Impact of Incarcerated Parents To Their

IMPACT OF INCARCERATED PARENTS TO THEIR
FAMILY IN BARANGAY SAN ROQUE
SAN PABLO CITY, LAGUNA
An Undergraduate thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Criminal Justice Education
Laguna State Polytechnic University
San Pablo City Campus
In partial fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Criminology
By:
PAUL KIRBY URI ENFESTA
March 2016
Republic of the Philippines
LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
APPROVAL SHEET
This research ent1itled “IMPACT OF INCARCERATED PARENTS
TO THEIR FAMILY IN BARANGAY SAN ROQUESAN PABLO CITY, LAGUNA”
prepared and submitted by PAUL KIRBY U. ENFESTA, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor
of Science in Criminology is hereby recommended for approval
and acceptance.
Ms. JENNIFER M. NAYOYOS
Adviser
Approved and accepted by the committee on oral

examination with grade of ___.
Ms. VANNEFAYE NATANAWAN Mr. MARLON M. WANKEY,MSCJ

Member Member
Ms. RICHIE ROSAS S. VELASQUEZ Mr. DAN BRIÑIAS

Member Member
MARLON M. WANKEY, MSCJ

Chairman
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology.
December 2015 MARLON M. WANKEY, MSCJ

Date Associate Dean, CCJE
ELISA N. CHUA, Ph. D.

Chairperson, Research & Development
Contribution No.BSCm-15-SPCC_______
Thesis Abstract
3
THESIS ABSTRACT
The study is designed to determine the Impact of
Incarcerated Parents to their Family in Brgy. San Roque, San
Pablo City. The study looked into the demographic profile of
the respondents in terms of age, gender, civil status and
educational attainment; the impact of incarcerated parent to
their family in Brgy. San Roque San Pablo City relative to
their a) Social life, b) Emotional/Psychological Aspect,
and c) Economic stability; significant difference of impact
in the family of incarcerated parents in Brgy. San Roque San
Pablo City relative to their a) Social life, b)
Emotional/Psychological Aspect, and c) Economic stability.
Based on the result, Majority of the respondents in terms of
age distribution belongs to the young which is from 18-30
years of age. The majority of the respondents are male. The
Majority of the respondent are Single. The majority of the
respondents are High School graduate. In the Impact of
incarcerated parents to their family in Brgy. San Roque San
Pablo City, A) Social Life revealed a general weighted mean
score of 2.4 with the respondents perception as “Seldom”, B)
Emotional/Psychological Aspect revealed a general weighted
mean score of 2.75 with the respondents perception as
“Frequent”. C) Economic Stability revealed a general

Thesis Abstract
4
weighted mean score of 2.37 with an interpretation of
“Seldom”. There is no significant difference on the Impact
of Incarcerated Parents to their Family in Brgy. San Roque
San Pablo City, Laguna in terms or Social life, Emotional
and Psychological aspect and Economic stability. The p-value
is 2.2 was tested in the level of significance of 0.05.
Since the p-value is greater than 0.05, therefore the null
hypothesis is accepted. Based on the findings, this study
implies that there is no significant difference between of
Social life, Emotional and Psychological aspect and Economic
stability in Impact of Incarcerated Parents to there in
Brgy. San Roque San Pablo City, Laguna.
Keyword. Impact of incarcerated parents to their family.
Incarcerated parents. Prisoners.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, the researchers would like to thank God
who guides and always protects the researchers when
conducting the study:
The researcher would also like to thank his associate
dean, Mr. Marlon M. Wankey, for his kindness and never
ending patience to guide and help him to make this study
successful;
To the researcher’s dear adviser, Ms. Jennifer M.
Nayoyos, thanks for being a friendly adviser and for guiding
him to fulfill this study;
To Mr. Dan Lester V. Briῆas, the statistician thanks
for computing the data that helped a lot to obtain the
information and result of this research.
To the researcher’s family and friends for their
unconditional support both financially and emotionally
throughout his study. The patience and understanding shown
by them during the research is greatly appreciated;
To the respondents, who have been very cooperative to
the researchers;
And finally, the researcher’s dear Alma Mater, for
providing them good education.
P.K.U.E
DEDICATION
This thesis work is dedicated to my family, who have
always loved me unconditionally and whose good examples have
taught me to work hard for the things that I aspire to
achieve
Finally to my wife and my baby Noah for their constant
inspiration, trust and support.
Atong
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Approval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Thesis abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Chapter
1 The problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Objective of the study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Significance of the study . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Theoretical framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Conceptual framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Definition of terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Research paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Statement of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

Table of Content
8
2 Design and Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Research design and methodology . . . . . . . . . . 42
Population and locale of the study . . . . . . . . 42
Data gathering tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Data gathering procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Statistical treatment of data . . . . . . . . . . 44
3 Presentation and analysis of data . . . . . . . . .46
Profile of the respondents
Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Civil status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Educational attainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Impact of incarcerated parents to their family in terms
of Social life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
of Emotional/Psychological aspect . . . . . . . . . . 56
of Economic stability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
4 Conclusions and recommendations . . . . . . . . . . 68
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Table of Content
9
Appendices
a. Letter for the barangay chairman . . . . . . . 73
b. Letter for the respondent . . . . . . . . . . 74
c. Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
d. Total distribution as respondents to the
Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
e. Anova Single Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Curriculum vitae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Table Title Page
1. Impact of incarcerated parents to their
family in terms of Social Life . . . . . . .52
family in terms of Emotional/Psychological
Aspect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
family in terms of Economic Stability. . . . .62

Figure No. LIST OF Figure Page
1. Research paradigm of the study . . . . . . . . . . .40
2. Profile of the respondents in terms of age . . . . .47
3. Profile of the respondents in terms of gender . . . 48
4. Profile of the respondents in terms of Civil status.49
5. Profile of the respondents in terms of educational
attainment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM
Background of the Study
Prisoners are not lone individuals operating without
social ties or consequences. They are members of families,
and have family roles, commitments and obligations.
Incarceration involves not only the physical separation of
prisoners from society, but separation from their families,
children and friendship networks as well (Myers, & Kennon,
2008).
Issues related to maternal incarceration have the
potential to produce substantial repercussions within
society due to the tremendous boom within the female inmate
population in recent history. Recent figures estimate there
to be eight times the number of incarcerated women in jails
and prisons today than there were in the 1980s (Solinger,
2007).
In addition, a significant proportion of incarcerated
women have children. Some estimates indicate that almost
70% of incarcerated women have children who are under the
age of 18 Furthermore, numerous women experience pregnancy
and even childbirth behind bars (Solinger, 2007).
Women are more likely to live with and have custody of
their children prior to incarceration; their adjustment to

The Problem
13
parenting from behind bars may be more challenging than
fathers' adjustment (Jensen and DuDeck-Biondo 2005).
While the effect of maternal incarceration has been a
topic of research for years, more recent research has
examined the effects of paternal incarceration.
Arditti, Smock & Parkman (2005), conducted an extensive
qualitative study which examined how incarceration affected
inmates' roles as fathers. Many of the inmates stated the
importance of maintaining a relationship with the mother of
their children in order to maintain contact with their
children during incarceration. For instance, one of the
more significant findings from the study was that many of
the fathers cited tension with their children's mothers as
being one of the greatest obstacles they faced while
parenting from behind bars. In contrast, in a qualitative
study, father's contentment in their relationships
identified their children's mother as vital in maintaining
their sense of connectedness with their children throughout
their incarceration.
Further, fathers who have better relationships with
their significant others are able to use their relationship
with their significant other as a means of maintaining
contact with their children. A study on the effects of
incarceration on fathers, several of the fathers discussed

