murpay; fUj;jpay;fs;

murpay; ghlg;gug;gpy; Muhag;gLfpd;w gy;NtW vz;zf;fUf;fSs; Kjd;ik

tha;e;jjhf fUj;jpay;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. etPd murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpd;
fl;likg;Gf;fshd murpay; nka;apay;> murpay; rpe;jid> murpay; Nfhl;ghL
NghyNt murpay; fUj;jpay; Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWfpd;w NghjpYk; mtw;wpypUe;J
Ntwgl;ljhf Muhag;gLfpd;wJ. kdjpy; Njhd;Wfpd;w vy;yh tpjkhd
vz;zq;fSs; njupT nra;ag;gl;l rpy vz;zq;fs; fUj;jhf ntspaplg;gl;L
r%fj;jpw;F nghJthd fUj;jhf fhzg;gLfpd;w NghJ mJ gw;wpa
fUj;Jf;fis gy mwpQu;fs; Kd;itg;ghu;fshapd; mJ fUj;jpay; vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

murpay; uPjpahf kpf Kf;fpakhd gq;fspg;gpid toq;fpAs;s murpay;

fUj;jpay;fs; rpy gpd;tUkhW>
01. jhuhz;ik thjk;
02. rkTlik thjk;.
03. FbauR thjk;.
04. r%f [dehaf thjk;
05. ghrpr thjk;
06. Njrpa thjk;.
07. kj rhu;gpd;ik thjk;
08. ngz;zpay; thjk;

ypguy;thjk;
murpay; fUj;jpaypDs; Kjd;ikkpf;f mk;rkhf jhuhz;ikthjk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. INuhg;ghtpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
Njhw;wk; ngw;w ,f;fUj;jpay; ,d;Wtiu murpaypy; nry;thf;F
kpf;f fUj;jpayhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. jdpkdpj Rje;jpuj;ij Kw;whf
Mjupf;Fk; ,f;fUj;jpay; 17 Mk; E}w;whz;by; epykhdpa> r%f> nghUsjhu>
murpay; Kiwik kw;Wk; ru;tjpfhu Ml;rp vd;gtw;wpw;F vjpuhd ,f;fUj;jpay;
Kjyhspj;Jt murpaypd; XU fUj;jpayhfTk; Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. muR>
murhq;fk; Mfpatw;wpd; Njitaw;w jiyaPl;bypUe;J Rje;jpukiljy;
,f;fUj;jpaypd; gpujhd mk;rkhFk;.

,J Liber vd;w ,yj;jPd; gjj;jpypUe;J Njhd;wpajhFk;. mjd; mu;j;jk;

“Rje;jpuk”; v
; d;gjhFk;. jhuhz;ikthj murpay; jj;Jtj;jpd; %yKk;>
nghUshjhu Nfhl;ghl;bd; %yKk; “Rje;jpuk;” vd;w vz;zf;fU fUjg;gLtJ
murpd; murhq;fj;jpd; Njitaw;w jiyaPl;bypUe;J Rje;jpukiljy;
vd;gjhFk;. (Freedom from undue goverment interference)

17k; E}w;whz;lhFk; NghJ murdpd; jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhd Ml;rp Kiwikf;F

vjpuhf Gjpa r%f tFg;nghd;wpd; vOr;rp Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; Muk;g fl;lkhd ,f;fhyj;jpy; cUthd Gjpa tu;j;jf
kw;Wk; kj;jpaju tFg;gpdu;> murpd; jhd; Njhd;wpj;jdkhd Ml;rp
KiwapidAk; jhd;; Njhd;wpj;jdkhd tuj;jf fl;Lg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; tup
Nrfupg;G KiwapidAk; nfhz;l nghUshjhu fl;Lg;ghLfis nghWj;Jf;
nfhs;stpy;iy. ,t;thwhd gpd;dzpapy; murhl;rpapd; jhd;N;jhd;wpj; jdkhd
murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu jiyaPLfspypUe;J ,tu;fSf;F “Rje;jpuk;”
Njitg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; ,J jhuhz;ikthjj;jpd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghlhf
tsu;r;rp aile;jJ.

Political Ideolgy Page 2

,jd;gb jhuhz;ikthj vz;zf;fUtpd; mbg;gil fUj;J murpd;
murhq;fj;jpd; jiyaPl;bypUe;Jk; mjd; fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;Jk; ngWfpd;w
Rje;jpukhFk;. (Freedom from goverment‟s interference and constraints inpoted by
goverment)

,f; fUj;J
1. jj;Jthu;j;j
2. murpay;rhu; jsj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; gpize;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.

I jj;Jthu;j;j mbg;gil

gioik jhuhz;ikthjj;jpd; %yk; Rje;jpuk; vd;gjw;F vjpu;kiw Rje;jpuk;

(Negative freedom) vd;w tifapy; Gjpa tpsf;fnkhd;W toq;fg;gl;lJ.
jilfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs;> jiyaPLfs; ,d;wp egu;fs; mDgtpf;Fk; Rje;jpuNk
,jd; %yk; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

NkYk;> jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhf murpdhy; ifJ nra;ag;gLtjpypUe;J tpLgLk;

Rje;jpuk; (Freedom from arbitary arrest) jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhf muR gpwg;gpf;fpd;w
tup KiwfspypUe;J tpLgLk; Rje;j;puk; vd;wthW gioik
jhuhz;ikthjj;Jtk; Rje;jpuk; vd;gij “vjpu;kiw Rje;jpuk”; vd
cUthf;fp cs;sJ.

II murpay; mbg;gil
,jdhy; fUjg;gLtJ murpd; jiyaplhf; nfhs;ifahFk;. gpw;fhyj;jpy;
nghUshjhu Nfhl;ghlhf tsu;r;rpaile;;j mur jiyaplhf; nfhs;ifapdhy;
nghUshjhu> r%f> murpay; Jiwfspy; murhq;fj;jpd; jiyaPL
Fiwe;jgl;rkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd $wg;gl;lJ. Rje;jpu nghUshjhuKk;
Rje;jpu re;ijAk; murpd; jiyaplhf; nfhs;ifAld; ,ize;Js;s gpujhd
,U vz;zf;fUf;fshFk;.

murhq;fj;jpd; jiyaPl;ilAk; fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; Fiwj;Jf; nfhz;L

Rje;jpukhf ,aq;Ffpd;w re;ijnahd;wpd; kPJ fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l Rje;jpu
nghUshjhuk; njhlu;ghd fUjN; j ,jd; mbg;gilahFk;. jdpahs;
Rje;jpuk; vd;gij> Rje;jpur; re;ij kw;Wk; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F
mj;jpahtrpakhd mbg;gil epge;jidahf gok; jhuhz;ik thjk;
fUJfpd;wJ.

jhuhz;ikthjKk; jdpahs; Rje;jpuKk;

jdpahs; Rje;jpk; - gioik jhuhz;ik thjj;jpd; mbg;gil Nfhl;ghlhfTk;
eilKiw jhuhz;ik thjj;jpd; murpay; kw;Wk;; murpayikg;G
rpe;jidapd; Kjw;gbahfTk; fUjg;gLk; vz;zf;fUthFk;. jhuhz;ikthj
jj;Jtj;jpYk;> r%f> murpay;> nghUshjhu jj;Jtq;fspdJk;
Nfhl;ghLfspdJk; mbg;gil fw;ifahd jdpahs; Rje;jpuk; vDk; tplakhdJ
gy;NtW fw;gidfspd; %yk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mitahtd :
r%fkhdJ jdpegu;fshy; MdJ. mjdhy; r%fk; vd;gJ jdpegu;fspdhy;

jareesh Page 3
fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;s kf;fs; $l;lhFk;. r%fj;jpy; cs;s jdpegu;fs;
xt;nthUtUk; (Individuals) Rje;jpukhf (Free) ju;f;f uPjpahf (rational)
rpe;jpf;ff;$ba RahjPdkhd (Autonomous) kdpjdhtu;.

r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Rje;jpukhdJ> ju;f;f uPjpahd mwpTila kw;Wk;

RahjPdkhd egh;fs; jdJ khdpl Mw;wy;fis cr;rstpy; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Ug;gjhFk;. ntspj;jilfs; mjhtJ> murhq;fj;jpdJk;
r%fj;jpdJk; fl;Lg;ghLfs;> jilfs;> jiyaPLfis Fiwj;J
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLk; Rje;jpukhd #oy; MFk;. ,JNt „Rje;jpuk;‟ MSfpd;w
#oyhFk;.

jdpahs; Rje;jpuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w tifapy; Ml;rpnra;tNj

murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;ghFk;. ,jid rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp> Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu> r%f Jiwfspy; Fiwe;j mur jiyaPl;il cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w
murhq;fj;jpdhNyNa nra;a KbAk;. mJ “jhuhz;ik” murhq;f KiwahFk;.

jhuhz;ikthj rpe;jidahsh;fs;
Njhk]; n`hg;]; (1586 - 1679)
,q;fpyhe;jpy; cs;ehl;L Aj;jk; eilngw;w fhyg;gFjpapy; tho;e;j ,tu; ve;j
tifapYk; jhuhz;ikthj rpe;jidahsu; my;yu;. vdpDk; jhuhz;ik
murpay; jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gil tplaq;fshd

1. murpd; mbg;gil jdpkdpjdhthd;

2. jdpegu; ju;f;fuPjpapyhd rpe;jidAs;s RahjPd kdpjdhthd;.
3. muR vd;gJ kdpju;fspd; r%fuPjpahd gilg;ghFk; vd;w
fUj;Jf;fspd; Kd;Ndhbahthu;.

n`hg;]; vNjr;rjpfhu murhq;fj;ij rl;l Kiwahd murhq;fkhf

khw;Wtjw;F 1652 ,y; murpay; jj;Jtj;jpDs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk;
nytpajd; (Leviathan) vd;w E}ypid ntspapl;lhu;.
murpd; Njhw;wk; njhlu;ghf mtu; fl;bnaOg;gpa r%f xg;ge;j
Nfhl;ghl;bDs;> gpd;ida fhyj;jpd; ypguy;thjk; njhlu;gpyhd
rpe;jidsu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fspy; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fs; %d;Wk;
Mokha; fhzg;gl;ld.

N[hd; nyhf; (1632 - 1704)

INuhg;ghtpy; kd;duhl;rp Kiw khwp [dehafj;jpd; thrk; ngUk;ghyhd
ehLfspy; Efug;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Ntisapy; tho;e;jtuhthu;. n`hg;Rf;Fg;
gpd;du; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Njhd;wpa gpujhd murpay; rpe;jidahsuhd ,tu;
jhuhz;ikthj murpay; rpe;jidapd; cz;ikahd Muk;g fUj;jhththu;.
murhl;rpf;F vjpuhdtuhd nyhf; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; kd;du; Ml;rp kw;Wk;
ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp Mfpaw;Wf;F ,ilapy; eilngw;w mjpfhu Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
ghuhSkd;w thjpfis gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;jhu;.
nyhf; 1690fspy; “murhq;fk; njhlu;ghd ,U cld;gbf;iffs;” vd;w E}iy
ntspapl;L gioik jhuhz;ikthjj;jpd; murpay; mbg;gilapid
fl;bnaOg;gpdhu;. jhuhz;ikthj murpay; fUj;jpaYf;F nyhf; Kd;itj;j

Political Ideolgy Page 4

 gpujhd fUj;Jf;fis gpd;tUkhW fhl;l KbAk;.

1. mur mjpfhuj;jpd; %yhjhuk; kf;fshtu;.

2. kf;fshy; epge;jidfSld; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s nghWg;Gld; (Trusteeship) $ba

mjpfhuj;jpdhNyNa murhl;rp nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; Ml;rpahsUfF;
fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wJ
3. nghJkf;fshy; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j nghWg;Gld; $ba mjpfhuj;ij
epge;jidfis kPwhjtifapy; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F Ml;rpahsu;
flikg;gl;bUe;jdu;.
4. nghJ kf;fspd; Rje;jpuk;> tho;f;if> kw;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fspd; ghJfhg;ig
cWjpg;gLj;jy; me;epge;jidfspd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
5. jq;fSld; cld;gl;Ls;s Ml;rpahsu;fs; ,e;j epge;jidfis kPWthu;fshapd;
mtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhuj;ij kPsg;ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
cupik kf;fSf;F cz;L.

