Computer Network Lab Manual

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
COMPUTER
NETWORKS
(203105214)
4th SEMESTER
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Lab
Manual
PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
COMPUTER NETWORKS (203105255) (4th SEM)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ________________ with

enrollment no._____________ has successfully completed
his/her laboratory experiments in the
COMPUTER NETWORKS (203105256) from the
department of COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING during the
academic year 2022-23.
Date of Submission:......................... Staff In charge:...........................
Head Of Department:...........................................
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LIST OF PRACTICALS
Page No
Sr. Date of Date of Marks (out
No Experiment Title Start Completion Sign of 10)
To From
Experiments on Simulation Tools:
(CISCO PACKET TRACER):
To understand environment of
1 CISCO PACKET TRACER to
design simple network and perform
experiments.
Experiments of Packet capture

tool: Wireshark
To understand the features of
wireshark as a packet capture tool
2
and understand encapsulation of
information. Also study effect of
few network commands
To study behaviour of generic

devices used for networking:
(CISCO PACKET TRACER)
Design a simple network with
multiple nodes and connect via
generic devices available in
library. Perform simulation and
trace communication behaviour of
specified network devices. 1: Use
3
only HUB to design a small
network having 4 to 6 hosts 2: Use
only a Switch to design a small
network with 4 to 6 hosts. 3: Use
both the device (HUB and
SWITCH) for a network and find
out functioning difference
between switch and hub.
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Data Link Layer (Error

Correction): Write a program to
implement error detection and
4 correction using HAMMING code
concept. Make a test rum to input
data stream and verify error
correction feature.
Virtual LAN: Simulate Virtual
5 LAN configuration using CISCO
Packet Tracer Simulation.
Wireless LAN: Configuration of
6 Wireless LAN using CISCO
Packet Tracer
Internetworking with routers:

Design a three or four simple
networks (with 3 to 4 hosts) and
connect via Router. Perform
simulation and trace how routing
is done in packet transmission. 1:
7
Experiment on same subnet 2:
Perform Experiment across the
subnet and observe functioning of
Router via selecting suitable pair
of Source and destination.
Implementation of
SUBNETTING: Design multiple
subnet with suitable number of
8 hosts. Make a plan to assign static
IP addressing across all subnet to
explain implementation of
SUBNETTING.
Routing at Network Layer:
Simulate Static and Dynamic
9 Routing.Protocol
Configuration using CISCO
Packet Tracer.
Experiment on Transport Layer:
Implement echo client server
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using TCP/UDP sockets.
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PRATICAL 1
• Experiments on Simulation Tools: (CISCO PACKET TRACER): To understand environment of

CISCO PACKET TRACER to design simple network and perform experiments.
The main purpose of Cisco Packet Tracer is to help students learn the principles of
networking with hands-on experience as well as develop Cisco technology specific skills. Since the protocols
are implemented in software only method, this tool cannot replace the hardware Routers or Switches.
Interestingly, this tool does not only include Cisco products
but also many more networking devices.
Workspace :
1. Logical –
Logical workspace shows the logical network topology of the network the user has
built. It represents the placing, connecting and clustering virtual network devices.
2. Physical –
Physical workspace shows the graphical physical dimension of the logical network. It depicts the scale
and placement in how network devices such as routers, switches and hosts would look in a real
environment. It also provides geographical representation of networks, including multiple buildings,
cities and wiring closets.
Key Features:
• Unlimited devices
• E-learning
• Customize single/multi user activities
• Interactive Environment
• Visualizing Networks
• Real-time mode and Simulation mode
• Self-paced
• Supports majority of networking protocols
• International language support
• Cross platform compatibility
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The devices section of the CPT includes Networks devices, End devices, Components, Connections,
Miscellaneous and Multi-User Connections.
Network devices consists of

