ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION SPECTRUM | 7 man's height 8 ee paperclip blood uses & as Na cells os atomic 3 paseba paper water molecule feu > s football field eons 1, tem 1mm i tom 1A 11pm wavelength 1 1 1 1 i 1 ra 4 4 1 4 t 1? 10 4 10"" 1010 104 10 10% 107 10% 10° 10° 10% 10°? eed) ers Induced Currents iret Phe lonization—DNA Dama fectron volt 1 L 1 1 n 1 L 1o* 407 10 10+ 10> 10 10? 10810" 408108 MA iT TPH 7 1 frequency, WHE pe EEE J, he, To (Hz) 405108 107 108-10 10 = 10": 101 1013 1014 10% : 107 101% 10 402 102 ——————— Bands souons9ia Sources and Uses of Frequency BandsRADIO HARMFUL RADIATION—> -..._ ISM= Industrial, Scientific and Medical VHF = VERY HIGH FREQUENCY ~s.. UWB= Ultra Wide Band 4G CELLULAR UHF = ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY we 2.4 GHz 56-100 GHz SHF = SUPER HIGH FREQUENCY o ISM band ISM bands >. UWB EHF = EXTREMELY HIGH FREQUENCY 315-915 MHz = 3.1-10.6 GHz 30 km 0.3 km 3m 3cm_ AM Broadcast __] FM Broadcast? | -- Sonics->< Ultra-sonics > <+—— Microwaves ——> a a, a 10 kHz 1 MHz 100 MHz 10 GHz Electromagnetic SpectruwWavelength Cosmic | Gamma Infrared | Terahertz | Radar Television and radio AC circuits radiation | rays radiation broadcasting Energy (ev) 0° o3 o 6 o? o 22 Frequency (Hz) Wavelength50 Hz RF Mobile Power “ Phones Visible yx. Gamma Lines Infrared | uv Rays Rays AM Yn ry ,OoW Wit 4 1 100 10 1 100 = 10 kHz = MHz MHz A GHz Frequency ’ 1 100 ¥1 100 10 kHz kHz ¥v takiz GHz GHz Radio TV satellite t Aust. 4 4 4 Non-lonising radiation lonising radiationElectromagnetic Radiation Spectrum Frequency (Hz) -———-> 10° 103 10& 109 1012, 4015 §=4018 §=1021 1024 Figure 1 Gamma Rays Visible X-Rays __ Tv. Microwaves AM/FM Radio Waves Infrared , ¢— Ultraviolet 10° 108 10° 10° 10% 10% 10% 10-12 10-15 _— Wavelength (meters) ——— Decreasing Wavelength, Increasing Frequencyquency in Hertz (Hz) 100,000 1 Million 1 Billion 300 Billion 3 Trillion 36 Quaawilion 4 Quixafillion Hz KHz MHz GHz GHz THz PHz EHz DC ELF VLF Radio Frequency RF Microwave Light Radioactivity : = ——— 7 2 lonizing Radiation Electricity Dirty AM TV Cell WiFi Mit IR None uv ie Gamma Electricity Radio Phones CosmicWavelength Frequency (Hz) | Photon Energy (e¥) Gamma ray|Less than 0.01 nm} more than 10 EHz | 100 kev - 300+ GeV 0.01-10nm | 30EHz-30PHz | 120 eV- 120 keV Ultraviolet | 10 nm- 400 nm | 30 PHz - 790 THz 3 eV- 124 eV Visible | 390 nm - 750 nm | 790 THz - 405 THz 17 eV-3.3 eV Infrared 750 nm-1mm | 405 THz-300 GHz} 1.24 meV -1.7 eV Microwave | 1 mm-1 meter |300 GHz - 300 MHz |1.24 ys eV - 1.24 meV 300 GHz-3Hz | 12.4 feV- 1.24 meVType of wave Radio Microwaves Infrared Visible light Ultraviolet X-rays Gamma rays Production Accelerating charges Accelerating charges and thermal agitation Thermal agitation and electronic transitions Thermal agitation and electronic transitions Thermal agitation and electronic transitions Inner electronic transitions and fast collisions Nuclear decay Applications Communications Remote controls MRI Communications Ovens Radar Cell phone use Thermal imaging Heating Photosynthesis Human vision Sterilization Vitamin D production Security Medical diagnosis Cancer therapy Nuclear medicine Security Medical diagnosis Cancer therapy Issues Requires control for band use Absorbed by atmosphere Greenhouse effect Ozone depletion Cancer causing Cancer causing Cancer causing Radiation damageThe relationship c = f\ between frequency f and wavelength \ applies to all waves and ensures that greater frequency means smaller wavelength. Figure shows how the various types of electromagnetic waves are categorized according to their wavelengths and frequencies—that is, it shows the electromagnetic spectrum. Penetrates Earth's atmosphere? Radiation type Radio lea pipet Visible ma X-ray Gamma ray Wavelength (m) oe 0.5x10° O° 10° 10°” Ce Buildings © Humans Honey bee Needle Point Protozoans Molecules Atoms Atomic Nuclei Approximate scale Frequency (Hz) 10° 10° 10% 10** 10% 10° 10” Temperature of bodies emitting the wavelength 1K 100 K 10,000 K 10,000,000 K Fiewira 4) Tha olactramannatie cnactrim chnuina tha mainr patannriac nf alactramannatic