Chapter 1:

Introduction

Dr. Usman Saeed

Chemical & Materials Engineering Department
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah
KSA
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...

• What is materials science?

• History of materials science?

• Classification of materials?
• Advance materials and applications

2
 Introduction
 What is materials science?
 Why should we know?

Bonding,
Atomic structure
Structure

Performance

Properties Processing
Mechanical, Molding, Joining,
Physico- Plastic Deformation
chemical
Remember: Materials “Drive” our
Society!
Materials Classification
Metal-Ceramic Composites

Polymer-Ceramic
Metal-Polymer Composites
Composites
 Metals
 Atoms are arranged in orderly
manner

 Iron, nickel, aluminum, gold,

copper

 Improvement in metal working

techniques led to the Industrial
Revolution
– Mechanical properties: hardness, ductility
– High thermal, electrical & magnetic
properties
– Opaque, reflective
Polymers
 Long chained molecule formed by
repeating molecular units called
mer
 polyethylene (PE), nylon,
poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC),
polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene
(PS), and silicone rubber

– Soft, ductile, low strength, low density

– Thermal & electrical insulators
– Optically translucent or transparent
 Ceramics
 Compounds of metallic, semi metallic & non-metallic
elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)
 Traditional ceramics have been in use for thousands of
years
 Clay: pottery, tiles
 Silica: the basis of all glass products, refractory such
as Concrete, Brick

– Alumina, Zirconia, SiN, SiC

 High hardness, brittle, elastic, electric and

thermal insulators, good chemical stability
 Composites
 Composite: mixture of 2 or more phases
 Properties superior to those of its constituent
components.
 Particles or fibers of one phase mixed in a second
phase called the matrix
 Wood: natural polymeric composite
 Fiber-glass reinforced plastics
 Most widely used engineered composites
 automobile body parts, aircraft parts

Metal Matrix Composites, Ceramic Matrix Composites,

Polymer Matrix composites
Glass Fiber-reinforced polymers, Carbon Fiber-reinforced
polymers,, etc
Evolution & Substitution

M.F. Ashby
 Advance Materials
Semiconductors
 Electrical properties intermediate between
conductor and insulator

• Root of all modern electronics

and the driving force behind the
information revolution
• Silicon or Germanium perform
like semiconductors when
chemically combined with other
elements
 Biomaterials
 Materials used in
components implanted in
human body
 Can be metals, polymers,
ceramics or composites
 Compatible with body tissue,
must not produce toxic
substances and have a very
low decay rate
• Joint implants:
– Hips, Knee caps, bones
etc.
• Tissue implants: Nickel Titanium
Tantalum
– Skin, parts of organs
 Smart Materials
“Materials that sense and react to environmental
conditions or stimuli (e.g. mechanical, chemical,
electrical, or magnetic signals). ”

Shape Memory Alloys

Remembers its original shape and returns
to its pre-deformed shape when heated

Piezoelectric
Generate an electric charge in response to
applied mechanical stress

Basic Components of a
Optical Fibers
Thin glass fibre through which light can be Smart Structure
transmitted
Nanomaterials

Nano means one billionth

1 -9
10
1,000,000,000
A nanometer is one billionth of a meter

Nano scale involves the range from approximately

100 nm to 1 nm.
Nanomaterials

http://bme240.eng.uci.edu/
Structure, Processing, & Properties
• Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness vs structure of steel

(d)
600
Hardness (BHN)

30 mm
500 (c)
Data obtained from Figs. 10.30(a)
400 (b) and 10.32 with 4 wt% C composition,
(a) and from Fig. 11.14 and associated
4 mm discussion, Callister 7e.
300 Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.
10.19; (b) Fig. 9.30;(c) Fig. 10.33;
30 mm
30 mm and (d) Fig. 10.21, Callister 7e.
200
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)
• Processing can change structure
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
Materials Selection
1. Application Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.
Optical
• Transmittance:
--Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material structure.
polycrystal: polycrystal:
single crystal low porosity high porosity
Electrical Properties (of Copper):

6
5
(10-8 Ohm-m)
r

4 Electrical Resistivity of
Resistivity,

Copper is affected by:

3
• Contaminate level
2
• Degree of
1
deformation
0
-200 -100 0 • Operating
T (°C)
temperature
Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister 7e. (Fig. 18.8 adapted from: J.O. Linde, Ann Physik 5, 219 (1932); and
C.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson, Physics of Solids, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill Company, New York,
1970.)
Density
Stiffness/Elastic Modulus/Young
Modulus
Tensile Strength

22
Fracture Toughness
Electrical Conductivity
Course Goal is to make you aware of
the importance of Material by:
• Understanding the relation between
properties, structure, and processing

• Recognizing new design opportunities offered

by understanding the materials

• Using the right material for the job that is most

economical and “Greenest” when life usage is
considered