The Problem
14
using phone conversations as a means of co-parenting by
reiterating ideas that had been presented by the child's
mother. Therefore, research indicates that maintaining
contact with significant others may provide a means for
fathers to maintain stronger parental ties during
incarceration.
According to Glaze & Maruschak (2008), close to two
million children in the U.S. have at least one parent in
prison. The number of children under 18 with a mother in
prison more than doubled from 1991 to 2007; leading to
increased numbers of children residing with alternate
caregivers such as grandparents and other kin. Little focus
is placed on those who care for the children while their
parents are away, however, despite the important roles such
caregivers can play (Nesmith et al, 2011).
On the other hand, Glaze et al. (2010)asserted that
similar to men in the general prison population (93%),
parents held in the nation's prisons at midyear 2007 were
mostly male (92%). More than 4 in 10 fathers were black,
about 3 in 10 were white, and about 2 in 10 were Hispanic.
An estimated 1,559,200 children had a father in prison at
midyear 2007; nearly half (46%) were children of black
fathers. Almost half (48%) of all mothers held in the
nation's prisons at midyear 2007 were white, 28% were black,

The Problem
15
and 17% were Hispanic. Of the estimated 147,400 children
with a mother in prison, about 45% had a white mother. A
smaller percentage of the children had a black (30%) or
Hispanic (19%) mother (Glaze et al, 2010)
Seven out of ten women in the correctional institution
have minor kids. The criminal equity framework is confronted
with the obligation to monitor more than 1, 300,000
youngsters whose folks are in the restorative framework.
What happens to these youngsters? Is it true that they are
pretty much prone to end up guilty parties later on? Are
these youngsters defamed? "The idea that youngsters whose
folks are detained are a few times more probable than other
kids to be imprisoned when they get to be grown-ups is
generally acknowledged as certainty in academic, political
and bureaucratic circles." This announcement concurs with a
few criminological speculations that identify with kid
holding and criminal conduct. On the other hand, this
generally cited measurement was found by the Annie E. Casey
Establishment not to be "upheld by any dependable
exploration". Wrongdoing and solitary conduct can take
numerous structures as indicated by J. Murray, D.P.
Farrington and I. Sekol, "It is clear that kids with
detained folks are at expanded danger for reserved conduct
contrasted with their associates." Their study gives the

The Problem
16
"introverted" name to practices, for example, those firmly
identified with misconduct including conviction for any
offense, parental figures' or educators' reports, and self-
reports (Smith, et. al., 2007).
Typically, a child would be born within prison walls or
in a hospital and then separated from the mother within 48
hours. Many of these mothers know they will not be given the
opportunity to bond with their newborn. This can be a
traumatizing experience for both mother and child. Some
state rules require prison visitors under sixteen years old
to provide two forms of identification, and being that most
minors are not issued identification, newborns, and children
younger than sixteen years old rarely visit their mothers in
prison. The chances these mothers will be reunited with
their children are slim. Convict Victoria Steele saw her
daughter once after she gave birth. Five years later they
were reunited, but her daughter had never visited her in
prison, and also spoke only Spanish. Steele recounts her
emotions during that time, “I was so depressed...I was
emotionally, mentally, and physically lost. I had no idea
how to connect. It was like losing my child. I lost her.
There were no support services in prison” (Associated Press,
2012).
The Problem
17
Parental incarceration encompasses an excess of topics
of study because of the effects on both parents and
children. Research indicates that the effects of parental
incarceration differ based on whether the child's mother or
father is incarcerated. Thus, the effects of parental
incarceration differ based on whether a child's mother or
father is incarcerated (Cullen, 2011).
Further, children of incarcerated parents (CIPs) often
experience stress, parental drug use, and other issues
associated with chronic poverty prior to a parent’s arrest
(Aaron et. al., 2010). Parental incarceration can increase
stress, with children often left out of decisions about
where to go, possibly having witnessed their parent’s
arrest, and managing feelings of unresolved loss (Bockneket.
Al., 2009). Maternal incarceration can be particularly
destabilizing for young children when mother is a primary
caregiver (Dallaireet. Al., 2007). Although not all CIPs
experience difficulties parent incarceration may exacerbate
existing family-level stress because family members
typically step in to care for children (Murray et. Al.,
2012).
The effects of parental incarceration reach far beyond
the cells of those behind bars. The children and families
who are left behind are also affected. The effects of the
The Problem
18
incarceration can be seen in the various aspects of the
lives of those impacted, including in the schools and
communities where these individuals reside (Cullen, 2011).
Further, children of incarcerated parents live in a
variety of circumstances. Some were previously in homes of
two-parent families, where the non-incarcerated parent can
assume primary responsibility for the children. Many
children, especially in cases of women’s incarceration, were
in single parent homes and are then cared for by a
grandparent or other relative, if not in foster care. And
in some cases, due to substance abuse and other factors,
incarcerated parents had either not lived with their
children or not provided a secure environment for them.
Following release from prison both parents and children face
challenges in reuniting their families. Parents have to
cope with the difficulty of finding employment and stable
housing while also reestablishing a relationship with their
children (Cullen, 2011).
A review of the literature addresses both visible and
hidden effects of parental incarceration on children. Very
few researchers have studied the impact of incarceration on
the well-being of children and, despite being advocated for
years, the spotlight has only recently been placed on this
group However, several researchers agree that a large number

The Problem
19
of parents being imprisoned mean that there is an entire
population of young people that are suffering as well
(Shillingford & Edwards, 2008).
Children of incarcerated parents experience a wide
range of emotions when coping with the loss of their parents
or guardians. The turmoil and confusion surrounding
incarceration can also overwhelm a family, resulting in a
child’s emotional needs being unnoticed. Many children of
incarcerated parents are likely to experience a wide range
of emotions as well as psychological stress. Numerous
children who have an incarcerated parent experience
psychological distress, but there is limited information in
regard to programs designed or proven to help decrease the
effect that the loss of the parent has on a child (Hames &
Pedreira, 2003).
Parental imprisonment affects millions, probably tens
of millions, of children around the world, who often come
from the most disadvantaged and vulnerable sections of
society. Precise figures on the scale of the issue are
unavailable as authorities seldom hold details about
prisoners’ children, but various studies have attempted to
quantify the extent of the problem in particular countries.
In Australia, an estimated 145,000 under-16s (almost 5% of
children in Australia) have had a parent imprisoned, rising

The Problem
20
to 20% of under-16s from the minority Aboriginal
communities. The children of roughly 20,000 Brazilian women
have their mother in prison (the total with imprisoned
fathers is likely much higher) (Oliver Robertson, 2007).
According to a recent and extensive study for the Annie
E. Casey Foundation, “Most children’s contact with their
parents in prison is irregular or nonexistent”. And “more
than half of parents with minor children had never seen any
of their children” while in prison. In the 2005 survey, the
Casey Foundation specifically mentions gender and ethnicity
as key relational factors that determine whether or not a
child sees a parent while in prison or a parent is visited
by a child. It appears that African American parents stay in
closer contact with their children as compared to other
races, and women are also more likely to stay in contact
with their children. Roughly a quarter of African American
mothers reported monthly visits from children (Annie E.
Casey Foundation, 2007).
The incarceration rate for Africans is about 3,074 per
100,000 residents, which is more than six times as high as
the national average. Black men in their 20s and early 30s
without a high school diploma are particularly vulnerable:
with an incarceration rate of 40 percent, they are more

The Problem
21
likely to end up behind bars than in the workforce, Pew
Charitable Trusts reports in 2013.
Further, the intent of this research was to examine the
broad scope of the impact that parental incarceration has on
children of prisoners and to identify outcomes due to the
impact of the incarceration and other difficulties these
children experience in their lives. Specifically, concerns
related to the effects of parental incarceration on children
are an area of considerable interest to researcher because
of the sheer number of children affected.
Children of incarcerated parents are likely to
experience a wide range of emotions that sometimes lead to
delinquent behavior (Aaron & Dallaire, 2010). According to
Aaron and Dallaire (2010) parental incarceration can
contribute to a change in a child’s normal behavior.
Children who have experienced parental incarceration are
often exposed to risk factors that make them more
susceptible to delinquent behaviors (Aaron & Dallaire).
Children may experience isolation due to parental
incarceration. Isolation contributes to children of
incarcerated parents participating in delinquent behavior
(Murray, 2007). According to Murray the delinquent behavior
often leads to intergenerational incarceration.