wavacRadio Waves The term radio waves refers to electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths greater than about 0.1 m. Radio waves are commonly used for audio communications (i.e., for radios), but the term is used for electromagnetic waves in this range regardless of their application. Radio waves typically result from an alternating current in the wires of a broadcast antenna. They cover a very broad wavelength range and are divided into many subranges, including microwaves, electromagnetic waves used for AM and FM radio, cellular telephones, and TV signals. There is no lowest frequency of radio waves, but ELF waves, or “extremely low frequency” are among the lowest frequencies commonly encountered, from 3 Hz to 3 KHz. The accelerating charge in the ac currents of electrical power lines produce electromagnetic waves in this range. ELF waves are able to penetrate sea water, which strongly absorbs electromagnetic waves of higher frequency, and therefore are useful for submarine communications. In order to use an electromagnetic wave to transmit information, the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the wave is modulated, or varied in a controlled way that encodes the intended information into the wave. In AM radio transmission, the amplitude of the wave is modulated to mimic the vibrations of the sound being conveyed. Fourier’s theorem implies that the modulated AM wave amounts to a superposition of waves covering some narrow frequency range. Each AM station is assigned a specific carrier frequency that, by international agreement, is allowed to vary by --5 kHz. In FM radio transmission, the frequency of the wave is modulated to carry this information, as illustrated in Figure, and the frequency of each station is allowed to use 100 kHz on each side of its carrier frequency. The electromagnetic wave produces a current in a receiving antenna, and the radio or television processes the signal to produce the sound and any image. The higher the frequency of the radio wave used to carry the data, the greater the detailed variation of the wave that can be carried by modulating it over each time unit, and the more data that can be transmitted per unit of time. The assigned frequencies for AM broadcasting are 540 to 1600 kHz, and for FM are 88 MHz to108 MHz.Signal AM FM Figure 2. Electromagnetic waves are used to carry communications signals by varying the wave's amplitude (AM), its frequency (FM), or its phase.Microwaves Microwaves are the highest-frequency electromagnetic waves that can be produced by currents in macroscopic circuits and devices. Microwave frequencies range from about 10°Hz to nearly 10'7Hz. Their high frequencies correspond to short wavelengths compared wilh other radio waves—hence the name “microwave.” Microwaves also occur naturally as the cosmic background radiation left over from the origin of the universe. Along with other ranges of electromagnetic waves, they are part of the radiation that any object above absolute zero emits and absorbs because of thermal agitation, that is, trom the thermal motion of its atoms and molecules. Most satellte-transmitted information is carried on microwaves. Radar is a common application of microwaves. By detecting and timing microwave echoes, radar systems can determine the distance to objects as diverse as clouds, alrcraft, or even the surface of Venus. Microwaves of 2.45 GHz are commonly used in microwave ovens. The electrons in a water molecule tend to remain closer to the oxygen nucleus than the hydrogen nuclel (Figure). This creates two separated centers of equal and opposite charges, giving the molecule a dipole moment (see Electric Field). The oscillating electric field of the microwaves inside the oven exerts a torque that tends to align each molecule first in one direction and then in the other, with the motion of each molecule coupled to others around it. This pumps energy into the continual thermal motion of the water to heat the food. The plate under the food contains no water, and remains relatively unheated st Figure 3. The oscillating electric field in a