6. murhq;fj;jpw;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuNk fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.,e;j mjpfhuk;

,Utopfspy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

i. murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuk;> kf;fshy; Ml;rpahsUf;F toq;fpAs;s nghWg;Grhu;

cld;gbf;ifapd; epge;jidfs; %yk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gly;.
ii. nghJ kf;fs; Ml;rpahsUf;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fhyj;jpw;Nf mjpfhuk; toq;fp
,Ue;jik. nyhf;fpdhy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l ,t;turpay; rpe;jidia
„tuk;Gila murhq;fk‟; gw;wpa vz;zf;fU vdyhk;.

nkhz;l];fpA+ (1689 - 1755)

gpuhd;rpa murpay; rpe;jidahsuhd ,tupd;> “mjpfhu Ntwhf;fk;” njhlu;ghd
Nfhl;ghL jhuhz;ikthj rpe;jidf;F Kf;fpa gq;fspg;G nra;jJ. fp.gp. 1748
,y; gpuhd;]pa nkhopapy; ntspapl;l “rl;lj;jpd; capu”
; vd;w fl;Liuapy;
,J njhlu;ghd rpe;jidia Kd;itj;Js;shh;

,jd; gpujhd %yf;nfhs;ifahtJ> murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhukhdJ rl;lj;Jiw>

epu;thfj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw Mfpa gpujhd JiwfSf;filNa gpupj;J
itf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.

mt;thW ,y;yhky; ,t;tjpfhukhdJ xU epWtdj;jplk; my;yJ xU eguplk;

xd;W Ftpf;fg;gLk;NghJ jdpahs; Rje;jpuj;ij kPWk; Ml;rp Kiwnahd;W
cUthFk;;. ,jid nkhd;l];fpA+ “nfhLq;Nfhy; Ml;rp” (Tyranny) vd
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. murhq;fj;jpd; ,t;tjpfhuq;fis gpujhd %d;W
JiwfSf;fpilNa njspthf Ntwhf;fy; kw;Wk;; ,e; epWtdq;fs;
xt;nthd;iwAk; RahjPdkhf ,aq;fr; nra;tjd; %yNk ,jid jLf;f
KbAk; vd;fpwhu;.
murpay; mjpfhuk; Ml;rpahsu;fshy; nfhLq;Nfhd;ikahd tifapy;
gad;gLj;Jk; mghak; njhlu;e;jpUg;gjhy; nghJkf;fspd; Rje;jpuj;ij
ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lkhapd; ,e;j mjpfhuq;fSf;F jilfis Vw;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk; vd;w rpe;jidapd; tpisthf ,e;j vz;zf;fU

jareesh Page 5
fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNtjhd; nkhz;l];fpA+ murhq;f mjpfhuj;ij xU
eguplNkh my;yJ epWtdj;jplNkh xd;W Ftpf;ff;$lhJ vd Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.

[Pd; n[f; &Nrh (Jean Jacques Rousseau) (1712 - 1778)

gpuhd;rpa ,dj;jtuhd &Nrh r%f xg;ge;j Nfhl;ghl;bid
Kd;ndLj;J nrd;wtu;fspy; xUtuhthu;. 1762 ,y; ntspahd “r%f
xg;ge;jk”; ; vDk; E}y; mtupd; gpujhd murpay; E}yhFk.; &NrhTk;>
nyhf;> nkhz;l];fpA+ Nghd;Nw murpdhy;; kdpj Rje;jpuk;
kPwg;gLfpd;wikapypUe;J ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; mf;fiw
nrYj;jpdhu;.

kf;fshy; jkJ Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G vd;gdtw;iw

cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l murpdhNyNa mtu;fspd;
Rje;jpuj;jpw;F ghjpg;G Vw;gLk; mghak; cs;sJ. ,e;j GjpUf;F &Nrh
nfhLj;j jPu;T mur mjpfhukhdJ murpDs; xOq;fike;Js;s midtupdJk;
eyidf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;ljhf mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. &Nrh ,uz;L
vz;zf;fUf;fis ikag;gLj;jp jdJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;Js;shu;.

I. “nghJ tpUg;gk;”; (General Will) vd;gJ KjyhtjhFk;. muR

gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;JtJ Ml;rpahsu; vDk; rpyupd; tpUg;gpidNah
ey;tho;tpidNah my;yhky; murpy; cWg;gpduhf cs;s midtupdJk; xl;L
nkhj;j tpUg;gj;jpid gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ vd;gNj ,jd; mu;j;jkhFk;.

II. “kf;fs; ,iwik” vd;gJ ,uz;lhtJ MFk;. kf;fs;

,iwikapd; nrhe;jff;fhu; muNrh my;yJ Ml;rpahsu;fNshtd;wp nghJ
kf;fNs vd;gJ ,jd; fUj;jhFk;. ,t; ,iwik ghuhjPdg;gLj;jg;glyhfhJ.

rkTlikthjk;
rkTilik my;yJ r%fTilik (Socialism) Nrhryprk;> vd;gJ xU
murpay;-nghUspay; Nfhl;ghL. nghUshjhu epHthfj;jpy; $ba mur
gq;fspg;ig typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfs; (Means of Production)
kw;Wk; ,aw;if tsq;fs; muR my;yJ r%f fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;w nfhs;ifia Kd;dpWj;JfpwJ. Kf;fpa Jiwfs; muRilikahf
,Ug;gijAk;> rkj;Jtj;ij my;yJ rk tha;g;Gf;fis epiy epWj;Jk;
nfhs;iffisAk;> nghJ nghUshjhu ePNuhl;lj;jpd; tpspk;gpy; thOk;
kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; ju caHTf;F cjTk; topKiwfisAk;
typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. NkYk;> Nrhrypr rpe;jidfs; nghJ eyk;> $l;L nraw;ghL
Mfptw;iw Kd;epWj;jp> ,yhg Nehf;fj;ij nfhz;L ,aq;Fk; Kjyhspj;Jt
nfhs;iffs;> jdp egHfsplk; nry;tk; Ftpjiy vjpHj;J mikfpd;wd.
njhopw;Gul;rp kw;Wk; Kjyhspj;Jtk; cUthf;fpa Vw;wj;jho;TfSf;F jPHthf
rkTlik Nfhl;ghL Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
Nrhryprk; vDk; fUj;jpayhdJ 16> 17k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; gpugy;ak;
ngw;wpUe;j NghjpYk; ,f;fUj;jpay; gpNsl;Nlh> mup];Nlhl;by; fhyk;
tiuf;Fk; goikahdJ MFk;.
Nrhryprj;jpd; nghJthd gz;Grhu; fUj;Jf;fis gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.
01. cw;gj;jp Kiwfis muNr fl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

Political Ideolgy Page 6

 02. rKjhaj; Njitfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l cw;gj;jp mika
Ntz;LNkad;wp jdpegu; ,yhg mbg;gilapy; my;y.
03. jdpegu; ,yhg Nehf;F vd;gJ rKjha eyd; vd;wthW khWjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
04. $l;LwT> epiyahd cw;gj;jp Mfpatw;wpw;F jpwe;j Nghl;b
jd;dpr;irahd Nghl;bf;F toptpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
,j;fia Nrhryprk; vd;gJ xU fUj;jpayhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lhYk; mJ mjd;
,ay;Gfisg; nghWj;J ,Utifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
01. fw;gdh Nrhryprk;
02. tpQ;Qhd Nrhryprk;.
fw;gdh Nrhryprk;
,J Cl;Nlhg;gpa Nrhryprk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. 18k; E}w;wh;Lfspy;
gpuhd;rpYk; ,q;fpyhe;jpYk; Njhd;wpa Nrhryprthjpfshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l
fUj;Jf;fNs fw;gdh Nrhryprk; MFk;. ,jd; mwpQu;fshf
01. nrd; rpNkhd; (gpuhd;];)
02. rhu;]; g+upau; (gpuhd;];)
03. nuhgl; xgd; (gpupj;jhdpah)
04. rhu;s;]; N`hy; (gpupj;jhdpah) MfpNahiuf; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.

fhs; khf;]; kw;Wk; Vq;fy;]; MfpNahUf;F Kw;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapy;

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Nrhrypr murpay; rpe;jidNa fw;gdh Nrhryprk; vd
miof;fg;gLk;.
fw;gdh Nrhryprthjpfs; cUthd fhyg;gFjpahdJ Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd;
Muk;gFjpahFk;. ,jdhy; ,tu;fs; ghl;lhsp tu;f;fj;jpd; Njhw;wk; ,ay;G
Nghd;wtw;iw Kiwahf mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. Kjyhspj;Jt Kiwikahy;
cUthd Ruz;ly;> tWik Nghd;wtw;wpw;F KOr;r%fKNk nghWg;Gr; nrhy;y
Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUjpdu;. vdNt eilKiwapy; cs;s r%fj;ij xopj;Jtpl;L
fw;gidapy; xU ePjpahd Gjpa r%fj;ij cUthf;fpdu;. ,jdhyNa ,tu;fs;
fw;gdh Nrhryprthjpfs; vd mwpag;gLfpd;wdu;.

tpQ;Qhd Nrhryprk;.
jhuhsthjj;jpw;F vjpuhf INuhg;ghtpid ikag;gLj;jp 19k; E}w;whz;by;
vOr;rp ngw;w gykpf;f fUj;jpaNy rkTlikthjkhFk;. 17k; E}w;whz;by;
Vw;gl;l ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; tpisthf Kjyhspj;Jt r%fj;jpy; r%f
mrkkpd;ik> tWik> r%f mePjp> Ruz;ly;fs; Nghd;wd Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
,tw;Wf;nfjpuhf njhopw;rq;f ,af;fq;fSk; Nghuhl;lq;fSk; tsu;r;rp
mile;j epiyapy; mtw;iw ikag;gLj;jp Njhw;wk; ngw;w fUj;jpaNy
rkTlikthkhFk;.

1848 ,y; khf;]; kw;Wk; Vq;fy;]; ntspapl;l fkpA+dpr mwpf;if vDk; E}ypd;
%yk; rkTlikthjkhdJ xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l fUj;jpayhf khw;wkile;jJ.
rkTlik rKjhaj;jpid fl;bnaOg;gy;> rkju;k nghUshjhuj;jpid
fl;bnaOg;gy;> nghJtlik fl;rpapid ];jhgpj;jy; Nghd;wd
rkTlikthjj;jpd; gpujhd ngWkhdq;fshFk;.

Kjyhspj;Jt r%f> nghUshjhu Kiwik njhopyhsu; tFg;gpd;

ciog;igr; Ruz;Ljy; kPJ fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;s kw;Wk; epiyj;jpUf;Fk;
mikg;ghFk; vd rkTlikthjpfs; fUjpdu;. jdpahs; nrhj;J Kiwik

jareesh Page 7
kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp topKiwfspy; jdpahs; cupikfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l Kjyhspj;Jt Kiwik fhzg;gLk; tiu ciog;Gr; Ruz;ly;
kw;Wk; r%f mrkj;Jt epiy fhzg;gLk;.

,e;j ciog;G Ruz;ly;> tWik kw;Wk; r%f rkj;Jtkpd;ik vd;gtw;iw

,y;yhJ nra;a Ntz;Lkhapd; Kjyhspj;Jt r%f nghUshjhu Kiwikia
,y;yhJ nra;J mjw;F gjpyhf rkTilik r%f nghUshjhu Kiw
xd;wpid Gjpjhf cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.

nrhj;J kw;Wk; nghUshjhu cw;gj;jp topKiwfspy; jdpahu; cupikia

,y;yhJ nra;J mtw;iw nghJ r%f cupikahf fl;bnaOg;g Ntz;Lk;
vd;gNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,jd; NghJ nghUshjhu tsj;jpw;fhd
nrhe;jf;fhuu;fshf tug;gpurhjq;fisg; ngw;w xUrpyu; my;yu; khwhf
nghJkf;fs; fhzg;gLtu;.

,jd; NghJ r%f tsq;fspd; %yk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;witfis

ahtUk; rkkhd Kiwapy; mDgtpf;f KbAk;. cw;gj;jp> gupkhw;wk; kw;Wk;
Efu;T rkj;Jtj;jpd; kPJ fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk;. ,jd;NghJ r%f tFg;Gf;fshf
gpupe;J nry;tJ (tu;f;fNtWghL) njhlu;e;jpUf;f khl;lhJ.

,t;thwhd r%f nghUshjhu gupkhw;wq;fs; Vw;gl Ntz;Lkhapd; mjid

r%f Gul;rp xd;wpd; ClhfNt rhj;jpag;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy;
jiyikj;Jtk; jhq;FtJ njhopyhsu; tu;f;fkhFk;. njhopyhsu;
;pd;jiyikapy; Vw;gLk; „rkTilik Gul;rp‟ Kjyhspj;Jt r%fj;jpy;
tu;f;fjj
njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;jpw;Fk; Kjyhspj;Jt tu;f;fj;jpw;FkpilNa Vw;gLk;
tu;f;f Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisNtahFk;.

rkTilikg; Gul;rp jPtpu murpay; gupkhw;wkhFk;. ,jd;NghJ Kjyhspj;Jt

muir tPo;j;jp njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;jpdhy; mur mjpfhuj;ijf;
ifg;gw;wpf;nfhs;tJ ,lk;ngWk;. ,jd;%yk; Kjyhspj;Jt tu;f;fj;jpd;
murpay; mjpfhuk; ,y;yhJ NghFk;.

rkTilik murhq;fj;jpd; gpujhd flikahtJ Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhu

Kiwikia> nrhj;J njhlu;ghd nghJ cupikia mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l rkTilik nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f Kiwik xd;iw
cUthf;Ftjw;Fj; Njitahd jPtpu gupkhw;wj;jpw;F jiyikj;Jtj;ij
toq;FtjhFk;.

rkTilik r%fj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; “fk;A+dp];” r%f Kiwikahf gupkhw;wk;

milAk;. nfhkpAdp];l; r%f Kiwik KOikahf xw;Wik kw;Wk;
rkj;Jtj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l r%f gupkhw;wkhf cUntLg;gNj
,jd; ,Wjp ngWNgwhFk;.

rkTlikthj;jpd; gpujhd gz;Gfs; :

 nrhj;Jf;fs; midj;Jk; nghJTlikahf ,Uj;jy;: kf;fs;
midtUk; rkj;Jtkhf ,Ug;gjw;fhf Ntz;bNa nrhj;Jf;fs;
midj;Jk; nghJTlikahf khw;wg;gLk;. ,jd;gb kf;fs; midtUk;
murpd; Copahuhf ,Ug;gu;. kf;fspd; mbg;gilj; Njitfis muR
epiwNtw;wpf; nfhLf;Fk;. jFjpf;Nfw;g njhopiyAk; Njitf;Nfw;g
Cjpaj;ijAk muR toq;Fk;. cw;gj;jpAk; tpepNahfKk; murpd;
iffspy; ,Ug;gNjhL mjd; %yk; r%jha eyid Ngz KbAk; vd