The Problem
22
In Armenia, ‘pregnant women or women with children
under 3, except those imprisoned for more than 5 years for
serious crimes, can be exempted from punishment or the
punishment can be postponed by the court for the period when
the woman is exempted from work due to pregnancy, childbirth
and until the child reaches the age of 3’ while (with
limitations) Egypt permits sentences to be served
consecutively if both parents are being imprisoned, so that
there is always one parent outside to care for the children
(Robertson, 2011).
Italy allows mothers to spend part of their sentence in
home detention, provided they have children under 10 years,
have served a third of their sentence and are deemed not to
be at risk of committing further offences(Robertson, 2011).
In a 2010 study [in the USA] examining the relationship
between witnessing arrests and post traumatic stress,
children who witnessed the arrest and had a recently
arrested parent were 73% more likely to have elevated post
traumatic stress symptoms than children who did not witness
an arrest and have an arrested parent (Robertson, 2011).
Within Canada and Mexico, children may live in prison
part-time, staying with incarcerated mothers on weekends and
holidays. Other identified options include ‘family-based

The Problem
23
communities, family homes etc. whereby a child can stay with
his/her mother out of prison (Robertson, 2011).
Spain has developed External Mother Units to enable
children up to 3 years old (on occasion, up to 6) to live
with their incarcerated mothers in a non-prison environment.
The Units, which were created following a survey of mothers
raising children in prison, are ‘bright, colorful and
spacious’, containing an outdoor play area and separate
‘apartments’ for each family that include cooking, eating,
sleeping and relaxation areas. They are built within the
community, rather than separated from it, and ‘mothers bring
their children to school, doctor appointments, and community
activities.’ Support is also given to the mothers for
education and job training.
Within Argentina, mothers with children under 5 may be
confined to her home, at the judge’s discretion, while in
Kyrgyzstan and other former Soviet republics women with
children under a certain age can be given in effect a
suspended sentence, provided their crime was not considered
grave (Oliver Robertson, 2011).
The Bangkok Rules (Rule 33.3) require that: Where
children are allowed to stay with their mothers in prison,
awareness-raising on child development and basic training on
the health care of children shall also be provided to prison

The Problem
24
staff, in order for them to respond appropriately in times
of need and emergencies (Oliver Robertson, 2011).
In the Philippines a child born while the mother is
incarcerated may stay with her for up to one year. After
this period the mother must place the child “in a home of
her own.” Otherwise, Filipino authorities must arrange for
the care of the child through a welfare agency. No relevant
statistical information on the number of children
incarcerated with their mothers could be located (Library of
Congress, 2012).
According to the House Bill no.6692, the incarceration
of parents affects the emotional, psychological and
financial development of a child who is force to be
separated from their parents. Incarcerated mothers and their
children are especially affected because the mothers are
known as the primary nurturer and career of their children.
The loss of parental care especially the severance of
maternal bond because of incarceration will have a long term
effects for the affected children and our society. This bill
wherein a similar version has been filed by Senator Miriam
Defensor Santiago in the senate seeks to mitigate the
adverse effects of the separation between the incarcerated
mother and their children (Library of Congress, 2012).

The Problem
25
The deprivation of liberty due to the commission of a
crime affects not only the person incarcerated but also the
person’s family. This holds true, even more so for solo
parents who, by reason of their incarceration. Are forced to
leave their children. In consideration of the foregoing, the
proposed bill aims to establish mechanisms which shall
assist imprisoned solo parents in the performance of their
parental and child-rearing obligations. While present bills
on the matter only highlight mothers who may be put into
custody, the proposed bill aims to remove the distinction
between a mother and father, and aims to level the playing
field by allowing even single fathers from availing of the
benefits of the act. Moreover, the impression that placement
opportunities shall be a condition precedent to acceptance
of a plea of guilty shall be removed, in order not to impede
the duty of the State to prosecute criminal actions. In view
of the foregoing, the passage of this bill is earnestly
recommended. Introduced by Senator Maria Lourdes Naucy S.
Binay (SIXTEENTH CONGRESS OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE
PHILIPPINES).
Nationally, an estimated 809,800 prisoners of the
1,518,535 held in the nation’s prisons at midyear 2007 were
parents of minor children, or children under age 18. Unless
otherwise specified in this report, the word parent refers

The Problem
26
to prisoners who reported having minor children. The word
children refers to youth under age 18. (Lauren E. Glaze et.
Al., 2007).
Regionally, there were 59,289 inmates in BJMP jails, an
increase of 2.9% from 2009 to 2010. Of this total, 56,479
or 95.3 % were detained, and 2,810 or 4.7% were sentenced,
representing an increase of 3.3% and a decrease of 4.7%,
respectively, from 2009. In addition, 1,147 were in PNP
jails on a temporary basis in 2010, an increase of 5.0% from
2009.
Objective of the study
This study is intended to determine the impact of
incarcerated parents to their family in Brgy. San Roque, San
Pablo City. It also aims to explore the literature as it
relates to issues families are faced with when a parent is
sentenced to prison. Therefore, the intention of this
research is to focus on the lives of the children and
changes experienced or displayed as a result of parental
absence due to incarceration.
Significance of the Study
Through this study it will bring knowledge on the
following: researcher, future researchers, and society. This
would help them merely understand the matters on this
research which is the impact of incarcerated parents to

The Problem
27
their family.
The study is be conducted to serve as a great help
in the study of incarcerated parents in our country,
especially to those researchers who will conduct similar
study to the topic. It can serve as a reference for others
who want to know the impact of incarcerated parents to their
family.
The result of this study will benefit the
researcher since it will give him the idea on how the
incarcerated parents affects their family especially their
children.
For the students, this study will provide them
clearer understanding about incarceration and its effects to
their family members most especially to the criminology
students who will engage in the criminal justice system in
the near future.
For the professors and instructors, this study
will give them more information about the factors which
affects the academic performance of students who have
parents in jail.
For guidance counselors and social workers, this
study will serve as a pattern or basis for creating new
programs appropriate for children who have parents in jail.
They can create programs to improve and develop one’s self-

