "Research is like walking Scientific Americans back to the 1 800s, whatever cus
through a desert," says Dr. Lang. "You can only plan tomized library you want. "
how to get to the horizon, but the horizon is continually Within five years, t h e GSE will permit PCs to gener
moving . Our current view is 1 0 years out, by which time ate instant, magazine-quality layouts with laser printing,
we'll make high-definition television as much a part of predicts Dr. Ettenberg . "You will scan color photos at
your terminal and print any combination of text and
A group of researchers, led by Professor Shaw S. Wang of Rutgers' Center for

Advanced Food Technology (CAFl), has developed the process and theory of
cold extrusion of starch-based food materials. The process delivers finished
product in seconds, while conventional techniques take more time. The shear
energy of an extrusion process, without added heat or dissipated heat,
transforms foods more efficiently than conventional thermal energy and is
beneficial for processing heat-sensitive materials.
Dr. George Strauss, another CAFT researcher, developed an on-line
chemical sensing method. Based on the fluorescent properties of food pro
teins, the method monitors flavor and texture quality on products of food GSE laser
extrusion and has potential for baking applications. Drs. Strauss and Bruce photos you want at the press of a butto n . " A decade
Wasserman, also of CAFT, have identified natural chemical substances that from now, optical connections between the integrated
can stabilize proteins used in the development of fat substitutes, thus enabling circuits inside a computer will allow far faster computing
the use of fat substitutes at frying and baking temperatures. For further
than that allowed by wire interconnects, which generate
information, circle No. 2.
interference as computing speeds increase.
NJ 6

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
To help the people of the
world communicate.
T hat is the special genius
of AT&T Bell Laboratories.
Plying ingenuity beyond
reasonable bounds.
To eliminate barriers of
distance. Loneliness. Isolation.
And time.
To begin with a primitive
telephone. And evolve an
intelligent network that
spans the globe.
To bring speech to movies.
Color to television. Optics
to computers.
To pioneer electronics.
By inventing the transistor.
To honor for more than a
hundred years Alexander
Graham Bell's imperative to
"...explore the world and all
that is in it."
And invite the challenge of
what lies beyond.
ATa.T

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
Human Electronics-Technology for the Benefit of Mankind:

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
How a picture tube made in the
U.S.A. is helping Americans enioy
a brighter picture of life.
ufacturing new products made specifically for
A new state-of-the-art television picture
the U.S. market. And many of Matsushita's
tube factory opens in Troy, Ohio. American factories are even building products
Business people see it as y et another for export to Japan and other countries.
example of Matsushita's ever grow T he business community sees Matsushita's
U.S. operation as a success. But even more
i n g comm i tme n t t o m a nu fa c tu r e
importantly, so do the local communities that are
and develop a broad range of products now home to Matsushita.
in America. To the people of Troy,
COMMUNITY UNITY
like those in towns across America,
Matsushita also helps build strong communities.
Matsushita's U.S. operation represents
a whole lot more. A chance to en oy a j Towns with caring, concerned individuals. To
encourage this, Matsushita donates equipment to
better picture of life. local organizations, provides facilities for town
use, and has set up a $10 million fund to help
improve education in primary and secondary
Enthusiasm. Energy. An abundance of new ideas. schools. Matsushita even endows professorships
This is what it takes to succeed. This is what Mat at Harvard and MIT.
sushita Electric fmds in Troy, Ohio; Santa Barbara,
HUMAN ELECTRONICS
California; Peachtree City, Georgia-and in all its
U.S. factories and R&D facilities. Building factories and R&D centers that help
people build better lives is just one example of
MADE IN AMERICA
what Matsushita Electric means by the term
Matsushita has 12 manufacturing plants and 6 Human Electronics. Every day Matsushita dedi
R&D facilities in the U.S. There are over 100 cates its vast resources to researching, developing ,
sales and service centers. The combination of and marketing products that make life richer, safer,
American "know-how" and Matsushita support and more comfortable. In the U.S. these products
has created some extraordinary results. From are sold under the brand names Panasonic,
m ajo r br e ak t h r o u g h s i n di g i t a l c o m m u Technics, and Quasar. In 1989, Matsushita's
nications t o computer sy stems that will teach worldwide consolidated sales volume surpassed
hearing-impaired children to speak . Today, $37.7 billion. All a direct result of a single
M atsushi ta's U.S . operation employ s over minded philosophy: Don't create technology
10,000 Americans who are developing and man- for technology 'S sake, but for man's sake.
MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC
PANASONIC TECHNICS QUASAR

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
------- Adv e r t i s i n g D Supp l e m e n t ------
Sarnoff began life in 1 942 as RCA Laboratories . Its versed in building TVs but inexpert in computer lan
list of pioneering achievements includes the ali-elec guages could hardly be expected to program in Fortran.
tronic color TV, high-speed memories for computers, "We assigned a half-dozen guys to a project that should
injection and solid state lasers, and liquid crystal displays. have taken 1 00 people and hundreds of millions of
In 1 987, Sarnoff's role changed when it became a dollars , and we're not even in the computer business, "
subsidiary of SRI I nternational . "We became an entre says Dr. Curt Carlson, vice president of information
preneurial business with a 45-year history," says Dr. systems research. "But our idea was so simple and
James E. Carnes , president . elegant that a small team could do it . "
As a contract research house, Sarnoff's revenues The Princeton Engine allows video engineers t o tap
come from customer fees; GSE technology grew out of a visual library of images pre-programmed by the Sarnoff
The Princeton Engine
research on a more powerful semiconductor laser for team . Each image represents a different television
Air Force optical communications. Sarnoff then published building block: input devices, amplifiers, speakers, etc .
its research results expecting other companies to build "The engineer just clicks a mouse and connects mod
GSEs . "Multiple sources of competition are needed to ules to see how parts of a television interact , " explains
create a standard , " explains Dr. Ettenberg . "Also, since Dr. Carlson. "Engineers spend hours programming
we own the patents, manufacturers will eventually pay what a TV should be, instead of months in construction . "
us royalties . " While the Princeton Engine was conceived t o build
From its 350-acre Princeton campus, Sarnoff's 800 televisions, Dr. Carlson foresees its use in the design of
employees explore all aspects of imaging, from video military surveillance devices, radar image processing
transmission devices to signal compression to the tools, medical diagnostic machinery, and weather
specialized materials that go into imaging technology. modeling systems.
That video emphasis led Sarnoff researchers to create The Princeton Engine performs 1 012 operations per
the world's fastest special purpose computer: the sec o n d , c o m pared w i t h t h e 1 011 t h at Cray
Princeton Engine. Sarnoff television researchers con supercomputers clock. The same team that created the
ceived the idea that engineers could save time by Princeton Engine is building the Sarnoff Engine, a
simulating TV designs on a computer rather than build supercomputer meant to match the performance of the
ing models. A computer that could present TV images human brain , which can perform 1 014 calculations per
would require a great deal of computing power, how second . "There are a number of benchmarks in com
ever. "In order to process imaging information, we puter research," says Dr. Carlson . "One '4-minute mile'
needed a machine that could run 29 billion instructions is to have a supercomputer that goes as fast as the
per second , " says Dr. Carnes. Also , engineers well human brain. We hope to be there by 1 995. "
The Princeton Engine led t o a joint venture with Sun
Microsystems to develop a high-resolution video
workstation . Sarnoff frequently enters such arrange
.
The X-ray Laser Group at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, under the ments with industry, universities , and government
direction of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Professor Szymon agencies. "Beyond our expertise in vision technologies ,
Suckewer, has developed the technology to create microscopes using x-ray our strength comes in working beyond the prototype, "
lasers. By this means, optical microscopy can be used in shorter wavelength says Dr. Carmen Catanese, vice president in electronics
regions, providing higher image resolution. "Soft" x-rays-those at wave and product systems research . "Academics aren't in a
lengths between 30 and 0.1 nanometers-are being used in medical and position to ask questions about how to economically
electronics applications. make a product, how to gauge its reliability or its
The patented Composite OpticaVX-Ray Microscope permits close exami
environmental impact . Coming from RCA, we've been
nation of biological specimens of live tissue, with minimal radiation exposure.
commercializing products for 50 years . "
Combining an inverted phase contrast optical microscope with a soft x-ray
Take the triple-play approach t o a US Government
laser microscope, it enables physicians and scientists to see fine details even
in the interior of cells. With resolution 10 times greater than that of optical
superconductivity contract that Sarnoff made with
microscopes, the Reflection Soft X-Ray Microscope looks microscopically at Rutgers University and Bellcore. Bellcore researchers
non-transparent or poorly transparent objects. Applications i ncl ude both fabricated an experimental thin-film material that is
biological specimens and semiconductor materials. superconductive up to 92" Kelvin (-294" Fahrenheit) , far
The Combined Soft X-Ray Holographic and Reflection-Imaging Micro above the 23" Kelvin previously required to allow elec
scope inspects opaque objects, such as semiconductor devices, of very small tricity to flow without resistance. Working with two
size (fractions of a micron). An x-ray laser projects a wide-area, high-resolution alternative processes , one perfected at Bellcore and
hologram of the device under examination, and an x-ray laser reflection another co-developed at Rutgers, Bellcore produced
imaging microscope allows finer detail examination. One appl ication of this thin films of the material . Sarnoff used those films to
microscope is the examination of microchips: the hologram provided by the
make a microwave comb filter 1 00 times more efficient
microscope is compared to an ideal chip then discrepancies are more closely
than conventional copper filters.
examined through reflection-imaging. Circle No.4.
This breakthrough could eventually lead to super-
NJ 10

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
Harmonic Imaging
Two images of motion. One, the flight of birds.
The other, atoms moving through a zeolite structure.
Both in harmony with the natural order.
Research, Engineering &

Environmental Affairs
Innovative Technology
For the Energy Industry

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
Adv e r t i s i n g Su pp l e m e n t -----
conducting microwave communications and radar sys computer systems. Using arrays of microlasers, each of
tems much smaller and significantly faster and more which recalls a stored page, Bellcore researchers have
efficient than today's equipment. "We know that for a stored 20 individual images, a number that can be
while these materials will be exotic and expensive, " says increased relatively easily. While conventional computers
Dr. Catanese. "So we looked for applications that would can only process information serially-that is one piece
make the most economic sense. " The answer was to of information at a time-holographic memory could
use the material to make space communications tools , accommodate parallel readout.
which need to be light and small in order to be launched
by a rocket. The govemment received the first Sam off/ ew Jersey's corporate infrastructure has been
Bellcore/Rutgers prototypes last October. built through the triple incentives of geogra
phy, the critical mass of companies in similar
oint research projects, such as the Sam off/ and spinoff industries , and a blueprint de
Rutgers venture , occur often at Bellcore. vised by government and the corporate
Although conceived as the research arm for community. Most noticeably, The Invention
the seven regional telephone companies, State acts as a nucleus of the major Northeastern cities.
Bellcore can contract its services to other "The state is located at the center of four powerful,
organizations, such as the govemment and historic, scientific concentrations , " enumerates Jim
other telecommunications companies. Following the Clingham , vice president of corporate affairs for the
AT&T divestiture , the Livingston-headquartered com David Sarnoff Research Center: "New York City,
pany set up shop in 1 984 as the nation's largest Philadelphia, Washington , and Boston."
research consortium. Counting more than half of its In particular, "Proximity to New York means proximity
8,500 employees as technical professionals , by the to finance, marketing , and advertising , " says Dr. Clark
close of 1 990 Bellcore claimed 1 77 US patents with 1 60 of Warner- Lambert. Meanwhile, New Jersey offers
more pending. Bellcore is concentrating a substantial employees a more relaxed lifestyle. "New Jersey pro
amount of its work on pioneering improvements in the vides the best of both worlds-the advantages of a
way software systems are designed and produced , as suburban lifestyle with the resources of a big city only an
well as their ease of use and upgrading. Eventually, the hour away," says Douglas G. Watson , president of
way computers translate software instructions into effi Ciba-Geigy Pharmaceuticals in Summit.
cient output may change dramatically. New Jersey boasts a veritable geographic smorgas
Not all Bellcore's research is restricted bord , especially considering it measures just 7 , 836
to software. Take, for example, Bellcore's square miles, making it 46th out of the 50 states in terms
crystal-based storage of holographic im of size . "We gained an unfortunate reputation from
ages, which , according to a three-person people who view the state as a transportation system to
research team , could herald multimedia
computers (complete with the audio, video ,
and animation qualities of television). Based
on photonic rather than electronic technol
ogy, these computers could store 1 0 times The Physics Department on the Rutgers-Newark
more information, and retrieve it 1 ,000 times campus is researching a laser-based, stable isotope
faster than today's top-of-the-line comput assay that can replace radioactive assays or expen
ers. "With expanded memory capacity, sive mass spectrometry in many cases. Potential
applications include medical diagnostics and drug
multimedia computers could become as
testing using labeled compounds. Since isotopic ra
popular as the VCR , " predicts Dr. Ann Von
tios, especially for carbon, are sensitive to local
Holographic Lehmen , a member of the optics research technical
environments, the method can also trace sources of
neural networks staff. air and water pollution.
at Bel/core Prior attempts at holographic memory retrieval used A bench-top system capable of measuring 1 3(; to
bulky lasers and unwieldy light deflectors . Bellcore's 12C ratios is being evaluated with likely sensitivity of
technique transports optical information along one 2 parts per thousand, comparable to that of the 14C_
beam , while a second beam serves as a reference. The urea breath test now used to diagnose gastrointestinal
beams recombine in a photorefractive crystal, a three diseases. Using the stable isotope 13(; eliminates the
dimensional cubic structure with optical properties that time, radiation, and safety problems associated with
can be altered by light. The resulting holog raphic im the radioactive species 14C. The new technique, which
uses a small C02 laser, can also be applied to ele
ages potentially can be retrieved in less than a nano
ments such as oxygen, where tracers are desirable,
second (about a billionth of a second) when illuminated
but no suitable radioactive probe exists. For further
by the original reference beam , compared with about
information, circle No.5.
1 0 milliseconds required by today's high-powered
NJ 1 2

