7) Network Analis

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Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics
CHAPTER 1
NETWORK ANALYSIS
1.1 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (K.V.L.)
Sum of the voltage in any closed loop must be zero considering same sign convention.
1.1.1 Sign Convention
Lets consider that voltage is positive if we move from plus to minus then voltage is negative if
we move from minus to plus. We can consider otherwise also.  R 
1

Lets apply KVL in single loop network as shown in figure. I

V  IR  IRL  0 or V  IR  IRL  0 
RL
V 

V V I
I 
R  RL Req ,12 
2
 Req ,12  R  RL (Series equivalent of resistance)
1.1.2 Voltage Division Rule

VR
Voltage drop across R is VR  IR 
R  RL
VRL
Voltage drop across RL is VRL  IRL 
R  RL
1.2 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (K.C.L.)

At any node sum of incoming current is equal to sum of outgoing current.
I3 I4
I2
I1 I5
A
I6
Thus at node A , I1  I 2  I 3  I 4  I 5  I 6
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1.2.1 Current Division Rule

R1
I1
I 1 2 I
 
I2
R2
According to KCL at node 1 and 2: I  I1  I 2 ….(i)
Since parallel voltages are equal: V12  V  I1 R1  I 2 R2 ….(ii)
Solve equation (i) and (ii) for I1 and I 2 :
R2 R1
I1  I and I 2  I
R1  R2 R1  R2
R1 R2
Then V12  V  I1 R1  I 2 R2  I  IReq ,12
R1  R2
R1 R2
 Req ,12  (Parallel equivalent of resistance)
R1  R2
1.2.2 Two Loop Network

We can find current through each resistance using KVL and current division rule.
Lets apply KVL in two loop network as shown in figure.
1  R1   R3 

I IL
 

V  I R2 II RL
 
I  IL IL

2
In loop (I): V  IR1   I  I L  R2  0 ….(i)
In loop (II): I L R3  I L RL   I  I L  R2  0 ….(ii)
Solve equation (i) and (ii) for I and I L .
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Lets apply current division rule in two loop network as shown in figure.
1  R1  3  R3 
 
I IL
 

V  R2 RL
 
I  IL IL

2
V R  R  RL 
Current through R1 is I  where Req ,12  R1  2 3
Req ,12 R2   R3  RL 
Lets apply current division rule at node 3:
IL 
R2
I and I  I L 
 R3  RL  I
R2   R3  RL  R2   R3  RL 
Example: Find current across each element in the 3 7

circuit shown in figure.
(a) Using current division rule 12 V 6 7
(b) Using KVL
Solution:
12 5
(a) Current I   A 3 7
6  14 3
3
6  14 I I1
6 5 1 12 V I2 6 I1 7
I1    A
6  7  7 3 2
I2 
7  7  5  7 A
6  7  7 3 6
(b) Apply KVL in Loop I  3 _ 7 _
12  3  I1  I 2   6 I 2  0  3I1  9 I 2  12 
I1  I 2  I1 
7
_6 
12 V_ I2 I1
Apply KVL in Loop II _
I II
7 I1  7 I1  6 I 2  0  7 I1  3I 2
1 7
Solving above equations, we get I1  A and I 2  A
2 6
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1.3 Superposition Theorem

The superposition theorem states that in a network with two or more sources the current or
voltage for any component is the algebraic sum of the effects produced by each source acting
independently. In order to use one source at a time, all other sources are removed from the circuit
or voltage source is removed by replacing it with a short circuit. A current source is removed by
replacing it with an open circuit.
R1 R3
I1 I3
V1 I2 R2 V2
R1 R3 R1 R3
I1 I3 I1 I3

I 2   I 2 V2
V1 R2  s.c. s.c.  R2
V1 R3 R2
I1   I 2  I1 and I 3  I1
R1  R2 R3  R2  R3  R2  R3 R2  R3
V2 R1 R2
I 3   I 2  I 3 and I1  I 3
R3  R1 R2  R1  R2  R1  R2 R1  R2
Direction of currents shown in figure are assumed directions, actual direction may be different.
Thus
I1  I1  I1 ;
I 2  I 2  I 2 ;
I 3  I 3  I 3
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Example: Using Superposition theorem find current 3 7

across each element for the circuit shown in figure. I1 I2
12 V
I3 6 6V
Solution: Let us find current due to individual source.