microwave oven exerts a torque on water molecules because of thelr dipole moment, and the torque reverses direction 4.90 x 10° times per second. Interactions between the molecules distributes the energy being pumped into them. The 5* ‘and 6~ denote the charge distribution on the molecules.Infrared Radiation The boundary between the microwave and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum is not well defined (see Figure). Infrared radiation is generally produced by thermal motion, and the vibration and rotation of atoms and molecules. Electronic transitions in atoms and molecules can also produce infrared radiation. About half of the solar energy arriving at Earth is in the infrared region, with most of the rest in the visible part of the spectrum. About 23% of the solar energy is absorbed in the atmosphere, about 48% is absorbed at Earth's surface, and about 29% is reflected back into space The range of infrared frequencies extends up to the lower limit of visible light, just below red. In fact, infrared means “below red.” Water molecules rotate and vibrate particularly well at infrared frequencies, Reconnaissance satellites can detect buildings, vehicles, and even individual humans by their infrared emissions, whose power radiation is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature. More mundanely, we use infrared lamps, including those called quartz heaters, to preferentially warm us because we absorb infrared better than our surroundings. The familiar handheld “remotes” for changing channels and settings on television sets often transmit their signal by modulating an infrared beam. If you try to use a TV remote without the infrared emitter being in direct line of sight with the infrared detector, you may find the television not responding. Some remotes use Bluetooth instead and reduce this annoyance.Visible Light Visible light is the narrow segment of the electromagnetic spectrum between about 400 nm and about 750 nm to which the normal human eye responds. Visible light is produced by vibrations and rotations of atoms and molecules, as well as by electronic transitions within atoms and molecules. The receivers or detectors of light largely utilize electronic transitions. Red light has the lowest frequencies and longest wavelengths, whereas violet has the highest frequencies and shortest wavelengths (Figure). Blackbody radiation from the Sun peaks in the visible part of the spectrum but is more intense in the red than in the violet, making the sun yellowish in appearance. Visible light Orange Green Violet Infrared Red Yellow Blue Ultraviolet 800 700 600 500 400 300 A (nm) Figure 4. A small part of the electromagnetic spectrum that includes its visible components. The divisions between infrared, visible, and ultraviolet are not perfectly distinct, nor are those between the seven rainbow colors. Living things—plants and animals—have evolved to utilize and respond to parts of the electromagnetic spectrum in which they are embedded. We enjoy the beauty of nature through visible light. Plants are more selective. Photosynthesis uses parts of the visible spectrum to make sugars.Ultraviolet Radiation Ultraviolet means “above violet.” The electromagnetic frequencies of ultraviolet radiation (UV) extend upward from violet, the highest- frequency visible light. The highest-frequency ultraviolet overlaps with the lowest-frequency X-rays. The wavelengths of ultraviolet extend from 400 nm down to about 10 nm at its highest frequencies. Ultraviolet is produced by atomic and molecular motions and electronic transitions. UV radiation from the Sun is broadly subdivided into three wavelength ranges: UV-A (320-400 nm) is the lowest frequency, then UV-B (290-320 nm) and UV-C (220-290 nm). Most UV-B and all UV-C are absorbed by ozone (03) molecules in the upper atmosphere. Consequently, 99% of the solar UV radiation reaching Earth’s surface is UV-A. Sunburn is caused by large exposures to UV-B and UV-C, and repeated exposure can increase the likelihood of skin cancer. The tanning response is a defense mechanism in which the body produces pigments in inert skin