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
--
I ,
"
'\,/' , -...... v
� �
in today
- ':41Jd
! _"already walks
tomorrow.
...
- ---
Bell Communications Research (Bellcore) provides

the..research, eng�neering, and technical SUPport
w:- necessary to keep its owner/clients, the.B.cl1
'-
, �erating companies,
.
on the leading edge, -
� , .
With.-oved�,OOO highly talented empl�es on .s� ff,
-
.
__
--We are one of the largest research cons�

the wruJ..Q and' the source of signifi.� break-
,.throughs in...a,.d .wi e variety of technical....areas.
. .�
-.......
We have.openings at our nUll�rn and central-
New Jersey ..facilitIes fox. creativ� who are
./.J
, i.Q. �e�teQ �akin� a significant c��tri�in: ....... ./
\ ' . Softwars: De$-:m'd:116velePment
• Applied Research /
• Networ-f Information Systems'---
• Systems Engineering .
-
•. Network Planning
A BS, MS or PhD degree in Computer Science, "-

Computer or Electrical Engineering i� a"'requirement.
We're also looking for individuals with PhB degrees in
- Mathematics, Statistics, Ope�ns Research, Physics
or HUnlan Factors Engineering. -- ....
-
Ifyou are. interested in designing the world of tomqrrow,
write to Bellcore today. ,4
�-
v / Manager, Technical Employment
Bell Communications Research /
.- Department 330/3014/91
/ f
4B-130, CN 1300 I
..-
�ataway, NJ 08855
I
......, ., An equayopportunity employer.
. - -

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
---- A d v e r t i s i n g D Supp l e m e n t ----
allow corporations a state tax credit for increasing

research. Equally important, the Council provides a
forum for researchers from complementary and com
Scientific Instrument Services Inc., Ringoes, is working with Rutgers University's
peting organizations to rub shoulders. "Networking is a
Center For Advanced Food Technology (CA Fl) to commercialize a "Short Path nurturing process that leads to faster discovery," ob
Thermal Desorption System.· This new instrument attaches to gas chromato serves Dr. Clark.
graphs, which separate complex mixtures into individual components. The
thermal desorber will allow for the controlled heating of substances to outgas ne organization that is shaping collaborative
volatile and semi-volatile compounds and efficiently transfer them into the gas arrangements into an art form is neither a
chromatog raph for analysis. Altematively, the instrument is used for thermal company nor a university, but the US Army's
desorption of organic vapor traps, which collect and concentrate compounds
military communications-electronics research
for subsequent analysis. The instrument can analyze a wide variety of sub
and development arm . In the mid-1980s, it
stances, including foods, beverages, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, building
became obvious that the Government lacked
materials, and natural products. It is being used in forensic science for arson
investigations. Environmental applications include indoor and outdoor air
the resources to meet all the increasingly technical
pollution monitoring and the analysis of toxic compounds in soils and sludges. needs of the military internally.
The system is fully compatible ,with all gas chromatographic techniques "We faced two choices ," says Dr. C.G. Thornton ,
and detectors, including systems interfaced to mass spectrometers and director of the Electronics Technology and Devices
infrared spectrophotometers. Circle No.6. Laboratory (ETDL). The 314-person (mostly civilian) lab
specializes in basic electronics research and is co
New York City," says Mr. Clingham. "Those who look located at Fort Monmouth with the Research, Develop
beyond the turnpike pollution , to Princeton, Mercer, ment & Engineering Center (RDEC) of the Com munica
and Hunterdon counties or the Delaware Water Gap, tions-Electronics Command (CECOM) , a 2,200-person
know it's not true. The shoreline is terrific, we have facility focusing on "Command, Control , Communica
mountains and lakes." tions, and Intelligence" technologies. "We could take
The state also is known as "the Garden State" for a what money we had and execute individual projects ,"
reason. "New Jersey is the most diversified agricultur continues Dr. Thornton. "That would mean that internal
ally of the states ," says Dr. James V. Gramlich, director R&D would play an important but small role in creating
of American Cyanamid 's Agricultural Research Divi the military's systems. Alternatively, we could set much
sion , who resisted pressure to move from Princeton to larger goals and team with industry and academia to
a more rural area when his company expanded in 1982. implement them."
He adds what he considers a more important reason for By opting for the leadership role, Fort Monmouth's
staying put: New Jersey companies draw from a more labs have set high-tech paths toward product objectives
cosmopolitan employee-base than com petitors in the that are often completed by outside contractors. For
South or Midwest. "The assumption that an agricultural example, ETDL developed and sponsored the micro
company needs to be where the farms are is wrong," he miniaturization of electronic circuits that went into the
says. "We don't do our research with corn fields. We do Patriot missile system that made headlines during Desert
our research with people." Storm .
The cooperative approaches take many forms. Small
he conscious creation of the Invention State Business Innovation Research grants fund research
comes from state govemment-inspired ef that could lead to military products. An "open labora
forts-like the New Jersey Commission on tories" policy and state-of-the-art equipment encourages
Science and Technology and the Governor' s academic and industry personnel to conduct on-site
Economic Development Task Force, part research at the labs. ETDL has the stamp of approval
nerships forged between state government from the National Science Foundation and the National
and New Jersey's technology- based enterprises. Research Council that allows doctoral and post-doctoral
"Governor Florio recently signed legislation appropriat candidates to conduct research projects on-site. In the
ing much of a recent $350 million bond issue to improve contractual area, multi-million dollar consortia staffed
higher education facilities, including the construction of by scientists from corporations and universities share
several new Advanced Technology Centers ," says patents , trade secrets , and combined assets on crucial
George R. Zoffinger, Commissioner of the New Jersey projects.
Department of Commerce & Economic Development. The military's prevalent new open-door attitude
Private efforts also encourage New Jersey's re swings both ways-government labs now focus some
search. For exam ple, the R&D Council ' s leadership of their expertise on non-military markets. "Our main
paved the way for the $50 million Liberty Science customer is the soldier, but we have broadened our
Center, scheduled to open in the Spring of 1992, as well scope considerably," says Anthony V. Campi, CECOM
as the introduction of the R&D Tax Credit bill that may RDEC director. In addition to providing research to
NJ 14

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
------- Advertising ElsuPPlement
other branches of the armed forces, dual
use technology such as night-vision de
vices are employed against narcotics
trafficking and terrorism. "We' re trying to
operate more like a business wherein
each technology center operates in an
entrepreneurial fashion , fulfilling the R&D
needs of our customers , " says Mr. Campi.
Last year RDEC total R&D and procure
ment amounted to more than $600 mil
lion.
The Technology Transfer Act, which
Congress passed in 1986, allows gov
ernment labs to collect licensing fees and
royalties when products based on their
patents are sold in the commercial mar
Ideas:
ketplace; 20% of the royalties go to the We'll help you share them
with the world.
inventor. ETDL alone received more than
one patent a week last year. "That places
us in the top 100 corporations in rates of
patents issued , " says Dr. Thomton. _ Even in these uncertain times, one thing is
Rather than abrogate research re l� certain. Global markets will continue to grow.
sponsibilities, the military's R&D leader- �k1i.a To offer important business opportunities
for your company And your ideas.
Gateway America, the New YorkfNew Jersey region,
is your windDw to them.
Not only is Gateway America the world's leading
Optical fibers provide the capacity for
transferring large amounts of informa
air cargo center, but its harbor facilities are among
tion over long distances. However, the busiest in the world.
current telecommunications networks Plus, with superb highway and rail systems linked
rely on electronic switching to perform with its air and harbor complex, the region is one
the routing function. This means that powerful supersystem.
photonic information must be con
W hich makes it ideal for businesses either importing
verted into electrical form in order to
or exporting goods and products.
be routed, then reconverted to optical
W hether it's the European Community, the boom
form in order to continue on its way. At
Princeton University, a team led by ing countries of the Pacific Rim, or the evolving
Paul Prucnal, professor of electrical nations of Eastern Europe, all represent economic
engineering and director of the opportunities to keep your ideas moving forward.
Photonics and Optoelectronic Materi T hat's why the Port Authority provides New York
als Center, has developed photonic
and New Jersey businesses with trade assistance.
switches that eliminate the need for
Assistance ranging from our World Trade Institute's
conversion.
international trade & finance seminars, to our
Princeton has filed a patent appli
cation for a self-routed optical control XPORT trading company & trade mission programs.
system, which not only identifies the So if you have any ideas of global importance,
appropriate destination for incoming share them with us.
optical Signals, but also sets the state We' ll help share them with the world.
of the photonic switch. In addition, Dr. For more information, write for our free "World
Prucnal's group has demonstrated
of Trade" brochure.
the feasibility of a novel architecture
for a photonic switch that interchanges THE PORr AlRHORRY A
time-multiplexed channels, and con
structed an experimental optical
@u��®��dJ� �
T he Port Authority of New York & New Jersey,
cloci< recovery system using the period One World Trade Center, MAP 685, New York, NY 10048
International House, World Trade Centre,
oscillations of a hybrid electroptic
St. Katharine's Way, London, EI 9UN, England 1-481-8909.
bistable system. Circle No.7. Leutschenbachstrasse 45, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland 1-302-1310.
Kokusai Building, Suite 701, 3-1-1 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo 100, Japan 3-213-2856
NJ 15

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
-----
A d v e rt i s i n g El Supp l e m e n t -----
ship role has raised the level of research, since Fort

Monmouth's scientists must identify projects, choose
partners, and shepherd research to successful conclu
sions. In response to the growing amounts of technical
A transformation and selection system, developed at
information that their staff must deal with , the labs have
Rutgers' Waksman Institute, provides agriculture with
stepped up their education programs. "RDEC' s goal is
an important tool to incorporate new traits into the
to have 60% of our people with masters and doctor chloroplast genomes of higher plants. Every leaf cell
ates ," says Mr. Campi, adding nearly half now have has about 1 00 chloroplasts, each containing 50-1 00
advanced degrees. In addition to paying for education genomes. A major difficulty was to ensure that all
and giving employees time to pursue it, CECOM man chloroplasts and all chloroplast genomes be modi
ages a software engineering program that results in fied so that the transgenic traits would be stably
master's degrees. The employees receive on-the-job inherited. Dr. Pal Maliga and his team developed a
experience writing and integrating software programs genetic selection system to overcome the problem.
into tactical field systems, while taking advanced courses In contrast to genes/traits carried on the nuclear
genome, a new chloroplast gene is greatly amplified
at nearby Monmouth College.
(about 5,000 to 1 0,000 times). Moreover, such traits
do not segregate to their offspring, but are always
ne of New Jersey's claims to fame is its long
maternally inherited. Circle No. 9.
standing emphasis on education. "J ust as
Silicon Valley was created to exploit the choose their own projects is helping NEC stock its ranks
discoveries of Berkeley and Stanford , and with top-flight scientists. "All research results will be
the Research Triangle grew out of Duke, promptly published in the open scientific literature,"
North Carolina State, and the University of promises Dr. Dawon Kahng , president, who developed
North Carolina, much longer ago New Jersey science the first MOS transistor while at Bell Laboratories. N EC
evolved from our universities ," says Mr. Clingham from chose the Princeton area "because of New Jersey's
David Sarnoff. Indeed , many of New Jersey's corpora tradition for basic research and the presence of leading
tions run their research along academic lines. Some research institutions that share our comm itment to
encourage employees to take adjunct professorships generating beneficial knowledge."
at colleges in their back yards, while others set up The status of prirnary and secondary schools causes
liaisons with university researchers. One of the state's research directors increasing concern. "Decreasing
newest entries, NEC Research Institute I nc., followed quality of education may generally be a problem
academic guidelines when it dedicated its 21-acre throughout the American educational system , but it's
Princeton "campus" last May. particularly important for the future of a state so de
NEC's bold goal is to build "a world class reputation" pendent on research," charges Dr. Maurice Schwarz,
in physical and computer sciences within five years. vice president of pharmaceutical research and develop
Guarantees of generous funding and the freedom to ment for Ciba-Geigy.
Most Jersey corporations actively work with local
school districts to help make improvements. For ex
ample, Ciba-Geigy provides summer jobs to bright kids
and high school teachers from the Summit school
district, and lends its scientists for talks about science
A new technique patented by Drs. Zhao-Zhong Wang and Nai-Phuan Ong of
careers and to demonstrate lab equipment.
Princeton University's Physics Department yields high-quality single crystals
of the compound YBa:zCU3Or, for use in developing superconducting elec
tronic devices. Previous efforts to grow single crystals have produced orporations concentrating on long -term re
crystals which reached the point of superconductivity at temperatures too search in particular foster academic bonds.
low ortoo variable. The failure of these crystals reflected an oxygen deficiency In addition to working with Siemens' operat
incurred by the wrong growth conditions, since the crystal's oxygen content ing companies, Siemens Corporate Research
determines its transition temperature. I nc., the company's Princeton-based central
Drs. Wang and Ong discovered that the flux used to grow the crystals US research laboratory, makes a habit of
must contain the compound BaCu02+x in the correct state of oxidation to fostering close ties with the academic community. One
yield crystals that are uniformly oxygenated. Their SUperconducting proper
recent example, a workshop on machine learning theory
ties are more homogeneous, as reflected i n a relatively narrow range of
that Siemens sponsored with MIT and Princeton Uni
transition temperatures. At room temperature, their resistance to electrical
flow is five to ten times less than that of crystals produced in other ways. versity, was attended by more than 75 researchers from
The patented process results in crystals that separate easily from the flux academia and the corporate world.
without aqueous solvents, which can affect Y�CU3Or. lt is also speedy, "We really have three partners ," says Dr. Horst G.
yielding crystals in a few days. Circle No. 8. Morgenbrod , vice president and research director at
Corporate Research, "our parent company, Siemens
NJ 1 6