3 7
12 52
Current I1   A I1 I 2
6  7 27
3 I3 6  s.c.
67 12 V 
6 52 8 7 52 28
I 2    A and I 3    A
6  7 27 9 6  7 27 27
Let us find current due to second source. 3 7
6 2 I1 I 2
Current I 2   A
63 3 s.c.  I3 6
7 6V
63
6 2 4 3 2 2
I1    A and I 3    A
63 3 9 63 3 9
52 4 40
Thus, I1  I1  I1    A,
27 9 27
8 2 2
I 2  I 2  I 2    A
9 3 9
28 2 34
and I 3  I 3  I 3    A
27 9 27
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1.4 Thevenin’s Theorem

Thevenin’s theorem is a method used to change a complex circuit into a simple equivalent circuit.
Thevenin’s theorem states that any linear network of voltage source and resistances, if viewed
from any two points in the network can be replaced by an equivalent resistance RTH in series
with an equivalent source VTH .
Figure (a) shows the original linear network with terminals a and b ;
figure (b) shows its connection to an external network or load; and
figure (c) shows the Thevenin equivalent VTH and RTH that can be substituted for the linear
network at the terminals a and b .

The polarity of VTh is such that it will produce current from a to b in the same direction as in the
original network. RTH is the Thevenin’s resistance across the network terminals a and b with
each internal voltage source short-circuited. VTH is the Thevenin’s voltage that would appear
across the terminals a and b with the voltage sources in place and no load connected across a
and b . For this reason, VTH is also called the open-circuit voltage.
a a RTh a
Linear
RTh VTh Linear External V  External
network network network Th network
  
b b b
a b  c
Figure: Thevenin’s equivalent, VTH and sereies RTH
Consider two loop network and its equivalent as shown in figure below.
R1 R3 a RTh a
 
VTh
V R2 RL  VTh RL So, I L 
RTh  RL
IL IL
 
b b
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Thevenin Voltage VTH  (Open-circuit voltage)

R1 R3 a

VR2
V R2 VTH 
R1  R2

Thevenin Resistance  RTH  b
R1 R3 a

R1R2
s.c.  R2 RTH 
R1  R2
 R3

b
Example: Draw Thevenin’s equivalent circuit and find current across each element for the
circuit shown in figure below. 3 7
I1 I2
12 V I3 6 7
Solution: For I1 : 
RTh a

V Th
VTh I1 3 I1 
R T h  3 

 VTH  7 b 7
   
 RTH
12 V 6 7 s.c.  6 7
V Th  1 2 V 6  14 21
R T h   
6  14 5
VTh 12 60 5
Thus I1     A
  3 21/ 5  3 36 3
RTh
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For I 2 : 
RTh a

V Th
VTh I2 7 I2 
R Th  7 

b
3  VTh  3 
RTh
   
7 7
12 V 6 s.c.  6
6 63
V Th 
 12 V  8V R Th   7  9
63 63
VTh 8V 1
Thus I 2    A
  7 9  7 2
RTh
For I 3 : 
RTh a

V T
VTh I3 6 I3  h
R Th  6 

b
3 7 3 7
 
12 V VTh 7 s.c.  
RTh 7
 
14 168 14  3 42
V T
h   12 V  V R Th   
14  3 17 14  3 17
VTh 168 /17 V 168 7

Thus I 3    A A
  3 42 /17  6 144
RTh 6
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1.5 Norton’s Theorem

Norton’s theorem is used to simplify a network in terms of currents instead of voltages. For
current analysis, this theorem can be used to reduce a network to a simple parallel circuit with a
current source, which supplies a total line current that can be divided among parallel branches.
Norton’s theorem states that any network connected to terminals
a and b can be replaced by a single current source I N in parallel with a single resistance RN as
shown in figure below.

I N is equal to the short-circuit current through the a b terminals (the current that the network
would produce through a and b with a short circuit across these two terminals). The value of the
single resistor is the same for both the Norton and Thevenin equivalent circuits.
a
a
Linear IN RN External
network
 network
b
b
Figure: Norton equivalent, IN and parallel RN
This direction must be the same as the current produced by the polarity of the corresponding
voltage source. Remember that a source produces current flow out from the positive terminal.
Consider two loop network as shown in figure.
R1 R3 a a
 
V R2 RL  IN RN RL
IL IL
 
b b
RN
Then I L  IN
RN  RL
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Norton Current  I N 
R1 R3 a
 V
I 
I R1  R2 R3  R2  R3 
V R2 IN
R2
IN  I
R2  R3

b
Norton Resistance  RN 
R1 R3 a

 R1 R2
s.c.  R2 RN   R3
R1  R2

b
We therefore see that the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit (figure a) corresponds to the Norton
equivalent circuit (figure b). So a general voltage source with a series resistance can be converted
to an equivalent current source with the same resistance in parallel. Divide the general source V
by its series resistance R to find the value of I for the equivalent current source shunted by the
VTh
same resistance R; that is I N  .
RTh
We therefore see that Thevenin’s equivalent circuit (figure a) corresponds to the Norton
equivalent circuit (figure b).
RTh a
a