layers to reduce exposure of the living cells below. As examined in a later chapter, the shorter the wavelength of light, the greater the energy change of an atom or molecule that absorbs the light in an electronic transition. This makes short-wavelength ultraviolet light damaging to living cells. It also explains why ultraviolet, radiation is better able than visible light to cause some materials to glow, or fluoresce. Besides the adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation, there are also benefits of exposure in nature and uses in technology. Vitamin D production in the skin results from exposure to UV-B radiation, generally from sunlight. Several studies suggest vitamin D deficiency is associated with the development of a range of cancers (prostate, breast, colon), as well as osteoporosis. Low-intensity ultraviolet has applications such as providing the energy to cause certain dyes to fluoresce and emit visible light, for example, in printed money to display hidden watermarks as counterfeit protection.X-Rays X-rays have wavelengths from about 10 *m to 10 !?m. They have shorter wavelengths, and higher frequencies, than ultraviolet, so that the energy they transfer at an atomic level is greater. As a result, X-rays have adverse effects on living cells similar to those of ultraviolet radiation, but they are more penetrating. Cancer and genetic defects can be induced by X-rays. Because of their effect on rapidly dividing cells, X-rays can also be used to treat and even cure cancer. The widest use of X-rays is for imaging objects that are opaque to visible light, such as the human body or aircraft parts. In humans, the risk of cell damage is weighed carefully against the benefit of the diagnostic information obtained. Gamma Rays Soon after nuclear radioactivity was first detected in 1896, it was found that at least three distinct types of radiation were being emitted, and these were designated as alpha, beta, and gamma rays. The most penetrating nuclear radiation, the gamma ray (‘7 ray), was later found to be an extremely high-frequency electromagnetic wave. The lower end of the 7- ray frequency range overlaps the upper end of the X-ray range. Gamma rays have characteristics identical to X-rays of the same frequency—they differ only in source. The name “gamma rays” is generally used for electromagnetic radiation emitted by a nucleus, while X-rays are generally produced by bombarding a target with energetic electrons in an X-ray tube. At higher frequencies, ‘y rays are more penetrating and more damaging to living tissue. They have many of the same uses as X-rays, including cancer therapy. Gamma radiation from radioactive materials is used in nuclear medicine.Displacement current Gauss's law Gauss's law for magnetism Faraday's law Ampére-Maxwell law Wave equation for plane EM wave Speed of EM waves Ratio of E field to B field in electromagnetic wave Energy flux (Poynting) vector Average intensity of an electromagnetic wave Radiation pressure ly = 20 fai -% {Bako fiw f Bd = pol + coo PE, PE, an — ©0HOGp — 2B _ EyBo hy Pha Perfect absorber Perfect reflectorRegion Sub-region Frequency (Hz) Wavelength Energy (eV) [Radio wave < 10° > 0.3m <7*107 Microwave 10°- 0.003*10'* 0.3m - 1mm 7*10°7-0.0012) Far infrared 0.003*1014-0.2*10'* 1mm - 20um 0.0012-0.08 Long-wave infrared 0.20*1014-0.37*10'* 20um - Sum 0.08-0.15 Infrared Mid-wave infrared 0.37*10'4-10'4 5pum - 3pm 0.15-0.41 Shortwave infrared 1014-2.14*1014 3ym - 11pm 0.41-0.88 Near infrared 2.14*10'4-4*1014 1.1m -0.78um 0.88-1.6 Red 3.8*10'4-4.8*10"4 789nm-625nm 1.6-1.9 Orange 4.8*10'4-5*1014 625nm-600nm 1.9-2.1 \Visible Yellow 5*1014-5.2*1014 600nm-577nm 2.1-2.2 Green 5.2*1014-6.1*1014 577nm-491nm 2.2-2.4 Blue 6.1*10"4-6.59*10"* 491nm-455nm 2.4-2.8 Violet 6.59*1014-8*1014 455nm-390nm 2.8-3.1 Ultra Violet 8*1014-2.4*1016 390nm-8.82nm 3.1-20 Xray 2.4*1016-5*1019 8.82nm-6pm 20-3*10* [Gamma ra’ > _5*1019 < 6pm > 3*10*7, 30-300 Hz 300-3000 Hz 3-30 kHz 30-300 kHz 0.3-3 MHz 3-30 MHz 30-300 MHz 300-3000 MHz 3-30 GHz 30-300 GHz A 107103 km 103-10? km 100-10 km 10-1 km 1-0.1 km 100-10 m 10-1 m 100-10 cm 10-1 cm 