NSTP MIDTERMS REVIEWER

TSU VISION, MISSION, AND CORE VALUES, LOGO, HYMN

-Tarlac State University is envisioned as a premier university in the Asia- Pacific
Vision
region.
Tarlac State University commits to promote and sustain the offering of quality
and relevant programs in higher and advanced education ensuring
equitable access to education for people empowerment, professional
development, and global competitiveness.
Towards this end, TSU shall:
1. Provide high-quality instruction through qualified, competent, and
Mission
adequately trained faculty members and support staff.
2. Be a premier research institution by enhancing research undertakings
in technology and sciences and strengthening collaboration with local
and international institutions.
3. Be a champion in community development by strengthening
partnerships with public and private organizations and individuals.
E – xcellence
Q – uality
Core Values U- nity
I – ntegrity
T – rust in God, Transparency & True Commitment
• To uphold academic excellence and establish its position as a premier
university in the Region
• To reinforce the stature of the University as a Research Institution
responding to the development of Science and Technology;
Development Goals • To enhance and strengthen partnership with LGUs, private organization
and individuals in community development and people
empowerment and
• To enhance income generating projects.

-Tarlac State University is committed to continuously strive for global

competitiveness and excellence in the delivery of instruction, research,
extension (training and consultancy), and administrative support services,
Quality Policy compliant to regulatory and statutory requirements for the utmost satisfaction
of its valued customers while ensuring safe and healthy working conditions for
its students, employees, clientele and reducing environmental impact of its
operations.
-To uphold the commitment to its policy, TSU shall attain the following
objectives:

1. Strive for global competitiveness and excellence in the delivery of

1.1 Instruction
1.2 Research
1.3 Extension (training and consultancy services) and
TSU Quality Objectives 1.4 Administrative support services.

2. Attain utmost satisfaction of customers and interested parties.

3. Comply with the standards set by statutory, regulatory, and accrediting

bodies; and

4. Maintain and continually improve the implementation of its quality

management system.
- Trademark registration number:

The marks “TSU”, with registration number 4/2020/00004874, and “Tarlac State
Logo University” and the University seal, with registration number 4/2020/00004875,
are registered trademarks to the Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines
(IPOPHL). The use of the University seal and other marks is bound by the
university trademark policy.
K.J. CUARESMA 1
 NSTP MIDTERMS REVIEWER

The TSU Logo has the following features:

1. Shape
• The seal is concentric. A smaller circle is enclosed by a wider
circle. A triangle is designed inside the narrower core circle.
2. Colors
• The seal has a golden – yellow background in the outer circle
and maroon in the inner circle which represents the colors of the
province of Tarlac. These two colors also represent
Technological Education which was the original nature of TSU as
a technological institution
3. Designs Embossed on the Face
• 1906 – Foundation date of the University with the passage of Act
6764 converting TCT into TSU.
• The triangle stands for stability and represents the
interdependent equal tri-functions of the University namely:
Instruction, Research, and Extension.
• Inside the triangle are: Sun (similar to that found in the Philippine
flag) which symbolizes the State and the two open human arms
which remind us of a person ready to uphold and protect the
State.
• Outside the triangle are: A Gear which symbolizes Technology
and Technological development. An Owl which signifies
Knowledge and Education; and five V-shaped exhausts/pipes
that stand for the University Resources. All these symbols
represent the kind of curricular education, training and
development offered by the Institution (Arts and Letters,
Architecture and Fine Arts, Science and Technology, Business
and Accountancy, Public Administration, Computer Studies,
Education, Law, Human Kinetics, Engineering, Nursing and all
other comprehensive services and programs it may offer in the
future).
With hearts elated, voices united
Let’s sing TSU, our beloved
To seek and find our destiny
Loyal to thee, we’ll have to be

Within thy portals dear TSU,

We’ll learn the ways of democracy
Hymn The truth which shall set us free
Form ignorance, want, and tyranny

With skills and knowledge inebriate us

With wisdom and love nurture us
The true sons of peace and prosperity
The fruits we’ll ever be
Beloved Alma Mater, Dear TSU
KEY OFFICIALS

K.J. CUARESMA 2
 NSTP MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Dr. Arnold E. Velasco University President
Dr. Agnes M. Vice President for Academic Affairs
Macaraeg
Dr. Grace N. Rosete Vice President for Administration and Finance

Dr. Niño B. Corpuz Vice President for Planning and Quality Assurance

Dr. Murphy P. Vice President for Research and Extension Services

Mohammed
DIRECTORS – OFFICE OF THE UNIVERSITY PRESIDENT
University and Board Secretary
Ms. Aurelia S. Valencia

Executive Assistant
Dr. Brigido B. Corpuz

Dr. Jonathan A. Internal Audit Services Office

Gabriel
Dr. Heidilyn V. Gamido Management Information Systems Office

Dir. Jazzel Llaneli M. Office of Public Affairs

Manabat
Dr. Jasper Jay N. Office of International Affairs
Mendoza
Atty. Christian Rhee Legal Counsel
Delfin B. Orencia
DIRECTORS – OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT FOR ACADEMIC AFFAIRS
Prof. Louis Adonis G. National Service and Training Program
Silvestre
Dr. Winston F. Abalos Office of Alumni Affairs

Ms. Cynthia M. Bognot Library Management Services

Dr. Theda Flare G. Office of Admission and Registration

Quilala
Prof. Gherold C. Student Affairs Services
Benitez
DIRECTORS – OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT FOR RESEARCH AND EXTENSION SERVICES
Prof. Edjie M. De Los University Research Office
Reyes
Dr. Lea B. Milan. OIC - Extension Services Management Office

Dr. Rita E. Pulmano Center for Gender and Development Office

Prof. Leah T. Matias Food Technology and Research Center

OIC - Technology Development, Transfer and Commercialization

Dr. Wilmark J. Ramos
Office
DIRECTORS – OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT FOR ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE
Ms. Winniefe F. Administrative Services Office
Gutierrez
Mr. John Erwin C. Finance Office
Panlilio
Engr. Pedro G. Suerte- Business Affairs and Auxiliary Office
Felipe Jr.
Ar. Cherry L. Fabianes Facilities Development and Management Office

Mr. Marlon C. Dela Human Resource Development and Management Office

Cruz
DIRECTORS – OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT FOR PLANNING AND QUALITY ASSURANCE

K.J. CUARESMA 3
 NSTP MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Dr. Mervin P. Planning, Performance, Monitoring and Evaluation Office
Mohammed
Dr. Ma. Socorro D. Quality Assurance Office
Valdez
DEANS
Ar. Garry M. Advento College of Architecture and Fine Arts