1. Switches
2. Routers
3. Hubs
4. Wireless Devices
5. Security
6. WAN Emulation.
End devices consists of,

1. Laptops
2. PC’s
3. Power grid
4. Industrial; etc
Connections consists of,

1. Console wire
2. Copper Straight-Through
3. Copper Cross-over
4. Fiber
5. Phone Wire
6. Co-axial
7. Serial DCE
8. Serial DTE
9. IoT Cable
Miscellaneous consists of, recently used devices or connections.
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• Designing a Simple Network in Cisco Packet Tracer.
Using a Hub and 3 Personal Computers we are designing a simple network.
Hub-PT is selected from network devices and placed on the logical Workspace. Three Computers from End-
devices, IP Addresses are allocated to all the three computers as shown in the figure. 10.0.0.1-10.0.0.3 from
class A IP Range is used.
To know whether the network is running send a Packet from one computer to another.
Packet is a small amount of data that is been sent over a network. In cisco packet tracer a packet is located
on the top ribbon bar.
Add simple PDU is the Packet Datagram Unit, select it and click on computer(PC0) that is sending and
another computer(PC2) which is receiving.
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After sending the PDU from all the sources of computers they are able to communicate with each other.
All the Computers are interconnected in a network.
The status of the Packet Transmission can be viewed in the real-time(Shift+R) and also in Simulation
Mode(shift+S).
Here all the computers are communicating with each other.
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PRACTICAL 2
Experiments of Packet capture tool:
AIM :To understand the features of wireshark as a packet capture tool and understand encapsulation
of information. Also study effect of few network commands
Purpose:
▪ Wireshark is an open-source packet analyser, which is used for education, analysis, software
development, communication protocol development and network troubleshooting.
▪ The main objective of proposed experiment is to give exposure of wire-shark tool to students so
they can learn to monitor transmission packets being send in Wi-Fi and LAN environments.
Setting Up Wireshark
Exercises
2.1 Monitor TCP packets in a LAN connection and record your observations
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No TCP Packets are travelled as the device is not connected to a Local Area Network.
2.2 Monitor TCP packets in a Wi-Fi connection and record your observations
2.4 Monitor UDP packets in a Wi-Fi connection and record your observations
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PRACTICAL 3
Design a simple network with multiple nodes and connect via generic devices available in library. Perform
simulation and trace communication behavior of specified network devices.
1. Use only HUB to design a small network having 4 to 6 hosts
➢ Hub-PT is selected for this network
Packet datagrams can also be transferred successful from all the hosts to all the hosts.
2. Use only a Switch to design a small network with 4 to 6 hosts.
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• For this network, 2960-24TT, PT-Empty, 2950T-24 are Compatible with a larger number of
connections, whereas switches like switch-PT switch are not capable containing a large number of
hosts.
• All the packet datagrams are transferring successfully.
Now 3: Use both the device (HUB and SWITCH) for a network and find
out functioning difference between switch and hub.
• A hub is a networking device that connects multiple PCs to a single network,

whereas a Switch connects multiple devices on a single computer network.
• A hub operates on the OSI physical layer, whereas a switch operates on the OSI data link layer.
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• The hub uses a half-duplex cable, whereas the switch uses a full-duplex cable.
• The switch is an active device, whereas the hub is a passive device.
• The switch employs the Spanning Tree Protocol to avoid switching loops. On the
other hand, the hub cannot avoid switching loops.
• The hub shares the bandwidth between the ports. A switch, on the other hand, provides dedicated
bandwidth to the ports.
• The number of ports connecting to the device is significantly greater in switches
than in the hub.
• The hub’s data transmission speed is quite slow compared to a switch.
➢ The packet which is transmitted from PC4 to PC5 using HUB is still
in progress.
➢ The packet which is transmitted from PC0 to PC2 using SWTICH
is successful
Therefore, the main difference between the HUB and SWITCH is the speed of transmission of data.
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PRACTICAL 4
• Data Link Layer (Error Correction): Write a program to implement error detection
and correction using HAMMING code concept. Make a test rum to input data stream and verify
error correction feature.
Hamming code is a set of error-correction codes that can be used to detect and correct the errors that can
occur when the data is moved or stored from the sender to the receiver. It is a technique developed by
R.W. Hamming for error correction.
Steps:
1. Enter the Data to be transmitted