The Problem
28
esteem and other important matters for students or children.
For the future researchers, this study will help
them to gain knowledge about the problem and be a guide for
the future researchers to conduct relative study about
incarceration.
For the society, this study can give a better
understanding of the family members especially the children
of incarcerated parents. This will enable them to know the
circumstances of the children and their effect on the
society.
Theoretical framework
Several theoretical approaches have been used to
explain why parental incarceration has such a profound
impact on children.
Labeling theory, or secondary labeling, explains how
children suffer from the shame and stigmatization of having
an incarcerated parent. Social bond theory addresses
attachment to families and institutions and how the absence
of such attachments can promote juvenile delinquency.
Additionally, attachment theory suggests that disruptions
and separations in the mother-child relationship may
increase risks to children and negatively affect the child’s
ability to form secure relationships. Finally, Agnew’s
strain theory explains how the interchange between

The Problem
29
positively valued stimuli and negatively valued stimuli and
the way in which it hinders one’s ability to achieve
positively valued goals that may lead to delinquency.
Moreover, labeling theory posits that individual
deviants who are identified and sanctioned may interpret
their “offender” stigma as a master status, thus altering
their social identity, and consequently, their behavior.
Offenders may also encounter social obstacles that
effectively bar them from the benefits of conventional
society as a result of serious stigma. Difficulty obtaining
meaningful work, earning a high school diploma or post-
secondary degree, or building a strong, participatory civic
life because of a criminal record severely limits the
professional networks open to labeled offenders. Informal
sanctions may reinforce the label, weaken the social support
of family and friends, and create community expectations of
deviant behavior from the individual. Because of this, the
offender may withdraw his or her stakes in conformity,
reject the institutions that they feel rejected them, and
seek out deviant peers who may be seemingly less judgmental
and willing to provide a system of social support.
Subculture formation that approves of or condones deviance
may be conducive to further criminal behavior on the part of

The Problem
30
the individual offender, as well as on a societal scale
(Nathaniel Ascani, 2006).
On the other hand, Social bond theory suggests that the
strength and durability of an individual’s bonds or
commitments to conventional society inhibit social deviance.
The need for belonging and attachment to others is “a
fundamental human motivation” influencing many behavioral,
emotional, and cognitive processes. Numerous studies
highlight the association between attachments and positive
youth outcomes. Early sociologists argued that the various
forms of social deviance, including criminal behavior,
emerge when the connections between individuals and the
larger society are weak (Baumeister & Leary, 2005).
Whereas, General strain theory (GST) argues that
strains or stressors increase the likelihood of negative
emotions like anger and frustration. These emotions create
pressure for corrective action, and crime is one possible
response. Crime may be a method for reducing strain, seeking
revenge, or alleviating negative. GST builds on previous
strain theories in several ways: most notably, by pointing
to several new categories of strain, including the loss of
positive stimuli the presentation of negative stimuli.
Recent research demonstrates that many of the specific
strains falling under these categories are related to crime

The Problem
31
and delinquency. The specification of these new categories
of strain is GST’s greatest strength (Robert Agnew, 2006).
All of these theories may work together to increase the
likelihood that a child will be constrained to pursue a life
of crime. The negative outcomes are amplified for children
with incarcerated parents. Once an adolescent has been
stigmatized or labeled as a criminal, they are forced out of
conventional social relationships as delineated by social
bond theory. This individual is then forced to primarily
associate with other criminals either in prison or on the
streets. Furthermore, as a result of being labeled as an ex-
offender they are strained as a result of being denied
opportunities to achieve their positively valued goals
express that once “engulfed by these criminogenic
conditions, the labeled person is constrained to pursue a
life in crime” (p. 298) (Cullen and Agnew, 2006).
Biological Theory by RedFord (2008) this approach
argues that deviant behavior plays an active in biological
structure of man, constructive role in society by ultimately
helping to cohere different populations within a particular
society. Deviance helps to distinguish between acceptable
and unacceptable behavior. It draws lines and demarcates
boundaries. This is an important functions that affirms the
cultural values and norms of a society for the members of

The Problem
32
the society. In addition to clarifying the moral boundaries
of society. Deviant Behavior can also promote social unity
by creating an “us-versus-them” mentally in relation to
deviant individuals. Finally, deviance is actually seen as
one means for society to change over time. Deviant behavior
can imbalance the social equilibrium but-in the process of
restoring balance-society wiil adjust norm. With changing
norms in response to deviance, the deviant behavior can
contribute to long-term social stability.
Conceptual Framework
This study confined of explanations that discusses the
main concept of the impact of incarcerated parents to their
family.
Social life
Children of incarcerated parents are about twice as
likely as their peers to exhibit antisocial behavior and
other mental health problems (Murray, Farrington, Sekol &
Olsen, 2009). A wide range of risk factors related to these
childhood problems is present in the lives of many children
of incarcerated parents, including poverty, parental
substance abuse, and repeated changes in caregivers and
schools. Disrupted family relationships are common,
especially for children whose incarcerated mothers cared for

The Problem
33
children on a daily basis prior to imprisonment (Poehlmann,
2005).
School-age children of incarcerated parents exhibit
school-related problems and problems with peer
relationships. Reported that over 50% of the children of
incarcerated parents had school problems, such as poor
grades or instances of aggression, albeit many of these
problems were temporary. Among the younger children (6-8
years old) in the study, 16% exhibited transient school
phobias and were unwilling to go to school for a 4-6week
period after their parent's incarceration. In another
report, Stanton (2006) found even higher rates of school
problems: 70% of 166 children of incarcerated mothers showed
poor academic performance and 5% exhibited classroom
behavior problems. Another school-based problem is that
children are sometimes teased or ostracized by other
children as a result of their parent's incarceration. As
Reid and Eddy (this volume) note, as children reach
adolescence, suspension and dropout rates are higher for
these children (Sack et al., 2008).
Crime and subsequent incarceration have a level of
stigma within communities, and, as a result, children of
incarcerated parents tend to experience stigma second hand.
In some cases, this stigma can lead to isolation, peer

The Problem
34
hostility, and social rejection. Parental incarceration also
can cause individuals to make unwarranted assumptions about
children based on the actions of their parents. One study
examining teachers’ expectations for children of
incarcerated parents found that when teachers were given a
scenario where a child had an incarcerated mother, they
tended to rate the child as less competent than children who
have an absent mother for other reasons. This study
demonstrates the potential harm of assumptions and either
conscious or unconscious attitudes about children of
incarcerated parents (Stanton, 2006).
Emotional and Psychological Aspect
Mounting evidence points to the influence of childhood
trauma on the functioning and long-term well-being of
children. There are several ways children of incarcerated
parents may be vulnerable to trauma. Children may experience
the trauma of seeing their parent arrested. In a survey of
parents incarcerated in Arkansas, 40 percent reported that
their children had been present at the time of arrest and 27
percent of those cases reported that a weapon had been
drawn. The sudden separation from a parent upon arrest and
imprisonment also can be traumatic, particularly if the
child and incarcerated parent lived together before the
incarceration. While visiting with an incarcerated parent

The Problem
35
can ease this pain, it also can induce fear and amplify
feelings of separation. Service providers working with
children of incarcerated parents, once aware of the
potential for trauma, can implement appropriate-trauma-
informed approaches and interventions (La Vigne et al.,
2008).
Children of incarcerated parents may also face a number
of other challenging circumstances. They may have
experienced trauma related to their parent’s arrest or
experiences leading up to it.5 Children of incarcerated
parents may also be more likely to have faced other adverse
childhood experiences, including witnessing violence in
their communities or directly in their household or exposure
to drug and alcohol abuse. (La Vigne et al., 2008).
Economic Stability
A recent study by Susan Phillips and her colleagues
found that parental incarceration is strongly related to
economic strain in children’s households, defined as low-
income with an unemployed caregiver and a lower standard of
living or inability to meet the child’s needs. Related to
economic strain is the possibility that parental
incarceration will increase the risk that children’s
households will become unstable, including multiple,
frequent moves; the introduction of unrelated parental