Political Ideolgy Page 8

 ,f;nfhs;if $Wfpd;wJ.

 ghl;lhsptu;f;f ru;tjpfhuk; eilKiwapypUj;jy;: Kjyhspj;Jt

tu;f;fk; kPz;nlOe;J muirf; ifg;gw;wf;$lhJ vd;gjw;fhfTk;
Nrhrypr epu;khz Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; %yk; tu;f;fq;fs; mw;w r%f
Ntiyjpl;lq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;fhfTk; ghl;lhsptu;f;f ru;tjpfhuk;
eilKiwapypUf;Fk;. ,q;F ghl;lhspfspd; rhu;gpy; mtu;fspd;
Kd;ddpg;gilahd fkpA+dpr fl;rpNa ,r;ru;tjpfhuj;ij nraw;gLj;Jk;.

 jdpf;fl;rp Kiw eilKiwapYj;jy;: ,q;F fkpA+dpr fl;rp my;yJ

nghJTlikfl;rp kl;LNk fhzg;gLk;. ,J ghl;lhsp tu;f;fj;jpd;
Kd;ddpg;gilahf jpfOk;. ,J KOr;r%fj;jpdJ ed;ikia NgZk;.
Nju;jy; fhyq;fspy; fkpAdpr fl;rp- cWg;gpdu;fNs Nghl;bapLthu;fs;.
,t;turpy; NtWfl;rpfs; ,aq;f mDkjp toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy. fhuzk;
mit ghl;lhsptu;f;f ru;tjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; Nrhrypr epu;khz
Ntiyjpl;lq;fspw;Fk; jilahf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gjpdhyhFk;.

 eilKiwrhu; rkj;Jtk; epyTk;: Nrhrypr murpy; nrhj;Jf;fs;

midj;Jk; nghJTlikahf khw;wg;gLtjdhy; eilKiwrhu; rkj;Jtk;
epyTk;. ,jdhy; njhopy;fis nghUj;jtiu Cjpaj;jpNyh
me;j];j;jpNyh ngupa NtWghLfs; epyTtj;jpy;iy. ,jdhy;
eilKiwrhu; rkj;Jtk; epyTk;. gd;ikr; r%fj;jd;ik
,y;yhnjhopAk;.

NkNy $wg;gl;Ls;s gz;Gfspid mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ jhuhshthjk;

Nghd;Nw xU murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f fl;likg;gpid cUthf;f
KidAk; fUj;jpayhf rkTlikthj;jpid milahsg;gLj;jyhk;. ,jd;gb
jhuhsthjk; Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; fUj;jpayhFk;. rkTlikthjk;
Kjyhspj;Jtj;ij ,y;yhnjhopf;Fk; fUj;jpayhFk;.

NkYk; 20k; E}w;whz;by; rkTlikthjk; murpay; jj;Jtkhf khwpaJ. ,J

1990fs; tiu cyfpd; gy muRfis ftu;e;jpUe;jJ. cjhuzq;fs;- 1917
u\;ah> 1949 – rPdh> 1959 – fpA+gh

rkTilikthjk; murpay; fUj;jpayhf ,d;ndhU gupkhw;wj;jpw;F

cs;shdJ. khf;\pathjk; fw;gpj;j “Gul;rpfu rkTilikf;F” (Revolutionary
Socialism) rkhe;jukhf “%d;whk; cyf ehLfspd; rkTilik” (Third
World Socialism) thjk; vd;w fUj;Jk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,e;jpahtpd; [t`u;yhy; NeU> vfpg;jpd; mg;Jy;fkhy; erhu; kw;Wk;

jd;rhdpahtpd; [_ypa]; epauhNu Nghd;Nwhu; ,jd; Kf;fpa
rpe;jidahsu;fshtu;.

,k; %d;whk; cyf rkTlikthjkhdJ gpd;fhydpj;Jt r%fq;fspid

ikag;gLj;jp Kd;itf;fg;gl;lNjhL rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; r%fePjpapid
ikag;gLj;jpajhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. NkYk; ,J Kjyhspj;Jt kw;Wk; rkTlik
fUj;jpay;fspd; %yf;nfhs;iffspid ,izj;J Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJk;
mtjhdpf;fj;jf;fjhFk;.
fhyzpj;Jt fhyj;jpy; ypguy; Kjyhspj;Jtthjpfs; jhq;fs; cupikahf;fpf;

jareesh Page 9
nfhz;l ehLfspd; nghUshjhu FiwtpUj;jp kw;wk; r%f
rkj;Jtkpd;ikf;F gupfhuk; fpilf;fhJ vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhz;l ,e;j
jiytu;fs; gpd; fhydpj;Jt r%fq;fSf;F kpfTk; nghUj;jKila
nghUshjhu khw;wq;fis Njbdu;. ,jw;Fg; gjpyPlhf Kjyhspj;Jt kw;Wk;
rkTlikthj fUj;Jf;fis xd;wpizj;J xU Kiwia cUthf;fp
toq;fpdu;. Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpdJk;> rkTilikthjj;jpdJk; %yf;
nfhs;iffis fye;J cUthf;fg;gl;l ,e;j khw;Wf;fUj;jpidAk;
„rkTilikthjk;‟ vd;Nw miof;fpd;wdu;.

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L murpaypDs; rkTilikthjk; gpujhd gzpfs;

ehd;fpid Mw;wpAs;sJ.

1. Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; r%f murpay; tpLjiy njhlu;ghf

ypguy;thj fUj;jpaYf;fhd gpujhd khw;wPl;bid fl;bnaOg;gpaik.

2. Kjyhspj;Jt [dehafthj murpay; Kiwikf;F khw;wPlhf

rkTilik muR njhlu;ghd ,yl;rpaj;jpid Kd;itj;jik.
3. Kjyhspj;Jtj;Njhbize;j ghupa ciog;Gr;Ruz;ly;> r%f Jd;gpay;
kw;Wk; r%f mrkj;Jtk; njhlu;ghf ghupa tpku;rdq;fis Kd;itj;J
ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; FOtpd; rkj;Jtk;> cupik kw;Wk; r%f tpLjiy
njhlu;ghd fUj;jpaiy murpay; rpe;jidapd; ikakhff; nfhz;Lte;jik.

4. INuhg;ghtpYk;> INuhg;gh jtpu;e;j Vida cyfj;jpYk; r%f /

murpay; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf kf;fs; ,af;fq;fSf;F topfhl;ba gpujhd murpay;
fUj;jpayhf fhzg;gl;lik.

FbauRthjk;
murpay; ghlg;gug;gpy; Ma;T nra;ag;gLfpd;w fUj;jpayf; Ss;
FbauRthjk; vd;w fUj;jpaYk; Kf;fpakhdJ ,J ypguy; thjk; Nghd;Nw
murpay; rpj;jhe;jkhf ,Ug;gNjhL murpay; Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; murpay;
jj;Jtk; vd;w tifg;gLj;jYf;Fk; cl;gLfpd;wJ.
,J 17k;> 18k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; Kbahl;rpf;F vjpuhfTk; jhuhsthjj;jpw;F
rkhe;jpukhfTk; vOr;rp ngw;wjhFk;. “Res publica” – “Republic” vDk;
tbtj;jpDlhf te;j Republicanizam vd;gNj FbauRthjkhFk;. ,jid
RUf;fkhf kf;fs; mjpfhu Ml;rp vd nghUs; nfhs;syhk;.

me;jtifapy; FbauRthjk; vd;gJ gpuiIfis Kd;Dupikg;gLj;jpa Ml;rp

KiwahFk;. gpuiIfNs ,iwik gilj;jtu;fs; gpuiIfspd; tpUg;gj;ijNa
Ml;rpahsd; eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;LNkad;wp jdJ Ra tPUg;gg;gb Ml;rp
Nkw;nfhs;shJ ,Ug;gNj FbauRthjkhFk;.

,jd; tuyhW fpNuf;f> cNuhk Afq;fs; tiu ePz;L fhzg;gLfpwJ.

ypguy;thjk; kw;Wk; FbauRthjk; vd;gd xd;Nwhnwhd;W khWgl;l murpay;
fUj;jpayhf ,y;yhjtplj;Jk;> ,it ,uz;Lf;Fkpilapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w
NtWghLfis mwpe;J nfhs;sy;> ,f;fUj;jpay;fis rupahf tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;sTk; cjTk;.

Political Ideolgy Page 10

murpay; gpuirfs;> gpurh cupik> Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; murpay; njhlu;ghd
FbauRthj fUj;Jf;fs; etPd muR> mjd; ,ay;igAk;
Nehf;fq;fisAk; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;wpAs;sJ. FbauRthj
fUj;jpd; tsu;r;rpia ehd;F fl;lq;fspy; fhl;l KbAk;.

01. gok; FbauR thjk; - ,J fpNuf;f kw;Wk; cNuhk fhy FbauRthj

Afj;ij Fwpf;fpd;wJ mup];Nlhl;by;> gpNsl;Nlh> nghypg;gpa];> rprNuh
MfpNahuJ FbauRthjr; rpe;jidfis ,J Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ. fpNuf;f
fhyj;jpy; kf;fsJ murpay; gq;Fgw;wy; kw;Wk; Neub [dehaf
topKiwapd; Clhf FbauRthjkhdJ milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
rfy kf;fSf;Fk; murpay; mjpfhuk; toq;fg;glhkypUg;gpDk;
kf;fspw;Fupa murpay; gq;Fgw;wypd; Muk;g tbtj;jpid ,q;F
,dq;fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ

02. INuhg;gpa kWkyu;r;rp FbauR thjk; - ,J INuhg;gpa kWkyu;r;rp

fhyj;jpy; kf;fpahty;yp mgptpUj;jp nra;j FbauRthj rpe;jidia
Fwpf;fpd;wJ. Vnddpy; kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; kf;fsJ murpay; gq;Fgw;wYk;>
Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; mbg;gil cupikfSk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jikahy;
FbauRthjk; gw;wp rpe;jid mq;F ,aq;Fjd;ikaw;wjhf fhzg;gl;lJ.
vdNt INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l mwptpay;> murpay;> nghUshjhu> kWkyu;r;rp
rpe;jidfs; %yk; kPz;Lk; FbauRthjk; gykile;J nfhz;lJ. ,jd;
gpujhd %yfu;j;jh kf;fpahty;yp Mthu;.

03. 18k; E}w;whz;L FbauR thjk; - ,J gpuhd;]pa mNkuf;f

FbauRthjj;ij Fwpf;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;>
rNfhjuj;Jtk; Nghd;w RNyhfq;fSld; 1789k; Mz;L nfhLq;Nfhy;
Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf gpuhd;]py; Vw;gl;l Gul;rpapd; gpd;du;
Kjd;ikg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhf gpuhd;]pa FbauRthjk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;
gpujhd fUj;jpayhsu;fshf &Nrh> nkhz;l];fpA+ Nghd;Nwhu;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.. mNj Nghd;W 1776k; Mz;L mNkupf;fhtpy; ,lk;ngw;w
Rje;jpu NghuhdJ mt;turpid fhydpj;Jtj;jpypUe;J tpLtpj;J Rje;jpu
Fbaurhf khw;wpaJ. ,jd; gpujhd fUj;jpayhsu;fshf Njhk];
n[gu;]d; > N[k;]; nkbrd;> gpuhyq;spd;> fkpy;ld; Nghd;Nwhu;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,e;j ,U muRfisAk; ikag;gLj;jpaNj 18k;
E}w;whz;L FbauRthjkhFk;.

04. 20k; E}w;whz;L FbauRthjk; my;yJ etPd FbauRthjk;

Ntz;bd; ];fpdu;> gpypg;ngl;b> n`dh n`uz;bj; Nghd;wtu;fspd;
rpe;jidfspid ,J Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ. ,q;F etPd muRfspy;
kf;fSila gq;Fgw;wy; kw;Wk; kf;fsJ mjpfhuk; vd;gJ gw;wp
Muhag;gLfpd;wJ. ,J mjpfsT gpuiIfsJ nraw;ghLfspy; ftdk;
nrYj;Jtjhy; gpuiIfspd; FbauRthjk; vd ,jid miog;gu;. ,jpy;
gpd;tUk; ,uz;L mk;rq;fs; Kjd;ikg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
i. murpay; Mjpgj;jpaypUe;J kj;jpaj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;l Rje;jpuk;
ii. Rje;jpuj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd nraw;ghLfs;.