Dr. Aloysius T. College of Arts and Social Sciences

Madriaga
Dr. Jhonel C. Panlilio College of Business and Accountancy

Dr. Alvincent E. College of Computer Studies

Danganan
Dr. Roel R. Alviar College Criminal Justice Education

Dr. Miriam S. Galvez College of Engineering and Technology

Dr. Jasper Jay N. College of Teacher Education

Mendoza.
Dr. Edwin T. Caoleng College of Public Administration & Governance

College of Science
Prof. Mary Jane N. College of Science
Rigor
Dr. Jose I. Dela Rama School of Law
Jr.
BOARD OF REGENTS
Hon. Ronald L. Commissioner
Adamat Commission on Higher Education
President
Hon. Arnold E. Velasco
Tarlac State University
Hon. Joel Villanueva Chairman
Senate Committee on Higher, Technical and Vocational Education

Hon. Melissa Yeung- Represented by:

Yap
Hon. Mark O. Go Chairman
Committee on Higher and Technical Education House of
Representatives

Hon. Norman Dennis T. Represented by:

Go
Hon. Julius Caesar V. Director
Sicat Director Department of Science and Technology, Region III
OIC - Director
Hon. Gina T. Gacusan
National Economic and Development Authority, Region III
Hon. Reynaldo L. Representative
Catacutan TSU Alumni
Re Hon. Jose D. Representative
Lacson Private Sector
Hon. Alvin P. Representative
Belarmino Private Sector
President
Hon. Douglas C. Ferrer
TSU Faculty and Personnel Union
Hon. Mikaela B. President (Effective June 30, 2021)
Laxamana TSU Supreme Student Council
INTRODUCTION TO RA 9163

K.J. CUARESMA 4
 NSTP MIDTERMS REVIEWER
-This Act shall be known as the “National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act
Section 1
of 2001”
National Service - An act established for Tertiary Level Students, Amending for the Purpose
Training Program Republic Act No. 7077, Presidential Decree No. 1706 and for other purpose
-to make some change in the details or provisions of a bill or measure while
What is a purpose of
on its passage, professedly for its improvement.
Amending a Law?
-bunga ng isang pinagbata ng RA 7077, RA 9163,PD 1907
-otherwise known as the “National Service Law”, was signed into law on 8
August 1980.
Presidential Decree
-It is made national service obligatory for all Filipino citizens and specified
1907
three categories of national service: CIVIC WELFARE SERVICE, LAW
ENFORECEMNT SERVICE AND MILITRAY SERVICE
-Example: bayanihan, green program, tree planting, feeding program
-otherwise known as the “Citizen Armed Forces of the Philippine Reservist Act”
was enacted by the 8th Congress of the Philippines on 27 June 1991.

-The Reservist Act provided for organization, training, and utilization of

Republic Act 7077
reservists, referred to in the Act as “Citizen Soldiers”

-The primary pool of manpower for the Reserve Officers’ Training Corps basic
and advance courses.
-otherwise known as the “National Defense Act”, was enacted by the National
Assembly of the Philippines on 21 December 1935
Commonwealth Act
-It provided for obligatory military service for all male citizens of ages between
No. 1
18 and 30.
-Example: paghahanda sa posibleng gyera like south korea (render ng
serbisyo ng lahat ng kalalakihan sa sambayanan)
-it is a Program that Train students to be National Servants.
NSTP
-Latin: Non-Serbia (I will note serve)
-It is hereby affirmed the prime duty of the government to serve and protect
its citizens. In turn, it shall be the responsibility of all citizens to defense security
of the state and in fulfillment thereof, the government may require each
citizen to render personal, military, or civil service.
-maaaring tawagin kapag may kalamidad or proyekto na kailangan
solusyonan.

SEC.2. Declaration of -Recognizing the youth’s vital role in nation building, the state shall promote
Policy civic consciousness among the youth and shall develop their physical, moral,
spiritual, intellectual and social wellbeing. It shall inculcation the youth
patriotism, nationalism, and advance their involvement on public and civic
affairs.

-In pursuit of these goals, the youth, the most valuable resource of the nation,
shall be motivated, trained, organized and mobilized in military training,
literacy, civic welfare and other similar endeavors in the service of the nation.
-“National Service Training Program (NSTP)” is a program aimed at enhancing
civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the youth by developing
the ethics of services and patriotism while undergoing training in any of its
three (3) programs components. Its various components are especially
designed to enhance the youth’s active contribution to general welfare.
SEC.3. Definition of
Terms
- “Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC)” is a program institutionalized under
sections 38 and 39 of Republic Act No. 7077 designed to provide military
training to tertiary level student in order to motivate, train, organize and
mobilize them for national defense preparedness.

K.J. CUARESMA 5
 NSTP MIDTERMS REVIEWER
-“Literacy Training Service” is a program designed to train students to become
teachers of literacy and numeracy skills to school children, out of school
youth, and other segments of society in need of their service.

-“Civic Welfare Training Service” refers to program or activities contributory to

the general welfare and the betterment of life for the members of the
community or the enhancement of its facilities, especially those developed
to improving health, education, environment, entrepreneurship, safety,
recreation and morals of the citizenry.
-There is hereby established a National Service Training Program (NSTP), which
SEC.4. Establishment of
shall form part of the curricula of all baccalaureate degree courses and of at
the National Service
least two (2) year technical-vocational courses and is a requisite for
Training Program
graduation.
-Students, male and female, of any baccalaureate degree course or least
two (2) year technical-vocational courses in public and private educational
SEC.5. Coverage
institutions shall be required to complete one (1) of the NSTP components as
requisite for graduation.
-Each of the forementioned NSTP program components shall be undertaken
for an academic period of two (2) semesters.
SEC.6. Duration and
Equivalent Course Unit -In lieu of the two (2)- semester program for any of the components of the
NSTP, a one (1)-summer program may be designed, formulated and adopted
by the DND, CHED, and TESDA.
-All higher and technical-vocational institutions, public and private, must offer
at least one of the program components: Provided, That State universities and
SEC.7. NSTP Offering in
colleges shall offer the ROTC component and at least one other component
Higher and Technical-
as provided herein:
Vocational
-Provided, further, that private higher and technical-vocational education
Educational Institutions
institutions may also offer the ROTC if they have at least three hundred and
fifty (350) cadet students.
-Higher and technical-vocational institutions shall not collect any fee for any
of the NSTP components except basic tuition fees, which shall not be more
than fifty percent (50%) of what is currently charged by schools per unit.
-In the case of the ROTC, the DND shall formulate and adopt a program of
SEC. 8. Fees and
assistance and/or incentive to those students who will take the said
Incentives
components.
-The school authorities concerned, CHED and TESDA shall ensure that group
insurance for health and accident shall be provided for students enrolled in
any of the NSTP components.
SEC.10. Management -The school authorities shall exercise academic and administrative supervision
of the NSTP over the design, formulation, adoption, and implementation of the different
Components NSTP components in their respective schools.
-There is hereby created a National Service Reserve Corps, to be composed
of the graduates of the non-ROTC components. Members of this Corps may
SEC.11. Creation of the
be tapped by the State for literacy and civic welfare activities through the
National Service
joint effort of the DND, CHED, and TESDA.
Reserve Corps
-Graduates of the ROTC shall form part of the Citizens Armed Forces, pursuant
to Republic Act No. 7077.
-The DND, CHED, and TESDA shall have the joint responsibility for the adoption
SEC.12. Implementing
of the implementing Rules of this Act within sixty (60) days from the approval
Rules
of this Act.
-Students who have yet to complete the Basic ROTC, except those falling
under section 14 of this Act, may either continue in the program component
they are currently enrolled in or shift to any of the other program components
SEC.13. Transitory
of their choice: Provided, that in case he shifts to another program
Provisions
component, the Basic ROTC courses he has completed shall be counted to
complete NSTP requirement; Provided further, that once he has shifted to
another program component, he shall complete the NSTP in that component.