2. Calculate the no of redundant bits required
3. Determine the parity bits
4. Create error data for testing
5. Check for errors
If the message contains m𝑚number of data bits, r𝑟number of redundant bits are added to it so that m𝑟 is
able to indicate at least (m + r+ 1) different states. Here, (m + r) indicates location of an error in
each of (𝑚 + 𝑟) bit positions and one additional state indicates no error. Since, r𝑟 bits can indicate 2r𝑟
states, 2r𝑟 must be at least equal to (m + r + 1). Thus the following equation should hold
2r ≥ m+r+1 Step 2 − Positioning the redundant bits.
The redundant bits are parity bits. A parity bit is an extra bit that makes the number of 1s either even or odd.
The two types of parity are −
Even Parity − Here the total number of bits in the message is made even.
Odd Parity − Here the total number of bits in the message is made odd.
Each redundant bit, ri, is calculated as the parity, generally even parity, based upon its bit position. It covers
all bit positions whose binary representation includes a 1 in the ith position except the position of ri
Decoding a message in Hamming Code
Once the receiver gets an incoming message, it performs recalculations to detect errors and correct them.
The steps for recalculation are −
Step 1 − Calculation of the number of redundant bits

Using the same formula as in encoding, the number of redundant bits are ascertained.
2r ≥ m + r + 1 where m is the number of data bits and r is the number of redundant bits.
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Step 2 − Positioning the redundant bits

The r redundant bits placed at bit positions of powers of 2, i.e. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 etc. Step 3 − Parity checking
The decimal equivalent of the parity bits binary values is calculated. If it is 0, there is no error. Otherwise,
the decimal value gives the bit position which has error. For example, if c1c2c3c4 = 1001, it implies that
the data bit at position 9, decimal equivalent of 1001, has error.
The bit is flipped to get the correct message.
Hamming Code in Python.

def calcRedundantBits(m):
for i in range(m):
if(2**i >= m + i + 1):
return i
def posRedundantBits(data, r):

j=0
k=1
m = len(data)
res = ''
for i in range(1, m + r+1):
if(i == 2**j):
res = res + '0'
j += 1
else:
res = res + data[-1 * k]
k += 1
return res[::-1]
def calcParityBits(arr, r):

n = len(arr)
for i in range(r):
val = 0
for j in range(1, n + 1):
if(j & (2**i) == (2**i)):

val = val ^ int(arr[-1 * j])
arr = arr[:n-(2**i)] + str(val) + arr[n-(2**i)+1:]
return arr
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def detectError(arr, nr):
n = len(arr)
res = 0
for i in range(nr):
val = 0
for j in range(1, n + 1):
if(j & (2**i) == (2**i)):
val = val ^ int(arr[-1 * j])
res = res + val*(10**i)
return int(str(res), 2)
data = '1011001'
m = len(data)
r = calcRedundantBits(m)
arr = posRedundantBits(data, r)
arr = calcParityBits(arr, r)
print("Data transferred is " + arr)
arr = '11101001110'
print("Error Data is " + arr)
correction = detectError(arr, r)
if(correction==0):
print("There is no error in the received message.")
else:
print("The position of error is ",len(arr)-correction+1,"from the left")
OUTPUT:
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PRACTICAL 5
• Virtual LAN: Simulate Virtual LAN(VLAN) configuration using CISCO Packet

Tracer Simulation.
Procedure:
Step 1: Take 2 Switches and 6 PC
Step 2: Connect the pc’s to Switch and Switch to Router with copper straight-through wire.
Step 3: Assign ip’s to pc’s accordingly pc0(192.168.1.2), pc1(192.168.1.3) and pc2(192.168.1.4)
Step 4 : Assign ip’s in pc3(192.168.1.6), pc4(192.168.1.7) and pc5(192.168.1.8)
Now divide the network into two virtual Local Area Networks, VLAN1 & VLAN2
VLAN1 PCs: PC1,PC2,PC3
VLAN2 P S: PC0,PC4,PC5
VLAN Configuration on Switch 1