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L FbauRthjj;jpd; gpujhd fUj;jpayhsu;fspd;

Fbahl;rpthjj;jpy; nghJthd %yf;nfhs;iffs; rpy fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
01. FbauRthjk; murhl;rp Kiwikf;F NenujpuhdjhFk;. ,J 18Mk;

jareesh Page 11
 19Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; jhuhz;ikthjj;jpw;F rkhe;jukhf
mgptpUj;jpaile;j njhd;whFk;.
02. FbauRthjj;jpd;gb ,iwikapd; cupikahsd; murpd; Ml;rpahsd;
md;wp nghJkf;fshtu;. ,JTk; gioik jhuhz;ikthjj;jpw;F
rkhe;jukhf Njhw;wk; ngw;w murhlr
;rpf;F vjpuhd epiyg;ghlhFk;.
03. murpd; jiytd; kf;fspd; thf;Ffspdhy; njupT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpaNjhL ,f;fUj;J 18 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;
tsu;r;rpaile;j Nfhl;ghlhFk.;

04. gpuirfs; murpay; uPjpahf cz;ikahfTk;> JUtpuha;fpd;w murpay;

tpyq;fhf nraw;ghLfspy; gq;Fgw;Wtu;. ,J murpay; uPjpahf
nraw;ghl;Lld; ,Ue;J nghJ ed;ikf;fhf mu;g;gzpg;Gld;
cioj;jy; FbauRthj gpuirnahUtupd; gpujhd gz;ghFk;. ,J
mup];Nlhl;bypd; fhyj;jpypUe;J ,lk;ngw;WtUk; fUj;jhFk;. ,e;j
Fzhk;rq;fisNa “rptpy; ey;nyhOf;fk”; (Civic Virtue) vd;fpd;wdu;.
05. midj;J gpuirfspdJk; nghJ eyDf;fhfNt gpuirfs; murpay;
r%fkhf xOq;fike;Js;sdu;.

06. murpaypd; Nehf;fk; Rje;jpukhFk;. mJ gpuirfspd;

nraw;ghl;bdhNyNa ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;glf; $bajhFk;.
,yFtpy; ,y;yhky; Nghff;$ba tskhd Rje;jpuj;ij ghJfhff;f;
$baJ gpuirfspd; murpay; gq;Fgw;wypdhyhFk;.

rpy gz;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; jhuhz;ikthjk; kw;Wk; FbauRthjk;;

Mfpad xd;wpw;nfhz;L NtWgLfpd;wJ.
01. gpuirAk; murpaYk;: FbauRthjj;jpw;F Vw;g gpurh cupik vd;gJ
ntWkNd murpd;/ murpay; r%fj;jpy; cWg;Gupikia ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tJ kl;Lky;y. murpay; nraw;ghl;by; nraY}f;fj;Jld;
gq;Fgw;Wk;> mjD}lhf nghJ ed;ikf;fhf mu;g;gzpg;Gld;
ciof;fpd;w gpuirfspd; ew;gz;ghFk;.

“murpaypy; <LgLjy;” vd;gJ me;j nghJ ed;ikAk;> Rje;jpuj;ijAk;

mile;Jf;nfhs;tij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L Vida gpuirfSlDk;
,ize;J $l;Lzu;Tld; nraw;gLtjhFk;. gpuir
nraY}f;fj;Jld; murpaiy Nkw;nfhs;Sk; epiyapy; Rje;jpuk;
ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.
vdpDk; ,J gw;wpa jhuhz;ikthj fUj;J NtWgl;ljhFk;.
gpurhTupik vd;gJ murpd; / murpay; r%fj;jpy; mq;fj;Jtk;
fpilg;gjhFk;. jhuhz;ikthj [dehaf murpy; gpuir jdf;F
fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;s Rje;jpuj;ij jdpahfTk;> mikjpahfTk;
mDgtpgg; jhFk;. jhuhz;ikaw;w kw;Wk; [dehafkw;w murpay;
KiwapNyNa gpuirfs; nraY}f;fj;Jldhd murpay; Nghuhl;lk;
,lk;ngWk;.

02. Rje;jpuk; jhuhz;ikthjk; “Rje;jpuj;ij” jdpahs; Rje;jpuk; (Personal

Freedom) vd;Nw mu;j;jg;gLj;jpaJ. mjhtJ murpd;> r%fj;jpd; kw;Wk;

Political Ideolgy Page 12

 VidNahupdJ jilfspYk; jiyaPLfspYkpUe;J tpLgl;L jdpegu;fs;
jdJ tpUg;gg;gb VidNahUf;F ,ilA+W Vw;glhtz;zk; rpe;jpf;fpd;w
nraw;gLfpd;w kw;Wk; tho;tjw;fhd Rje;jpukhFk;. ,jid
“vjpu;kiw Rje;jpuk”; mjhtJ jilfs; ,d;wp (Negative Freedom)
vdf; Fwpg;gpLtu;. fpilf;fpd;w Rje;jpuk; (Freedom From Constraint)
vd;gjhFk;.

FbauRthjj;jpw;fpzq;f Rje;jpuk; vd;gJ gpuirfs; jq;fsJ

Nghuhl;lq;fspd; %yk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;w kw;Wk; ghJfhj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;w cupikahFk;. Rje;jpuk; vd;gJ ,ay;g hf
,of;fg;glf;$ba mr;RWjj;jYf;F Kfk; nfhLf;fpd;w nghJthd
cupikahFk;. mjid ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fj; jhuhz;ikthjk;
Kd;itf;Fk; rl;luPjpahd> murpay; tiuaiwfs; NghJkhdjhf
,y;yhjpUg;gNjhL mjw;fhf gpuirfspd; gq;Fg;gw;wy; (Civic
engegment) mj;jpatrpakhFk;.

Njrpa thjk;
Njrpathjk; vd;gJ ehl;bdk; xd;wpd; kPJ mf;fiw nfhz;l xU fUj;jpay;>
czHT> xU gz;ghl;L tbtk; my;yJ r%f ,af;fk; MFk;. Njrpa
,dq;fs; vd;gjd; tuyhw;W %yk; Fwpj;Jf; Fwpg;gplj; jf;f fUj;J
NtWghLfs; fhzg;gl;lhYk;> xU fUj;jpay;> xU r%f ,af;fk; vd;w
tifapyhtJ> Njrpathjk; vd;gJ INuhg;ghtpy; cUthd xU
mz;ikf;fhyj; Njhw;wg;ghL vd;gijg; gy mwpQHfs; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhYk;
,J 10k; E}w;whz;L tiuf;Fk; goiktha;e;jjhFk;. ,Ug;gpDk; 18 Mk;
E}w;whz;by; gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa kf;fs; ,iwikf;fhd
Nghuhl;lq;fs; Nghd;wtw;NwhL ,J neUq;fpa njhlHG nfhz;lJ.
mg;NghjpUe;J> cyf tuyhw;wpy; Njrpathjk;> Fwpg;gplj;jf;f murpay;> r%f
rf;jpahf ,Ue;J te;jJ. Kjyhk;> ,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghHfs;
cUthdjw;fhf Kf;fpa fhuzkhfTk; ,J njhopw;gl;lijr; rpwg;ghff;
Fwpg;gplyhk;. murpay; fUj;jpayhf Njrpathjk; nra;Js;s kw;wk; ,d;Wk;
nra;Jnfhz;bUf;Fk; gzpfs; gy cs;sd.

1. Njrpathjnkd;gJ> murhf xd;wpizaf;$ba nghJ milahsk;

cs;s murpay; r%fq;fshf jq;fshNyNa vz;zg;gLk; fUj;jpay; kw;Wk;
vz;zf;fUtpid kf;fSf;F toq;Ftij Fwpf;Fk;. nkhop> kjk;> fyhrhuk;
kw;Wk; epyg;gpuNjrk; me;j nghJ r%fkhf kf;fs; jq;fis rpe;jpg;gjw;F
,lk;nfhLf;Fk; milahs rhjdq;fshFk;.

2. etPd Njrpa muRfs; (Nation`- State) mbg;gilapy; Njrpathjj;jpdhy;

Njrk; kw;Wk; muR gw;wp vz;Zk; mbg;gilapNyNa fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
epyj;njhlu;G> fyhrhu xw;Wik> Njrpak; kw;Wk; muR vd;gd xd;Wf;nfhd;W
rkkhdtifapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w etPd murpd; mbg;gilf;
nfhs;ifAk; Njrpathj murpaypd; gy;NtW Kd;itg;ghfNt te;Js;sJ.

19Mk; kw;Wk; 20Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; tsu;r;rpaile;j gpujhdkhd murpay;

fUj;jpay; Njrpa thjkhFk; (Nationilism). ,J murpay; fUj;jpayhfTk;>
murpay; kw;Wk; r%f ,af;fkhfTk; ,Ug;gNjhL etPd cyfpy; murpd;>
murpay; Kuz;ghLfs; kw;Wk; muRfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfs; vd;gtw;iw
jPu;khdpg;gjpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;w gpujhd rhjdKk; MFk;.

jareesh Page 13
Njrpathjj;jpd; flikg; nghWg;Gfis kwe;J etPd cyfj;ij
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s KbahjsTf;F etPd tuyhw;wpd; topiaAk; kdpju;fspd;
murpay; jiytpjpia jPu;khdpg;gjpYk; Njrpathjk; gq;fspg;G nra;Js;sJ.
jq;fis “,dnkd;W” Fwpg;gpLk; Ra Gupe;Jzu;Tila kf;fs; Fwpj;j murpay;
Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf Kd;ndLf;fpd;w „,dk;‟ gw;wpa fUj;jhf Njrpathjk; vd;gij
RUf;fkhf Fwpg;gpyhk;.

fUj;jpayhfTk; rpe;jidahfTk; Njrpathjj;jpy; ,uz;L rpwg;gpay;Gfisf;

fhzyhk;. Njrpathjk; vd;gjw;F Kiwahd xUKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l rpe;jid
nahd;wpy;iy. ,J Fwpj;j xU rpe;jidahsupdhNyh my;yJ
jj;JttpayhsupdhNyh Kd;itf;fg;gl;ljy;y. mjw;nfd jdpj;Jtkhd
rpe;jidahsu;fSk; ,y;iy.

,J gw;wp ngdbf;l; vd;lu;rd; vDk; murpay; Nfhl;ghl;lhsu; 1983Mk; Mz;L

ntspapl;l fw;gidr; r%fq;fs; (Imagined Communities) vDk; E}ypy;
tpsf;fkhf $wpAs;shu;.

Njrpathjk; murpay; uPjpahf vt;tsT gykhdjhf fhzg;gl;lhYk; mJ

jj;Jtk; vd;wtifapy; fPo; epiyahdJk; mbg;gilnahd;Wk; mjpy; fhzg;gl
tpy;iy. Vida murpay; fUj;jpaisg; Nghd;W jdf;nfd;w jdpj;Jtkhd
rpe;jidahsu;fisNah> Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fisNah ,J cUthf;fpf;
nfhs;stpy;iy. Njrpathjj;jpw;F n`hg;];> njhf;tpy;> khf;];> ntgu;
Nghd;wnuhUtu; ,y;iy. (vd;lu;rd; 1983) jdpj;Jtkhd jj;Jttpashsu;fs;>
rpe;jidahsu;fspdhy; Njw;Wtpf;fg;glhtpl;lhYk; gy;NtW r%fq;fspypUe;J
Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;s Njrpathj fUj;jpay;fspy; nghJthd fl;likg;nghd;W
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
c+k; : rpq;fs Njrpathjk;> [g;ghd; Njrpa thjk;> Mq;fpy Njrpa thjk;>
,u\;rpa Njrpathjk; Nghd;wthW xd;wpw; nfhd;W Neubj; njhlu;Gfs; mw;w
Njrpathjq;fspd; fl;likg;Grhu; xOq;fikg;G nghJj;jd;ik cilajhFk;.

Njrpathjj;ij gpujhd %d;W mZFKiwfspD}lhf

,dq;fhzyhk;.
1. etPd mZFKiw (Modernist)
18Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;du; INuhg;gpa ifj;njhopy; Kjyhspj;Jt
ehLfspy; Njrpa muRfs; tsu;r;rpailAk; nraw;ghl;Lld;
fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l fUj;jhFk;.

2. kuG uPjpahd mZFKiw (Primordialist)

,jd; fUj;J> Njrpathjk; gy;yhapuk; Mz;Lfs; gioikahd kdpj
tuyhw;iwg; Nghd;Nw gioikahd epfo;thf nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

3. fUtpthj mZFKiw (Instrumentalist)

,dk; vd;w fUj;J murpay;thjpfs; kw;Wk; murpay; gpuKfu;fs; murpay;
mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf gad;gLj;Jfpd;w fUtpahFk;
vd ,jdhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ‘,dTzu;tpd’; ; mbg;gilAk; NjrpathjKk;
“VNjDk; r%fj;jpw;F jhq;fs; midtUk; $l;lhf ,dk; vd;fpd;w
ghupa r%fj;jpw;Fs; cld;gLNthk; vd;fpd;w czu;tpidf;
fl;bnaOg;GtNj Njrpathjj;jpd; gpujhd gzpahFk;.”. mjhtJ Njrk;
vd;fpd;w r%fj;jpw;F cld;gly; vd;w czu;thFk;.