K.J. CUARESMA 6
 NSTP MIDTERMS REVIEWER
-This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its publication in two (2)
newspapers of national circulation, but the implementation of this Act shall
commence in the school year of 2002-2003
SEC.17. Effectivity
-This act which is consolidation of House Bill No. 3593 and Senate Bill No. 1824
was finally passed by the House Representatives and Senate on December
19, 2001.
DRUG EDUCATION
-is an important strategy for reducing the extent of drug related incidents
among young people. Effective drug education programs need to build
Drug Education
knowledge and increase the competency of students to act in safe ways
when presented with challenging situations.
- chemicals that change the way our body’s function.
-Some of the most used drugs are caffeine (in cola, coffee, tea and
Drugs
chocolate), ethanol (in alcohol), nicotine (in cigarettes, cigars, and chewing
tobacco), and THC (in marijuana and other cannabis products).
Psychoactive - drugs that affect our central nervous system (especially the brain) and make
substances us see, think, feel and behave differently than we usually do.
-People use drugs to get some benefit. For example, many people drink
Why do people use coffee to wake up and feel alert. And many people use alcohol to relax and
drugs? unwind. Other drugs are used to take away pain or to address other problems.
Some drugs are used to have a good time or to induce a spiritual experience.
Many drugs, like certain medications, have greatly benefited human beings.
How can using a drug In fact, most drugs are useful in some way. But all drug use also carries some
be good and bad? risk. Even prescription medication from a doctor can cause harm, especially
if not taken properly
1. More drug equals more risk. Increased risk is associated with a greater
amount and increased frequency of drug use, and with a higher
concentration of the drug.
2. Younger age equals more risk. The human brain begins to develop in
the womb but is not fully formed until well into adulthood. Drugs
influence not only our immediate experience but also the way our
brains develop. Drugs have a greater impact on young brains than
they do on older brains.
3. Places, times and activities influence risk. Drinking a glass of wine at a
How much risk is family celebration and then playing chess with grandpa is less likely to
involved in using a result in harm than sneaking alcohol with a group of classmates and
drug- how much harm then riding bikes or skateboarding.
it may cause- 4. The reasons are important. When a person uses a drug because they
depends on many are curious, they are likely to use it only occasionally or for a short time.
factors But when a person uses a drug to deal with long-term problems, they
may use the drug too much or too often. When a person uses a drug
in order to fit in with a particular group, they may not listen to their inner
self and therefore may make poor choices. Making good decisions
about substance use involves always looking at both the benefits and
the risks, thinking about the reasons the drug is being used, and
ensuring the context is safe for use. Generally, it is safest not to use any
drug unless one can be sure the benefits clearly outweigh the risks, and
that the context and reasons for use do not increase the potential for
harm.
• Changes in attendance in school or work Abrupt changes in overall
attitude Irritable, discourteous, aggressive Usually untrustworthy and
lacks self-confidence Low frustration tolerance Lacking interest in one’s
studies or work
Common Signs of Drug
• Blames everybody but oneself Prefers to stay with peers May frequent
Use
odd places Poor physical appearance Wearing of sunglasses at
inappropriate times unusual effort to cover arms to hide needle marks
• Stealing items which can be readily sold unusual borrowing of money
from relatives and friends Association with known drug abuses
Effects of Drug Use

K.J. CUARESMA 7
 NSTP MIDTERMS REVIEWER
-Medical and Physical Deterioration Respiratory, digestive, and other health
problems Personal Deterioration Manipulativeness; negative attitudes;
Effects on the Person
selfishness; low frustration tolerance; poor family relations; no trustworthiness;
depression; absence of good manners and right conduct, among others.
-Family members develop intense feelings of humiliation and guilt Low self-
Effects on the Family esteem of family members Spirit of togetherness and unity are broken
Domestic violence Loss of money or valuables
-Increase in petty crimes within neighborhoods Increase of drug dependents
Effects on the
and drug pushers Developing fear of drug users among residents, especially
Community
at night Neighborhood association and interaction is reduced.
Increase in heinous and anti-social crimes Overwhelming fear towards drug
dependents, limiting people’s movement especially at night Disregarding of
Effects on Society moral values and the deterioration of the moral fiber of society (leading to
prostitution, pedophilia, child abuse, and other immoral acts) A threat to
national security
Drug Abuse Prevention -“Drug prevention “or “drug abuse prevention“
Three Main Component of Drug Abuse Prevention
-aim to reduce the desire and willingness to obtain and use drugs and to
Demand Reduction
prevent, reduce or delay the uptake of drug use. They may include
Strategies
abstinence-oriented strategies.
- aim to disrupt the production and supply of illicit drugs, as well as limit the
Supply Reduction access and availability of licit drugs in certain contexts. In the school setting
Strategies this includes measures taken to limit the use, possession and sale of illicit drugs
on school premises.
Strategies to Mitigate
the Negative Health -aim to reduce the impact of drug use and drug-related activities on
and Social individuals and communities.
Consequences of Drug
Use
Risk Factors
-Drug use in the family is a factor associated with the initiation and frequency
of drug abuse by children.
Family -Poor, Inconsistent Family Management Practices Children in families with low
disciplinary practices
and interaction with parents are at high risk for delinquency and drug abuse.
- Children raised in families with high rates of conflict appear at risk for
Family Conflict delinquency and drug abuse. Homes broken by marital discord are at higher
risk of delinquency and drug use.
Family Social -Children living in families characterized by social isolation and multiple
Deprivation entrapments of parents in extreme poverty are at elevated risk of drug abuse.
• Early Exposure and Frequency of Antisocial Behaviors
• Early antisocial behavior in the primary grades predicts frequent use of
Social
drugs in adolescence.
• Delinquent behavior may lead to drug addiction later in adolescence.
- Individuals with values different from those dominant in society are likely to
become delinquents and drug abusers. These values include:
✓ Low religiosity
Attitudes and Beliefs ✓ Rebelliousness
✓ High tolerance of deviance
✓ Resistance to authority
✓ A strong need for independence
Peer Pressure and Other Factors
-Drug behavior and drug-related attitudes of peers are among the strongest
Risk Factors (Social)
and most potent predictors of drug involvement
• Delinquency is related to academic performance in school.
School Failure • School failure in elementary grades precedes delinquency.
• Poor school performance is a common antecedent into drugs