The Problem
36
figures into the household; divorce; and non-routine school
changes. Any of these can pose risks to children’s healthy
development. The Phillips study found that any kind of
parental involvement in the criminal justice system—
including, but not limited to, incarceration—is related to
family instability. On the other hand, the study found that
such involvement was not significantly associated with a
child’s living in a family with structural risks, i.e., with
a single caregiver, a large family, or placement in foster
care. (Gorman-Smith, et al, 2009).
This risk manifests itself in many ways. The mere fact
of being separated from a parent, especially a father, is a
risk factor made doubly effective when the separation is due
to incarceration. In a single parent family, the income
level often does not meet the needs of the family, and this
can easily occur when the main provider is arrested and sent
off to jail or prison (Trice, 2007).
When parents go to prison, most families experience
financial losses or incur additional financial expenses.
Financial problems are greatest for those families where the
imprisoned family member carried out responsible parenting
roles prior to imprisonment and where families seek to help
the prisoner, provide care for his or her children and
maintain parent child relationships (Myers, & Kennon, 2008).

The Problem
37
Furthermore, wives with incarcerated spouses identify
financial problems and the loss of spousal income as a major
problem and grandparents raising grandchildren indicate that
financial problems represent one of their main difficulties
as well. Moreover, the family does not resume/regain this
pre-incarceration income level in the first several years
following the father’s release.
Definition of Terms
Children of Incarcerated parents. It is the number of
children with parents serving sentences at the department of
corrections.
Criminal Justice System. It is the system of law
enforcement that is directly involved in apprehending,
prosecuting, defending, sentencing, and punishing those who
are suspected or convicted of criminal offenses.
Operationally, this system is responsible in all illegal
offenses convicted by an individual.
Delinquent Behavior. It refers to the crimes or other
morally wrong acts: illegal or immoral behavior especially
by young people. In the study this may be the outcome of the
children who have incarcerated parents.
Family Relationship. It refers to the interpersonal
relationship with members of the family. Operationally, it

The Problem
38
refers to the individual exhibits interaction with their
family.
Gender. It is the division of people into two
categories, “Men” and “Women”. (Wikipedia)
Home. It is a one’s place of residence; it is the
social unit formed by a family living together; it is where
a family was build and developed. It is also a place where
you can feel relaxed and feel the care.
Incarceration. It is the act of incarcerating, or
putting in prison or another enclosure for a predetermined
amount of time in a jail, prison, or a detention center.
Maternal. Operationally, this term is related to a
mother.
Parents. Is a caretaker of the offspring in their own
species. Operationally, it is the most significant person
every individual has.
Paternal. Operationally, this term is related to a
father.
Population. A population is a summation of all the organisms
of the same group or species, which live in a particular
geographical area.
Psychological distress. Is a general term that is used
to describe unpleasant feelings or emotions that impact the
level of functioning.
The Problem
39
Research Paradigm
This study was intended to determine the impact of
Pablo City.
The independent variable of this study is the
demographic profile of the respondents as to their age,
gender, civil status and educational attainment and the
impact of incarcerated parent to their family relative to
their social life, emotional/psychological aspect,
behavior/attitude and economic stability. Last is the
significant difference of impact in the family of
incarcerated parents relative to their social life,
emotional/psychological aspect and economic stability.
The dependent variable of this study is the impact of
Pablo City.
Figure1. Research Paradigm

The Problem
40
Independent variables Dependent Variables
1. The demographic profile of the

respondents as to their:
1.1 Age;
1.2 Gender
1.3 Civil status; and
1.4 Educational attainment. Impact of incarcerated parents
to their family in Brgy. San
2. The impact of incarcerated
Roque San Pablo City.
parent to their family in
Brgy. San Roque San Pablo City
relative to their:
2.1 Social life;

2.2 Emotional/Psychological
Aspect; and
2.3 Economic stability.
3. Significant difference of
impact in the family of
incarcerated parents in Brgy.
San Roque San Pablo City
relative to their:
3.1 Social life;

3.2 Emotional/Psychological
Aspect ; and
3.3 Economic stability.
Moderating Variable
Residents of Brgy. San

Roque San Pablo City
Statement of the Problem

The Problem
41
The concern of this study is to determine the impact of
Pablo City.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following
questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents as to their:
1.1. Age;
1.2. Gender;
1.3. Civil Status; and
1.4. Educational Attainment?
2. What is the impact of incarcerated parents to their
family relative to their:
2.1. Social life;
2.2. Emotional/Psychological Aspect;
2.3. Economic stability?
3. Is there a significant difference on the impact of
incarcerated parents to their family in relation to:
3.1. Social life;
3.2. Emotional/Psychological Aspect;
3.3. Economic stability?

CHAPTER 2
DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents and explains the methods and
procedures used as basis in conducting the study. It discuss
the following: the research design, population and locale of
the study, the data gathering tool, data gathering procedure
and treatment of data. The methods and procedures used serve
as a guide for him and enabled to make an effective
research.
Research Design and Methodology
A descriptive survey method was utilized in this study
since it requires manipulation of variables to ascertain the
impact of incarcerated parents to their family in Brgy. San
Roque San Pablo City. For these reasons, the researcher
chose a survey method and designed a questionnaire survey
instrument and supplemented by informal interview to assess
the perceptions of the residents of Brgy. San Roque
regarding to the impact of incarcerated parents to their
family.
Population and Locale of the Study.
The study was conducted in Brgy. San Roque San Pablo
City. Sixty (60) respondents were selected to answer the
prepared questionnaire through purposive sampling because
the respondents were the family of the incarcerated

Design and Methodology
43
parents. The question was administered through written form
and accompanied with an informal interview.
Data Gathering Tool
In gathering data needed, the researcher used
questionnaire as the major data gathering tool, which was
formulated based upon the specific problems of the study. It
was composed of the following and was administered to the
respondents; Part I includes the respondents profile: Part
II was composed of questions that was sought to answer the
impact of incarcerated parents to their family in Brgy. San
Roque San, Pablo City relative to their; social life,
emotional/psychological aspect and economic stability.
Informal interview was also included in constructing the
questionnaire. The said questionnaires were submitted to the
panelists for validation.
Data Gathering Procedure
Before giving the survey to the respondents, the first
step of the researcher was to prepare a letter noted by the
college dean, to ask for the consent of the guardian or
family member of the incarcerated parents to get data and
information needed for this study.
The researcher administered the questionnaires to the
respondents of Brgy. San Roque, San Pablo City, which
includes about their age, gender, civil status and

44
educational attainment of the said barangay. The questions
to measure the impact of incarcerated parents to their
family relative to their; social life,
emotional/psychological aspect and economic stability were
also included. The researcher also conducted an informal
interview after the respondents answered the questionnaires.
Treatment of Data
To response the problems of the study dealt on the
impact of incarcerated parents to their family relative to
their: a.) social life, b.) emotional/psychological aspect,
c.) economic stability in Brgy. San Roque San Pablo City,
the following scale was be used:
Numerical Rating Statistical Limit Descriptive

Interpretation
4 3.26-4.00 Always
3 2.6-3.25 Frequent
2 1.76-2.5 Seldom
1 1.00-1.75 Never
For more valid and meaningful interpretation of the
data, the statistical measures were used such as frequency
distribution, means and standard deviation. They were
applied to the respondents profile and the respondent’s

45
related factors. To find out the relationship of the
modified independent and dependent variable, f-test or ANOVA
of statistic was used at 0.05 level of significance.
Weighted mean of the data gathered was computed to determine
the numerical and descriptive rating value of each sub
indicator question. The differences between the three
indicators were determined through the use of standard
deviation value of statistic test done.
To aid the analysis and interpretation of the data,
frequency, mean and percentage were applied for the
respondent’s profile. Weighted mean was computed to
determine the rating and interpretation of each sub
indicator questions.
The difference between the three indicators, social
life, emotional/psychological aspect and economic stability
on its significance on the impact of incarcerated parents to
their family was determined through the use of the standard
deviate on result of the f-test done.