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
A d v e rt i s i n g D S u pp l e m e n t
AG in Berl in/Munich, our own operating companies in

the US, and our research partners at some of America's
leading colleges and universities." In the 1989/90 fiscal
year, Siemens provided approximately $2 million as part A technology using human rhinoviruses (HRVs, common cold viruses) as vaccine
of its active and joint research liaison programs with vectors has been developed by Dr. Edward Arnold and his research group at
such academic partners as Carnegie Mellon , Columbia, the Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine (CABM) of Rutgers and the
MIT, Princeton, and Rutgers. As they work together on University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey in collaboration with
specific prog rams, this type of cooperation emphasizes colleagues at the University of Wiscons in . Applying recombinant DNA technology,
the scientists engineered HRVs that can carry immunogens from foreign patho
mutual benefits and plays an important role in Siemens'
gens, a technique which should be useful in preventing a variety of diseases.
approach to research.
HRVs are among the best possible choices for use as l ive-virus vectors for
Siemens can trace its commitment to research to
human vaccines. They are relatively mild pathogens; they are serotypically
its founding in Berlin in 1847 when Werner von Siemens diverse, consisting of approximately 1 00 characterized serotypes; and, unlike
established the company on his design of an improved alternative vectors such as polio virus and vaccinia virus against which most
pointer telegraph. During succeeding years , the House people are already immunized, they can be used in a large segment of the
of Siemens achieved various technological "firsts": the population, making vaccination possible even in adults. H RVs stimulate a robust
first dynamo machine, the first electrified railway, the and long-lasting immune response in both mucosal membranes and serum,
fi rst x- ray tube, the first in-the-ear hearing aid , and the and this response can be boosted. They are highly characterized in terms of
fi rst implantable cardiac pacemaker. Last year alone , three-dimensional structure and immunogenic mapping, enabling thoughtful
Siemens AG spent in excess of $4 billion , about 11% of deSign of replacements.

Prototypes have been constructed that display immunogens from human
its 1989/90 $40 billion-plus in revenues , on worldwide
immunodeficiency, influenza, and polio viruses. The technology is now avail
R&D. The US company allotted a similar percentage of
able for licensing. Circle No. 1 1 .
its revenues, which exceeded $4 billion, and annually
ranks among the top 10 firms granted the most US prog rams. According to Thomas P. Murphy, head of
patents. intelligent software systems, "Because Siemens ' many
Siemens conducts R&D at 25 American faci i ities , companies rely heavily on computers having millions of
which together employ more than 3,300 of the world lines of code, we needed an intelligent system that
wide company's 42,000 research engineers and scien could free our people to devote more time to other,
tists. The 100,000-square foot Corporate R&D lab in highly complex tasks." In identifying requirements needed
Princeton is unique in that its staff of 140 scientists , to mai ntain and update software
engineers , and support personnel concentrate on ex programs, Siemens' research
ploratory research, primarily in learning systems. "In the ers recog nized that a typical
past 25 years , ' research and development' has become maintainer spends more than
something of a catch-phrase," says Dr. Karl H. Zaininger, 60% of his or her time just to gain
president and CEO. "We' re involved more in the re an understanding of the system
search portion-typically smaller than development being maintained. Siemens' re
especially research that seeks to find something new for searchers are pursuing several
our company and perhaps new for the world." approaches to help improve un
One project, the "Maintainer's Assistant," combines derstanding of software systems.
machine intelligence and software technology to auto The Architecture Re-engi
mate many of the mundane tasks of mod ifying software neering System is a sub-project
of the Maintainer' s Assistant
aimed at simplifying the task of
reorganizing software. This tool
A microvacuum tube capable of operating at very assists programmers who are
high temperatures, high voltages, and under intense correcting or updating software to understand the CAD-layout of
ionizi ng irradiation is being developed by the New structure of a system , and to find specific modules multifunctional
Jersey Institute of Technology's Microelectronics among millions of lines of code. "Without this tool ," Mr. integrated circuits at
Research Center and the U.S. Army Electronics ML.:rphy notes , "it's like looking for the proverbial needle Siemens
Technology and Devices Laboratory at Ft. Monmouth.
in the haystack." The Architecture Re-engineering Sys-
The technology permits microvacuum tubes to
tem presents a graphic overview of a program by
be built by solid state substrates and high-density
organizing modules into a hierarchy of sub-systems.
semiconductor manufacturing processes. Industrial
applications include solid state circuits at high tem
The presentation allows programmers to browse through
peratures, circuits operating at high voltages, and the system to discover module and data dependencies
robotic-controlled systems in radiation environments in their search for the module of interest. It then sug-
such as nuclear power plants. Circle No. 1 0. gests ways to reorganize the module by combining it
with other subsystems.
NJ 1 7

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
SI EM ENS
1913. That was then.
,r
--: ff
?/1)d .
(/�:
./
// �}:�:fl; g;.
!;;.
Siemens' fi rst i n-ear hearing aid pioneered a technology which continues today at
Siemens Hearing I nstruments, one of several Siemens companies i n New Jersey
© Siemens Corporation 1991 .

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
1991 . This is now.
Speech recognition technology, developed in the Siemens Corporate Research

laboratories at Pri nceton, New Jersey, is enabling users to activate electronic systems
with voice commands. One day, this development wi l l al low doctors to control sophis
ticated medical equi pment, and handicapped d rivers to activate automobile controls
through speech. Siemens commitment to technological i nnovation speaks for itself:
10,000 U nited States patents; 7th i n total number of U.S. patents among all corpora
tions . Siemens. Precision Thinking .
Fo r more i nformation , write for Siemens '90. Box 8003R , Trenton , N ew Jersey 08650.
Automation Automotive Electronics Electronic Com ponents Energy I nformation Systems

L i g ht i n g Systems Medical Systems Power Generation Telecommun ications Trans portation

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
------ Advertising f]suPPlement
The Change Assistant, another sub-project, recog "If the hundreds of software engineers who design
nizes that many patterns of programming are repeated programs for just Siemens Stromberg-Carlson , our
in a software system . In a typical system, in fact, more central office switching system in Boca Raton , Florida,
than half of the code addresses how different sections use these tem plates and avoid errors, we can save
of software interact with the remaining code. The Change literally millions of dollars worth of programming time."
Assistant reads existing software, then creates a data The software may have too many commercial appli
base of "templates" or reusable sections of software cations to remain in-house, however. Already, several
that can be inserted or adapted rather than built from Siemens operating companies have expressed interest
scratch. "One benefit of using an existing template is in eventually marketing this bit of basic research.
that the code has already been tested ," explains Dr.
Dilip Son i , senior research scientist. "The bugs are out iemens is one of the many organizations
and we know it works." The sub-project also calls for headquartered on foreign shores that makes
building a catalog of templates and a thesaurus of its American research mark in New Jersey. In
software engineering terms. fact, one of New Jersey's charms is the
While the Siemens project is officially four years old , veritable United Nations of research-inten
Dr. Soni has been working on the concept of repeatable sive companies it hosts . Take Unilever Re
patterns of code since he considered templates for his search US Inc. The 500-person Edgewater facility is one
masters thesis and later his doctoral dissertation . He of Unilever's four international research facilities-and
has also adapted the template approach used by MIT's the only one outside its European home base.
Programmer's Apprentice project. To date, Dr. Soni Best known as the home of Dove beauty bar,
has used a software system with 40,000 lines of code Edgewater also created Rinso, the first granulated
to perform experiments and evaluate the usefulness of laundry soap; Wisk, the first heavy-duty liquid laundry
templates. detergent; Close-up, the first clear gel toothpaste; and
Siemens Corporate Research is developing the Surf , the first detergent that removes both dirt and
Maintainer's Assistant for internal use, with the current odors . "We're responsible for the design, synthesis,
prototypes helping to maintain software systems writ and delivery of molecules in the cleaning, sanitation ,
ten in the C programming language. As Dr. Soni notes , and personal care fields," explains Dr. Chester D.
For Bread
At BASF, we try to make the world a better place, at home or on the From our ag ricultu ral products that help assure there is food for a
road . We don't farm , but our mold i n h i bitors guard ag a i n st s poi l ag e g rowi ng world popu latio n , to our products that shield you and you r
in farmers' crops. We don't manufacture cars, but our automotive possessions agai nst the forces of natu re, BASF hel ps make l i ves
coati ngs h e l p protect you r
vehicle from the weather. We don't rnore productive and m ore enj oya ble .
m ake a lot of the p rod ucts yo u b u y. We m ake a lot of th e p rod ucts But more i m portantly, at BASF, we never forget the effect we have
you buy better. on the world we l ive i n . Our employees have a strong

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
------- � d v e r t i s i n g El S upp l e m e n t -------
Szymanski , chief executive officer. The lab 's latest to large-scale fertilizer production, and the company's
major discovery is Lever 2000, a mild, anti-bacterial coal and hydration work laid the basis for the modern
deodorant bar introduced over the last 12 months. petrochemical industry. BASF also invented magnetic
A factor that attracted European companies to New recording tape more than 50 years ago.
Jersey in past generations was the state's location as a Altogether, BASF makes more than 6,000 products ,
convenient leaping-off point to the Continent. Unilever including the highly regarded Zerex™ antifreeze cool
established its Edgewater R&D facility in 1 952; Hoffmann ant. Most of its products , however are intermediate
La Roche traces its lineage back to Nutley in 1929; and
Ciba, half of the company that is now Ciba-Geigy,
moved to Summit in 1935.
BASF Corp. recently voted to stay in New Jersey.
With its current North American headquarters i n
Removing organic contaminants from soil is a major objective of industries
Parsippany, t h e chemical company recently announced
involved with hazardous site remediation. A new technique, pneumatiC frac
plans to construct a new Northeast regional and corpo turing, developed at NJIT's Hazardous Substance Management Research
rate headquarters at the I ntemational Trade Center Center, enhances existing remediation technologies in a variety of subsurface
Office Park in Mount Olive. Plans call for ground conditions. This in situ treatment technology i njects high pressure air or other
breaking for the 700,OOO-square foot facility by the gases Into contaminated geo l og ic formations at controlled rates and pres
fourth quarter of this year. When it is finished in 1994, the sures, thereby creating conductive channels in normally difficult-to-treat
site will house the 1,500 BASF employees currently fine-grained soils, such as silts and clays. The process renders the soils more
scattered through 11 New Jersey locations. permeable, thus accelerating tile removal and/or treatment of contaminants.
In more permeable coarse-grained sands and gravels, pneumatic fracturing .
The North American arm of BASF AG, headquar
rapidly aerates the formation to foster more efficient aerobic or anaerobic
tered on the Rhine River in Ludwigshafen , Germany,
biological degradation.
BASF counts 20,000 American employees and 1 989
A recent field demonstration of pneumatic fracturing increased air flow in
sales $5.4 billion . Many landmark chemical processes
a clay formation by more than one thousand times, which greatly accelerated
and products bear the company's stamp: BASF was removal rates of volatile organic compounds. A patent application has been
the first to develop commercial processes for indigo and filed on this technology while research continues. Circle No. 1 2.
sulfuric acid . Its synthesis of ammonia and nitric acid led
and Water
sense of environmental responsibility. From research and development to the fi nal product or
application, we take special care to hel p ensure that our production and disposal methods
The Spi rit of I nnovation
are safe and environmentally sou nd . After all , we all share the same planet.
It's not surprising that when busi nesses worldwide look to the future, they look to BASF.
Because we make products that help m ake life better for everyone. And everything.
Even bread and water. BASF

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
I NVE ST I NG
IN THE
GENIUS OF THE
MIND
A simple discovery can unlock a secret that leaps millennia, to open riches of information that
amaze the world . . . . . The Rosetta Stone, found in the Nile Delta by one of Napoleon's Engineer
Officers, held the key to the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics : fragments of three identical texts, �
in a known language. The lost knowledge of the pharaohs sprang to life . . . . . Most discovery
needs more than luck. An orderly process of observation and analysis - plus the genius of the mind
to reach conclusion . . . . . At the David Sarnoff Research Center, the genius of the mind has been
at work for nearly half a century, making discoveries for corporate and government clients around
the world . . . . . This reservoir of accumulated experience and knowledge of superconductivity,
surface emitting diode lasers, high-definition TV systems and allied disciplines, continues to make
significant advances for our clients . . . . . General David Sarnoff saw us as a force to "Amaze the
world ! " using the powers of the mind to bring the best of technology to the service of industry and
government. As a result, we often find our heads in the clouds, our feet on the ground - and some
amazing solutions for the problems of our clients . . . . . For information call: the David Sarnoff
Research Center, CN 53 00, Princeton, NJ 08543-5300 (609) 734-25 0 7. . . . . When you want
to discover something amazing . . . . .
D AV I D
S A R NOF F
R E S E A R C H C E N T E R
Subsidiary of SRI International