K.J. CUARESMA 8
 NSTP MIDTERMS REVIEWER
• Low Degree of Commitment to Education and Attachment to School
• Those who are committed to participating in school activities, hold high
achievement and educational aspirations are the least prone to
Risk Factors (School)
delinquency and drug abuse.
• Drug users are more likely to be absent from school, cut classes and to
perform more poorly than nonusers.
• High population densities, high crime rates, and lack of natural
Neighborhood
surveillance in public places can cause increased delinquency and
Attachment and
drug abuse.
Community
• Similar to crime rates, community values and norms also affect rate of
Disorganization
adolescent delinquency and drug abuse
OTHER RISK FACTORS
-Increased antisocial behavior results when experiencing transitions
(transferring schools or moving between levels)
Mobility
-Residential mobility can also predict delinquency and is also related with
drug initiation and frequency of use.
• Children with biological or psychological deficiencies are at greater
risk of abusing drugs.
Constitutional, Genetic
• Those displaying abnormal mood, anxiety or behavior disorders are at
and Personality
increased risk.
Factors
• Those who are clinically depressive, display anxiety disorders, or impulse
control disorders are vulnerable to substance abuse.
• Advertising is powerful in influencing youth decisions.
• Film and TV stars, pop stars and fashion models make smoking seem
Media
attractive (Ary, 1988) and the adolescents imitate them to smoke their
style.
COMMONLY USED SABSTANCES
• Other Terms: Ethyl alcohol or ethanol
• How it is Used: Drinking
Alcohol • Effects on the Body: Slows reflexes and causes drowsiness when used
in excess, dementia, stroke, cardiovascular problems, hypertension,
increased risk of many kinds of cancer.
• Found in: Coffee, tea, cocoa, soft drinks, and some medications
• How it is Used: Orally in pill form or consumed in food and drinks
Caffeine • Effects on the Body: Reduces fine motor coordination, increases
alertness, alters sleep patterns, and can cause headaches,
nervousness, and dizziness.
• Other Terms: Tobacco; found in cigarettes, cigars, and smokeless
tobacco
Nicotine • How it is Used: Smoked or chewed
• Effects on the Body: Reduces appetite and can cause nausea and
vomiting, increases alertness.
COMMONLY ABUSED SUBSTANCES
• Other Terms: Grass, pot, reefer, and weed
• How it is Used: Usually smoked; baked into brownies; brewed like tea
Marijuana
• Effects on the Body: Marijuana impairs memory, concentration,
perception, and movement.
• Other Terms: Crack, blow, rock, snow, coke
• How it is Used: Snorted, smoked, or injected
Cocaine • Effects on the Body: Causes dizziness, headache, stimulates the brain
and spinal cord, and increased heart rate. Elevated blood pressure,
increased body temperature, increased breathing rate.
• Other Terms: X, Molly, Happy Drug, Love Drug
• How it is Used: Orally in pill form
Ecstasy • Effects on the Body: Increased heart rate, blood pressure, and body
temperature, dehydration, nausea, muscle cramping, involuntary
teeth clenching, blurred vision, chills, sweating.
Shabu • Other Terms: Shabs, S, bato

K.J. CUARESMA 9
 NSTP MIDTERMS REVIEWER
• How it is Used: Snorted
• Effects on the Body: Tachycardia, hypertension, atrial and ventricular
arrhythmias, chest pain, accelerated atherosclerosis, dyspnea,
edema, abscess, cellulitis, seizures, hypotension, dental caries,
periodontal abscess (meth mouth), pupillary dilatation.
• Other Terms: Vs, Downers, Benzos
• How it is Used: Taken orally
• Effects on the Body: Euphoria, drowsiness, stupor, coma, respiratory
depression, seizures, slurring of speech, disorientation, delayed
reflexes.
Benzodiazepines
• The most commonly used drug by teenagers in the Philippines is a
variant of methamphetamine called ecstasy.
• According to a 2018 United Nations report, the Philippines had the
highest rate of ecstasy abuse among countries in East Asia; about 2.2%
of Filipinos between the ages 12-19 years were ecstasy users.
1. Understand how alcohol and drug addiction develops
2. Get help if you have an alcohol or drug problem
3. Avoid temptation and peer pressure Find support that you need
4. Maintain physical wellness and mental health Use drugs properly
5. Accept yourself
How to Avoid Drug Use 6. Develop your potentials and engage in productive and fulfilling
activities
Communicate your issues and concerns
7. Learn how to cope with your problems
8. Seek professional help if you feel you cannot cope with problems
9. Develop strong moral and spiritual foundations.
DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002
-officially designated as Republic Act No. 9165, is a consolidation of Senate
Bill No. 1858 and House Bill No. 4433. It was enacted and passed by
Comprehensive
the Senate of the Philippines and House of Representatives of the
Dangerous Act of 2022
Philippines on May 30, 2002 and May 29, 2002, respectively. It was signed into
law by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on June 7, 2002.
-otherwise known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972, as amended, and
providing funds for its implementation. Under this act, the Dangerous Drugs
Board (DDB) remains as the policymaking and strategy-formulating body in
planning and formulation of policies and program on drug prevention and
control.
Republic Act No. 6425
-It also created the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) under
the Office of the President, which serves as the implementing arm of the DDB.
The PDEA is responsible for the enforcement of all the provisions on
any dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals as
provided in the act.
The law took effect on
June 22, 2002, 15 days
after it was signed
by Gloria Macapagal
Arroyo. Its primary -Enforcement
implementing agency
is the Philippine Drug
Enforcement Agency.

The list of illegal drugs

may modified by the
DDB through a
proceeding initiated
by the PDEA,
the Department of
Health, or any petition
by a concerned party.

K.J. CUARESMA 10
 NSTP MIDTERMS REVIEWER
Under the law, anyone
guilty with importation
or sale of dangerous
drugs, with the
manufacture of illegal
drugs, or with the
operation of a drug
den can be punished
with life
imprisonment to death
and a fine ranging
from ₱500,000 (then
~$10,000) to
₱10,000,000 (then
~$200,000). Anyone
guilty with importing or
selling drug precursors,
protecting other
violators, or working as
an employee in a drug - Penalties
den can be punished
with 12 years and a
day to 20 years
of imprisonment and a
fine ranging from
₱100,000 (then
~$2,000) to ₱500,000
(then ~$10,000).
The maximum penalty
is given if the sale or
delivery was done
within 100 meters of a
school, if a minor was
directly involved in the
process of handling
dangerous drugs, or if
the victim of the
offense is a mentally
incapacitated
individual.
The penalty for
possession of illegal
drugs depends on the
quantity of the drug
(regardless of quality)
and the type of drug.
DRUG USE AMONG MINORS
-are commonly used among minors, especially street children. Street children
in the Philippines are most likely to be inhalant abusers.
-Even though many inhalants are legal, there have been legal actions taken
in some jurisdictions to limit access by minors. While solvent glue is normally a
legal product, a court has ruled that supplying glue to children is illegal if the
store knows the children intend to inhale the glue.
Inhalants
Female inhalant users who are pregnant may have adverse effects on the
fetus, and the baby may be smaller when it is born and may need additional
health care (similar to those seen with alcohol – fetal alcohol syndrome). There
is some evidence of birth defects and disabilities in babies born to women
who sniffed solvents such as gasoline.