10-1 mm Description Extremely low frequency Voice frequency Very low frequency Low frequency Medium frequency High frequency Very high frequency Ultra-high frequency Superhigh frequency Extremely high frequency (millimeter waves)Are radio waves completely different physical objects than gamma-rays? They are produced in different processes and are detected in different ways, but they are not fundamentally different. Radio waves, gamma-rays, visible light, and all the other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation can be described in terms of a stream of mass-less particles, called photons, each traveling in a wave-like pattern at the speed of \ight. Each photon contains a certain amount of energy. The different types of radiation are defined by the the amount of energy found in the photons. Radio waves have photons with low energies, microwave photons have a little more energy than radio waves, infrared photons have still more, then visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, and, the most energetic of all, gamma-rays. Measuring electromagnetic radiation Electromagnetic radiation can be expressed in terms of energy, wavelength, or frequency. Frequency is measured in cycles per second, or Hertz. Wavelength is measured in meters. Energy is measured in electron volts. Each of these three quantities for describing EM radiation are related to each other in a precise mathematical way. But why have three ways of describing things, each with a different set of physical units?gamma ray ultraviolet infrared radio xray Visible microwave =ens shorter wavelength longer wavelength Figher frequency lower requency higher energy tower eneray IAIN NON ‘Comparison of wavelength, frequency and energy for the electromagnetic spectrum. (Credit: NASA's Imagine the Universe) The short answer is that scientists don't like to use numbers any bigger or smaller than they have to. It is much easier to say or write "two kilometers" than "two thousand meters." Generally, scientists use whatever units are easiest for the type of EM radiation they work with. Astronomers who study radio waves tend to use wavelengths or frequencies. Most of the radio part of the EM spectrum falls in the range from about 1 cm to 1 km, which is 30 gigahertz (GHz) to 300 kilohertz (KHz) in frequencies. The radio is a very broad part of the EM spectrum. Infrared and optical astronomers generally use wavelength. Infrared astronomers use microns (millionths of a meter) for wavelengths, so their part of the EM spectrum falls in the range of 1 to 100 microns. Optical astronomers use both angstroms (0.00000001 cm, or 10-8 cm) and nanometers (0.0000001 cm, or 10°7 cm). Using nanometers, violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red light have wavelengths between 400 and 700 nanometers. (This range is just a tiny part of the entire EM spectrum, so the light our eyes can see is just a little fraction of all the EM radiation around us.)\ asing Wavelength (A) —> _——_—_ Increasing Energy 10"5 10" 10° 10* 10% 10° 10° 10° A(m) CEN porn ee Mee 10 10" 10/108, 10" 10° 108 10 = V (Hz) - A <— Increasing Frequency (v) aa — Increasing Wavelength (A) innm —> - 100 200 300 400 500 NIB Ce see uv-c UV-B UWA Action spectrum PPIX (100-280 nem (280-320.ne) (220-400 nm) (320-650 am, absorption peak at 408 am) 1 4 Burning Aging LJ DNA damagefrared (IR) Ultraviolet (UV) Coo 1x107-1x 107 } 4 4x107-1x 108 by eed <3x10° | 3x 10°-3x 10" |3x 1011 ax 8x 10%-3x 107 23x10" Energy U) <2x 10% 12 x 107-3 x 10 Sx 10°? -2x 10°7 >2x 10% re Tanne How Arethey | %%llting | Direct produces | meletes nh eer Pores ee ee |i eee, leone otc hs cadoacvecey ah UV lamps Radar, cooking, |‘ a Irradiation of peptieations | Television. radio, | "“sztaine ons, | sunbeds, invisible fou, security P communications | communications, | 2 caky raaeking. cancer treatment, Heats water, Can cause Damages eyes Dangers | Nctshoushtro | withinthe body. | cant eee refs Resonance in electronic circuits, heating effect on water Resonance in electronic circuits using an aerial Photographic film, sunburn, photodetectors How Are They Detected? Photographic