BIODIVERSITY AND

SUSTAINABLE FOOD
SYSTEM
Discussant: GIECEL E. NUEVA
PRAYER
Father, we thank you for your grace, love
and mercy that has been extended to us
one more time.

We thank you for protecting us and

keeping us in our right minds.

Lord, we thank you for granting us this

opportunity to come together in the fashion
to increase our knowledge.

Lord, you said that if anyone lacks wisdom,

they should ask you and you will give
liberally without reservation. I pray today
that you grant us wisdom, knowledge and
understanding.

We ask that you bless this session in every

way, bless us oh Lord. Take full control and
may everything go according to your will
and purpose in Jesus name we pray,
Amen.
Learning Objectives:
- Explain the Global biodiversity by citing some examples.
- Explain the effect of Urbanization to Biodiversity.
- Explain the method how to measure Biodiversity.
Global Biodiversity
Global biodiversity
- is the measure of biodiversity on planet Earth and is
defined as the total variability of life forms.
- More than 99 percent of all species that ever lived on
Earth are estimated to be extinct.
- the number of Earth's current species range from 2 million to
1 trillion, of which about 1.74 million have been database
thus far and over 80 percent have not yet been described

Global biodiversity is affected by extinction and speciation.

Biodiversity has grown and shrunk in earth's past due to

(presumably) abiotic factors such as extinction events caused
by geologically rapid changes in climate.

Climate change 299 million years ago was one such event. A
cooling and drying resulted in catastrophic rainforest
collapse and subsequently a great loss of diversity,
especially of amphibians.
 Types of biodiversity include taxonomic or
species, ecological, morphological, and genetic diversity.

1. Species diversity/taxonomic is the number

of different species that are represented in a given
community.

-species diversity may include species richness,

taxonomic or phylogenetic diversity, and/or species
evenness.

-Species richness is a simple count of species.

Taxonomic or phylogenetic diversity is the genetic
relationship between different groups of species. Species
evenness quantifies how equal the abundances of the
species are.
2. Ecosystem diversity deals with the
variations in ecosystems within a geographical location
and its overall impact on human existence and the
environment.
Ecosystem diversity addresses the combined
characteristics of biotic properties (biodiversity ) and
abiotic properties (geodiversity ).
-Ecological diversity includes the variation in
both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems .
-Ecological diversity can also take into account
the variation in the complexity of a biological
community , including the number of different niches,
the number of and other ecological processes. An
example of ecological diversity on a global scale would
be the variation in ecosystems, such as deserts,
forests, grasslands , wetlands and oceans.
3. Morphological diversity as the mean
Euclidean distance between each species and its
family centroid .

4. Genetic diversity is the total number of

genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a
species, it ranges widely from the number of species
to differences within species and can be attributed
to the span of survival for a species.

Genetic diversity serves as a way for populations to

adapt to changing environments.

With more variation, it is more likely that some

individuals in a population will possess variations
of alleles that are suited for the environment.
Those individuals are more likely to survive to
produce offspring bearing that allele. The
population will continue for more generations
because of the success of these individuals.
Biodiversity loss includes the worldwide extinction of different
species, as well as the local reduction or loss of species in a certain
habitat, resulting in a loss of biological diversity. The latter
phenomenon can be temporary or permanent, depending on whether the
environmental degradation that leads to the loss is reversible through
ecological restoration/ecological resilience or effectively permanent
(e.g. through land loss).

-The current global extinction (frequently called the sixth mass

extinction or Anthropocene extinction), has resulted in a biodiversity
crisis being driven by human activities which push beyond the planetary
boundaries and so far has proven irreversible.

-Even though permanent global species loss is a more dramatic and

tragic phenomenon than regional changes in species composition, even
minor changes from a healthy stable state can have dramatic influence on
the food web and the food chain insofar as reductions in only one
species can adversely affect the entire chain (coextinction), leading to
an overall reduction in biodiversity, possible alternative stable states
of an ecosystem notwithstanding. Reduced biodiversity in particular
leads to reduced ecosystem services and eventually poses an immediate
danger for food security, but also can have more lasting public health
consequences for humans.
- International environmental organizations
have been campaigning to prevent biodiversity
loss for decades, public health officials
have integrated it into the One Health
approach to public health practice, and
increasingly preservation of biodiversity is
part of international policy.
- For example, the UN Convention on Biological
Diversity is focused on preventing
biodiversity loss and proactive conservation
of wild areas. The international commitment
and goals for this work is currently embodied
by Sustainable Development Goal 15 "Life on
Land" and Sustainable Development Goal 14
"Life Below Water". However, the United
Nations Environment Programme report on
"Making Peace with Nature" released in 2020
found that most of these efforts had failed
to meet their international goals.
Effect of Urbanization to
Biodiversity
Effects:
- Declining
biodiversity
Effects:
- Destruction
and
fragmentation
of habitats
Effects:
- Threaten
ecosystem
services
Effects:
- Greenhouse
gases
causing
climate
change
How to Measure
Biodiversity
 4 Main Methods:

- Canopy Fogging
- Quadrant Sampling
- Transect Sampling
- Netting
1- Canopy Fogging
- is mainly used when collecting
data about the biodiversity of
insects.

The ways this conducted is

with a small dose of insecticide
sprayed on top of a tree. When
the insects fall, they are put
onto a large screen that is
shaped like a funnel.

Scientists usually keep and

observe the insects.This
method helps inform scientists
about the life cycle of insects.
2- Quadrant Sampling
- is the method where a large cubic
area is made by using a
pre-made square made out of
plastic and string.
- The square is made into
quadrants that have different
measurements depending on the
habitat that is going to be
surveyed in.
- Different species and their
numbers within the quadrant are
counted. This is repeated many
times in different places of the
habitat to get an accurate
representation of biodiversity.
3- Transect Sampling
- is conducted by using a transect line. A
transect line is usually a rope or
measuring tape that had been marked at
a set measurements , such as every
metre.
- The line is unrolled throughout the
habitat. At every interval, the type and
number of species along the line is
recorded.
4- Netting
- is a method that involves
fine mesh nets.
- It is used to capture many
birds and bats in terrestrial
ecosystems. It is also used
to capture fish and other
organisms that live in
aquatic ecosystems.
- Once the organism is
captured it is identified. It
can also be measured, the
blood might be taken for
genetic analysis, and it
could be tagged. Many
cases prove that, the
organism is then released
after examination.
Here ends my report,
thank you for
listening!