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
A d v e rt i s i n g E] suPPlement -----
chemicals used as building blocks for products made primarily in the storage and manipulation of audio/visual
by other chemical companies and downstream users . information. Initially, MECA considered establishing its
The company's fibers are used by famous clothing I nformation Technology lab on the West Coast. How
designers, carpet makers , and car manufacturers ever, the presence of companies and universities involved
throughout the world. Thanks to attributes made pos in similar research-including Bell Laboratories, Bellcore,
sible or enhanced by BASF chemicals, athletic wear is David Sarnoff, and New Jersey universities-helped tip
expandable, electronic components achieve perfor the balance i n New Jersey's favor, according to com
mance gains, plastics exhibit increased strength, and pany officials.
adhesives stick better. Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd . , in Osaka,
Japan , is the world 's leading diversified consumer and
he current wave of New Jersey's R&D con industrial electronics manufacturer, with electronics
verts includes significant numbers of compa products that cross the spectrum from video-cassette
nies with Asian parents. Matsushita Electric recorders to industrial robots. Marketing Panasonic,
Corp. of America (MECA) was one of the Technics, and Quasar brand names, the US subsidiary
trailblazing Pacific-Rim companies to set up achieved some $5.4 billion of the parent company's
shop in New Jersey, establishing its head total $37 .8 billion sales in fiscal 1990.
quarters in 1975 in Secaucus, just across the H udson
River from New York City. ccording to an R&D Council survey, the
In 1981, the company launched its first US research I nvention State's total research and dt::v elop
facility in the state, Matsushita Applied Research Labo ment budget approached $23 billion in 1990.
ratory in Burlington. That 11 ,OOO-square foot lab focuses Conservative estimates assume that New
on digital image processing, high-density data recording, Jersey provides at least one out of every five
electronic imaging simulation , and advanced television corporate R&D dollars in the country. Those
concepts . Three additional New Jersey R&D sites fol research dollars , of course, are spread across indus
lowed: in 1988, Communication Systems Technology tries as varied as chemicals and computer software.
Laboratory in Secaucus; in 1990, Panasonic Advanced However, one powerful contributor to New Jersey's
1V-Video Laboratories, also in Burlington ; and in Janu hefty R&D warchest is the pharmaceutical industry.
ary, the Information Technology Lab in Princeton. According to a survey by Dr. Hal P. Eastman , associate
Headed by Dr. Richard J . Lipton , formerly of Princeton dean of the Rutgers Graduate School of Management,
University, the latest MECA laboratory is meant to the state conducts about one-fourth of all US health
develop computer systems software and graphics , products research and manufacturing, earning New
Jersey the title of "the nation 's medicine chest."
The Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association es
timates that moving a single new medicine from re
Psoralens are a class of chemical compounds obtained from natural sources search bench to pharmacy counter now costs over
known since ancient times to profoundly affect the skin in the presence of light $200 million and requires 1 0 to 12 years. With the
Ancient Egyptians extracted a psoralens-containing material from the plant average pharmaceutical house investing some 1 6% of
Ammus majus to treat the common skin disorder vitiligo, a disease which revenues in R&D, the industry budgets five times the
causes lighter-colored areas to appear on the skin because of lack of pigmen overall American industry ratio for research. The odds
tation. Following treatment, the lighter areas darkened and became less
are apparently worth it. Beyond the humane appeal of
noticeable after exposure. to sunlight. In modem times one psoralen, 8-
saving lives , the average prescription drug generates
methoxypsoralen (a-MOP) has been used as an anticancer drug, as an immune
sales of $50 million per year.
modulator, and to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, a skin disease which is
potentially fatal if untreated.
The rush of new molecular and diagnostic tools is
It has long been believed that a-MOP's therapeutic activity was due to the leading biologists and chemists to frontal attacks on
compound's ability, once activated by ultraviolet radiation, to modify the DNA killer diseases like never before. "Technology is allowing
of certain cells. However, this ability to react with DNA raises the possibility of us to move from a trial-and-error approach to a mecha
such a cell becoming malignant. This fear of cancer formation has severely nism-based assault against diseases such as cancer,"
limited investigation into potential pharmaceutical applications of these com says Dr. Robert Levy, president of Sandoz Research
pounds. Faculty at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Institute. " For the first time, we' re basing drug discovery
working with Lehigh University, have developed new groups of psoralens and on the new tools of biotechnology."
related compounds that behave similarly to a-MOP, but do not react with DNA.
However, the appliances of modern biotechnology
These compounds inhibit the activity of epidermal growth factor, a protein
are hugely expensive, necessitating a retooling of the
involved in the growth of skin cells, and may have potential in treating a variety
pharmaceutical industry that is leading virtually all of
of diseases such as pSOriaSis in which skin cells proliferate.Other applications
could include their use as safe tanning agents. For information on licensing
New Jersey's drug houses to monumental building
opportunities in skin diseases, cosmetics, or other applications, circle No. 1 3. projects. Sandoz is doubling its researcher capacity
with the construction of two new buildings. Hoffmann-
NJ 24

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
The R&D Spirit Lives in New Jersey.
Join Us to See That it Continues.

The R&D Council's mission is to improve the Patent Awards: Outstanding patents chosen
research environment for R&D laboratories in yearly in medical/health, consumer, and
New Jersey. To carry out that mission, our 100 industrial/defense categories.
member organizations support and participate in Major Conferences: Most recent, "The Creative
a multi-faceted program directed by 10 commit Environment:' 1992: Education and Training.
tees and staff. Following are highlights:
Model Projects: Industry/high school partnership
Legislative: Monitoring and lobbying for or against to improve science/math curricula and encourage
legislative proposals; e.g. the Council has initiated a technical careers.
bill to provide an R&D tax credit.
SciencelTechnology Medal: Annual award to a
Education: Initiation of a $55 million world-class management executive for bringing innovation to the
science museum now under construction. marketplace.
Management: Exchange of information on common We invite you to join us by calling or writing
rID
R&D management problems. Council offices for more information.
Regulatory: Interaction with State Department of
Environmental Protection to modify regulations on air
quality, water, hazardous waste.
Research &
Special Report: At the request of N.J. DEP a
& Development Council
summary of regulatory disincentives to research and of New Jersey
development.
2399 Route 10
R&D Facilities: Exchange of information and Morris Plains, New Jersey 07950
recommendations re lab design, construction, and (201) 898-4770
maintenance.

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
A d v e rt i s i n g Supp l e m e n t ----
La Roche's $1 20 million multidisciplinary science build proval. A growing emphasis among the 45 Ciba-Geigy
ing, slated for completion in 1994, will provide more drugs under development is in oncology. Thanks to
elbow room for existing researchers and new equip recent medical developments , four out of 1 0 cancer
ment. Schering- Plough's 1 million-square foot, $300 patients now remain alive five years after diagnosis.
million drug discovery facility, with a 1 992 completion An FDA advisory committee last year unanimously
date, will consolidate the company's New Jersey phar rec o m m e n d e d a p p roval of Ared i a for t reat i n g
maceutical research operations. And Ciba-Geigy is in hypercalcemia, a painful, life-threatening deterioration
the midst of a massive, decade-long program to reju of bone material experienced by an estimated 10% to
venate its "golden oldies buildings," some dating from 20% of cancer patients . Since Aredia appears to stimu
1937. When its 440,000-square foot life-sciences late the bone reconstruction process , Ciba-Geigy is
building is complete in 1993, 300 employees will move now testing the compound on additional bone metabo
from the parent company's New York sites to join the lism conditions.
2,800 technical , administrative, and support personnel A second drug under active development could
already working at the Pharmaceutical Division in prevent cancer from metastasizing. "Even when a tu
Summit. mor is excised , millions of cancer cells circulate
throughout the body," explains Howard Baer, senior
iba-Geigy Pharmaceuticals is a division of vice president of drug development. "When the body's
Ciba-Geigy Corp . , which in tum is a wholly immune system can't destroy all of these cells, the
owned subsidiary of what Douglas G. Watson , cancer spreads. Animal tests suggest our compound
president o f the US Pharma Division, calls could help in the mopping up exercise after surgery."
"intergalactic Ciba-Geigy," a $15 billion con Ciba-Geigy researchers also are exploring the drug ,
glomerate headquartered in Basel, Switzer which modulates the body's immune response, against
land. "A main difference between us and other pharma such diseases as herpes , influenza, and AIDS.
ceutical companies is that Ciba-Geigy is a whole slew of
businesses, including specialty chemicals, agriculture, iba-Geigy, along with Hoffmann-La Roche
and dyestuffs," says Mr. Watson . With 1 990 sales of $1 and Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, forms a triad
billion , Summit generates a third of Ciba-Geigy's world of Basel-based pharmaceutical houses that
wide pharmaceutical business, or a third of the US chose Central Jersey for a North American
subsidiary's corporate business . (Ciba Consumer base. "Sandoz traditionally was known as
Products in Edison markets over-the-counter drugs, the headache company because of our abil
such as Acutrim appetite suppressant, Doan's analge ity to extract ergots [a class of fungi] used to treat
sics, Sunkist vitamins, and Fiberall migraines, " says Dr. Levy. Now, Sandoz drugs address
bulk laxative.) conditions as varied as senile dementia, diabetes , and
The Pharmaceuticals Division infertility. And cyclosporine, a drug that suppresses the
reseeds roughly one-sixth of its body's immune response, is widely credited with mak
sales to R&D. Summit's concen ing heart transplants possible. While drug development
trations include research in ar occurs worldwide, Sandoz segregates its basic re-
thritis, pulmonary disease, car
diovascular, bone metabolism,
cancer, and central nervous sys
tem disorders. To speed discov
NEKTONTM heat transfer-fluid f1ow-turbulence-com
ery, in 1 987 Summit manage
bustio n software, developed by Cambri dge
ment devised a blueprint of four
Hydrodynamics Inc., Princeton, in collaboration with
distinct research phases , each
Ciba-Geigy's Aredia Nektonics Inc. and distributed by creare.x. Inc., sets
lasting one to two years and following a specific review the standard for modem complex fluid simulation and
molecule
schedule. "Setting up clear milestones made it much design codes. Other products include a photolithog
easier to track, monitor, and challenge our scientists ," raphy design code now used extensively for design
says Dr. Frank Douglas, senior vice president of re and si mu lation of sub-micron electronic chip fabrica
search. "From the time a compound is active in animal tion and a surface data compression, reconstruction,
models until we submit an Investigational New Drug and image enhancement program based on efficient
application used to take three to five years . Since we've new algorithms for Delaunay triangulation, mapping,
begun this approach, two compounds have moved to and interpolation. Combined with signal compression
techniques, possible appl icatio ns range from geo
development in 22 months ."
logic surface mapping to videophone and videomail,
Those drugs that make it over Ciba-Geigy's re
to fast image recognition, data compression, en
search hurdles graduate to the development group,
hancement, and filtering. Circle No. 1 4.
which conducts human testing and files for FDA ap-
NJ 26

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
Quality is never an accident.
It is always the resu lt
of intel ligent effort.
There must be the wi l l
to produce a su perior thing .
John Ruskin
At e l BA-G E I GY,
people are
the active i n g red ient
Pharmaceuticals Division
to pharmaceutical
C I BA-G E I GY Corporation
i n novations of tomorrow. . . Summit, N ew Jersey 07901