film, IGeiger-Miller tube|Reactance is little consequence for work up through 150 MHz or so. High R means that resistance is high with respect to the reactance of the inductance. We sometimes use R values as low as L0kQ. It is often surprising just how few standoff resistors are needed in an ugly breadboard. The greatest virtue of the ugly method is low inductance grounding. Any construc tion scheme that preserves this grounding integrity will work as well. Picking a method is a choice that the builder has, a place where he or she can develon the 1/53 ob Db | GB 68 method (o be especially useful for slightly massive components such as floating, non- grounded, trimmer capacitors. The spe- cific glue type has little impact on circuit performance. Variations of this method have been called “Manhattan Construc- tion,” and can be mixed with other bread- boarding schemes. The reader can find numerous examples on the Web on sites dealing with QRP experiments, as well as in Fig 1.2. The proponents of Manhattan Construc- tion often use small round nads that are £ 103.05% » ©) ' Solder. Fig 1.2—An example of “Manhattan” breadboarding. Fig 1.3—A “quasi-circuit board” scheme for breadboarding, The Installed resistor here is soldered to ground and to a pad that connects to the rest of the circuitry. when the board is not etched in a circuit- snecific nattern, One methnd calledEnergy Factored by Time = Art | 13:20 FREQUENCY SHIFT The 64 Rune and Codon Keys to the Book of Universal Life1s wrt es CLAIM Byres 1 FOR THIS CLAIMANTS: KNOWLEDGE OF TI © GO EBIE-NAME: aus Darel ius 2. DATE--_2A___ DAY WITHIN THE MONTH. WITNESSES AND EMIS CLAIMANT OR THIS CLAIMANTS KNOWLEDGE OF 1! 1S AWE LEE IS WITH THIS CLAIM OF THE ~ One THES WW THe VEAR- 200 oS LAW LRN BS Werte Tete &. LOCATION IN THE ree TERRITORY 4 BY THE PAREN POPS at MAT RE OLIN & MOTHER: ee , 9. 2 FOR THESE WITNESSES OF THIS LEMEIMUIEERIRTM ARE. ON THIS DATE—_3O__ DAY WITHIN THE MONTH—~_ fugu? , INTHE YEAR 202 7 WITH THE CLAIM OF 1TH CLAIM OF THE LAV ECELEE DOC RIMUENT: A feos 0ci heel fur sterner? Witness Bee ietiimer tattle Witmens 2: fick: Mos s Witness 2: )iitowng-< 4 FOR THIS PICTURE PINGERIPRINESEALAND DNA-SAMPLE OF THIS CLAIMANT ARE WITH THESE CLAIMS OF THIS RACER ALLAN EMA PERMI EL: AAAULS-BRH DA -AAULSEOITIVH VI wolfgang Gertard-Ginther -Ebeta a! FOR THE CLAIM OF THE LIVE-LIFE IS WITH THE KNOWLEDGE OF THIS CLAIMAN 1 FOR THIS CLAIMANT'S-KNOWLEDGE OF THESE FACTS IS WITH THE CLAIM (OF THIS LIVE-LIFEBIRTHNATIVITY a. 141 [YOUR-NAME] ON THIS BIRTHDATE OF THE DAY ~l4th_ IN THE MONTH OF THE ~ July IN THE ~YEAR OF THE ~1950 WITH THE TIME OF THE :_ A.MIP.M. 2 FOR THESE WITNESS'S-KNOWLEDGE OF THIS LIVE-LIFE ARE WITH THESE (CLAIMS OF THIS LIVE-LIFEBIRTH/NATIVITY IN THE CITY OF THE SJ IN THE STATE OF THE _/4, $004 IN ‘OUR WORLD WITH THESE PARENT-PARTIES: MOTHER: AND FATHER: SNA Loi BY THEIR MARRIAGE. 3 FOR THESE WITNESSES OF THIS LIVE-LIFE-CLAIMS ARE WITH THE CLAIM (OF THIS KNOWLEDGE OF THIS LIVE-LIFEBIRTH WITH THE AUTHORIZATION (OF THESE (3)THREE-AUTOGRAPHS OF THESE WITNESSES: <. / [WITNESS-ONE [WITNESS-TWO} (voula. 4 FOR THE WITNESSE'S-KNOWLEDGE OF THESE FACTS WITH THESE CLAIMS (OF THIS LIVE-LIFEBIRTH WITH THIS CORRECT-SENTENCE=STRUCTURE- COMMUNICATION-PARSE=SYNTAX@GRAMMAR OF A LINGQUISTIC PICTURE FINGERPRINT BLOOD OR SALIVA witness J AUTOGRAPH: COPYCLAIM -2018 WITNESS AUTOGRAPH:COPYCLAIM -2018 [YOUR AUTOGRAPH 4 :/:AUTOGRAPH/:COPYCLAIM. ~DATE-03-—June~2018AUTOGRAPH-SEAL~ * Alexanter-Geo hive Wer claim’ ~2pate~ Kt, ~ JaC.-8.-$.-C.-P.-S.-G_.- FLAG OF THIS DOCUMENT-:David-Wynii: Miller. :-FEDERAL-POSTAL-JUDGE, ‘SPECIAL-DUTY PLENIPOTENTIARY-JUDGE, :AMBASSADOR, :POSTMASTER, SOVEREIGN FLAG OF THE CORRECT- SENTENCE-STRUCTURE- COMMUNICATION-PARSE- SYNTAX-GRAMMAR WITH THE CONTRACTING-PERSONS OF ACONTRACT-POSTAL- CORPORATION-VENUE ~ MILWAUKEE ~ WISCONSIN ~ 53218 :PHONE ~ 414-466-3584, :CELL ~ 414-803-5448 ‘email: DWMLAWPRO@AOL.COM :web; ~WWW.DWMLC.COMhapter: 1: Section: 182 and uader sate ve 28 0f 1989 TERA ATOM Army Ceremonial aad Par AR old Spir ingle ourt-mmartial President, U.S.A | State Flag Que flag is red, white no yellow