Chapter 3
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONOF DATA
This chapter presents the result of data collection
procedure on the formulated questions concerning the subject
under study. The study was designed to determine the impact
of incarcerated parents to their family in Barangay San
Roque, San Pablo City. Specifically, it sought to answer the
question which includes the demographic profile of the
respondents in terms of age, gender, civil status,
educational attainment and occupation in the said Barangay.
The study also determined the impact of incarcerated parents
to their family in terms of: a) Social life, b) Emotional
and Psychological Aspect, c) Economic Stability if there is
a significant difference in the impact of incarcerated
parents to their family in barangay San Roque, San Pablo
City according to social life, emotional and psychological
aspect and economic stability. This chapter will also show
the respondents how they react on the sub indicators by
giving their statements.
Part I. Profile of the Respondents in term of:
a. Age;
b. Gender;
c. Civil status;
d. Educational Attainment.
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
47
A. Age
The figure 1 below represents the distribution of
the respondents according to their age. It composed of (60)
respondents age 18-30, 31-40, age 18-30 revealed the highest
percentage with 27 or 45%
Figure 1 Distribution of Respondents as to Age
Age of the Respondent
41 - 50
17%
18 - 30 18 - 30
45% 31 - 40
41 - 50
31 - 40
38%
Figure 1 shows that out of 60 respondents, 45% belong
to young 18-30 age brackets, 38% belong to middle 30-40 age
brackets, and the remaining 17% belongs to the old 41-50 age
bracket. Majority of the respondents in terms of age
distribution belongs to the young which is from 18-30 years
of age.
48
B. Gender
the gender of the respondents. It composed of (60)
respondents gender male and female, 58% are male and 42% are
female.
Figure 2 Distribution of Respondents as to Gender
Gender of Respondent
Female
42% Male
Female
Male
58%
Figure 2 presents the distribution of respondents in
terms of their gender. According to the table above out of
60 respondents there are 58% are male, and 42% are female.
The majority of the respondent is male.
C. Civil Status
49
the civil status of the respondents. It composed of (60)
respondents. It revealed that 42% are single, 33% are
married, 13% are separated and 12% are widowed/widower
Figure 3 Distribution of Respondents as to Civil Status
Civil Status of Respondent
12%
13% Single
42%
Married
separated
Widowed/ Wodower
33%
Figure 3 present the distribution of respondents in
terms of their civil status. According to the table above
out of 60 respondents 42% are Single, 33% are married, 13%
are separated and 12% are Widowed/Widower. The Majority of
the respondent is Single.
D. Educational Attainment
50
the educational attainment of the respondents. It composed
of (60) respondents. It revealed that 35% are High school,
28% College, 20% are Elementary and 17% are Vocational
Graduate.
Figure 4 Distribution of Respondents as to Educational
Attainment
Educational Attainment of Respondent
17% 20%
Elementary Graduate
High School Graduate
College Graduate
28% Vocational Graduate
35%
Figure 4 present the distribution of respondents in
terms of their educational attainment. According to the
table above out of 60 respondents 20% are Elementary
Graduate, 35% are High School Graduate, 28% are College
Graduate and 17% are Vocational Graduate. The Majority of
the respondents are High School graduate.

51
PART II. IMPACT OF INCARCERATED PARENTS TO THEIR FAMILY IN
BARANGAY SAN ROQUE, SAN PABLO CITY, LAGUNA IN TERMS:
A. Social Life;
B. Emotional and Psychological Aspect; and
C. Economic Stability
A. SOCIAL LIFE
Table 2 shows the mean perception of the respondents on
the impact of their incarcerated parents towards their
social life in Brgy. San Roque, San Pablo City, Laguna. It
revealed that with a general weighted mean score of 2.4
respondent’s perception was “Seldom”. It implies that the
respondents can still socialize with other because not all
of them known that their parents were in prison. They can
still go to place and make friends without knowing the
background of their parents. With the supporting statements
of the respondents from Brgy. San Roque, San Pablo City.
They stated during the interview that they still socialize
with the people around them and the relationship towards
them remains the same, there were just some instances that
they were having a hard time adjusting to their current life
situation after the incarceration of their parents.
Table 2 Impact of Incarcerated parents to their family in
Brgy. San Roque, San Pablo City, Laguna in terms of Social
Life
52
Sub-Indicators Mean Descriptive Rank

interpretation
1.Often bullied by playmates or co- 3.23 Always 1

workers when parent/s is/are
imprisoned.
2.New sets of friends make a distance 2.75 Frequent 2
as they knew that your parents/
relative are imprisoned.
3.Treatment of employers on job is 2.25 Seldom 6
affected whenever they knew that your
parent/s is imprisoned.
4.Having a hard time gaining respect 2.65 Frequent 3
from others because of parent/s
situation.
5.You’re always compared to your 1.98 Seldom 5
parents that you might also like
them.
6.Having difficulty acquiring 1.68 Never 4

permits, good moral certificate
because of the background of your
parents.
Overall Mean 2.4 Seldom
The respondents view when it comes to “Often bullied by
playmates or co-workers when parent is/are imprisoned”
gained a mean score of 3.23 with an interpretation of
“Always” and ranked as a first (1st). It shows that bullying
is very common among children whose parents are in prison.
It is also natural to peer group to bully each other in a
friendly manner most especially if the one being bullied is
close with the one who is bullying. In the informal

53
interview conducted last November 2015 with Mr. Lester
Laquin, a college under graduate, he said that he
experienced bullying in the form of practical jokes. He said
sometimes, the jokes were from among of his friends, at
first he was affected but later on he got used to it.
Sub-indicator 2 which states that “New sets of friends
make a distance as they knew that your parents/relative are
imprisoned” has a mean score 2.75 and interpretation of
“frequent” and ranked as a second. It implies that they are
having some difficulty in gaining new friends especially
when they knew that their parents/relative is imprisoned.
Some people may perceive or think negatively about their
identity because of the wrongful acts done by their parents.
In the interview with Mr. Mark Capuz last November 2015 he
stated that his new companions make a separation when they
realized that their guardians/relative are in jail, he said
that since they barely know him his arrangement of new
companions effectively tends to judge him due to his parents
incarceration.
Third highest in rank is sub indicator “ Having a hard
time in gaining respect from others because of parent/s
situation” has a mean score of 2.65 and has an
interpretation of “Frequent” and ranked as a third. It
connotes that having a parents or relative is in prison is