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
A d v e rt i s i n g E]suPPl ement
thesis is that lowering cholesterol reduces all -cause
mortality, a correlation never proven because significant
statistics have never been available."
New computer-aided-design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) Construction now underway will double Sandoz's
technology dramatically reduces the time and cost of producing custom Jersey presence from some 700 to 1 ,500 researchers
human prosthetic limbs and jOints. Traditional internal prostheses , such as hip by 1995. Although a multinational pharmaceutical com
joints, are generic and as a result can be iii-fitting; external prostheses, such pany with annual sales of some $6 billion , "Sandoz has
as below-the-knee limbs, are custom made, but the manual sculpting process all its research eggs in a Swiss basket," says Dr. Levy,
is time-consuming. since Basel scientists conduct fully 70% of corporate
The new highly automated system uses laser, MRI, or CAT-scan tech
R&D. An equally crucial motive for the expansion was
nology, combined with CAD/CAM techniques, to quickly measure, design, and
triggered by biological advances. "The US is in the
mill custom artificial limbs and jOints. Patients can receive a uniquely comfort
forefront of biotech research," says Dr. Levy, "and New
abl e and precise prosthesis in hours rather than weeks. Artificiai hi ps made
with the tech nol ogy currently are marketed in the U.S. by Endotec Inc. , which Jersey is a center of biotech action . "
also is testing the CAD software for marketabi l ity . The prosthesis project is a
cooperative venture of NJlT's Center for Manufacturing Systems, Kessler ne company contributing significantly t o the
Institute of Rehabilitation, an d Endotec. Circle No. 1 5. biotechnology revolution is Hoffmann-La
Roche, a member of the multinational family
search by country, with the lion 's share taking place in of the Roche Holding Ltd. group in Basel.
Switzerland. East Hanover focuses on anti-diabetic The Nutley-based health-care firm got an
compounds, monoclonal antibodies for treating tumors early start in the biotech race in 1967 when it
and viral infections, and lipid lowering agents designed established the Roche Institute of Molecular Biology,
to reduce blood cholesterol levels. the first and still the only freestanding, company-sup
An estimated 25 million Americans have lOW-density ported facility in the US devoted exclusively to basic
lipo-protein cholesterol levels above 240. Sandoz be biomedical research. In 1986, Roche entered the com
gan working on a host of chemical compounds to mercial biotech arena by introd ucing Roferon-A®, ini
interfere with cholesterol metabolism 20 years ago, tially indicated to treat hairy cell leukemia and later
when cholesterol was just gaining notoriety as a con approved for AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma.
tributor to heart disease . In the mid-1980s, animal Perhaps even more significant than the therapeutic
studies began on the drug , now known as fluvastatin.
"In many species , we saw dramatic changes in choles Fiber OptiCS
terol levels," says Dr. Levy. "But the compound also &ensors
caused serious side-effects in some animals. When
dealing with a drug that interferes with such a basic Rutgers' researchers Henrik Pedersen, professor of
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, and George
process as cholesterol synthesis that occurs in every
H . Sigel, Jr., director of the Fiber Optic Materials
cell in the body, you must be sure that you don 't cause
Research Program, have developed miniaturized
more harm than good."
sensors for chemical and biochemical reagents. The
Instead of abandoning fluvastatin , Sandoz stepped sensors incorporate chemically active materials onto
up its animal studies. By 1985, researchers were con fiber optic waveguides.
vinced that, since side-effects occurred only in animals These devices function by chemically altering
with four stomachs , the drug was safe for human analyte compounds to yield optically active end
testing. Sandoz then found that small doses offluvastatin products that are then monitored with thin optical
produce what Levy calls "big league results-typically a fibers. To date, the researchers have used the tech
20% to 30% lowering of cholesterol, usually within two nique to sense hydrogen peroxide and g lucose and
weeks of the onset of treatment." For the last two years, have applied for a patent on the overall strategy.
Also under investigation are sensors for glutamiC
Sandoz has conducted large-scale, longer-range hu
acid. Glutamate detection is important to the fermen
man studies to demonstrate safety and effectiveness
tat i o n i n d ustry, often in the m a n ufac t u re of
and to com pare fluvastatin with other agents. Expecting
recombinant products in mammalian cell cultures.
to submit its findings to the FDA by yearend , Sandoz is The Fiber OptiCS Program's numerous other
now gearing up production so that enough capsules will projects suitable for collaborative work include high
be available if the drug is approved. tem perature fiber coatings, embedded fiber sensors,
However, approval will not end fluvastatin testing. approaches to reducing static and dynamic fatigue
With massive five- to seven-year studies involving 30,000 effects in fibers, exim er laser damage and defect
subjects , Sandoz hopes to correlate low cholesterol generation in fibers, non-linear optical behavior in
levels with overall health. "Although 40% to 44% of all fibers, and new compound oxide and non-oxide
deaths can be traced to heart disease ," says Dr. Levy, glasses for specialty fiber applications. For further
information, circle No. 1 6.
"at least 56% of people die from other causes. Our
NJ 28

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
She
practices
vvit h
all h er
h eart
Andria R. Coffman
Heart transplant, April 6, 1 989
Andria was ill for 6 years.
Before her transplant, she was
too tired to do anything, much
less dance. Now, Andria takes
lessons. She dreams of having
perfect form.
Organ transplants are no

longer rare; worldwide, over
140,000 have been performed
since 1 983 alone. But to Sandoz
Pharmaceuticals Corporation,
the most remarkable aspect of
transplantation is the new life
that can emerge after surgery.
And in transplant recipients
like Andria Coffman, there is
also a shining sense of commit
ment- a commitment we are
proud to share.
Our Progress Is Measured

by the Lives We Change
A SANDOZ
©1991 Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation
A �O��i�,C?�o�o�e��7��T1S��

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
------- A d v e rt i s i n g El Supp l e m e n t
cells. PCR represents a major advance in testing for

human immunodeficiency, the virus responsible for
AIDS, because it can identify the virus even before
Currently, used containers are sorted for recycling manually and are limited to antibodies appear in the body. It may also enhance
only two major plastic container types: PET soft drink bottles and polyethylene detection of Lyme disease, various cancers, and ge
milk jugs. A number of plastics, particularly potyvinyl chloride (PVC), are
netic disorders such as sickle cell anemia and cystic
overlooked, and the sorted stream is often less than pure.
fibrosis. Roche Biomedical Laboratories, the company's
Researchers at Rutgers' Centerfor Plastics Recycling Research (CPRR) have
nationwide clinical laboratory network, began offering
devel oped an automatic sorting system for mixed plastic containers. A small,
low-cost, x-ray fluorescence detector recognizes PVC containers rapidly and PCR-based testing last November at its new Center
with high accuracy. When commercialized, this technology wi l l enable the for Molecular Biology in Research Triangle Park, N.C.
separation of a PVC stream, while increasing both the quantity and purity of A significant research effort to reduce PCR technology
sorted PET streams, thus increasing economic value. The work of CPRR to clinical laboratory practice is underway in Roche
scientists has already led to resin reclamation technology for beverage bottles, research labs in New Jersey and Califomia.
a technology licensed to Day Products, Bridgeport, in 1989. Additional licenses While PCR and a host of other developments in
have been sold worldwide. C i rcle No. 1 7. biotechnology are exciting, they represent just a facet of
a broader program of research and development at
agents spawned by biotechnology is the increased Roche. As I rwin Lemer, the company's US president
understanding biotechnology is bringing to medical and CEO, notes , Roche scientists are aggressively
science, says Roche worldwide research head Jurgen pursuing original research in a number of major thera
Drews, MD., who is based in Nutley. "We have the peutic categories. They include AIDS , anti-infective,
potential to make, clone, express, and purify any protein cardiovascular, central nervous system , dermatology,
in the body," Dr. Drews explains. "Biotechnology can immunology, inflammatory, metabolism , and oncology.
help us identify proteins involved in the disease process. Beyond developing and marketing prescription
With this information, chemists can literally design drugs pharmaceuticals, Roche is one of the world's largest
directed at specific molecular producers of bulk vitamins. Its Belvidere, N . J . , vitamin C
targets. And once we understand manufacturing facility remains the world ' s largest. The
the mechanistic role of therapies, company has also emerged as a leader in the diagnos
we will be able to avoid many tics industry, with a major instrumentation and reagent
side-effects ." business and one of the nation's largest clinical labo
Dr. Drews views biotechnol ratory networks. All told, the US Roche health care
ogy not just as a source of ge
netically engineered pharma
ceuticals, but as an invaluable
tool both in development of tradi Professor lisa C. Klein of Rutgers' Center for Ceramic
peR technology tional drugs and in the enhancement of diagnostic Research has developed the use of sol-gel processed
mimics DNA capabilities . "It's likely that 10 years from now," says Dr. i norganic membranes for gas separations. Given a
replication Drews, "biotechnology will play a role in virtually every mixture of gases with widely different molecular
significant biomedical advance." weights, a membrane can separate light from heavy
gas. Channels only a few times larger than the diam
Roche researchers believe that one of the most
eter of the gas molecule are formed when preparing
promising biotechnical tools on the horizon is Poly
ceramic materials by the sol-gel process. This pro
merase Chain Reaction (PCR) technology, a technique
cess, a chemical polymerization of ceramic precursors,
that can detect as few as one infected white blood synthesizes microporous oxides for gas separation
cell from among 10,000 uninfected cells. PCR technol membranes at room temperature.
ogy mimics natural DNA replication , where each DNA The product of the sol-gel process takes on many
molecule separates into two strands each time a cell properties of the corresponding ceramic material
divides. Following this division, an enzyme known as once it is heated, maintaining the chemical properties
DNA polymerase triggers a process that copies each of the ceramic material without elim inating the
strand , effectively doubling the number of DNA mol m icroporosity. Sol-gel materials mimic microstruc
ecules after each cycle. Using PCR technology, scien tures commonly seen i n com mercial polymer
membranes. Criteria for evaluating membranes such
tists can copy one DNA segment millions of times. "PCR
as flux, selectivity, and ease of cleaning are being
is to biomedical research what the copy machine was
applied to sol-gel membranes. The ability to separate
to the communications industry," says Dr. Drews.
gases has been verified with silica, while the use of
The technique has potential applications for practi
membranes for an increasing number of industrial
cally any biomedical or diagnostic process requiring and environmental gas separations is projected. Circle
amplification of genetic material , from determining pa No. 1 8.
temity to tracking down infected or genetically flawed
NJ 30

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
Since 1928 Hoffmann-La Roche has been changing the
landscape of biomedical research in NewJersey.
We're about to do it again.
We're totally committed United States devoted methods of prevention,
to original research. That's exclusively to basic diagnosis, treatment and care.
why we're adding a new biomedical research. And Our new research center is
research center to our why we give our scientists the another concrete example of
Nutley-Clifton campus. And means and the freedom to our commitment to
why we built the Roche innovate and explore. improving the health of
Institute of Molecular Biology, Worldwide, Roche invests humans and animals the
still the only company over a billion dollars a year in world over.
supported facility in the research to develop better
.. Hoffmann-La Roche
Working Today for a Healthier Tomorrow.

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
------ A d v e r t i s i n g El Supp l e m e n t ------
businesses account for close to $2.5 billion in annual

revenues.
he same year that Hoffmann-La Roche be

gan marketing Roferon-A, Schering- Plough, Professor Michael L. Bushnell of Rutgers' Center for
Computer Aids for Industrial Productivity (CAIP) has
headquartered just 1 5 min utes away in
developed software for automatic testing and valida
Madison , came out with its version of alpha-
tion of large microelectronic circuits. Large-scale
2 interferon. Intron A is now indicated as an
circuits have led to m icroprocessors composed of a
anticancer and antiviral therapy against 16
million transistors on a single chip. But as more devices
diseases in 44 countries . As with other large pharma are crowded on a chip, relatively fewer observation
ceutical houses, however, biotechnology is just one points are availableforvalidating operation and seeking
facet of Schering-Plough's R&D. The company' s over out defects.
the-counter line includes the topical CAIP'S Equivalent State Hashing (ES1) algorithm
antifungals Gyne-Lotrimi n , Afrin nasal analyzes and "learns" the Circuit as it explores the
decongestant, and cold-and-allergy search space for test-patte rns for all possible failures.
combination products Drixoral and The algorithm searches each portion of the solution
Coricidin 'D.' Its personal care prod space once, using decompositions to avoid repeating
previous searches. EST generates test-patterns for
ucts include Coppertone sun care and
large circuits more than five times faster than previous
Dr. Scholl 's foot care products. Still,
methods, and it accomplishes this speed using limited
about two-thirds of Schering-Plough' s
memory. Circle No. 20.
1 990 sales o f $ 3 billion came from
Intron A from
prescription pharmaceuticals, including asthma and age colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) , a treatment for
Schering-Plough
allergy therapies, dermatologicals, anti-infective and patients with low white blood cell counts ; interleukin 4,
anticancer agents, and cardiovasculars. which shows promise as an immune-response modi
Schering- Plough, which employs more than 5,000 fier; and interleukin-10, which has potential as an anti
of its 21 ,000 employees in seven New Jersey facilities , inflammatory agent or in suppressing the body' s im
approaches biotechnology through three complemen mune reaction .
tary organizations: DNAX Research Institute in Palo Biotech began for Schering- Plough with the 1979
Alto, Calif. , the Immunology Research Laboratory in acquisition of the rights to alpha-2 interferon from
Dardilly, France, and Schering-Plough Research, with Biogen NV. Schering-Plough scientists characterized
facilities in Bloomfield , Kenilworth, and Union. The re Biogen ' s original protein, developed a method to purify
sponsibility of the Jersey scientists is to characterize, it, devised an economical fermentation process , and
purify, scale-up to quantity production , and perform concocted a stable formula so that interferon could be
tests that lead to FDA approval on the genes originally duplicated from batch to batch. By 1982, Schering
cloned by DNAX and in France. In addition to Intron A, Plough began work on a plant in Union to produce
Schering-Plough has produced granulocyte macroph- interferon in quantity. Meanwhile, the company's scien
tists embarked on human clinical trials. In 1984, patients
with hairy cell leukemia achieved what Dr. Francis
Bullock, senior vice president at Schering- Plough Re
search, calls "absolutely dramatic results ." The FDA
Professors Bernard Kear, director of the Center for Surface Engineered
approved Schering- Plough's application within a year,
Materials, and Larry McCandlish at Rutgers' laboratory for Nanostructured
and I ntron A is now studied against a wide array of
Materials Research have developed a technology for making tonnage quan
tities of "nanaphase" WC-Co powders with ultrafine structures. Procedyne
diseases , including malignant melanoma, renal cell
Corp., New Brunswick, has collaborated with Rutgers to develop process cancer, and in combination with AZT for AIDS patients.
scale-up and optimization. Spray Conversion Processing (SCP) technology in While trials with additional genetic products con
volves the preparation and mixing of starting solutions, spray drying to form tinue, Schering-Plough scientists point to a fascinating
homogeneous precursor powders, and fluid bed thermochemical conversion insight that may help reveal the process of how infec
of precursor powder to the final powder product. ti o us viruses evolve. DNAX researchers engineered
Recent research has demonstrated the versatility of SCP technology for interleukin-10 (I L-10) as a cellular regulator to adjust the
making dispersion strengthened Cu, Ni, and Fe-base alloys, and metal particle body's white blood cells. It may prove helpful in attack
strengthened ceramics. Applications for nanophase composite materials ing foreign or infected cells in juvenile diabetes and to
have been identified, and appropriate end-user companies are sought to
suppress the immune reaction in organ transplants.
assist with further development. Procedyne Corp. has established a new
company, Nanodyne Inc., that will i niti ally supply nanophase composite
While exploring IL -10 for such uses , Schering- Plough
powdersto end-user companies and will eventually produce coated parts and researchers found a remarkable molecular similarity
net-shape parts. For further information, circle No. 1 9. between the protein and Epstein Barr Virus , which
produces infectious mononucleosis. Because of its
NJ 32