Political Ideolgy Page 14

„xNu ,dkhf‟ rpe;jpg;gjw;F mtu;fSf;fpilNa nghJ j;jd;ik njhlu;ghd
cWjpg;ghL ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Njrpathjpfs; ,jid „Njrpa
milahsk;‟ (National Identity) vd;fpd;wdu;. Njrpa milahs rpd;dq;fshf
nkhop> kjk;> fyhrhuk;> nghJ tuyhW kw;Wk; rpy Neuq;fspy; nghJthd epy
gpuNjKk; mlq;Fk;.

nghJj;jd;ik njhlu;ghd czu;tpd; %yk; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;w Njrpathjk;

gpd;du; murpay; jd;ikiaAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ. ,jd; %yk; „,dk;‟
vd;gjw;F murpay; milahsnkhd;W fpilg;gNjhL mjD}lhf kf;fSf;F
murpay; ,yf;Ffis ngw;Wf; nfhLj;J ,dj;ij murpay; uPjpahf
topelj;Jk;. murpay; Rje;jpuk;> gpuNjr Ra Ml;rp kw;Wk; r%f FOf;fspd;;
cupikfs; ,e;j murpay; Nehf;fq;fspy; gpujhdkhditahFk;.
Raepu;za cupik Njrpa thjj;Jld; njhlu;Ggl;l gpujhd vz;zf;
fUthFk;. ,jdhy; fUjg;gLtJ jdJ murpay; jiytpjpiaj; jPu;khdpf;Fk;
cupik rfy ,dq;fSf;Fk; cupj;jhdJ vd;gjhFk;. murpay; uPjpahf gpupe;J
Ntwhd munrhd;iw cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tNjhL> gpuptpid> gpuNjr Rahl;rp>
Njrpa Ra epu;za cupik vd;gjd; %yk; epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;Sk;
Nehf;fq;fshFk;.

murpay; uPjpahf Njrpathj fUj;jpaypd; gzpahtJ ,dk; vd;W

Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w xU r%fj;ij Vida r%fq;fspypUe;J NtWgLj;jp
milahsk; fhzgjhFk;. Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;ljd;gb ,jd; epakq;fshf nkhop>
kjk;> fyhrhuk; Mfpa Njrpa milahs fUtpfshFk;.

Njrpathjk; fUj;jpayhfTk; murpay; ,af;fkhTk; (18 E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk;

,d;Wtiu) gpujhd ,uz;L jd;ikfisf; nfhz;lJ.
1. Njrpa - mur Njrpathjk;
2. ,dj;Jt Njrpathjk;

Njrpa - mur Njrpathjk;

,J Njrpathjj;jpd; gioik Njhw;whFk;. ,jd; gpujhd gz;ghf fhzg;gLtJ
Njrpa murpd; milahsj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUg;gjhFk;.
INuhg;ghtpy; 18k; E}w;whz;by; Njhw;wk; ngw;w Njrpa muRfspd; Njhw;wg;ghL
“xUNjrk; - xU muR” vd;w #j;jpuj;jpd;gb xU ,dj;jpw;Fl;gl;l kf;fs;
mt;tpdj;jpd; Njrj;jpw;F cl;gLfpd;wdu;. Njrj;jpd; kPjhd cupik> gpizg;G
kw;Wk; md;G Nghd;wd mt;tpdj;jpd; muRld; me;epak; MFk;NghJ
fpilf;Fk; gpizg;G kw;Wk; Nerpg;GkhFk;. c-k;; :
,yq;ifau;fs;> ,e;jpaufs;> jha;yhe;jpau;fs; vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ ,e;j
Njrpa muRfspd; rpe;jidahFk;.

,dj;Jt Njrpathjk;
Njrpa murpDs; tho;fpd;w ,df;FOf;fSf;fpilapy; Vw;gLfpd;w $l;lhd
FOnthd;W njhlu;ghd murpay; mwpT „,dj;Jt Njrpathjk;‟ (Ethinic
Nationalism) vd miof;fg;gLk;.
mjw;Fk; mbg;gilahf miktJ nkhop> kjk;> fyhrhuk; Mfpa nghJ

jareesh Page 15
milahsq;fshFk;. ,dj;Jt Njrpathjk; gw;wpa fUj;jhly; Njhw;wk;
ngWtJ jhDk; cWg;Gupikia mDgtpf;fpd;w Njrpa murpDs; Njrpa -mur
Njrpathjj;jpDs; jdf;F rkkhd cupikfs; fpilf;fhik kw;Wk;
Ntw;WikfSf;F cl;gly; Mfpa ,d;dy;fSf;F kj;jpapyhFk;. mt;thwhd
,dj;Jt Njrpa thjj;jpDs; murpay; Nfhupf;iffSs; rkkhd
cupikfs;> gpuNjr Ra Ml;rp kw;Wk; gpupe;J nry;yy; Mfpad mlq;Fk;.
18k; E}w;whz;bypUe;J Njrpa thjj;jpd; tuyhw;W mDgtkhdJ fyg;ghd
xd;whFk;. mJ rhjfkhd kw;Wk; ghjfkhd tpisTfis ngw;Wf;
nfhLj;Js;sJ.
1. cyfpd; etPd muRfs; mbg;gilapNy Njrpa murthj Njrpa
thjj;jpdhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. murpay; Rje;jpuk;> tpLjiy njhlu;ghd fUj;J Njrpa thjj;jpy; kpfTk;
gpugykhf tifapy; kf;fs; $l;Lzu;tpy; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
3. Njrpathj muR
4. kw;Wk; Njrpathj ,af;fq;fs;
5. Aj;jk;>
6. ,d Rj;jpfupg;G>
7. td;Kiw
8. Kuz;ghLfisj; Njhw;Wtpg;gJld;>
9. NguuRthj Mf;fpukpg;G>
10. ehl;bd tpLjiy Mfpa #oy;fspy; NghHfs;>
11. gpuptpid> ,dg;gLnfhiy

r%f [dehaf thjk;

r%f [dehaf thjk; 19k; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp miug; gFjpapy; Muk;gkhfp
jw;fhyj;jpy; kpfTk; gpugy;ak; tha;e;j xU murpay; fUj;jpayhFk;. ,t;
murpay; fUj;jpy; Njhw;wk; ngw mbg;gilahf mike;J 1860fspy;
N[u;kdpapy; njhopyhsu; ,af;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Njhw;wk; ngw;w
N[u;kdpa r%f [dehaf fl;rpahFk;. ,f;fUj;jpaypd; Kd;Ndhb N[u;kd;
r%f [dehaf fl;rpapd; jiytu; vl;tu;l; Ngd;];ild; Mthu; . 20k;
E}w;whz;bd; Muk;g jrhg;jq;fspy; INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; njhopyhsu;
tFg;gpdiu mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L xOq;fike;j njhopw;rq;fq;fspd;
Clhf r%f [dehaf Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. r%f [dehaf ,af;fq;fspy;
Gjpa kWkyu;r;rpia 2k; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; N[u;kd; kw;Wk;
];nfd;bNdhtpa ehLfspy; fhzf;fpilj;jJ.
nghJthf r%f [dehaf thjk; vd;gJ jhuhz;ik thjk;> khf;rpa thjk;
Mfpa fUj;jpay;fis KOikahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;shJ mf; fUj;jpay;fspy;
,f; fUj;jpaiy Kjyhspj;Jtk;> khf;rp]j;jpdJk; fyg;nghd;whFk; vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,f;fUj;jpaypd; Kd;Ndhbahd vl;tu;l; Ngd;];ild; Muk;gj;jpy;
khf;rp]thjpahf fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk; njhopyhsu;fspd; fl;lha Gul;rpia
Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy. khwhf njhopyhsu;fspd; eyd;fis rkTlik
thjj;jpd; %yk; mile;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhapd; murpd; eyd;Gup Nrit
mtrpak; vd thjpl;lhu;. ,g;gpd;dzpia mbg;gilahf itj;Nj r%f
[dehaf thj fUj;jpiy Kd;ditj;jhu;.
1850k; Mz;L N[u;kdpapy; ,tu; gpwe;jhu;. ,tu; N[u;kdpa [dehaf; fl;rpapd;
jiytuhfr; nraw;gl;l mNjNtis jdJ fUj;Jf;fspd; %yk; fhu;s;

Political Ideolgy Page 16

khf;];Rld; Nkhjpdhu;. ,tu; fhu;s; khf;]; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy fUj;Jf;fs;
gpioahdit vdf; $wp mtw;iw jpUj;jp mikf;f Kad;whu;. r%f
[dehaf kakhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;j Kay Ntz;Lk; vdf; $wpdhu;. ghl;lhsp
tu;f;f ru;thjpfhuk; gw;wpa fUj;ijAk; epuhfupf;fpd;whu;. ,tu;
njhopyhsu;fSf;F xU ehL ,y;iy vd;w fhu;s; khf;]pd; fUj;jpid
epuhfupj;jhu; 1932k; Mz;L ,we;jhu;.
r%f [dehaf thjj;jpw;F vLj;Jf; fhl;lhd ehLfs; ,yq;if> ,e;jpah>
gq;fshNjrk;> jd;rhdpah> fhdh Nghd;w ehLfis Fwpg;gplyhk;.
murpay; fUj;jpay; vd;w tifapy; r%f [dehafj;jpd; mbg;gil
mk;rq;fshf gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
1. Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhu Kiwikapdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l tWik>
mePjpfSf;F Kjyhspj;Jt Kiwapy; jPu;T ,d;ikahy; mjid epuhfupj;jy;.
2. Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpw;F khw;wPlhf cUthf;fg;gl;l rkTlik thjk;
Kjyhspj;Jt Kiwapy; fhzg;gl;l gpur;rpidfSf;F jPu;T toq;fpapUg;gpDk;
Gul;rpapd; %yk; mjid cUthf;Fjy; eilKiwf;F mg;ghw;gl;lJ.

3. Kjyhspj;Jtj;ij rkTlik thj mbg;gilfSf;F Vw;g kWrPuikg;G

nra;Ak; NghJ nfhs;if uPjpahd khw;wq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; r%f [dehaf
thjk; Kd;itf;Fk; rpe;jidfs; gpd;tUkhW

 nghUshjhu Jiwapd; mur jiyaPL:

re;ijg; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffspy; mur jiyaplf; $lhJ vDk;
jhuhz;ikthj Kjyhspj;Jt mbg;gilapy; NtWgLfpd;wJ. nghUshjhu
Nghf;fpid epUtfpj;jy; kw;Wk; top elhj;jf;$bajhf mur jiyaPL
mtrpak; vd Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; jdpahu; Jiwapd; nry;thf;F
ePf;fg;gl;L tWik> r%f mePjp vd;gtw;Wf;F jPu;T fhzf; $bajhf
cs;sJ.

 fyg;Gg; nghUshjhuk;:
nghUshjhu nraw;ghLfspy; Kjyhspj;Jt kw;Wk; rkTlikthj
nghUshjhu mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs;> nfhs;iffs; ,uz;ilAk;
xd;wpizj;Nj nfhz;L nry;yg;gLk; nghUshjhu KiwahFk;.
nghUshjhu Kiwapy; Rje;jpukhf jdpahu; Jiwapdu; <LgLk;
mNjNtis nghUl;fspd; tpiy epu;zaj;ij murpd; kj;jpa jpl;lkply;
FO Nkw;nfhs;iff; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. rPdhtpd; Jupj nghUshjhu
tsu;r;rpf;F fyg;G nghUshjhuk; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.

 r%f eyd;Gup> fhg;GWjp gzpfspy; muR <Lgly;:

Kjyhspj;Jt jhuhz;ik thj nghUshjhu Kiwikapy; jdpahu;
Jiwapdu; ,yhg Nehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; nraw;gLtjdhy; mq;F r%f
eyd;Gupr; Nritfs; ,lk; ngWtjpy;iy. mjid r%f [dehaf thjk;
KOikahf epuhfupg;gNjhL Rje;jpu re;ijahdJ mrkepiy
Vw;gLj;Jtjhy; mjw;fhd jPu;thf nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%fj;Jiwfspy;
murpdu; Neubj; jiyaPl;Lld; r%f eyd;Gup Nritfis Kd;nkhope;jJ.

 nry;tk; kw;Wk; tUkhdq;fis r%fj;jpw;F kPs gfpu;e;jspj;jy;

Kjyhspj;Jt Kiwikapy; tUkhdk; kw;Wk; nry;tq;fs; midj;Jk;
xU gpuptpduhfpa jdpahu; Jiwaplk; khj;jpuk; Ftptij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

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 ,jdhy; r%fj;jpy; tUkhd rkkpd;ik> Vw;wj;jho;T Mfpa ghupa r%fg;
gpur;rpidfis Njhw;wtpj;jJ. ,jw;F khw;wkhf r%f [dehaf thjk;
nry;te;ju;fshfpa jdpahu; Jiwaplk; fhzg;gLk; tUkhdk;
Vidatu;fSf;F gfpu;e;jspf;Fk; tifapy; tUkhd tupfis mwtpl;L
mjid r%f eyd;Gup nraw;ghLfSf;F nrytspj;jy;.