54
not easy because of the judgment and criticisms from other
people due to the fact that one’s parent or relative is in
prison. They may not receive respect from other people
because of the bad reputation of their incarcerated parents.
Because of this, they experienced frequently a hard time
gaining respect from others. During the interview on
November 2015 Mr. Reymond Cortez stated that he felt that he
was frequently not respected from some of his neighbors in
Brgy, San Roque.
Meanwhile, table 1 also shows three sub indicators with
the lowest mean. The lowest sub-indicator “Having a
difficulty acquiring permits, good moral certificate,
because of the background of your parents” got a total mean
of 1.98 with an interpretation of “Never”. It has the lowest
weighted mean because majority of the respondents said that
they did not experience difficulty acquiring permits and
good moral certificate because of their parent’s background.
Every person can acquire permits or good moral certificate
when they have no bad records in the community. Most of the
respondents in Brgy. San Roque were construction workers and
good moral certificate is not requirement in this type of
job. Ms. Sherlene Pelayo, a resident who has been
interviewed last November 2015 , said that the background of
her parents did not cause her to have difficulty acquiring

55
permits ,good moral certificate because her records herself
was more important and the background of her parents was
disregarded.
“You’re always compared to your parents that you might
also like them” is the second lowest sub-indicator which got
a total mean of 1.98 with an interpretation of “Seldom”. It
implies that comparison from the children and their parents
in prison is not very common among the respondents in Brgy,
San Roque. They were not compared in terms of actions or bad
behaviors but in terms of physical appearance and hobbies
only. During the interview on November 2015 one of the
respondent stated that he was just compared from his parents
seldomly. Such comparison was only in terms of his and his
parent’s habits and personality he added. The last sub-
indicator that got the lowest mean is the “treatment of
employers on the job is affected whenever they knew that
you’re parent/s is imprisoned” Which got a total mean of
2.25 with an interpretation of “Seldom”. It connoted that
the treatment of employers on their job was not really
affected when the employers knew that their parents/s was
imprisoned. Employers usually treat their employees fairly
based on their job performance not on the background of
their family. During the interview on November 2015, Ms.
Carla Quiling stated that the treatment of her manager in

56
her occupation was relied on upon her employment execution
and was seldomly as a result of her parents’ detainment.
B. EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT
Table 3 shows the mean perception of the respondents
according to emotional and psychological aspect to determine
the impact of incarcerated parents to their family in Brgy.
San Roque, San Pablo City. It revealed that with a general
weighted mean score of 2.75 respondent’s perception was
“Frequent”. It infers that respondents are as often as
possible influenced of their guardian/s detainment as far as
their emotional and psychological aspect. According to the
respondents from Brgy. San Roque, during the interview on
November 2015, they stated that having a love one or parent
in jail is not easy. They said that there were times that
they were worried or bothered because of their parent’s
imprisonment.
Table 3. Impact of Incarcerated parents to their Family in
Brgy. San Roque, San Pablo City, Laguna in terms of
Emotional and Psychological Aspect

interpretation
57
1.Bothered that you may also 3.23 Frequent 2

become a criminal same as your
parents.
2.Planned to live life away from 1.43 Never 6
your parents so you will not be
like them.
3.Traumatized by witnessing the 2.57 Frequent 5
arrest or sentencing of your
parents.
4.Always worried that your 3.43 Always 1
parents may be having a tough
time inside the prison cell that
affects your daily activities.
5. You feel unloved and not 2.87 Frequent 4
trusted by the people around you
due to your parent’s
incarceration.
6.Bothered that your parents’ 2.95 Frequent 3
criminal activities may result
for a revenge of the families
which they have done wrongful
acts.
Overall Mean 2.75 Frequent
The first sub indicator that has the highest mean is
the “always worried that your parents may be having a tough
time inside the prison cell that affects your daily
activities”. It gained a mean score of 3.43 or an
interpretation of “Always”. It shows that respondents are
always worried that their parents are having a tough time
inside the prison cell and it affects their daily
activities. They were worried also in the fact that jails

58
are not a peaceful place for their parents and prisons are
usually a not comfortable with sufficient food supply. With
the supporting statement of a resident from Brgy. San Roque,
in the interview on November 2015 he stated that being
worried on his parents in prison was natural and hard to
avoid especially when he was attached and have a good
relationship toward his parents before the incarceration. He
added that every time he eats a meal he wonders whether his
parent in prison had already eaten or not.
The second sub–indicator which got the highest mean is
“Bothered that you may also be a criminal like your parents”
that got a mean score of 3.23 or interpretation of
“Frequent”. It connoted that respondents were frequently
bothered that they might be also be a criminal like their
parents. They were having rears because they know they were
not being guided by their parents. Most especially if the
children were under the care of their grandparents who does
not employ strict disciplines and allows them in everything
they want to do. During the interview on November 2015, one
of the respondent in Brgy. San Roque, stated that he was
frequently bothered that he may end up like his parents in
jail especially because of his parent’s absence plus not
being morally guided by them.

59
The last sub-indicator which got the highest mean is
the “Bothered that you’re parents’ criminal activities may
result for a revenge of the families which they have done
wrongful acts” with a total mean of 2.95 or an
interpretation of “Frequent”. It implies that the
respondents were frequently bothered about the possible
revenge from the family that their parents have done wrong.
In an interview conducted with Ms. Marie Camay on November
2015, she stated that she frequently thinks that she or her
other siblings may be harmed by the family members which her
parents have done wrongful acts.
Meanwhile, table 2 also shows the three sub-indicators
that got the lowest mean. The first sub-indicator that got
the lowest is “Planned to live away from your parents or
sentencing of your parents” with a total mean oh 1.43 with
an interpretation of “Never”. It connote that the
respondents did not plan to live away so that they may not
be like their parents. Most of the respondents have jobs and
schools near their homes so they have no plans of moving to
another place. With the supporting statement of Mr. Joseph
Vera during our interview on November 2015, he stated that
he had no plans to live away. He planned to stay in their
residence and to finish his studies to have a better future.
The second sub-indicator that got the lowest mean is

60
“traumatized by witnessing the arrest or sentencing of your
parents” with a total mean score 2.57 and an interpretation
of ”Frequent”. It implies that some of respondents were
traumatized by witnessing the arrest or sentencing of their
parents since some of the respondents belong to the minority
age bracket. They feel hurt when they recall that painful
accident which is the arrest of their loved one. During the
interview on November 2015 with Ms. Kim David, she stated
that she was very sad and she cried a lot when her father
was arrested. She could not sleep for a couple of days due
to that incident she added.
The last sub-indicator that got the lowest mean is “You
feel unloved and not trusted by the people around you due to
your parent’s incarceration” with a total mean of 2.87 and
an interpretation of “Frequent”. It shows that the some of
the respondents have a negative thinking and they frequently
feel that they were not being loved and trusted by the
people around them because of their parent’s incarceration.
During the interview with Mr. Micheal Barleta on November
2015, he stated that he frequently prefers to stay at home
and not to socialize with the people around him because he
thinks that he may not be trusted by other people and he
does not want to feel rejected by them.
C. ECONOMIC STABILITY
61
Table 4 shows the mean perception of the respondents
according to economic stability to determine the impact of
Pablo City. It revealed a general weighted mean score of
2.37 with an interpretation of “Seldom”. It implies that the
respondents rarely or seldomly experienced economic
instability. Most of the respondents have their own lives,
with job and own earnings and some of them were supported by
other relatives. According to the respondents from Brgy. San
Roque, San Pablo City, during the interview on November
2015, they stated that although there were times that they
were having difficulty in terms of financial matters, they
said that they can still manage to survive their living in
spite of the incarceration of their parents/relative.
Table 4. Impact of Incarcerated parents to their family in
Brgy. San Roque, San Pablo City, Laguna in terms of Economic
Stability