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192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
------ Advertising El Supp l e m e n t
likeness to IL- 10 , EBV "fools" the body's immune sys beyond the Garden State Parkway in. Pearl River, New
tem into holding off its attack. "We suspect EBV evolved York," says Dr. Gramlich. The Chemical Research Divi
this survival advantage by extracting part of the genome sion , in Stamford , Conn., also adds to the pool of
of the host-the IL- 10-into its own genome," sug technical expertise. "The results are complementary,
gests Dr. Bullock. The precise way for scientists to use synergistic, and sometimes just additive." This synergy
that intriguing clue is not yet clear, but Dr. Bullock notes of research talent has clearly sparked Cyanamid's
that, "In this field , we scientists work with an article of productivity. "In recent years , the Agricultural Research
faith. We hope that, if you practice good science, Division has launched new products on a global basis
commercial applications will follow." at a rate of one every 25 days," says Dr. Gramlich.
A synergistic case in point involves moxidectin. The
ot only does biotechnology contribute to the Medical Research Division examines thousands of soil
health and well being of humans, it also plays samples per week, searching for everything from natu
a significant role in agriculture. American rally occurring anti-cancer agents for humans to para
Cyanamid's Agricultural Research Division , siticides for plants and animals. In 1983, soil collected
headquartered on a 640-acre lab and experi from an Australian golf course yielded a natural sub
mental farm complex in Princeton , is apply stance that Princeton parasitologists found killed labo
ing biotech tools to improve animal health and increase ratory nematodes. Pearl River chemists isolated the
crop, milk, and meat production. For example, porcine active compound, which proved to be highly effective
somatotropin and bovine somatotropi n , two products against parasites such as hookworm and roundworm
currently awaiting FDA approval , are derived from natu that attack a broad spectrum of agricultural animals.
ral proteins which stimulate growth and increase lean During the next two years, the project was expanded
meat in pigs, and improve milk production in cows. globally when Cyanamid's Princeton and Latin Ameri
While biotech gets the headlines, many discoveries can scientists conducted numerous trials against inter
still come through high-capacity, classical screening nal and external parasites in Argentina and Brazil. "While
for example, Cyanamid's family of imidazolinone chem ' nemadectin' proved highly active against internal para
istry, which , to date, includes five different herbicide sites , it required doses 1 0 times higher to control
products , with more in the pipeline. These products external parasites," says Dr. Irwin "Win" Wood , a Re
attack an enzyme that is present in plants , but not in search Fellow and co-discoverer. This shortcoming put
humans or other animals. The resultant degree of safety nemadectin on the back burner.
to all forms of animal life is unique. The project really took off when Dr. Wood urged
Dr. James V. Gramlich, president of the Agricultural Princeton chemists to manipulate the nemadectin
Research Division, believes that his 810-employee re molecule in an attempt to fine-tune it. This led to the
search group enjoys a distinct advantage over competi synthesis of moxidectin. When Princeton parasitolo
tors , citing critical mass derived from tapping the parent gists and their Latin American colleagues tested the
company's Agricultural , Chemical , and Medical groups. compou n d , "results i n d icated that one dose of
Although not located in New Jersey, the company's moxidectin controls all major Northern Hemisphere
medical research arm , Lederle Labs , "is about one inch parasites in cattle and sheep and is very active against
heartworm in dogs ," says Dr. Wood. "Preliminary evi
dence looks good in horses and swine, and the poten
tial exists for some human applications."
While the company awaits worldwide registrations,
Anew multi chip module manufacturing technologydeveloped by International Cyanamid received approval for moxidectin use in cattle
Micro Industries Inc. �MO, Mount Laurel, provides economic and signal in Argentina and Uruguay in March 1990, two years
propagation time solutions for microelectronic packaging problems in high
ahead of schedule. Once the product is approved
speed, high-density semiconductor assemblies. IMI developed the
worldwide, moxidectin could tap a $1 billion annual
silicon-on-silicon multi chip module lead interconnect technique for the Re
search Initiative on Silicon Hybrids, a British govemment-sponsoredconsortium.
market.
Nine chips with 360 leads on 1 00 micron pitch are mounted on a 2-inch square
thin-film silicon interconnect substrate, utilizing advanced high density Tape umerous New Jersey companies span sev
Automated Bonding pioneered by IMI. eral research disciplines , some not nearly as
MULMABTM, a more advanced chlp-to-chip interconnect variant of the related as those claimed by Cyanamid. Take,
above, Is a very high-density, 25-micron substractive copper/polyimldelcop for example, Hoechst Celanese Corp. I n
per micro-printed f1exclrcuit. It is being applied in future multi-chip package New Jersey alone, the company created by
designs because it allows for high-speed assembly and repair, and reduced the merger of American Hoechst Corp. and
cost as compared to ceramic Or silicon substrate interconnects. IMI seeks
Celanese Corp. four years ago explores research as
licensing agreements, as well as development and production contract as
diverse as pharmaceuticals and materials science. The
sembly services. Circle No. 21 .
largest subsidiary of German-based Hoechst AG,
NJ 34

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
EARCH
ROJGHS
HAVE PUT US
IN " QUllE A STAlE.
For over a hundred years, many of this country's
most inventive minds have called New Jersey home.
That's one reason why Cyanamid chose to call
Princeton home for our 640-acre Agricultural Research
Division. The fact is, our scientists have a long and
distinguished history of their own in discovering and
developing breakthrough products - products that have
improved the quality of lives for hundreds of millions of
people around the globe for over 80 years.
For example, Dr. Marinus Los, an Agricultural
Research Division scientist, was recently honored by
Intellectual Property Owners, Inc. as a Distinguished
Inventor for his discovery of imidazolinone herbicides.
These herbicides are known for their small, bur effective
dosage and unique safety characteristics.
Supported by a research budget which has tripled
over the past decade as well as the resources of a Fortune
5 00 corporation, ARD scientists are discovering ways to
enhance the natural defense mechanisms of animals with
cytokines, which are protein molecules that regulate or
control the host defense system. And one of our newest
products, an endectocide, is considered by many to be one
of the most important advances in the history of animal
health research, controlling both internal and external
parasites.
We' re located along New Jersey's emerging high tech
Route One Corridor, just minutes away from Princeton
University and one hour from Philadelphia and New
York City. To explore scientific career opportunities, or to
learn more about our work, we invite you to write to :
American Cyanamid Company, Agricultural Research
Division, Employee Relations, Dept. SA, P.O. Box 400,
(!; CYANAIfIIID
Princeton, NJ 08543-0400. An Equal Opportunity Employer.

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
---- A d v e rt i s i n g D Supp l e m e n t
could allow us to at least arrest the progress of the

disease. If genetic clues help us predict who is suscep
tible," he continues, "perhaps we might ultimately pre
Margaronics Inc., conchiolin, a scleroprotein
East Brunswick, is exploring vent Alzheimer's from occurring in the first place."
found in mollusks. Applications of conchiolin in mollusk shellpowder prepa The Robert L. Mitchell Technical Center in Summit
rationsorconchiolin extracted from mollusks by physicaVchemicai techniques
(with 500 employees, one of the largest Hoechst re
may include the production of adhesives, sealants, jelling agents, cell culture
search facilities outside the company's Frankfurt head
attachment factors, calcium binding biosensors, orthopedic bone bonding
uses, sutures, bonding of dental materials, calcium channel blocker applica
quarters) tackles a very different challenge: advanced
tions (cardiology), and hair conditioners. Pending patents cover production of materials research. Its wide scope of technologies and
this protein by recombinant-DNA techniques as wel l as novel usesforconchiolin products include development of gas separation mem
by non-biotechnological approaches. branes and high-performance polymers for engineering
The experimental research is partly supported by an innovation partner resins and fiber applications. Typical research in the
ship award, funded by the New Jersey Commission on Science and Technology, polymers programs are efforts in thermotropic liquid
between Margaronics and Rutgers. Pearl-bearing mollusks come from crystal polymers, a class of resins that boast an excep
Margaronics and local shellfish waste are supplied to Rutgers Food Science tional combination of high-strength and stiffness , high
by the Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology Extension Center of Rutgers
temperature use, chemical resistance, very good elec
University. Circle No. 22.
trical properties, and ease of processing.
Hoechst Celanese is part of an intemational R&D family Hoechst Celanese is also breaking ground in the
that spends almost $4 million every day on research. emerging field of nonlinear optics. Employing state-of
"Starting from dyes and pharmaceuticals, the Hoechst the-art research and development approaches such as
Group has pioneered almost every field of industrial computer-assisted modeling, quantum mechanical
chemistry," says Dr. Emest H. Drew, Hoechst Celanese's calculations , and synthesis of u ltra-pure new polymers,
president and chief executive officer. the center's chemists, physicists, and engineers are
The results of Hoechst R&D appear in products engaged in the molecular engineering of materials that
ranging from prescription pharmaceuticals to fibers for promise to revolutionize communications in the 21 st
clothing, home fashions , automobile seat belts, and century. These polymers are the active materials in
tires , to soft drink bottles , toothbrushes , dyes , and electro-optical devices that may modulate communica
disposable diapers . tions signals into optical fibers at rates greater than 10
Hoec h s t - R o u s s e l P h a r m a c e u t i c a l s I n c . i n billion times every second . "Using these materials, the
Bridgewater explores diseases of the central nervous density and speed of communications may be in
...-----_,....... .. _
.. r---.... system, including schizophrenia and creased over a thousand-fold," says Dr. John P. Riggs,
obsessive compulsive disorders . I n vice president and managing director of the center.
1982 , Hoechst -Roussel laid out a three Homes may someday receive 1V, radio, telephone, and
tiered approach to Alzheimer's disease, computer information through a single fiber no thicker
which affects up to 30% ofthe population than a human hair. These same polymers may also be
over age 85: First, researchers would used to construct devices that lower the wavelength of
explore drugs to treat the early symp
toms, restoring some mental aware
ness ; second , they would treat more
advanced symptoms that occur as the
disease progresses, like further cogni Environmentally compatible, commercially viable, and
tive decline, paranoia, and depression ; economically affordable barrier coatings developed
and marketed by KROSS I nc. have applications in the
Hoechst-Roussel third , they would attempt to arrest or reverse the disease
maritime, petrochemical, agricultural, pharmaceuti
researchers explore itself. Now, more than 100 Hoechst researchers are
cal, and transportation industries. The company's
Alzheimer's disease studying Alzheimer's .
flagship product is KROSSKOTE 1 23, a 1 00% solids
By early 1991 , two Hoechst- Roussel compounds coating, free of volatile organic compounds. The
have reached clinical trials, with a third ready to enter the exothermically curing epoxy coating can be applied
human testing stages . "These drugs are not expected both above and below the watertine. Concrete struc
to cure Alzheimer's," says Dr. Richard Allen , group tures such as bridge foundations which have been
director, neurosciences. "Rather we hope they will damaged by chloride ions can be restored to struc-
.
improve some of the symptoms such as memory loss tural integrity. '
and , more importantly, improve the quality of life for KROSSKOTE 223, the first of a new generation of
patients and their caregivers ." Now that they are start non-polluting, non-toxic anti-fouling coatings, is cur
ing to understand what triggers the death of the brain rently under test. KROSSKOTE 223 was developed
under SBIR Phase I and II grants received from the
cells that lead to Alzheimer's, Dr. Allen is hopeful that
Environmental Protection Agency. Circle No. 23.
researchers can eventually block those events . "That
NJ 36

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
The langu�e of
Hoec Celanese
(herkst sel-a-neez)
While our name may be hard to say, the results of our scientific research are pronounced. Our
commitment of 2,000 research scientists in the U.S. alone, and Hoechst AG's investment of $1.5
billion worldwide has enabled us to take innovative ideas to fruition in practical applications. Here,
in the interest of education and enunciation, are just a few of our breakthroughs affecting all of us.
po�y-benz+nU�-20k
This fiber, known as PBI'iY is one of the first lines of defense in
protecting our armed forces against deadly chemical warfare. PBI® is
the high-tech component of chemical defense suits now available to
U.S. Air Force men and women in harm's way.
pol-y-eth-yl-ene ter-eph-thal-ate
Reducing solid waste is a m(ijor environmental problem. Plastics
recycling is part of the solution. We developed a new process for
recycling post -consumer PET soft drink bottles back into fresh, pure
reSin for use in making new soft drink bottles. Coca-Cola USA will
use this material, with FDA approval, to introduce the world's first
recycled plastic soft drink bottle this year.
vec-tra
Manufacturers, especially in the electronic and automotive
industries, are always searching for materials which can withstand
extremely high temperatures. Vectra® is our new liquid crystal
polymer which can take the heat and remains strong and stiff while
being molded rapidly and accurately into small complex parts. Its
potential is just beginning to be explored.
pen-tox-i-fyl-lene
Peripheral arterial disease afflicts millions of elderly Americans.
Pentoxifyllene, prescribed by physicians as Trental� is the only proven
effective agent for treatment of intermittent claudication, a painful
symptom of the disease.
i-bu-pro-fen
One of the most popular and effective analgesics, Hoechst
Celanese scientists have developed a new process that reduces the
number of steps it takes to make ibuprofen, thereby speeding
up relief.
Hoechst Celanese Hoechst rB
Science • Technology • Innovation

Corporate Headquarters, Somerville, NJ 08876-1 258
The Hoechst name and logo are registered trademarks of Hoechst AG.