After PC IP configurations, now, we can start our VLAN Packet Tracer Configuration steps. Here, we will
follow the below steps:
1. We will set access ports that will access specific VLANs. We will do this with “switchport mode
access” command under these interfaces.
2. We will also set the VLAN, that this port will access.
3. After that, we will set the trunk port that will carry multiple VLANs with “switchport mode trunk”
command.
4. Then we will also set this port with “no negotiate” command to prevent negotiation about the port
role.
5. Lastly, we will set the allowed VLANs with “switchport trunk allowed vlan” command on this
trunk and save our configuration.
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Switch 1(config)# interface fastEthernet 0/2

Switch 1(config-if)# switchport mode access
Switch 1(config-if)# switchport access vlan 2
Switch 1(config-if)# switchport mode trunk
Switch 1(config-if)# switchport nonegotiate
Switch 1(config-if)# switchport trunk allowed vlan 2-4
Switch 1# copy running-config startup-config
The excepted outcome should be like the below picture; the command is do show history after exiting from
config t and then config.
VLAN Configuration on Switch 2

After configuring the first switch, we will configure switch 2 similar to switch 1 as below.
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Switch 2(config-if)# switchport mode trunk
Switch 2(config-if)# switchport nonegotiate
Switch 2(config-if)# switchport trunk allowed vlan 2-4
Switch 2# copy running-config startup-config
The excepted outcome should be like the below picture; the command is do show history after exiting from
config t and then config.
Checking VLAN Configuration

Our last step of VLAN configuration is verification. to verify our VLAN Packet Tracer Configuration, we
will use verification commands like “show vlan brief“, “show interfaces“, “show interfaces trunk” etc.
The expected outcome after sending packet datagram units, from PC1(vlan1) TO PC5(vlan2) and
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PC1 TO PC2 is successful.
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PRACTICAL 6
AIM :- Configuration of wireless LAN(WLAN) using CISCO Packet Tracer.
Procedure:
Take a wireless router named WRT300N from /Network devices/Wireless devices.
Now, Connect the wireless router0 with End devices such as computers and laptops. Here Unlike every
Other Wired connection do not make wired connections. Instead follow the below steps,
Double-click on the router and go to the graphical user interface section. Where we can allocate Any
classes’/classless IP Addresses.
In GUI, in the wireless section we can configure the SSID, Network mode and Radio Band.
For implementing security on wireless network go to the config section in the router,
where we can implement
Many types of Password methodologies. WPA-PSK,WEP etc.
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Now that the router is configured we have to configure our end devices(computers and laptops)
Click on the PC and go to the physical section then turn off the power. Remove the PT-HOST Module
From the bottom and insert WMP300N module at the bottom of the CPU. As shown in the figure.
After this step the PC can be able to connect to wireless internet connections. For that go into desktop section
In the PC then select PC WIRELESS.
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Connect to the wireless network, enter the password. Now it is connected to the wireless network.
Proceed with the same step again with another Computer.
Remove the PT-HOST Module and insert WMP300N wireless module to support wireless connections.
Then, go to Desktop/PC-Wireless/ and connect with the same network.
Now that our computers are configured to connect the wireless network. Configure the laptop the same way.
First, turn off the power of laptop and then remove PT-LAPTOP module, drag it on the main menu of
modules, Select WPC300N insert it on to the laptop.
For connecting it to the network follow the same steps as a computer.
/desktop/PC-Wireless. Find the network names LIGHT then click connect, enter WEP Password. Now it’s
connected.
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Now all our End-devices are connected to the WRT300N wireless router. To verify the connection.
A PDU(Packet Datagram Unit) has been sent from,
Laptop0 – PC4
PC3 – Laptop0
PC4 – PC3
All the three packet transmissions are successful. We can say we correctly configured the WLAN network.
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PRACTICAL 7
AIM :- Interworking with routers: Design a three or four simple networks (with 3 to 4
hosts) and connect via Router. Perform simulation and trace how routing is done in
packet transmission.
1. Experiment on same subset
2. Perform experiment across the subnet and observe functioning of Router via
selecting suitable pair of source and destination.
Step 1: Setup the router and hosts in CISCO Packet Tracer and assign the IP address to all the hosts
respectively.
● We will give IP address to the hosts and we will only change the subnet ID of all the IP address
because we want all the hosts to remain in the same network.
Subnet Mask of all the end devices are given as follow:
Take 3 PCs, a switch and a router.
The IP Addresses and the Subnets for the computers are as follows,
First we have to give the same subnet for all three.
PC0 is 192.168.10.1 with subnet 255.255.255.0
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PC1 is 192.168.10.2 with subnet 255.255.255.0
PC2 is 192.168.10.3 with subnet 255.255.255.0
Now the subnets are same across all three computer.
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Perform simulation and trace how routing is done by sending a PDU(packet datagram Unit) from PC0-PC2,
PC1-PC0, PC2-PC0 vice-versa.
The transmission of all the Packets from all the sources are successfully transmitted to all the destinations.
2. Performing experiments across subnets by using various subnet masks.