 $l;L Nguk; NgRjy;:

r%f [dehaf ,af;fk; gpujhdkhf njhopyhsu; tFg;gpdupd; eyed
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;l fUj;jpayhFk;. vdNt>
njhopyhsu;fspd; rk;gsk;> kw;Wk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij ghJfhg;gij
Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L murhq;f gpujpepjpfSld; tpiy epu;zak;> rk;gsk;
njhlu;gpy; $l;L xg;ge;jq;fis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;StJ gpujhd
gz;ghFk;.
,ijj;jtpu nrhj;Jupik> muRf;Fk; jdpahu;fSf;Fk; ,Uj;jy;> kf;fspd;
mbg;gil cupik kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUj;jy;> kf;fSf;Fk; gpujpepjpfSf;Fk;
,ilapy; neUf;fkhd njhlu;G fhzg;gly;> jdpahu; Jiw ftdk;
nrYj;jhj my;yJ Fiwthf ftdk; nrYj;Jk; Jiwfspy; muR ftdk;
nrYj;jy;.
cjhuzk;:
,yq;ifapy;: Gifapuj Nrit> JiwKf fg;gy; Nrit> nghJg;
ghJfhg;G
,e;jpahtpy;: Gifapuj Nrit> fg;gy; Nrit> JiwKf Nrit> Gifapuj
Nrit vd;gd mlq;Fk;.
jd;rhdpahtpy;: Gifapuj Nrit> fy;tpr; Nrit vd;gtdthFk;.
r%f [dehaf thjk; jw;NghJ Njhy;tpaile;J tUtjw;fhd
fhuzq;fs;
1. 1990fspy; Nrhtpaj; A+dpadpd; Nrhrypr Kiwikapy; Vw;gl;l tpo;r;rp.
2. cyf kakhf;fj;jpd; Njhw;wk;.
3. eyd;Gup murpd; nghUshjhu Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; murpw;F Vw;gl;l
Njhy;tp.
4. eyd;Gup muR vd;w nfhs;ifapy; cw;gj;jp> gq;fPL> r%f eyd;
nraw;ghLfspy; muR <LghL fhl;baik.
5. muR nghUshjhu KjyPl;lhsuhfTk;> r%f NritahsuhfTk;
nraw;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhf jpizf;fsq;fs;> $l;Lj;jhgdq;fs;> mjpfhu
rigfs; Nghd;wtw;iw cUthf;fpr; nraw;gLj;j Ntz;bapUe;jik.
6. epWtdq;fspd; ciog;G> Nkhrb> tPz; tpuak;> nraw;wpwdpd;ik
Nghd;w FiwghLfs; Vw;gl;lik.
7. eyd;Gup mur cs;ehLfspy; gw;whf;Fiwahd tuT nryTj; jpl;l
Vw;ghl;lhy; gztPf;fk; mjpfupf;fg;gl;lik. kf;fs; kPJ mjpfupj;j
tupr; Rikfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;lik> murpay; neUf;fb Vw;gl;lik
Nghd;w nraw;ghLfs; Vw;gl;lJ.

Political Ideolgy Page 18

 kjr; rhu;gpd;ik thjk; (Secularism)
murpay; fUj;jpay;fspy; fhyj;jhy; gpe;jpa kw;Wk; rkfhy murpaypy;
NgRnghUshf fhzg;gLtJ kjr; rhu;gpd;ik thjkhFk;. kjr; rhu;gpd;ik
thjk; vd;gJ murpay; rkak; njhlu;Gglhky; NtWgLj;Jtij
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ> mur epWtdq;fspy; rkaj;jpd; mKj;jk; kw;Wk;
rka nraw;ghLfspy; mur epWtdq;fspd; mKj;jk; Vw;glhky; ,uz;Lk;
xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;l kw;Wk; RahjPdkhd ,uz;L Jiwfshf fUjg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,f; fUj;jpayhFk;.
rkak; murpaYf;Fg; gpuNtrpj;jy;> murpay; elj;ijfSf;fhf rkaj;ij
Clfkhf gad;gLj;Jtjhy; gy;ypd> kj> nkhop> fyhrhuq;fis gpd;gw;wp
kf;fs; thOfpd;w xU ehl;by; rka Nkhjy;fs; ,lk;ngWtijf; fhzyhk;
vdNt mr;rka Nkhjy;fs; ,lk; ngwkhy; jLg;gij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L
cUthf;fg;gl;lNj kjr; rhu;gpd;ik thjkhFk;. kjr; rhu;gpd;ik vDk; gjk;
Mq;fpyj;jpy; Secularism vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,g;gjk; ,yj;jpd; nkhopr;
nrhy;yhd Seculum vDk; nrhy;ypypUe;Nj Njhw;wk; ngw;wjhFk;. ,jid
Kjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpatu; N[hu;[; [hfg; n`hypnlf; Mthu;.

kjr; rhu;gpd;ik thjk; 18 – 19k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w

fUj;jpayhFk;. ,f; fhyfl;lj;jpy; INuhg;ghtpy; tho;e;j INuhg;gpa murpay;
Qhdpfspd; rpe;jidapd; xU gFjpNa ,f;fUj;jpayhFk;. gioik jhuhz;ik
thjk;> rkTilik thj rpe;jidAld; njhlu;GilajhFk;. kj;jpa fhyj;jpd;
,Wjp fhyj;jpy; gpujhd mq;fkhf mur kw;Wk; jpUr;rigfSf;fpilapy;
fhzg;gl;l njhlu;Gf;F vjpuhf tsu;r;rpile;j fUj;jpayhFk;. mjhtJ>
murhdJ nja;tPf cupikf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; nry;thf;Ff;F cl;gl;L rkaj;jpd;
ngauhy; Ml;rp ,lk; ngw;wik. Nghg;ghz;ltUk; jpUr;riAk; murpd; Kf;fpa
jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;gtu;fshf fhzg;gl;lik. kf;fis %l
ek;gpf;ifapd; gpufhuk; fl;bnaOg;gpaik Mfpa fhuzpfSf;F vjpuhf
Njhw;wk; ngw;wik kjr; rhu;gpd;ik thjkhFk;.
kjr; rhu;gpd;ik thjk; Njhw;wk; ngWtjw;fhd kw;WnkhU fhuzp INuhg;gpa
kWkyu;r;rp MFk;. ,jd; %yk; kf;fis gFj;jwpT uPjpahf rpe;jpf;f
J}z;baikahy; kf;fs; %lek;gpf;ifapypUe;J tpLglf; $batu;fshf
khwpaJld; rkaj;jpd; nry;thf;if gykhf vjpu;f;f Muk;gpj;jdu;.

kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w kjr;rhu;gpd;ik thjk; gioik

jhuhz;ik thjk; kw;Wk; rkTilik thj rpe;jidapd; ntspg;ghlhFk;.
mjhtJ> jhuhz;ik thjk; rhu;gpd;ik thjj;jpy; jdpahu; Rje;jpuk;> rpe;jid
khw;wk; kdr;rhl;rpia gpd;gw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; Mfpa %y jj;Jtq;fis
Fwpg;gJld; rkTilik thjk; r%f mOj;jj;jpd; epWtdkhf rka
Mjpf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhf Gul;rp nra;tij Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

jhuhz;ik thj kjr; rhu;gpd;ikapd; mbg;gilfs;.

1. muR kw;Wk; jpUr;rig Mfpatw;iw epWtd uPjpahf NtWgLj;jy;.
2. muR rkaj;Jld; njhlu;Gglf;$lhJ mj;Jld; rka fw;iff;Fk;
gpurhuj;Jf;Fk; muR njhlu;Gglf;$lhJ.

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3. muR ve;jnthU rkaj;jpw;Fk; gf;f rhu;ghf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. Rkak;
kdpju;fspd; jdpg;gl;l tplakhf ,Ug;gNjhL mjid murpaYf;F
nfhz;L tUjy; $lhJ.
4. rkaj;Jf;Fk; gpui[fspd; mbg;gil cupikfspy; xd;W vd;gNjhL
rkaj;jpd; ngauhy; ve;jnthU gpuirf;Fk; ghFghL fhl;lf;$lhJ.
rkTilik thj kjr; rhu;gpd;ikapd; mbg;gilfs;
1. rkTilik thj muR KOikahf rkaj;jpypUe;J NtWgLj;jg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;. murpd; mDkjpAlNdNa kjk; nraw;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
2. rkTilik thj KiwikapDs; rkak; rhu;> murpay; rhu;
epWtdq;fSf;F ,Ug;G fpilahJ.
3. murpd; jPtpu Nkw;ghu;itapd; fPo; rkTilikthj murpy; rka
epWtdq;fs; nraw;gl KbAk;.
4. rka milahsj;Jld; murpay; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%f ,af;fq;fis epWt
KbahJ.
kjr; rhu;gpd;ik thj mD$yq;fs;.
1. mur epWtdq;fspy; rka uPjpahd ghFghL fhzg;glhik.
2. kjr; Rje;jpuk; fhzg;gLjy;.
3. nghJr; Nritfis Efu;tjpy; ghFghL fhzg;glhik.
4. murpay;> fy;tp> rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;fpy; ghugl;rk; fhzg;glhik.
5. rka topghLfspy; <Lgl G+uz Rje;jpuk; fhzg;glhik.
6. kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Njrg;gw;W czu;it tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
7. gy;ypd kf;fisAk; rkkhf kjpj;jy;.
8. ,d> kj td;Kiw Vw;gLtij jLj;jy;.

ghrpr thjk;
17–18 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfsy; jhuhz;ikthjKk;> 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by;
rkTilikthjKk; Kf;fpak; ngw;wijg; Nghd;W 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd;
Kjy; miug;gFjpapy; ghrprthjk; Kf;fpak; ngw;wJ.

,J Kjyhk; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jq;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy;

Xu; jj;JtkhfTk;> murpay; ,af;fkhfTk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,uz;lhk;
cyf Aj;jj;jpy; ,j;jhyp kw;Wk; N[u;kdpapd; tPo;r;rpNahL
Njhy;tpaile;jJ. Muk;gj;jpy; ghrprthjk; vd;w nrhy; ,j;jhypapy;
ngdpw;Nwh KNrhypdpapd; jiyikapy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w ru;tjpfhu MAj
gyk; nfhz;l murpay; ,af;fj;ij Fwpg;gpl gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gpd;du;
mJ N[u;kd;> [g;ghd; Mfpa ehLfspy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w ,dthj MAj gy
kw;Wk; ru;thjpfhu murpay; ,af;fq;fs; kw;Wk; mur Kiwikfis Fwpg;gpl
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l nghJthdnjhU murpay; gjkhf khw;wk; mile;jJ.

N[u;kdpa ghrprk;> eh]prthjk; (Nazism) vdg;gl;lJ. ,J Njrpa

rkTilikthjk; (National Socialism) vd;w N[u;kd; nrhy;ypd; jpupghFk;.
,j;jhypapYk; N[u;kdpapYk; ghrprthjkhdJ Kjyhspj;Jtk>; jhuhz;ik
[dehafk;> rkTilikthjk; kw;Wk; nfhkpAdpr thjq;fSf;F Nenujpuhd
jj;JtkhfTk;> murpay; ,af;fkhfTk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
Kjyhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpd; Njhy;tpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
,j;jhypapYk;> N[u;kdpapYk; Njhw;wk; ngw;w ghupa murpay; neUf;fb>
1920fspy; Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu ke;jjj ; pdhy; Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu kw;Wk;

Political Ideolgy Page 20

 r%f tPo;r;rp vd;gd ghrprthjk; kw;Wk; ehrprthjk; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd
gpd;dzpahf mike;jJ.

N[u;kdpa ehrprthj Ml;rpahsuhd mnlhy;g; `pl;yu; (Addolph Hitler) 1925 -

1926 fspy; murpay; rpiwf; ifjpahf ,Ue;jNghJ ntspapl;l „vdJ
Nghuhl;lk;‟ (Mein Kamp) vd;w E}ypy; ghrprthjj;jpd; mbg;gil kw;Wk;
Nehf;fq;fis kpfTk; njspthf vOjpAs;shu;.

`pl;yu; kw;Wk; ,j;jhypa ghrprthj jiytdhd ngdpw;Nwh KNrhypdp

ntspapl;l fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; gad;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapy; ghrprthj
rpe;jidapd; gpujhd gz;Gfis ,dq;fhz KbAk;.
01. muir khj;jpuk; Kf;fpaj;Jtg;gLj;Jjy;:
ghrprj;jpy; muR kl;LNk rHt mjpfhuq;fSk;> rHt ty;yikAk; nfhz;l
jdpnahU epWtdkhFk;. KNrhypdp jdJ murpd; Nfhl;ghL gw;wp
gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;whH. ~vy;yhk; murpw;Fs;NsNa ,Uf;fpwJ. murpw;F
vjpuhfTk; murpw;F ntspNaAk; vJTk; ,y;iy".ghrpr murpy; ntF[d
njhlHG rhjdq;fs;> fy;tp Kiwikfs; murpd; g+uz
fl;Lg;ghl;bypUf;Fk;. ,tw;wpD}lhfg; ghrprk; jdJ gpur;rhuq;fisj;
jpl;lkpl;L Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.

ePl;Nr Kd;itj;j “#g;gu;Nkd;” - mjprpwg;G kdpjd; (Superman) vd;w

vz;zf;fU muR njhlu;ghd gh]p]thj fUj;jpay; njhlu;gpy; ngupJk;
jhf;fk; nrYj;jpAs;sJ. ,jd;%yk; murpd; caupaj;jd;ik> cau;e;jJ>
epfuw;wJ Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; muRf;F epfuhf;ff;$ba NtW ve;j
epWtdq;fSk; ,y;iy vd;gij tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
jhuhsthjj;jpy; $wg;gLtJ Nghy; gh]p] muR r%f
epWtdkhfty;yhky; mJ r%fj;jpw;F NkYs;sjhFk;. muR
mjprapf;fj;jf;fJk;> ku;kkhdJkhd ,ay;gpidf; nfhz;bUg;gNjhL ,jd;
cz;ikahd ,ay;gpid rhjhuz kf;fshy; tpsf;fpf;nfhs;s KbahJ.
mj;NjhL murpd; Njhw;wk; mjd; jw;Nghija epiy kw;Wk; murpd;
vjpu;fhyk; njhlu;gpy; Kiwahd tpgupg;G xd;W gh]p]thj;jjpy;
Kd;itf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. “muR epiyahdJ” vd;gjpy; mtjhdk;
nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. muRf;F Muk;gNkh my;yJ KbNth fpilahJ vd;gNj
,jd; mu;j;jkhFk;.