VTh IN RN

b b
(a) Thevenin’s circuit (b) Norton’s circuit
Figure: Equivalent circuits
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We can also see that the Norton equivalent circuit corresponds to the Thevenin’s equivalent
a RTh a
circuit.  
IN RN RL  VTh RL
IL IL
 
b b
where VTh  I N RN (open circuit voltage across ab)
and RTh  RN (open the current source and measure the equivalent resistance across ab)
Example: Draw Norton equivalent circuit for the circuit shown in figure below and find current
I across 7  resistance.
3 7
12 V 6 I 7
Solution:
3 7

I
12 V 6 I 7
IN RN 7

3 7 3 7
I
12 V 6 IN 
s.c.  6 RN
12 52 6 52 8 3 6
I   A , IN    A RN   7  9
6  7 27 6  7 27 9 3 6
3
67
RN 9 8 1
Thus I  IN    A
RN  7 97 9 2
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1.6 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

The maximum power is supplied by the voltage source and received by the load resistor if the
value of the load resistor equals the value of the internal resistance of the voltage source. For
maximum power transfer, then RL  Ri
Internal R I
resistance i
RL Load resistor
Power received at the load is PL
V 2 RL V2
PL  I RL 
2
 Ri  RL  4 Ri
2
V
where I 
Ri  RL
For maximum power
 Ri  RL  V 2  V 2 RL  2  Ri  RL 
2
dPL
0 0
 Ri  RL 
4
dRL
RL  Ri Ri / RL
2
V
 RL  Ri and PLmax  Figure: Variation of Power with Load Resistance
4 Ri
Consider two loop network and we have to find for what value of RL , power delivered to load is
maximum. Let us draw Thevenin’s equivalent circuit across RL to get a single loop network.
R1 R3 a RTh a
 
VR2
VTH 
R1  R2
V R2 RL  VTh RL
R1R2
RTH   R3
IL IL R1  R2
 
b b
R1 R2 VTh2
For maximum power transfer, RL  RTH   R3 and PLmax  .
R1  R2 4 RTh
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1.6 Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

The Wheatstone bridge can be used to measure an unknown resistance Rx . Switch S2 applies
battery voltage to the four resistors in the bridge. To balance the bridge the value of R3 is varied.
Balance is indicated by zero current in galvanometer G when switch S1 is closed.
S2
a
Rx R1
Rx, an unknown resistor

VT Ix b G c I1
S1 R1/R2, ratio arm
R3, standard resistor
R3 R2
d
Figure: Wheatstone bridge
When the bridge is balanced, points b and c must be at the same potential. Therefore
I x Rx  I1 R1 ….(1)
I x R3  I1 R2 ….(2)
Divide equation (1) and (2). Note that Ix and I1 cancel.
I x Rx I1 R1 R R R1
  x  1  Rx  R3
I x R3 I1 R2 R3 R2 R2
the ratio arm of the bridge is R1 R2 . The bridge is balanced by varying R3 for zero current in the
meter.
Note: When current flows through the meter path bc, the bridge circuit is unbalanced and must
be analyzed by Kirchhoff’s laws or network theorems.
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7) Network Analis

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1.1.2 Voltage Division Rule

1.2 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (K.C.L.)

1.2.1 Current Division Rule

According to KCL at node 1 and 2: I  I1  I 2 ….(i)

Since parallel voltages are equal: V12  V  I1 R1  I 2 R2 ….(ii)

Solve equation (i) and (ii) for I1 and I 2 :

1.2.2 Two Loop Network

In loop (I): V  IR1   I  I L  R2  0 ….(i)

In loop (II): I L R3  I L RL   I  I L  R2  0 ….(ii)

Solve equation (i) and (ii) for I and I L .

Lets apply current division rule at node 3:

Example: Find current across each element in the 3 7

(b) Apply KVL in Loop I  3 _ 7 _

1.3 Superposition Theorem

I1 I3 I1 I3

Example: Using Superposition theorem find current 3 7

Solution: Let us find current due to individual source.

1.4 Thevenin’s Theorem

with an equivalent source VTH .

network at the terminals a and b .

Thevenin Voltage VTH  (Open-circuit voltage)

VTh 168 /17 V 168 7

1.5 Norton’s Theorem

shown in figure below.

Figure: Norton equivalent, IN and parallel RN

Figure: Equivalent circuits

where VTh  I N RN (open circuit voltage across ab)

1.6 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Power received at the load is PL

1.6 Wheatstone Bridge Circuit

Balance is indicated by zero current in galvanometer G when switch S1 is closed.

Rx, an unknown resistor

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