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
A d v e rt i s i n g f] suPPlement ----
laser light. Since optical disks can store more informa

tion with lower wavelengths , the polymers create the
potential for greater storage capacity, and , ultimately,
ultra-rapid signal switching in optical computers .
An in vivo tibial K x-ray fluorescence (XRF)
diagnostic device, developed for safe, noninvasive
orporations provide New Jersey employees measurement of bone lead, uses a radioactive source,
with the second highest per capita income in germanium detector, and computer. A 3O-mi nute
the nation , but their executives point out that test measures the specific, characteristic K x-rays
economics are relative. "Yes , New Jersey is from lead atoms in the lower leg bone, and calculates
expensive, " says Dr. Gramlich of American the ratio of lead to cal ci um in the bone. Since over
Cyanamid, "but not compared to Connecti 90% of body lead is stored in bone for several
cut or New York City." Indeed , 62 New York companies decades following absorption, the XRF measurement
of cumulative lead exposure should replace tradi
announced plans to move to New Jersey in 1990 , a
tional techniques for assessing lead absorption in
30% jump over 1989.
children, exposed workers, and the public subjected
" H igh salaries initially do not seem conducive to
to excessive lead in water, food, improperly glazed
mass manufacturing," says Commissioner Zoffinger of ceramics, and deteriorating lead-based paints.
the Department of Commerce and Economic Develop To make the device widely available, Dr. Richard
ment, who notes that "corporations, entrepreneurs, P. Wedeen, professor of medicine and preventive
and universities need to feel they can continue the medicine at University of Medicine and Dentistry of
process that begins with R&D and ends in production . " New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School and associ
Manufacturers see benefit in New Jersey's locale, how ate chief of staff for research and development at the
ever. The state is simultaneously central to the North VA Medical Center, East Orange, has formed Atlantex
Eastem Seaboard-the largest consumer market in the Corp. at NJIT's Enterprise Development Center,
Newark, with Dr. Keith Jones, senior phYSicist,
world-as well as a threshold to
Brookhaven National Laboratory, using support from
Europe, which could become par
the New Jersey Commission on Science and Tech
ticularly attractive as the European
nology and NJIT. Circle No. 25 .
Community grows in importance.
New Jersey's ports and its intema new overseas markets; the Business Development
tional airport, coupled with those Group provides a full range of customized rnarketing
of neighboring states, provide easy services; the International Project Development Program
access to foreign markets, an im offers technical assistance on transportation projects in
portant issue for companies with foreign countries ; and I nternational Trade Representa
import/export considerations. tion and Prornotion addresses the needs of new export
Corporations like The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey companies.
Mobil are creating operates both Newark International Airport and Port XPORT, the Port Authority Trading Company, en
environmentally safe Newark-Elizabeth, one of the rnost flexible rnultipur gages in product sourcing for US and foreign manufac
products pose cargo centers in the United States. The Authority's turers, market research , licensing, and countertrade.
intemational trade divisions provide numerous export The company provides comprehensive export assis
services: The World Trade I nstitute rnonitors the impact tance to New York/New Jersey srnall- and medium
of international economic and trade activities in the sized companies seeking to enter the intemational
region ; the Trade Mission Prograrn helps small- and market. XPORT helps companies assess opportunities
rnedium-sized New York/New Jersey businesses enter for marketing their products overseas and assists them
in the formulation of export marketing and sales pro
motion programs.
"We must make sure our ports, airports, and roads
Microalgae have considerable potential as a source of commercially important stay competitive, so improvements must be ongoing , "
chemicals. The obligate phototrophic algae use simple inorganic carbon (from says the Commissioner. H e points out that tax policy,
carbon dioxide), nitrogen, and minerals to produce cell mass and numerous although unpopular, has made New Jersey the only
cell products. The ability to cuitivate algae from such plentiful substrates state in the Northeast (and one of only eight states in the
renders them economically attractive for a number of industrial processes. country) to retain a Triple A bond rating. "That means the
Several Porphyridium algae are capable of synthesizin g and secreting high
impact of the state govemment's money is greater
molecular weight biopolymers, which could serve as friction-reducing agents
more goes for development than to interest payments . "
(mucopolysaccharides) and as food additives as well as specialty medical
A s a state once heavily populated by chemical
chemicals. Princeton Polymers Laboratories and Rutgers University are in a
collaborative project to immobilize micrroalgae and to design bioconversion
plants, heavy manufacturing , and oil refineries, New
processes employing them in the immobilized form. Circle No. 24.
Jersey has a legacy of pollution concems . Thanks to its
history, the I nvention State also has an arsenal of tools
NJ 38

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
------ A d v e rt i s i n g Supp l e m e n t
to attack environmental issues. "New Jersey is taking a portant, " says Mr. Watson of Ciba-Geigy.
leadership role both in cleaning up pollution sites and in Smack in the midst of the environmental dilemma
making environmentally safe products, " says Dr. Clark are the energy and chemical industries. I n the last few
of the R&D Council. years, the oil industry has spent millions in engineering
improvements to reduce carbon monoxide and nitro
gen oxide emissions. And chemical product manufac
turers like Mobil Chemical Co. in Edison are developing
schemes to recycle used plastics, thereby reducing the
nation's waste disposal problems.
The challenge extends to creating environmentally
MMTC Inc. of Princeton has developed a respiration monitor for heavily

sedated or critical care patients and apnea-prone infants that can quickly and
reliably detect breathing irregularities and summon assistance. The monitor
senses respiration rates by using extremely small microwave signals in a
ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst
patented arrangement that combines a unique modulation scheme with
with molecule multiple flat-plate antennas. Because of this arrangement, the MMTC devel
opmental respiration monitor is virtually unaffected by the vibrations and
A great many of New Jersey's manufacturing com motions which often produce false alarms in other monitors. The small,
panies, citing both legal and moral responsibilities, are inexpensive monitor can be placed as a pad under the patient requiring no
responding to New Jersey's environmental problems. attachments. MMTC holds two patents covering the construction of the
monitor that are available for licensing. The monitor was developed under the
In addition to smokestack industries, the movement
sponsorship of the Division of Lung Diseases of the National Institutes of
encompasses companies such as pharmaceuticals
Health and the New Jersey Commission on Science and Technology. Circle
considered lighter manufacturers. "We have a respon
No. 26.
sibility to recognize that environmental issues are im-
The power behind the powers.

For over 88 years, PSE&G has helped more efficient by utilizing robotics and
power the companies whose technlcalachieve other new technologies.
ments have done so much to make life better We can help your company, too. Just
for the people of New Jersey, and the world. set up your operations in New Jersey.
Today, our assistance in the application For your free relocation kit about the
of laser technology, microwave heating many other advantages of New Jersey, call
and waste heat recovery systems helps PSE&G's Area Development Department
New Jersey businesses save money. at (201) 430-6861. And become a real power
We've also made our own operations in your business.
SWsocIiaIy of PU8L1C SERVICE ENTERPA.SEGRQUP INCOAPORATED SA 8-91
NJ 39

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
------ Adver t isi ng Su p p lemen t
molecules as they pass through the zeolite structure.

What will emerge, Dr. Wise predicts , are molecules that
are precisely sculpted for the functions they perform .
With these catalysts, industry will manufacture molecu
ENeRGIA Inc., Princeton, has developed a technology that converts hazardous lar structures that are inherently safer and less polluting.
volatile chlorinated hydrocarbon wastes to useful materials. The Reductive This vision of molecular management may have to
Photo-Dechlorination (RPD) process uses ultraviolet light and reducing at wait until the 21st century. But Mobil product designers
mospheres to convert waste streams to hydrogen chloride and valuable light are already teaming with toxicologists to identify and
hydrocarbons , such as ethylene, acetylene, and ethane. Using moderate develop molecular structures for a new generation of
temperatures (around 300° C), RPD does not produce soot or high molecular safer, "greener" products . One of the latest is a biode
weight growth. The technology has been demonstrated with a number of gradable hydraulic oil that Mobil began marketing in
volatile chlorocarbon pollutants, including trichloroethylene, 1 ,1 ,1 -
Europe last December for use in logging equipment,
trichloroethane, dichloromethane, 1 ,1 -dichloroethylene, and vinyl chloride.
which often leaks oil into the environment. "Our formula
Converting one pound of trichloroethylene with RPD costs less than $2.50,
includes components similar to vegetable oils that
compared with the current per pound cost of $40. When the value of recover
able hydrocarbons is included, the process pays for itseH. The RPD process bacteria can eat , " says Dr. A.J. Silvestri , manager of
works with both gaseous and liquid waste streams. It may be operated as a Mobil's Environmental Health & Safety department. "It's
stand-alone system, or as an add-on unit (pre- or post-treatment) to insure designed so that if it spills, it will biodegrade, eliminating
waste destruction to environmentally acceptable levels. Circle No. 27. harm to either aquatic or soil-burrowing species in the
environment. "
friendly products as well. "The ultimate strategy is to
eliminate or reduce pollution at the source-before it's hile typically perceived as a cleaner segment
generated," says J.E. Crawford, head of Mobil's Re of the industry than oil, gas and electric
search, Engineering & Environmental Affairs division, a utilities also have their environmental con
500-acre technical center nestled amidst farmland six cerns. The 35 R&D staffers at the Public
miles west of Princeton. "To engineer cleaner buming Service Electric & Gas Co. (PSE&G) of New
fuels and a new generation of lubricants and chemical Jersey explore such energy-related projects
products that will pass harmlessly through the environ as electric cars , solar cells, and a gas-fired cogenera
ment, we'll have to learn how to manage molecules tion unit they installed in a Rutgers greenhouse.
more effectively." Manufacturing these molecules may But PSE&G 's biggest claim to fame is its robots. Like
require industrial catalysts with capabilities far beyond other utilities, PSE&G first considered robots after
what is possible today. It will also require in-depth Pennsylvania's Three Mile Island nuclear accident in
toxicological knowledge, understanding of the link be 1979. Recognizing that remote-controlled machines
tween the molecular structure of a material and its could maintain equipment in radioactive areas without
impact on health and the environment. Mobil is working placing human health at risk, by 1986 PSE&G had
on both fronts.
Over the years, Mobil's scientists pioneered cata
lytic cracking, which breaks large, tarry molecules into
smaller gasoline-sized ones. They discovered zeolite
cracking catalysts, which gave refiners the ability to EPrrAXX, a Princeton-based optoelectronic device
squeeze another 1 0 gallons of gasoline out of every manufacturer spun out of the David 5amoff Research
barrel of crude. And they invented zeolite ZSM-5, a Center, has developed an indium gallium arsenide
unique catalyst that made possible a dozen commercial �nGaAs) detector array which is used as a sensor in
instruments for chemical analysis in laboratories as
processing technologies for the petroleum, petro
well as pollution monitoring and remote sensing
chemical, and synthetic fuels industries. "The key to
sateHites. The linear Marray" consists of 51 2 small
ZSM-5's versatility is the unique size of the holes that detector pixels which operate without cool ing in the
honeycomb its crystalline structure and serve as a 1 .0-2.5 JIn1 infrared spectrum with considerably higher
template goveming the size and structure of the mol sensitivity than anything previously available. This
ecules that . enter, form within, or exit the catalyst," device allows better ozone detection, crop monitor
explains Dr. J .J. Wise, director of Mobil's Research ing from space, and instant analysis of chemical and
Department. "ZSM-5's 'shape selectivity' has given medical fluids.
processors a new power to isolate specific molecular The array was developed under a NASA Goddard
structures and rearrange them to increase their market small business innovation research award with tech
value." nical cooperation from the NJIT EIectricaI Engineering
Department. A two-dimensional 1 28·x 128 element
Mobil scientists are seeking another catalytic tech
version suitable for use as an infrared camera will
nology breakthrough: catalysts that operate in assem
soon be available. Circle No. 28.
bly-line fashion, triggering consecutive reactions in
NJ40