“muRk; r%fKk; ru;trkkhdJ” vd;gjd; %yk; gh]p]thjpfs; r%fk;

kw;Wk; jdpegu;fis ftdj;jpy; nfhs;shJ murpd; Kf;fpaj;J tj;ij
kl;Lk; Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jpdu; vd;gNj mu;j;jg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. muRf;Fk;
murpd; mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; jdpegu;fs; vy;yhtifapYk; fl;Lg;gLk;NghNj
jdpegu; tpLjiy rhj;jpag;gLfpd;wJ.
r%fj;jpy; kf;fs; Kf;fpakw;wNjhL muR kl;LNk Kf;fpakhdJ vd;W
Fwpg;gpLk; gh]p]thjpfs; “muNr Ml;rpahsd; MFk;”. mjhtJ muRk;
Ml;rpahsDk; ru;trkkhditahFk;. ,jdhy; murpd; gilg;Ng
Ml;rpahsdhthd; vd;gij Rl;bf;fhl;baJ.

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 MAjgyk; gh]p]thjj;jpd; mbg;gilahFk;. gh]p] muRf;F jd;idj;
jtpu NtW ve;j r%f Nehf;fKk; ,y;iy. “muR muRf;fhfNt” vd;w
Nehf;fpy; fhzg;gLk;. mjhtJ “muR muRf;fhfNt cs;sJ” vd;gjhFk;.

02. jiyikj;Jtj;ijf; fz;%bj;jdkhfg; gpd;gw;Wjy;: ghrprk; mjpfhuk;

kpf;f xU jiytidAk;> mj;jiytid fz;%bj;jdkhf gpd;gw;Wk;
kf;fs; $l;lj;jpidAk; nfhz;l murhq;f KiwahFk;. ,J mfpk;ir>
rkhjhdk;> Nrhryprk;> [dehafk;> jdpkdpjthjk; vd;gtw;iw
epuhfupf;fpd;wJ. ngha;> gfl;L> mlf;FKiw> re;jHg;gthjk;> mjpfhu
Mir> NghH ntwp Nghd;wtw;wpy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;l xd;whFk;.
,jd;gb gh]p] murpy; Ml;rpahsu; ru;tjpfhupahthd;. mjhtJ
mwpTila> gz;Gila> kdpjkhz;Gila> Aj;jg;gyk; nfhz;l> tPuKila>
,uh[je;jpuKila> NjrmgpkhdKila Fzhk;rq;fspy; gh]p]
Ml;rpahsd; gupG+uzkhdtd;. ,jdhNyNa gpuirfsplkpUe;J
jiytDf;F vy;yhtifapYk; mbgzpT vjpu;g;ghu;f;fpd;wJ. ehafu;
topghl;il ntspfhl;LtJ Kf;fpakhdJ.
gh]p] murpy; vy;yh Clfq;fSk; ehafu; topghl;bid ntspg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. murpay; fl;rp> mKf;ff;FOf;fs; KOikahf jilnra;ag;gLk;.
kf;fspd; murpay; gq;Fg;gw;wiy gh]p]thjk; vjpu;f;fpd;wJ. mur
epUthf nraw;ghLfs; KOikahf Ml;rpahsdpd; vNjl;ir mjpfhuj;jpd;
fPo; eilngWtNjhL murpd; rl;lk; vd;gJ Ml;rpahsdpd;
tpUg;gq;fshFk;.
03. mjpfhu ntwpgpbj;j jiyikj;Jtk;: mjpfhu ntwpgpbj;j jiyikj;Jtk;
jdJ mikg;gpd; eyid Nehf;fkhf nfhz;L nraw;gLfpwJ. ,jd; %yk;
[dehafj; jj;Jtk; nraypof;fr; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. jdpkdpj Rje;jpuk;>
vjpHf;fUj;Jf;fs;> Rje;jpukhd ePjpj;Jiwr; nraw;ghLfs; Nghd;wd jil
nra;ag;gl;ld. NjHjy;fs; vd;gjw;Nfh kf;fs; mgpg;gpuhaj;jpw;Nfh ,q;F
,lkspf;fg;gltpy;iy.
04. njsptw;w Nfl;ghL: ghrprthjpfs; jq;fs; Nfhl;ghLfSf;F njspthd
tpsf;fq;fis Kd;itg;gjpy;iy. Nfhl;ghl;il tpl nraw;ghl;bNyNa
ek;gpf;if nfhz;l ,tHfs;> nraw;ghl;bid epahag;gLj;j Nfhl;ghl; il
cUthf;FgtHfshFk;. re;jHg;g #o;epiyf;F Vw;g Nfhl;ghl;ilAk;>
nraw;ghl;ilAk; khw;wpaikj;Jf; nfhs;gtHfshFk;. ek;G> fPo;gb> NghHGup
vd;gNj ,tHfspd; cgNjrkhFk;.

05. muh[fk;: kpfTk; cWjpahf ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l mjpfhuk;> vjpHf;

fl;rpapy;yhik> tpkHrdk; ,y;yhik> Njrj;jpd; vy;yh tplaq;fs; kPjhd
fl;Lg;ghL> Mf;fpukpg;Gj; Njrpathj czHT> fk;a+dpr vjpHg;G Nghd;w
gz;Gfs; ,tHfsplk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
06. murpd; Gfo;ghLk; Ml;rp: ghrprk; muir Nkd;ikg;gLj;Jk; jj;JtkhFk;.
muRf;fhf kf;fNsad;wp kf;fSf;fhf muR ,y;iy vd ,tHfs;
$Wfpd;whHfs;. ,jd; %yk; [dehafj;jpid ghrprk; epuhfupf;fpwJ.
ghrprk; jdpnahU fl;rpiaf; nfhz;l xU Ml;rp KiwahFk;. ghrprf;
fl;rp mq;fj;jtHfs; ,uhZt Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf kl;LNk
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwhHfs;.

Political Ideolgy Page 22

07. gyhj;fhuf; Fzk;: ghrprj;jpy; gyhj;fhuk; vd;gJ epue;jukhdjhFk;.
mjpfhuj;ij ifg;gw;Wtjw;Fk;> tsHg;gjw;Fk; vjpupfis xopg;gjw;Fk;
gyhj;fhuj;ijNa ek;gpAs;shHfs;. ,ufrpa nghyp]; gpuptpd; %yk;
vjpupfis ,dk; fz;L ,uhZt ePjpkd;wq;fSlhff; fLikahd
jz;lid toq;fp gyhj;fhu Ml;rp elhj;JgtHfshFk;.
rHtNjrpaj;jpid ghrprk; epuhfupf;fpwJ. mNj Neuk; Mf;fpukpg;G Njrpa
thjj;jpid KOikahf mq;fPfupf;fpd;wJ. Vfhjpgj;jpak; khw;wKbahj>
vy;iyaw;w tho;f;iftpjpahFk;. ,j;jhypapd; tp];jupg;G> kf;fspd;
tho;f;if> kuzk; Mfpa ,uz;bYk; fye;Js;sJ. ,jw;fhf
Aj;jj;jpidAk;> gyhj;fhuj;jpidAk; ghrp];Lf;fs; ek;gpdhHfs;.
08. cau;Fohk; Ml;rp: ghrprk; jdpkdpjidNah r%fq;fisNah
kjpg;gjpy;iy. jdpkdpjd; murpw;F mbgzpa Ntz;Lk;. jdpkdpjd; jdJ
cupikfis typAWj;jhky; r%ff; flikfspy; mf;fiw fhl;l
Ntz;Lk;. jdpkdpjid mwpthspahfNth> Mw;wy; kpf;ftdhfNth>
Msj;jFjpahdtdhfNth ghrprk; fUJtjpy;iy. ,jd; %yk; ghrprk;
caH Fohk; Ml;rpia typAWj;JfpwJ.

09. ,dntwpj;jdk;: ,d Nkyhjpf;f IjPfj;jpid Vw;Wf; nfhz;L Vida

,dq;fisAk;> Njrpaq;fisAk; ,opTgLj;jp mopf;f Kw;gLfpwJ.
NehHl;bf; (Nordic) vdg;gLk; fyg;gw;w J}a Mupa ,dj;ij
Kjd;ikg;gLj;JfpwJ. Mupa ,dj;jpd; jdpj;JtKk;> fyhrhu Nkd;ikAk;
ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xUtid kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;F mtd;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; ,dNk jFe;j msTNfhyhFk;. Mupa ,dNk
cyfpy; jiy rpwe;j ,dk;. mtHfNs cyif Msg;gpwe;jtHfs;.
Vida ,dq;fs; mtHfSf;F mlq;fp elf;f Ntz;Lk;. a+j ,dj;ij
fyg;G ,uj;jj;jpy; cUthfpatHfs; vd ghrprthjpfs;
,opTgLj;JfpwhHfs;. Mupa ,dj;jpd; J}a;ikapidAk;> kfpikapidAk;
NgZk; Nehf;fpy; a+jHfs; gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vdf;
$WfpwhHfs;.

Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpy; N[u;kdp gLNjhy;tpaile;jikf;F

mq;Fs;s A+ju;fSk; rh];jpupfSk; fhuzk; vd;fpwhu;. ghrprthjp jkJ
,dj;ij Nkk;gLj;jp fhl;Ltjw;fhf ,dj;ij gpd;tUkhW
tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.

01. fyhrhuj;ij Njhw;Wtpg;Nghu;

02. fyhrhuj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Nthu;
03. fyhrhuj;ij mopg;Nghu;.

,k; %d;W tifapdUs;; N[u;kdpa Mupa ,dj;ij> fyhrhuj;ij

Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; gpuptpYk; cyfpy; A+ju;fs; jtpu;e;j VidNahiu
fyhrhuj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Nthu; vd;Wk;> A+ju;fis fyhrhuj;ij
mopg;Nghu; vd;Wk; tifg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;. vdNt ,e;j fyhrhuj;ij
mopf;Fk; A+ju;fis xopf;f Ntz;Lk; vd fUjp> jdJ Ml;rpfhyj;jpy;
Rkhu; 14 ,yl;rk; A+ju;fis er;Rtha;T+l;b nfhiy nra;jhu;.
10. Nrhryprj;jpw;Fk; jhuhz;ikthjj;jpw;Fk; vjpuhdJ: jhuhz;ikthj
jj;Jtk;> [dehafk;> jdpkdpjthjk; vd;gtw;iw ghJfhf;fpd;wJ.
Mdhy;> ghrprk; vNjr;rhjpfhuk;> tuk;gw;w Ml;rp vd;gtw;iw

jareesh Page 23
 ghJfhf;fpwJ. ghrprk; Nrhryprj;jpw;Fk; vjpuhdjhFk;. njhopyhsHfspd;
rl;lg+Htkhd cupikfis xLf;Fk; mNj Neuk; Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd;
eyd;fis ghJfhf;f Kw;gLfpd;wJ.

11. Nghu;f;Fzk;: NghH gpupaHfshfpa ,tHfs; “tuyhw;wpy; vJTNk ,uj;jk;

rpe;jhky; nty;yg;gltpy;iy" vd;w fUj;jpy; ek;gpf;if
nfhz;ltHfshFk;. mNlhy;g; `pl;yu; “vdf;F fiyvDk; nrhy;iyf;
Nfl;Fk;NghJ Jg;ghf;fpiar; Row;Wk; xyp Nfl;fpd;wJ” vd;whu;. ghrpr
muir xU kukhf vLj;J nfhz;lhy;> mjw;F ePuhf Cw;wg;gLtJ kdpj
,uj;jkhFk;> grisahf ,lg;gLtJ kdpj vYk;GfshFk;. ,t;thW
ghrprj;jpy; Aj;jkhdJ Nkk;gLj;jp fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. Aj;jk; nra;a
Kbahj ehLfs; midj;Jk; Njq;fp epw;Fk; ePUf;F rkd; vd;fpwdu;.
,t;thW ghrprj;jpy; Aj;jk; Kjy; epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gjhy; Aj;jj;jpdhy;
Njhd;wp Aj;jj;jpdhy; tsu;e;J Aj;jj;jpdhy; kbAk; muR vdg;gLfpwJ.
12. rkhjhdj;jpw;F vjpuhdtu;fs;: rkhjhdj;jpid epuhfupf;fpd;w KNrhypdp
,J njhlHghf $Wk; NghJ ~rkhjhdkhf tho;ehs; KOtJk; tho;tij
tpl NghHf;fsj;jpy; nrytpLk; xU epkplk; NkyhdJ". rkhjhdj;jpid
epuhfupf;fpd;w ,tHfs; rkhjhdk; vd;gJ epiyahdNjh> eilKiwr;
rhj;jpakhdNjh my;y vd;fpwhHfs;. “cyf rkhjhdk; xU Nfhioapd;
fdT" vdf; $Wk; ,tHfs; gpwehLfis gilgyj;jhy; ifg;gw;wp
Vfhjpgj;jpaf; nfhs;ifapid epiyehl;LtjpNyNa jkJ jdpj; Jtk;
jq;fpapUf;fpwJ vd;fpwhHfs;

ngz;zpay; thjk;
Feminism vd;Dk; Mq;fpyr; nrhy; Femina vDk; ,yj;jPd; nkhopapypUe;J
cUthdJ. ,jd; nghUs; ngz;ikf;Fupa ,ay;Gfis cilats;
vd;gjhFk;. ,r;nrhy; jkpopy; ngz;zpak;> ngz;zpiythjk;> ngz; epiy
Vw;G> kfspupay;> ngz; eyf;nfhs;if Mfpa nrhw;fshy; miof;fg;gl;L
tUfpwJ.
ngz;zpay;thjk; vDk; fUj;jpayhdJ ngz;fspd; vy;yhr; rpf;fy;fisAk;
Gupe;Jnfhz;L mtw;iwf; fisa Kw;gLk; xd;whFk;;. mjd;%yk; cyfstpy;
murpay;> gz;ghL> nghUshjhuk;> Md;kPfk; Mfpatw;wpy; ey;y khw;wj;ij
cUthf;fpl KbAk;.

rhHyl; gd;r; vd;gtH> “ngz;zpay;thjk;vd;gJ ngz;fSf;fhd cupikfisg;

ngw;Wj; jUtJ kl;Lky;y> r%fj;ijNa khw;wpaikf;f Kay;tjhFk;"
vd;whu;.
njw;fhrpa ehLfs;> ngz;fs; r%fk;> mYtyfk;> FLk;gk; Nghd;wtw;wpy;
xLf;fg;gLtJ gw;wpa tpopg;GzHr;rpiaAk; mj;jifa ,opTgLj;Jk; Nghf;fpid
khw;wpaikf;f Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; xUtiunahUtH Gupe;Jnfhz;L
nray;gLk; jd;ikiag; ngz;zpay;thjk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

ngz;zpay;thjk; vd;gJ ngz;fis jho;TgLj;Jk; r%f> murpay;>

nghUshjhu eilKiwfs;> fl;likg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; rkj;Jtkpd;ikiaf;
vjpHf;Fk; ftdg;gLj;Jk; r%f> fyhrhu> murpay; ,af;fq;fs;> nraw;ghLfs;>
Nfhl;ghLfspd; njhFg;ghFk;. Mz; ngz; rkj;Jtj;jpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jk;
fUj;jpayhf ,J tiuaWf;fg;gLtJz;L.