K.J. CUARESMA 11
 NSTP MIDTERMS REVIEWER

Chemical structure of
Inhalants

The prevalence of illegal drug use in the Philippines is lower than the global
average, according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and
Crime (UNODC). President Rodrigo Duterte has claimed that the country
could become a "narco-state". Two of the most used and valuable illegal
drugs in the country are methamphetamine hydrochloride (known locally as
shabu) and marijuana.

In 2012, the United Nations said the Philippines had the highest rate of
methamphetamine use in East Asia, and according to a U.S. State
Department report, 2.1 percent of Filipinos aged 16 to 64 use the drug based
on 2008 figures by the Philippines Dangerous Drugs Board.

As of 2016, the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime report that 1.1
percent of Filipinos aged 10 to 69 use the drug. In Metro Manila, most
barangays are affected by illegal drugs.
DISASTER AWARENESS, PREPAREDNESS AND MANAGEMENT
-it is one of the most natural hazard-prone countries in the world. The social
and economic cost of natural disasters in the country is increasing due to
Philippines
population growth, change in land-use patterns, migration, unplanned
urbanization, environmental degradation, and global climate change.
• Disaster
• Hazard
• Risk
• Vulnerability
• Capacity
• Response
• Relief
• Recovery -Basic Terminologies of Disaster Management
• Rehabilitation
• Reconstruction
• Development
• Mitigation
• Preparedness
• Prevention
• Disaster Risk
Management
-it is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing, and reducing the risks of
Disaster Risk Reduction disaster. It aims to reduce socio-economic vulnerabilities to disaster as well as
dealing with the environmental and other hazards that trigger them.
-The application of disaster risk reduction policies and strategies to prevent
Disaster Risk Reduction
new disaster risk, reduce existing disaster risk and manage residual risk,
and Management
contributing to the strengthening of resilience and reduction of disaster losses.
-An agent which has the potential to cause harm to a vulnerable target.
Hazard Hazards can be both natural or human induced. Sometimes natural hazards
such as floods and a drought can be caused by human activity.
-Refers to the inability to withstand the effects of a hostile environment. A
Vulnerability window of vulnerability is a time frame within which defensive measures are
diminished, compromised or lacking.

K.J. CUARESMA 12
 NSTP MIDTERMS REVIEWER
-Refers to all the strengths, attributes and resources available within a
Capacity community, organization or society to manage and reduce disaster risks and
strengthen resilience.
-The primary goal of preparedness is to avert the loss of lives and assets due
to threats and emergencies. RA 10121 defines preparedness as the
“knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professional
response and recovery organizations, communities and individuals to
The National Disaster
effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from, the impacts of likely,
Preparedness Plan
imminent or current hazard events or conditions.” While essentially
implementation of preparedness is before any hazard or any disasters strikes,
preparedness outcomes straddle between pre-disaster, disaster and post
disaster phases based on existing definitions.
• To increase level of awareness and enhanced capacity of
communities to anticipate, avoid, reduce and survive the threats and
impacts of all hazards.
• To fully-equip communities with the necessary skills and capability to
face and survive hazards and cope with the impacts of disasters;
The NDP Plan • To increase Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) and
Objectives Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) capacity of Local DRRM Councils,
Offices and Operation Centers at all levels.
• To develop and implement comprehensive national and local
preparedness and response policies, plans and systems; and
• To strengthen partnership and coordination among all key players and
stakeholders.
-it is An act strengthening the Philippine disaster risk
reduction and management system, providing for the national disaster risk
R.A.10121 reduction and management framework and institutionalizing the
national disaster risk reduction and management plan, appropriating funds
thereof and for other purposes.

Geographic Profile of
the Philippines

-two pronounced season, dry from November to April and wet during the rest
Type 1
of the year. Maximum rain period is from June to September.
-no dry season with a very pronounced maximum rain period from December
Type 2 to February. There is not a single dry month. Minimum monthly rainfall occurs
during the period of March to May
-no very pronounced maximum rain period with a dry season lasting only from
Type 3 one to three months, either during the period from December to February or
from March to May. This type resembles type 1 since it has a short dry season.
-rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. This type
Type 4
resembles type 2 since it has no dry season.

K.J. CUARESMA 13
 NSTP MIDTERMS REVIEWER

Disaster Risk Profile

and Disaster Risk
Management
Framework of the
Philippines: Natural
Disasters

Oversight and
Implementation

K.J. CUARESMA 14
 NSTP MIDTERMS REVIEWER
-PRE-EVENT
The provision of emergency services and public assistance during or
immediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce health impacts,
ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs of the people
affected.
• Prevention
• Mitigation
• Adaptation
Components of DRR
• Preparedness
and Management
-POST-EVENT
The recovery task of rehabilitation and reconstruction begins soon after the
emergency phase has ended and should be based on pre-existing strategies
and policies that facilitate clear institutional responsibilities for recovery action
and enable public participation.
• Response
• Recovery
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
1. RECALL information acquired in the past learning experiences in order
to integrate it in the present topic to be discussed;
2. UNDERSTAND your role in the disaster risk reduction and management;
Reminders in time of
3. USE your knowledge in the information dissemination to your families in
Disaster
order to be better prepared whenever a disaster strikes; and
4. DESIGN a makeshift life-saving floating device for your families to use in
times of flood.
-The primary goal of preparedness is to avert the loss of lives and assets due
to threats and emergencies. RA 10121 defines preparedness as the
“knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professional
response and recovery organizations, communities and individuals to
The National Disaster
effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from, the impacts of likely,
Preparedness Plan
imminent or current hazard events or conditions.” While essentially
implementation of 32 preparedness is before any hazard or any disasters
strikes, preparedness outcomes straddle between pre-disaster, disaster and
post disaster phases based on existing definitions.
-it emanates from the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan
(NDRRMP). The NDPP helps the national and local governments and other
stakeholders contribute to the following objectives:
1. To increase level of awareness and enhanced capacity of communities to
anticipate, avoid, reduce and survive the threats and impacts of all hazards;
Objectives of the 2. To fully-equip communities with the necessary skills and capability to face
National Disaster and survive hazards and cope with the impacts of disasters;
Preparedness Plan 3. To increase Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) and Climate
(NDPP) Change Adaptation (CCA) capacity of Local DRRM Councils, Offices and
Operation Centers at all levels;
4. To develop and implement comprehensive national and local
preparedness and response policies, plans and systems; and
5. To strengthen partnership and coordination among all key players and
stakeholders.