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
------ Adverti s i ng Su p p lement -----
employed an 18-inch-long, tubular COMMITM ENT TO I N NOVATION

shaped robot known as Cecil. Initially
built by New York's Con Edison, Cecil Our Edgewater, New Jersey Laboratory is a Central Research facil ity for
has been jointly improved by Con Ed and Uni lever, a m ulti national , m ulti-bi l l ion dollar corporation com m itted to
PSE&G since its early days. For ex provid i ng technical ly superior con sumer and industrial products. Our
ample, a surgical camera now allows R&D staff has pursued science and technologies that have enhanced the
Cecil to photograph the interior of pipes everyday l ives of consumers and have opened exciti ng new frontiers for
and gas mains as it crawls through. Cecil scienti sts and eng i neers. Some i nnovations i nclude :
retrieves debris or decay with newly
added tongs, then flushes it out with a
new high-pressure water jet. o Design & synthesis of envi ron mental ly friendly
PSE&G offset the nearly $1 million it sophi sticated i ngredients for a range of products.
spent on Cecil and three siblings in the o New materials for controlled targeted del ivery of
last two years with an estimated $2 actives.
million saved by the robots. (The more o Design of materials with appl ications i n foods,
cosmetics and chemical s.
recent additions are two submarine ro Unilever
o Development of new processes.
bots that can inspect a nuclear power
plant's underwater steel reactor shells
and spent-fuel storage pools; and Jethro,
We operate a world-class transnational l aboratory and offer our scienti sts
a 600-pound all-terrain, multi-purpose
and eng i n eers chal leng i ng growth opportunities and the tools to be
robot designed to inspect controlled ra
creative in the pursuit of our i nterests.
diation areas.) Last year, PSE&G began
eaming royalties on Cecil from Japan's
For i nformation please contact: Jim Conti , Manager, Em ployee Relations
Mitsubishi Electric, which bought the
robot for its own study. Uni lever Research U.S., Inc.
45 River Road, Edgewater, NJ 07020
ike the energy industry, the (201 ) 943-71 00
chemical sector accepts An Equal Opportun ity E mployer M/F

considerable responsibility
both for contributing to origi
nal environmental hazards
and in devising solutions. The
$7 billion chemicals sector of the Du THE STATE OF RJNDAMENTAL
Pont Co. wields a $200 million environ
mental budget over the next three years.
SCIENTInC RESEARCH IS:
Its broad objectives include contributing
to a 40% reduction in the company's thriving and emerging a s world class
total toxic emissions, a 2 billion pound at the NEe Research Institute
decrease in toxic wastewater levels at its Princeton , New Jersey
plants, and 99.7% intemal disposal of its
solid and hazardous wastes. Our mission, established at our 1 988 founding, is to contribute signifi
cant new basic understanding in sciences underlying the computer and
The Delaware-headquartered com communication technologies of the future.
pany has four manufacturing facilities in Our parent company, N EC Corporation, is a world leader in computers,
New Jersey. Jackson Laboratory, in communication systems, electronics, and information services. The cor
porate philosophy is to strive through the integration of computers and
Deepwater on the Jersey side of the communications to help advance societies worldwide toward deepened
Delaware Memorial Bridge, is Du Pont mutual understanding and the fulfillment of human potential.
Chemical's principal research site, en Our location, N ew Jersey, was chosen because of this State's long
established tradition for basic research and the presence here of leading
gaging over 1,000 people primarily in the research institutions that share our commitment to generating beneficial
development of new products and new knowledge.
processes. It houses Du Pont's new For more information, contact: Arthur Torsiglieri
Safety and Environmental Resources

business, designed not only to treat the
company's intemal wastes, but to pro
NEe
vide cradle-to-grave waste treatment N EC R e s e a rc h I nstitute, I n c .
4 Independence Way
services to clients. Jackson Labs also is Princeton, N ew Jersey 08540
charged with replacing environmentally
NJ4 1

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
Advertising D Supplement ------
suspect products, including one of the company's core

Throughout the report you have been exposed to short, special narratives
products: chlorofluorocarbons-aka CFCs.
focusing on technological developments at the Commission's ATCs, and elsewhere
Freon® fluorocarbon refrigerants were developed in in New Jersey academic and small-business sectors. Since the transfer of technol
Deepwater, along with some 1 ,300 other products, ogy from laboratory to marketplace is a "contact sport,. you are invited to become
ranging from Teflon® fluoropolymer and Neoprene® an integral component in this process. Using the reader response facility (opposite
synthetic rubber in the 1 930s to recent surface treat page 1 20), you can learn more about any of the intellectuaJ properties in this report.
The reader response facility may be used for i nformation on any Commission
ment chemicals such as Stainmaster® carpet protec
program, or write: SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, April 1 991 , P. O. Box 5147, Pittsfield,
tion. The refrigerant, which represents a worldwide
MA. 01 203-9827.
annual market of some $3 billion, has been implicated
The New Jersey Commission on Science and Tech nology joins SCIENTIAC
in the deterioration of the ozone layer. But its use in AMERICAN in thanking the industry sponsors who made this report possible.
everything from refrigerants to cleaning agents for the
American Cyanamid Company NJ Dept of Commerce &
AT&T Economic Development
BASF Corporation Port Authority of New York &

Du Pont's eve Bellcore New Jersey
substitute may
Ciba-Geigy Corporation Public Service EIecbic & Gas Company
clean pacemakers
Du Pont Company R&D Council of New Jersey
electronics industry makes immediate elimination im
practical. Hoechst Celanese Corporation Sandoz Research Corporation
With plans to completely phase out Freon as soon as Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. David Sarnoff Research Center
possible but no later than the tum of the century, Du
Matsushita Electric Schering-Plough Corporation
Pont has already begun substitution of new, environ
mentally acceptable altematives. "We did a fair amount Corporation of America Siemens Corporation
of research in the late 1 970s when the hypothesis first Mobil Corporation Unilever Research Inc.
arose linking CFCs to ozone depletion," says Dr. Wendel
Cassel, research manager. "Our chemists had identified NEC United States Army: CecomJLabcom
some compositions that do not contain chlorine-the

part of the molecule that results in ozone destruction
and we began evaluating chemical synthesis routes to
those compounds."
In 1 987, Deepwater researchers set up a pilot plant Center for Advanced Biotechnology & Medicine (CA8M)
Clinical Research Center Satellite (CRC)
to make enough of the materials for toxicology and
Cell and Cell Products Fermentation Satellite (CCP)
performance tests. Meanwhile, equipment manufac
Center for Advanced Food Technology (CAFT)
turers were brought into the research loop. ''The new Center for Agricultural Molecular Biology (AgBiotech)
compounds are not a perfect match to CFCs, and Technology Extension Centers:
equipment will require alterations," says Dr. Donald Investigational Cancer Treatment
Bivens, engineering fellow. ''They operate at a higher Fisheries Development and Aquaculture
pressure, which means automobile air conditioners will

require a redesigned condenser and changes in 0 ring Center for Ceramic Research (CCR)
elastomers, and large building air conditioners may Fiber Optic Materials Research Program (FOMRP)
require new compressor motors." The new compounds Center for Photonic and OptoelectroniC Materials (POEM)
are also more expensive. Still, a $500 refrigerator con Center for Surface-Engineered Materials (SEM)
Technology Extension Center for Polymer Processing
tains less than $5 worth of the altemative coolant.
Last September, Du Pont completed a factory in
Corpus Cristi, Tex., to produce a refrigerant used in
automobiles, and is nearing completion on a plant in
Maitland, Canada, to make a coolant for large buildings.
In January, Du Pont began marketing the first members
of its family of altemative refrigerants under the trade
name SUVA®. Through 1 990, Du Pont had poured
more than $200 million into CFC altematives, and
expects to spend another $1 billion to completely
restructure Du Pont's CFC production facilities .• Washington Technical Uaison
Management and Technological Assistance
This special advertising section was written and designed by
Busin'ess Incubators
Special Reports Associates.
NJ 42

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
FORT MONMOUTH, NEW JERSEY...
,...--
- ------
CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR ' COMMAND, CONTROL, COMMUNICATIONS AND
� ----.
INTELLIGENCElELECTRONIC WARFARE
The CECOM R ESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C E NTER is the national center of excellence for
military communications-electronics , a major activity of the US ARMY COM M U N ICATION S-ELECTRONICS COMMAND,
headquartered at Fort Monmouth , N ew Jersey, providing high technology and C31 systems for the soldi er i n the field.
Other locations are i n Virginia, Kansas, Oklahoma and Arizona.
T E C H N O LOGY CENTERS - The Battlefield Informations System - 201 5 is an evol utionary system designed and
developed to m eet the ever changing battlefield. To support this requirement, 2200 personnel conduct research and
development, for equipment and systems, in support of over 1 5 project managers and system developers throughout the
country. Specific centers include:
• Command, Control and Communications Systems • Space Systems

• Software Engineering • Night Vision/Electro-Optics
• Electronic Warfare/Reconnaissance, Surveillance • Signals Warfare
and Target AcqUisition
JOI NT V E NT U R ES - Joint cooperative projects with i ndustry and academia by RDEC encourages uti lization of
specialized one-of-a-kind facilities, for projects of mutual interest, to enhance economic development and im prove
America's global competiti veness through commerciali zation of dual use (defense and com mercial) technologies.
Collaborations have been undertaken with Federal Aviation Administration and Office of National Drug Policy Control , as
well as various institutions and corporations, to foster technology transfer.
AR EAS OF TECH NOLOG ICAL EXCELLENCE:
Communications and Protocols Artificial Intelligence

Information Security Satell ite Communications
Knowledge-based and Expert Systems Space-based C3 Systems
Life Cycle Software Support Thermal Imaging
Software Re-use and Productivity Image Intensificaton
Interoperability System Testing Data Fusion
Radar and Combat Identification Signal Processing
CECOM Research, Development & Engineering Center

AMSEL-RD-PA (Mr. Burton Resnic, Principal Assistant)
Fort Monmouth , New Jersey 07703-5000 An Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer
Phone: (908) 544-4465 U.S. Citizenship Required
LEADER IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES
The U.S. ARMY E L E CTRO N I C S TECH NOLOGY A N D D EVI CES LABO R ATORY is a world-class, i nternational l y
recognized research and development laboratory, w i th state-of-the-art facil ities located a t Fort Monmouth , New J ersey, i n
t h e heart o f t h e Jersey shore.
PEOPLE-SCIENC E·TECH NOLOGY working together at the cutting edge of technology to develop over 80 percent of the
electronics u sed i n the U .S. Army today. The innovative DOD Laboratory employs 300 people, of whom over 1 70 are
leading scientists and engineers. These highly qualified, aeative professionals generate over 50 patents annually.
PARTN E R S H I P - I n addition to supporting the National Defense with our sister services , ETDL provides technology
transfer and cooperative opportunities to business and academia, including the National Science Foundation and National
Research Council cooperative researchlfellowship programs.
AR EAS O F TECHNOLOGICAL EXCELLENCE:
Microelectronics High Energy/High Power Components

Integrated Circuits Miaowave/Millimeter-Wave Devices
Power Sources Device Reliability/Standardization
Electronic Materials Acoustic Signal/Data Processing
Frequency Control
Display Devices
E lectronics Technology and Devices Laboratory

SLC ET-DS (Dr. Arthur Ballato, P rincipal Scientist)
Fort Monmouth, N ew Jersey 07703-5000
P hon e: (908) 544- 4308
An Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer

U . S . Citizensh ip Required

192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
January 1 0, 1 99 1 , New Brunswick, NJ . Governor Jim Florio and Rolph Larsen, Chai rman
and CEO, Johnson & Johnson, exchange views on New Jersey's business advantages.
lIne lcome to the world ' s richest market. Don't iust find your business a building,
_ With i n a 2 5 0 m i le ra d i u s of New J e rsey l a norma l find it a home. Tha n ks to a d a ta base of ove r
overn i g h t truck del ive ry) , you ' l l fi n d 60 m i l l i o n co n s u m e rs . 3 , 5 00 bU i l d i n g s a n d s i tes, o n e ca l l ca n h e l p you f i n d
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sta te - of - the - a rt conta i n e r po rts , a n d the m ost ra i l road tra c k need . You ca n get i n fo rmation o n eve ryth i n g from
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eq u i p ped to h a n d le you r busi ness need s . It's that s i m p l e .
Make the State your busi ness partner.
The New Jersey ta lent pool runs deep. C a l l the Office of B u s i n ess Deve l o p m e n t . You ' l l
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A l l work and n o play would make New NEW JERSEY

Jersey a dull state. With i n o u r borders you ca n
ski , go strea m fi s h i n g , witness pro sports yea r - ro u n d , v i s i t WORKS.
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Atla ntic C i ty ca s i nos, wa l k u n c rowded w h i te s a n d
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192.248.16.125 on Thu, 13 Jul 2023 09:59:28 +00:00
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Molecular Zippers in Gene Regulation

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Molecular Zippers in Gene Regulation

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Molecular Zippers in Gene Regulation

Author(s): Steven Lanier McKnight

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by Steven Lanier McKnight

54 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN April 1991

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SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN April 1991 55

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one cell distinct from another. We soon

confirmed that CjEEP did contribute to

1 the production of specialized proteins

56 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN April 1991

© 1991 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC

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SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN April 1991 57

© 1991 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC

This content downloaded from

58 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN April 1991

© 1991 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC

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Linda has been known to go out of her way when

A passion for perfection:M Lufthansa

© 1991 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC

This content downloaded from

CREB EEAARKREVRLMKNREAARECRRKKKEYVKCLENRVAV ENONK T�IEELKALK DLYC HKS D­

PESSDPAALKRARNTEAARRSRARKLORMK0LEDK VEE 1 EDKKSALOTEIANLLK EK E

LSKNY HLENEVARLKK LVGER-COOH

PLANT TGA1 IOLEOELERARKOGMCVGGGVDA­

OPAQUE 2 KAENSCLLRRIA LNOKYNDANV-

60 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN April 1991

© 1991 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC

This content downloaded from

And someday, everything about our genes will be

That computers are working to unscramble the

human genetic code only serves to underscore

something that's already true. That our high-tech

society is creating more information than ever

before. About everything from ow' chromosomal

makeup to our credit history.

On the next Smithsonian World, we'll look at

how access to information is changing the way

we learn, work and live. And we'll explore the

relationship between information, intelligence

Watch "From Information to Wisdom?;' proudly

brought to you by Southwestern Bell, Wednesday,

April 17 at 8 p.rn. on PBS. Check your local listings.

And see how we go about dealing with a technol­

ogy that not only has great bodies of knowledge,

but a great knowledge of bodies.

SMITHSONIAN WORLD on PBS

© 1991 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC

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62 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN April 1991

© 1991 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC

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Nuclear energy means more energy independence.

© 1991 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC

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64 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN April 1991

© 1991 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC

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This content downloaded from

STATE OF NEW JERSEY

In New Jersey we have, without question, made significant

CREB EEAARKREVRLMKNREAARECRRKKKEYVKCLENRVAV ENONK T�IEELKALK DLYC HKS D

PLANT TGA1 IOLEOELERARKOGMCVGGGVDA

And see how we go about dealing with a technol

NE-wr JERSEY f one organization symbolizes American re

he same year that Hoffmann-La Roche be