Political Ideolgy Page 24

jw;fhyg; ngz;zpay;thjpfs; ngz;zpaj;ij ,d> r%f> fyhrhu> kj
vy;iyfisf; flf;Fk; mbg;gil ,af;fkhff; fUJfpd;wdH. xU
tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f ngz;zpa ,af;fkhdJ td;GzHr;rp> jfhg;GzHr;rp> ghypaw;
njhopy; Nghd;w nghJg;gpur;rpidfisAk; Fwpj;j r%fq;fSf;Fupa rpwg;Gg;
gpur;rpidfisAk; ftdj;jpnyLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; ,tHfs; thjpLfpd;wdH.
murpay; kw;Wk; r%f Ma;Tfspy; ghupa jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa
ngz;zpay;thjk;; fw;if newpahf 1970 fspy; khw;wkile;j J. ,J
ngz;zpay;thj fw;ifj; Jiwapd; gpujhd gpupthFk.; ngz;zpay;thj
fUj;jpay; murpay; njhlu;gpy; mjpKf;fpa tpdhf;fis vOg;gpaJ kl;Lkpd;wp
“murpay;” vd;w vz;zf;fUtpd; tpsf;fj;ijAk; tpUj;jp nra;jJ.
murpay; tpgupg;gpd;NghJ ngz;zpay;thjk;; njhlu;gpy; vOg;gg;gl;l tpdhf;fs;
ghuk;gupa murwptpaypd; gy;NtW gpur;ridfspy; ,Ue;J ngupJk; khWg;gl;lJ.
cjhuzkhf>
1. murpay; vd;w Jiwapy; Vd; ngz;fs; Gwe;js;sg;gl;Ls;sdu;?
2. murpay; Jiwia Mz;fspd; Jiwahf njhlu;e;Jk; Ngz Ntz;Lkh?
3. r%f tuyhw;wpd; Clhf ngz;fs; ,uz;lhk; epiyf;F>
js;sg;gl;likf;Fk; Jd;gj;jpw;F Mshf;fg;gl;likf;Fk; ghugl;rk;
fhl;lYf;F Mshf;fg;gl;bUj;jYf;Fk; fhuzk; ahJ?; mtt;hW nra;tij
njhlu;e;Jk; itjj;pUg;gjh?
4. ngz;fis Jd;gj;j;pw;F cs;shf;Fk; r%f> murpay>; fyhrhu fUjj;pay;
fl;likg;Gfs; ahit?
5. r%f kw;Wk; kdpj tpLjiy njhlug;py; ypguy;thjk; kw;Wk;
rkTilikthjq;fspd; mDgtq;fs; NghJkhdjh?
,t;thwhd tpdhf;fis Muha;tjd; %yk; ngz;zpay;thjj;jpd; murpay;
kw;Wk; r%f tpgupg;Gf;F Gjpa Nfhl;ghL / vz;zf;fUf;fspd; tiffs; gy
Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
 ghy;epiy (Gender)
 Mz; ngz; njhopy; NtWghLfs; (Male-Female Division of Labour)
 Mz; jiyikj;Jtk; (Patriarchy)
 ngz; Jd;GWj;jy; (Women’s Oppressions)
 Mz; ikathjk; (Androcentrism)
 Mzhjpf;fk; (Male Domination)
 ngz; tpLjiy (Women’s Liberation) Nghd;w vz;zf;fUf;fs; ,jpy;
Kf;fpakhditahFk;.
murwptpay; Ma;T tpku;rdk; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghLfs; ngz;zpay;thj
fUj;jpaypdhy; khw;wkile;j Kiwia gpd;tUkhW RUf;fpf; $wyhk;.
1. muR> murpay; mjpfhuk;> [dehafthjk;> nghJTilikthjk;>
Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> ePjp> epahaj;jd;ik> cupikfs;> ghugl;rk;
fhl;Ljy;> Ruz;ly;> mOj;jk;> vjpu;g;G> mur nfhs;if> gpurhTupik
Nghd;w murwptpaypy; fhzg;gLk; mjpKf;fpa vz;zf;fUf;fs;;
midj;ijAk; ghy;epiy vDk; vz;zf;fU Clhf Nru;j;jy;.
2. tFg;G ,dk;> r%fk;> gpuir Nghd;wd murwptpaypd; mjpKf;fpa
milahs vz;zf;fUf;fspy; Mz; ngz; ghy;epiyia
,izj;Jf;nfhs;sy;.

jareesh Page 25
 3. murpay; vd;gJ nghJkf;fs; mikg;gpd;%yk; (Public Sphere)
eilngWk; nraw;ghlhFk; vd fpNuf;fj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l murpay;
jj;Jttpayhsu;fspdhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l fUj;jpid khw;wp jdpahs;
gq;Fgw;wypy; (Private Sphena) murpay; eilngWk; Jiwahf Vw;Wf;
n;fhs;sy;.

4. kdpjd; kw;Wk; r%f tpLjiyAk; (Emancipation) njhlu;gpy; ghuk;gupa

jj;Jtj;jpw;F ngz;fs; tpLjiy (Emancipation of Women)
vd;gijAk; ,izj;Jf;nfhs;sy;.

ngz;zpay;thjj;jpd; tifg;ghLfs;
ngz;zpay;thjk; rhHe;J ,aq;Fk; rf;jpfspd; r%f> murpay;> Nfhl;ghl;Lr;
rhHG epiyfisf;nfhz;L ngz;zpay;thjk; gy tifg;ghLfSs;
mlf;fg;gLfpwJ. ngz;zpay;thjf; fUj;jpayhdJ khw;wkile;J te;j
fhyfl;lq;fSf;F Vw;g gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
1. Kjy; miy ngz;zpay;thjk;
2. ,uz;lhk; miy ngz;zpay;thjk;
3. %d;whk; miy ngz;zpay;thjk;

Kjy; miy ngz;zpay;thjk;

Kjy; miy ngz;zpay;thjk; (First-wave feminism) vd;gJ ngz;zpa
,af;fj;jpd; Kjw;fl;l fhyfl;lj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. 19 k;; 20 k; E}w;whz;Lfspy;
If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpYk;> If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpYk; ngz;fspd; murpay;
cupikfis> Fwpg;ghf ngz;fspd; thf;Fupik> nrhj;Jupik Nghd;wtw;iw
typAWj;jp Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l Nghuhl;lq;fs; Kjy; miy ngz;zpakhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ
,uz;lhk; miyg; ngz;zpay;thjk;
,uz;lhk; miyg; ngz;zpay;thjk; (Second-wave feminism) vd;gJ kiwthf
,Uf;Fk; ngz; xLf;FKiwfis> Fwpg;ghf ghypay;> FLk;gk;> Ntiy
Nghd;w jsq;fspy; ngz;fSf;F ,Uf;Fk; jilfisj; jfHg;gjw;fhf 1960fs;
njhlf;fk; 1970fspd; ,Wjptiu If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l
Nghuhl;lq;fisr; Rl;LfpwJ. ,J gpd;dH cyfshtpa mstpy; INuhg;gpa
ehLfs; kw;Wk; JUf;fp ,];Nuy; Nghd;w ehLfSf;Fk; gutpaJ.
ngz;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;f cupikfs; ,jpy; xU Kf;fpa $W MFk;. ,e;jf;
fhy fl;lk; ghypay;> Mghrk; njhlHghd ngz;zpa cl;fUj;J
NtWghLfSld; KbTf;F te;jjhfg; gy ngz;zpay;thjpfs; fUJfpwhHfs;.
%d;whk; miy ngz;zpay;thjk;
%d;whk; miy ngz;zpay;thjk; (Third-wave feminism) vd;gJ 1980
fSf;Fg; gpd;duhd gy tifg;gl;l ngz;zpa nraw;ghLisf; Rl;LfpwJ.
,e;j ,af;fk;> ,uz;lhk; miy ngz;zpaj;jpd; Njhy;tpfshf
fUjg;gl;ltw;wpy; ,Ue;J vOe;jJ. ,e;j ,af;fj;jpy; ngz;fs; "gy
epwj;jtHfs;> ,dj;jtHfs;> ehl;ltH> rkaj;jtH> gz;ghl;L gpd;Gyj;ijf;
nfhz;ltHfs;' vd;w czHj;jiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.

ngz;zpay;thj fUj;jpaypd; cs;slf;fj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

ngz;zpay;thj ,af;fj;jpYk; rpe;jidapYk; gpujhd Ie;J Jiwfis

Political Ideolgy Page 26

,dq;fhzyhk;.

1. jhuhz;ik ngz;zpay; thjk;

2. rkTilik ngz;zpay; thjk;
3. jPtpu (nubfy;) ngz;zpay; thjk;
4. gpd;etPd ngz;zpay; thjk;
5. gpd; fhydpj;Jt ngz;zpay; thjk;
jhuhz;ik ngz;zpay; thjk;
fy;tp> njhopy; tha;g;G kw;Wk; rkkhd Cjpak; vd;gtw;iw ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjd; %yk; ngz;fSf;fhd murpay; kw;Wk; rl;l cupikfisngw;Wf;
nfhLj;jy;;. jdJ clypay; njhlu;ghd jPu;khdq;fis vLg;gjw;F
ngz;fSf;F cupik cz;L. rkkhd njhopy;> rkkhd rk;gsk; kw;Wk;
rkkhd cupikfs; vd;gd jhuhz;ik ngz;zpa thjj;jpd; gpujhd
Nfhrq;fshFk;.

rkTilik ngz;zpay; thjk;

rkj;Jtj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;. tpjj;jpy;; ,J jhuhz;ik thjj;jpypUe;J
NtWgLfpwJ. ngz; tpLjiyf;fhd Nghuhl;lk; rkTilik thjj;jpw;fhd
Nghuhl;lj;Jld; xd;wpizf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdTk;> Vida r%ff;
FOf;fs; jkJ cupikfSf;fhf nra;fpd;w Nghuhl;lj;Jld; ngz;fspd;
Nghuhl;lj;ijAk; ,izf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpYk; ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ.

jPtpu (nubfy;) ngz;zpathjk;

je;ijtop jiyikj;Jtj;ij Kw;whf ,y;yhnjhopj;jy; ngz; tpLjiyf;F
fl;lhakhdJ vd Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ.

gpd; etPd ngz;zpathjk;

ngz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fspd; Jd;gpay;fs; rkkhdjy;y vd;gNjhL mtu;fs;
Jd;gj;ij gy;NtW tpjq;fspy; mDgtpf;fpd;wdu;. ,jdhy; ngz;fspd;
Nfhupf;iffs; xNu jd;ikahdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy. mJ
gd;ikahdJ. gy;NtW r%f #oy;fspy; ngz;fspd; rpukq;fs; me;j
#oYld; ngz;fspd; tFg;G NtWghLfs;> epwNgjq;fs;> njhopy; Nghd;w
fhuzpfs; rkkhf ,y;yhjpUg;gjdhy; me;j NtWghLfs; kw;Wk;
tpN\lj;Jtq;fis mb;gilahff; nfhz;l ngz;zpathjj;jpd; Njit ,jd;
%yk; czu;j;jg;gLfpwJ.

gpd; fhydpj;Jt ngz;zpathjk;

,jd;fPo; fhydpj;Jtq;fshf ,Ue;J Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l r%fq;fspy;
ngz;fspd; Jd;gpaYf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fp ngz;fspd; cupikfs;
vd;w vz;zf;fU kPSUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. FbNaw;wthjj;jpw;Fk; cl;gl;l
r%fq;fspy; cs;s ngz;fspd; mDgtk; Nkw;fj;Nja r%fq;fspy;
ngz;fSila mDgtq;fis tpl NtwhdJ vd;gjhy; mtw;wpy; ftdk;
nryj;jp ngz;zpay;thj murpaiy fl;bnaOg;g ,tu;fs; Kd;nkhope;jdu;.

jareesh Page 27
 Fwpg;Gf;fs;

Political Ideolgy Page 28