Volcanic Eruption in
Hawaii

K.J. CUARESMA 15
 NSTP MIDTERMS REVIEWER

Eruption of Mount St.

Helens in Washington

Mount Pinatubo,
Philippines

Super Typhoon Haiya,

strongest typhoon of
2013

Flood

• Loss of life
• Disease
• Damage to property
Effects • Injury
• Other negative effects on human, physical, mental, and social well-
being
• Destruction of assets
-it is an act strengthening the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management System, providing for the national disaster risk reduction and
R.A No.10121 management framework and institutionalizing the national disaster risk
reduction and management plan, appropriating funds therefore and for other
purposes.
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
Key Elements of • Disaster/emergency planning for records and information should be a
Disaster/ Emergency planned approach for the prevention of records and information loss,
Planning preparedness and response to the emergency events affecting

K.J. CUARESMA 16
 NSTP MIDTERMS REVIEWER
records and information, recovery of records and information, and
necessary processes and equipment for business continuity following
the event.
• The recovery phase includes the implementation of short-term
activities that restore vital records and information while restoring
normal business operating procedures and practices. This phase
includes assessing damage, stabilization and salvage techniques,
restoration of records, information and equipment, and resumption of
operations.
1. Preparedness
2. Response -Four (4) primary phases of disaster risk management
3. Recovery
4. Mitigation
1. Preparedness - First, prepare to protect yourself, others and items of
great importance in the event an emergency/disaster occurs.
2. Response - When there is an actual occurrence, administer first aid or
get medical attention for victims if necessary. Attend to other
Disaster risk
emergency procedures that must take place in order to lessen the
management involves
impact.
activities related to the
3. Recovery - After things are under control, begin the clean up or repair
four primary phases
any damage and if necessary, call-in professional restoration services.
4. Mitigation/Mitigation - Finally, ask how this disaster, accident or
emergency happened and how can any problems that occurred in
handling the incident be lessened.
WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF DISASTER PREPAREDNESS?
• Being prepared can reduce fear, anxiety, and losses that accompany
disasters. Communities, families, and individuals should know what to
do in the event of a fire and where to seek shelter during a powerful
storm.
• Natural disasters, accidents, and tragedy are bound to strike at times.
Emergency
While you can’t avoid them completely, you can help brace the
Preparedness
impact when disasters occur. Emergency preparedness is the easiest
way to lessen the damage when something bad happens. From taking
your own steps at home to dialing into organizations made to help
during disasters, let’s take a closer look at what you can do to keep
yourself and your family safe in the event of an emergency.
WHO CAN HELP WHEN DISASTER STRIKES?
• Disasters strike in every area of the world, during every season, and in
many different ways. Hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, fires, and
tornadoes are just some examples of natural disasters that might leave
you in need of some assistance. Nonprofit organizations, like the Red
Cross, are examples of resources that provide aid during disasters.
1. Additional resources include:
2. Hospitals
3. Food banks
4. Disaster shelters
5. Animal shelters
6. Local government agencies
• In many cases, there are instances when there isn’t enough time or
notice to prepare. That’s why planning now can be beneficial. While
you might never need to use any of the resources you prepare, it’s
better to have them and not use them than to need them and not
have them!
• Being prepared can save your property and get entire populations
back to normal faster than would be possible if you weren’t prepared
when the disaster strikes. When you break it down, disaster
preparedness can save lives. Although it takes some time to plan
ahead, it’ll serve your entire family if you plan ahead.
At-Home Checklist

K.J. CUARESMA 17
 NSTP MIDTERMS REVIEWER
• You probably don’t think about preparing your home for an
emergency every day. But, thinking about it at some point is important.
That’s why we’ve taken some time during National Emergency
Preparedness Month to educate you on ways you can plan ahead to
keep yourself, your family, and your property safe. To start, prepare a
basic emergency kit for your home.
• The kit should carry items that will help you survive if you are suddenly
displaced or left without electricity and other life resources. You're at-
home survival kit should have enough of each item to get you through
several days. It should also be packed and ready to go in case you
need to leave in a hurry.

1. Pack a gallon per person, per day. Don’t forget to include enough
water for pets, if you have any.
2. Non-perishable food will help you survive until help arrives. Have
enough food to feed the entire family for at least three days.
3. Can Opener. If your non-perishables include cans of food, be sure to
have a can opener packed.
4. These will come in handy if you’re left without power.
5. Extra Batteries. To be used for your flashlights.
6. Cell Phone Chargers. Be sure at least one person keeps a cell phone
nearby and have an extra charger in your kit. It’ll help you keep an
open line of communication.
7. In case it gets cold, having blankets or sleeping bags will keep
Your kit should contain everyone warm.
things like: 8. Wet Wipes. Easy to store and great for getting rid of germs, keep wet
wipes and hand sanitizer in your kit.
9. First-Aid Kit. Just in case someone gets injured. Make sure you have a
fully-stocked first-aid kit.
10. Extra Clothing. Include a pair of shoes and light but comfy clothes for
everyone in the family.
11. Extra Cash. You never know if you’ll need money for something.
12. Pet Supplies. If you have pets, make sure there is enough supplies for
anything they may need.
While preparing a kit like this may sound silly, it can be a life-saving resource if
you’re ever faced with an emergency. Add additional items based on your
specific situation, as needed. For example, if members of your family take
medication regularly, be sure to have several doses in your kit.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
1. Everything is
connected to
everything else.
2. All forms of life
are important
(thus, the need
for biodiversity).
3. Everything must
go somewhere
(thus, too much
can cause
pollution) -THE SEVEN ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES
4. Ours is a finite (According to the Society for the Conservation of Philippine Wetlands, Inc.)
earth (thus, the
need for
conservation).
5. Nature knows
best (thus, the
need for
ecological
technology).

K.J. CUARESMA 18
 NSTP MIDTERMS REVIEWER
6. Nature is
beautiful and
we are
stewards of
God’s creation.
7. Everything
changes.
-The study of environmental problems and their solutions has never been more
important.
1. Modern society in 2009 is hooked on oil.
2. Production has decreased while demand has increased, and
the population of the world has been increasing by more than
70 million each year.
Environmental 3. The emerging energy crisis is producing an economic crisis as
Protection and everything produced from oil increases in price beyond what
Management some people can pay. Energy and economic problems come
as a time of unprecedented environmental concerns from the
local to global level.
-Impact of Population
World population = 7.8 billion
PH Population as of today = 109,581,078 people

-Trees are as important as our lives.

The Importance of
Trees

1. Philippine Agenda 21 (PA 21) is a program of action into the 21st

century for bringing the Earth into a sustainable future.
2. It was adopted by the participating governments of the world in the
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED), otherwise known as the Earth Summit, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
in June 1992.
Philippine Agenda 21
3. PA 21 is the Philippines’ commitment to the UNCED. It also lays down
The Key to Philippines
the mix of strategies that integrate areas (or Action Agenda), from the
Environmental
national to the regional level, with the corresponding implementing
Protection
platforms and plans.