PC0 has the same address 192.168.10.1 but with the subnet 255.255.255.0
PC1 has IP address 192.168.10.2 but with subnet 255.255.0.0
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PC2 has IP Address 192.168.10.3 but with subnet 255.0.0.0
By transferring PDU(packet datagram units), all the transmission are successful.
Therefore,
There is no difference in the functioning of router between having same subnet and different subnet.
PRACTICAL 8
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AIM :- Design multiple subnet with suitable number of hosts. Make a plan to
assign static IP addressing across all subnet to explain implementation of
subnetting.
THEORY:
🡺 Subnetting is the practice of dividing up a network into two or more networks. Common advantages
of subnetting include enhancing routing efficiency, network management control, and improving
network security. While these are just a few of the benefits that subnetting provides, they are
the most noticeable after immediately implementing a subnet system.
🡺 This results in the logical division of an IP address into two fields: the network number or routing
prefix and the rest field or host identifier. Addresses help to identify the pieces of hardware
connected to your network. To locate a particular device you would need to organize the IP
addresses in a logical way. This is where subnetting excels as a tool to help you maintain efficiency
across your network.
The subnet connection of networks
Configuring routers in two ways as shown above for the individual networks.
As we connected all the devices in the terminal now, Configure the router.
Click on the router0 then CLI(command line interpreter).
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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

This is to certify that ________________ with

Date of Submission:......................... Staff In charge:...........................

Experiments of Packet capture

To study behaviour of generic

Data Link Layer (Error

Internetworking with routers:

• Experiments on Simulation Tools: (CISCO PACKET TRACER): To understand environment of

Network devices consists of

End devices consists of,

Connections consists of,

Miscellaneous consists of, recently used devices or connections.

• Designing a Simple Network in Cisco Packet Tracer.

Using a Hub and 3 Personal Computers we are designing a simple network.

1. Use only HUB to design a small network having 4 to 6 hosts

➢ Hub-PT is selected for this network

2. Use only a Switch to design a small network with 4 to 6 hosts.

• A hub is a networking device that connects multiple PCs to a single network,

1. Enter the Data to be transmitted

Decoding a message in Hamming Code

Step 1 − Calculation of the number of redundant bits

Step 2 − Positioning the redundant bits

Hamming Code in Python.

def posRedundantBits(data, r):

def calcParityBits(arr, r):

if(j & (2**i) == (2**i)):

• Virtual LAN: Simulate Virtual LAN(VLAN) configuration using CISCO Packet

VLAN Configuration on Switch 1

Switch 1(config)# interface fastEthernet 0/2

VLAN Configuration on Switch 2

Switch 2(config)# interface fastEthernet 0/2

Checking VLAN Configuration

AIM :- Configuration of wireless LAN(WLAN) using CISCO Packet Tracer.

Take 3 PCs, a switch and a router.

First we have to give the same subnet for all three.

PC0 is 192.168.10.1 with subnet 255.255.255.0

PC1 is 192.168.10.2 with subnet 255.255.255.0

PC2 is 192.168.10.3 with subnet 255.255.255.0

Now the subnets are same across all three computer.

2. Performing experiments across subnets by using various subnet masks.

PC1 has IP address 192.168.10.2 but with subnet 255.255.0.0

PC2 has IP Address 192.168.10.3 but with subnet 255.0.0.0

By transferring PDU(packet datagram units), all the transmission are successful.

The subnet connection of networks

Click on the router0 then CLI(command line interpreter).

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if(j & (2i) == (2i)):