It is basically made up of:

1. The Principles of Unity;
2. The Action Agenda; and
3. The Implementation Strategies.
-PA 21 envisions a better quality of life for all through the development of a
just, moral, creative, spiritual, economically-vibrant, caring, diverse yet
The Vision of Philippine
cohesive society characterized by appropriate productivity, participatory
Agenda 21
and democratic process and living in harmony within the limits of the carrying
capacity of nature and the integrity of creation.
-as defined in the PA 21 (1996) is “harmonious integration of a sound and
Sustainable
viable economy, responsible governance, social cohesion and ecological
Development
integrity, to ensure that development is a life-sustaining process.”
1. Poverty
Reduction.

K.J. CUARESMA 19
 NSTP MIDTERMS REVIEWER
2. Social Equity
3. Empowerment
and -The goal elements of enhanced PA 21
Governance
4. Peace and
Solidarity
5. Ecological
Integrity.
The Philippine Council -is a multi-sectoral body formed to coordinate and monitor the fulfillment of
for Sustainable the commitments of the Philippine to the UNCED, and later, the WSSD. It has
Development (PCSD) spearheaded the formulation of PA 21.
1. Business
2. Government -The Key Factors in Sustainable Development Work
3. Civil Society
1. Polluter Pays
Principle (PPP)
2. User Pays
Principle (UPP)
3. Precautionary
Principle (PP) -7 Key Principles of Environmental Management
4. Principle of
Responsibility
5. Principle Of
Effectiveness
and Efficiency
6. Principle of
Proportionality
7. Principle Of
Participation
1. Deforestation
2. Water Crisis
3. Pollution
1. Air -Environmental Problems
2. Water
4. Climate
change
5. Global
Warming
1. Agriculture Use. Improved irrigation could reduce agricultural
withdrawals by 20 to 30%. Because agriculture is the biggest water user,
this would be a tremendous savings.
Water Sanitation and
2. Domestic Use. Domestic use of water accounts for only about 10% of
Conservation (Uses of
total national water withdrawals. However, because domestic water
Water)
use is concentrated in urban areas, it may pose major local problems
in areas where water is periodically or often in short supply. Most water
in homes is used in the bathroom and for washing clothing and dishes.
RIGHTS OF CITIZENS IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
❑ The right to breathe clean air.
❑ The right to utilize and enjoy all-natural resources according to the
principles of sustainable development.
❑ The right to participate in the formulation, planning, implementation
The Role of Youth in
and monitoring of environmental policies and programs and in the
the Environmental
decision-making process.
Protection and
❑ The right to participate in the decision-making process concerning
Management
development policies, plans and programs projects or activities that
may have adverse impact on the environment and public health.
❑ The right to be informed of the nature and extent of the potential
hazard of any activity, undertaking or project and to be served timely
notice of any significant rise in the level of pollution and the accidental

K.J. CUARESMA 20
 NSTP MIDTERMS REVIEWER
or deliberate release into the atmosphere of harmful or hazardous
substances.
❑ The right of access to public records which a certain citizen may need
to exercise his or her rights effectively.
❑ The right to bring action in court or quasi-judicial bodies to enjoin all
activities in violation of environmental laws and regulations, to compel
the rehabilitation and cleanup of affected area, and to seek the
imposition of penal sanctions against violators of environmental laws.
❑ The right to bring action in court for compensation of personal
damages resulting from the adverse environmental and public health
impact of a project or activity (Republic Act 8749).
OTHER NATIONAL SECURITY CONCERNS
-the state or condition wherein the values which a nation treasures such as
territorial integrity, sovereignty, people’s way of life and well-being are
protected and enhanced. It is the requirement to maintain the survival of the
nation-state using economic military and political power and the exercise of
diplomacy.

-a condition or state of being where the Filipino people’s values, way of life,
institutions, welfare and well-being, sovereignty and strategic relations are
protected and enhanced.
National Security
-The freedom from foreign dictation.

-It refers to the protection of a nation from attack or other danger by holding
adequate armed forces and guarding state secrets.
-National security is the preservation of the core values of a nation; the
political, economic and social well-being and preservation of our state, the
inviolability of our territorial boundaries and the maintenance of national
interests within the nation’s strategic frontiers
FOUNDATION OF NATIONAL SECURITY
-It can be found in the latter part of the Preamble of the 1987 Philippine
-Constitution which states that, “secure to ourselves and our posterity the
CONSTITUTIONAL blessings of independence and democracy, under the rule of law and a
MANDATE regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality and peace…”
-Other provisions in the 1987 Philippine Constitution that affirm the national
security interests of the Philippines
-Is the principal advisory body on the proper coordination and integration of
plans and policies affecting national security.

-The Council Proper is a collegial body chaired by the President

-Created during the Quirino Administration through Executive Order (EO) No.
National Security 330, dated 01 July 1950. It was reorganized by virtue of EO No. 115, series of
Council (NSC) 1986.

-In the Philippine context as indicated by the NSC Permanent Secretariat,

National Security is described as:
a condition or state of being where the Filipino people’s values, way of
life, institutions, welfare, and well-being, sovereignty and strategic
relations are protected and enhanced.
1. Moral-spiritual
consensus
2. Cultural
cohesiveness
3. Economic
solidarity
4. Socio-political Elements of National Security
stability

K.J. CUARESMA 21
 NSTP MIDTERMS REVIEWER
5. Ecological
balance
6. Territorial
integrity
7. International
harmony
- we must be propelled by a national vision inspired and manifested in our
Moral-spiritual
words and deeds, by patriotism national pride and the advancement of
consensus
national goals and objective.
- our lives as a people must be ruled by a common set of values and believe
grounded on high moral and ethical standards, drawn from our heritage and
Cultural cohesiveness
embodying a Filipino standard identity transcending religious, ethnic, and
linguistic differences.
- we must vigorously pursue a free – market economy through responsible
Economic solidarity entrepreneurship based on social conscience, respect for the dignity of labor
and concern for the public interest
- We must achieve peace and harmony among all Filipinos, regardless of
creed, ethnic origin, or social station. The government and the people must
Socio-political stability
engage in nation – building under the rule of law, constitutional democracy,
and the full respect for human rights
- national survival rests upon the effective conservation of our natural
Ecological balance environmental in the face of industrial and agricultural expansion and
population growth
-we must ensure the permanent inviolability of our nation territory and it is e-
Territorial integrity
effective control by the government and the state
- we must pursue constructive and cordial relations with all nations and
International harmony peoples, even as our nations itself must chart an independent course, free
from external control, interference or threat or aggression.
PHILIPPINE PREPARATIONS FOR INTERNAL THREATS IN THE COUNTRY
-The Philippines has been confronted with multiple and simultaneous
insurgencies since the 1970s. While not posing an existential threat to the state,
they are a drain on resources and inhibit faster economic development. The
myriad of rebel groups, communist, Islamist, and ethno-national, do have
some legitimate grievances and their movements have been fueled by
abuses by government forces.
Internal Threats
1. The Moro Islamic Liberation Front and Moro National Liberation Front Moro
National Liberation Front (MNLF),
2. The Abu Sayyaf Group
3. Private Armies
4. Communist Party of the Philippines/New People’s Army/ National
Democratic Front (CPP/NPA/NDF)
- Muslim separatist movement in the southern Philippines that has employed
guerrilla tactics and violence in its campaign for the creation of an
independent democratic, Islamic state.

1. The Moro Islamic Began in 1973, soon after President Ferdinand Marcos imposed martial law.
Liberation Front and The MNLF’s well-organized and sophisticated military force, known as the
Moro National Bangsa Moro Army, had 30,000 fighters at the time of its greatest strength in
Liberation Front (MNLF) the 1970s

The organization subsequently was weakened by a series of factional splits,

including breaks in the 1970s that resulted in the formation of the Moro Islamic
Liberation Front (MILF) and the Bangsa Moro Liberation Organization.
2. The Abu Sayyaf The ASG was founded in Basilan Province and operates primarily in the
Group provinces of the Sulu Archipelago, namely Basilan, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi.

K.J. CUARESMA 22
 NSTP MIDTERMS REVIEWER
The group also operates on the Zamboanga peninsula, and members
occasionally travel to Manila. In mid-2003, the group started operating in
Mindanao’s city of Cotobato and on the provincial coast of Sultan Kudarat,
Mindanao. The group expanded its operational reach to Malaysia in 2000 with
the abduction of foreigners from a tourist resort there.

Some ASG leaders allegedly fought in Afghanistan during the Soviet invasion
and are students and proponents of radical Islamic teachings. The group split
from the much larger Moro National Liberation Front in the early 1990s under
the leadership of Abdurajak Abubakar Janjalani
Philippine instability is compounded by the existence of private armies.

Although the November 2009 massacre of 58 people, including women and

journalists, allegedly by members of the powerful Ampatuan clan.
3. Private Armies
Local political elites rely on private armies to stay in power.

The AFP and President Arroyo have relied on the Ampatuans and seen them
as key allies. Before the massacre in 2009, the Ampatuans delivered votes for
President Arroyo and were rewarded handsomely. The size of their private
army grew to nearly 2,400.
The Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) was established in 1968 by Jose
Maria Sison, with the establishment of the New People’s Army (NPA) the
following year, and the overt and broad united front umbrella organization,
the National Democratic Front (NDF) in 1973.
4. Communist Party of
It is the longest running communist insurgency in the world, responsible for tens
the Philippines/New
of thousands of deaths (though estimates vary wildly). The CPP/ NPA/NDF has
People’s Army/
waxed and waned over the decades and has been subject to intense
National Democratic
internal factionalism and splits, in particular following the end of the Marcos
Front (CPP/NPA/NDF)
dictatorship, the restoration of democracy in 1986 and the closure of US bases
in 1991.

It has not helped the movement that their leader has been in exile in the
Netherlands since 1987.
has become another threat to our national security by virtue of the huge scale
5.Graft and Corruption by which it saps public resources, undermines the morale of the civil service
and affects the delivery of quality basic services.
cause serious food shortages, abet hoarding and profiteering tool stands at
6.Severe calamities
more than 13,000 lives lost and p179 Billion worth of property destroyed.
7. Persistent Poses a long term security threat. The attrition of forest and watersheds, air-
environment land-water pollution and the proliferation of toxic substances are a cause of
degradation sickness, death and the diminution of national productivity and wellbeing
EXTERNAL THREATS
The Philippines has become more preoccupied by external threats to its
maritime interests in the South China Sea, which is claimed by the People’s
Republic of China. Taiwan and Vietnam also claim the Spratly archipelago,
while Malaysia has an overlapping claim, but none of those countries pose a
1. The multi-lateral threat to Philippine interests the way China does.
dispute over the
Spratly Island The Philippines’ claim dates to 1956 when they declared a region of the
Spratlys as terra nullius and as a ‘regime of islands’ distinct from the
archipelago. That changed in 1978 when the Philippines established the
municipality of Kalayaan, in Palawan province, to administer the eight
features that they currently occupy
2. The smuggling
firearms and
contraband, illegal
migration, and

K.J. CUARESMA 23
 NSTP MIDTERMS REVIEWER
occasional movement
of foreign terrorists
3. The lingering effects
of the currency crisis EXTERNAL THREATS
affecting the countries
4. The serious
economic disparity
between rich and
poor
5. Ethnic, religious and
cultural conflict
ROLE OF YOUTH TO NATIONAL THREATS
-Ban Ki-moon
(Secretary General of the United Nation In an article entitle “10 Ways Youth
“We are addressing
Can Make an Impact”)
youth today, because
youth have placed
It provided the youth means to contribute to the country’s national security. It
themselves on the top
emphasized that youth engagement can bring about social change. It sends
of the agenda.”
a message that the youth do not have to wait to become adults to be
significant and active members of the society.
-Read up, get informed and practice your right!! The youth can maximize their
1. Know your
rights if they are well-informed. The existing rights are only of value to the youth
rights
if they are understood, observed, and used.
-What are the concerns plaguing your community? How are the concerns
2. Learn about
affecting you and your immediate environment? Knowing the problem can
local issues
lead to possible solutions and the youth’s role in the grand scheme of things
-Do not be afraid to speak your mind either online, through social media, and
offline, gatherings and meetings. Be assertive and express your interests.
3. Speak out Someone is bound to read or to listen to it. However, be responsible of what
you aired and support it with facts. Also, respect the views of others regardless
if it agrees or disagrees with you.
-There is strength in numbers. Reach out to them and learn their efforts and
4. Network
initiatives. It could pave way to bigger things for you.
-Talk to your friends and family about the concerns and issues you see as
5. Spread the
important. You can provide a voice to unaddressed issues, educate, and
word
influence the people around you.
6. Join -Be one with the people having the same vision and initiative as you. Create
Campaigns solutions and actions that can be done in your community
-Learn and share your perspectives and views with peers as well as decision
makers. Schools and local organizations can be of great support to you in
7. Host a youth
trying to create a forum for the exchange of ideas. Bring together different
summit
communities and understand what you have in common, as well as your
differences in interests and perspectives.
8. Use your -Use your passion for the arts and your hobbies into a productive action
creativity towards your ideals.
9. Join/create a -Local youth organizations are great places to expand your knowledge and
youth become an active member of your society. If your community does not have
organization an organization representing youth, create one. Be the trendsetter!
10. Be an -Believe in yourself and follow your passion. Passionate youth will change the
inspiration world.
“Our quest must not
only focus on ensuring
stability of the State
and the security of our Senator Benigno S. Aquino III, Peace and Security Forum April 22, 2010
nation. Our goal must
be the safety and
well-being of our
people.”

K.J. CUARESMA 24
NSTP MIDTERMS REVIEWER

K.J. CUARESMA 25