interpretation
1. Bothered by the decrease in 2.17 Seldom 4
your family income due to the
incarceration of your parents.
2. Encountered discrimination 3.12 Frequent 1
from your classmates and co-
workers due to economic
instability caused by the
incarceration of parents.
62
3. Having difficulty in finding 3.1 Frequent 2

financial assistance from other
people because they knew your
parents are imprisoned.
4.Being fired in the workplace 1.5 Never 5
or your grades in school are
affected because they knew
parents are incarcerated.
5. Frequent absences in 1.48 Never 6
school/work due to financial
problem.
6. Inability to meet your 2.87 Frequent 3
everyday needs due to the
incarceration of your parent/s.
Overall Mean 2.37 Seldom
The respondent’s view when it comes to “encountered
discrimination from your classmates and co-workers due to
the economic stability caused by the incarceration of
parents” gained a mean score of 3.12 with an interpretation
of “Frequent” and ranked as a first. It shows that the
respondents frequently experienced the discrimination from
their classmates and co-workers due to their economic
stability caused by the incarceration of their parents not
on the incarceration itself. Some of them cannot afford
something that causes them to be bullied. According to the
respondents for Brgy. San Roque during the interview on
November 2015, they stated that discrimination is common
nowadays whether someone’s parent is imprisoned or not. They

63
said that their financial status frequently causes them to
be discriminated by other people.
The second sub-indicator that got the highest mean is
“Having difficulty in finding financial assistance from
other people because they knew parents are incarcerated”
that got a mean score of 3.1 or interpretation of
“Frequent”. It connote that the respondents frequently
experienced difficulty in finding financial assistance from
other people especially when they knew that their parents
were imprisoned. Respondent cannot easily barrow money from
other people because they know that there is no one who will
help them especially if the main provider of the family was
the one being incarcerated. During the interview on
November 2015 with Mr. Francis Biglete, he stated that
sometimes he can’t find someone who will help them when it
comes to their financial problem. He added that because of
his parent’s imprisonment, he cannot easily borrow money
from other people because other people think no one aside
from him will repay the borrowed money.
The last sub-indicator that got the highest rank is
“Inability to meet your everyday needs due to the
incarceration of your parent/s” with a total mean of 2.87
and an interpretation of ”Frequent”. It implies that the
respondents frequently can’t meet their daily needs because

64
of the absence of their parents. The income after the
incarceration decreases that causes them to have difficulty
with their everyday needs. Also, most of the respondents in
Brgy. San Roque were only high school graduate that causes
them to have difficulty in finding a stable and better
paying job. With the supporting statements of Ms. Michelle
Dela Cruz, during our interview on November 2015, she stated
that they frequently cannot meet their daily needs because
of the absence of their main provider which was his father
who was imprisoned. Her mother’s earning was not sufficient
to accommodate their every expense.
Meanwhile, table 4 also shows the three sub-indicators
that got the lowest mean, the first sub-indicator that got
the lowest mean is “frequent absence in school/work due to
financial problem” with a total mean of 1.48 with an
interpretation of “Never”. It implies that the respondents
can still attend to their classes/work in spite of financial
problems. They still have absences but it was very limited
or not frequent because most of them attended to a public
school and their works are near their homes. During the
interview on November 2015, with Mr. Kevin Escano, stated
that although they experience financial difficulty he still
force himself to attend his class in spite of his short
allowance. The second sub-indicator that got the lowest mean

65
is “Being fired in the work place or the grades in school
are being affected because they knew parents are
incarcerated” with a total mean of 1.5 and an interpretation
of “Never”. It connotes that the respondents were not
affected in terms of economic stability, there were limited
or few cases of being fired in the work place or low grades
in school because of their parent’s incarceration. Being
dismissed in an employment is based on the employee’s
performance and not because of his/her parent’s background.
With the supporting statements of Mr. Kempee delos Santos
during our interview on November 2015 stated that he never
experienced a dismissal from work because of his parents
incarceration as a main reason.
The last sub-indicators that got the lowest mean of
2.17 and an interpretation of “Seldom” is “Bothered by the
decrease in your family income due to the incarceration of
your parents”. It shows that the respondents were bothered
seldomly by the decrease of income in their families, this
is a natural case since there were instances that the main
provider which are the parents are the ones being
imprisoned. With the supporting statements of Mr. Sherwin
Uri during our interview on November 2015, he stated that
after the incarceration of his father, their family income

66
decreased and he and his mother cannot help it but worry
sometimes.
PART III. SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE ON THE IMPACT OF
INCARCERATED PARENTS TO THEIR FAMILY IN BARANGAY SAN ROQUE
SAN PABLO CITY, LAGUNA IN TERMS OF: a) Social Life b)
Emotional and Psychological Aspect c) Economic Stability.
Table 5. Significant difference on the Impact of
Incarcerated Parents to their family in Brgy. San Roque, San
Pablo City, Laguna
Source of
Variation SS Df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 485.866667 17 28.58 72.68 2.2E-164 1.63
Within Groups 417.6 1062 0.39
Total 903.466667 1079
There is no significant difference on the Impact of
Incarcerated Parents to their family in Brgy. San Roque, San
Pablo City, Laguna in terms or Social life, Emotional and
Psychological aspect and Economic stability.
Table 5 shows the statistical analysis of the
difference between Social life, Emotional and Psychological
aspect and Economic stability. The p-value is 2.2 which was
tested in the level of significance of 0.05. Since the p-
value is greater than 0.05, therefore the null hypotheses is
accepted.
67
Based on the finding of the study it implies that the
impact of incarcerated parents to their family has a greater
effect in the emotional and psychological aspect because of
the stress and traumatized by witnessing his/her parents
going to sail. It also found out that there is no
significant difference on the impact of incarcerated parents
in terms of social life, emotional, psychological aspect and
economic stability.
Chapter 4
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents the conclusion and recommendation
of the study taken from the data presented, interpreted and
analyzed in the previous chapter.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of this study, the following
conclusions were drawn:
1. The respondents from Brgy. San Roque, San Pablo City
were seldomly affected by the incarceration of their parents
in terms of their social life. They were often bullied by
their playmates or co- workers when they knew that their
parents were imprisoned. But the respondents did not have
difficulty acquiring permits, good moral certificate because
of the background of their parents since their own identity
were most important than their parents and the comparison
from the children and their parents in prison were not very
common among the respondents.
2. The impact of incarcerated parents to their family in
Brgy. San Roque, San Pablo City Laguna was frequently
affected in terms of their emotional and psychological
aspect. They were worried that their parents may be having a
tough time inside the prison cell and it affects daily

Conclusions and Recommendations
69
activities and they were also bothered that they may end up
like their parents but in spite of this they never planned
to live away from their parents in fact most of them want to
continue and finish their studies.
3. The impact of incarcerated parents to their family in
Brgy. San Roque, San Pablo City, Laguna was seldomly
affected in terms of their economic stability. They
encountered discrimination from their classmate and co-
workers due to their economic stability caused by the
incarceration of their parents but their financial problems
did not affected their attendance, grades, or performance in
their school and work.
Recommendations
On the account of the salient findings and conclusions
the following are recommended.
1. For the organizations like criminal justice, social work
and other professionals that may come into contact with the
children of incarcerated parents, they have be trained by
the government in the rights and needs of such children.
They can provide programs like seminars that encourages good
parenting as well as bonding with children. The
organizations can practice this by visiting several
Barangays and conduct free forums to the families of
incarcerated parents.
Conclusions and Recommendations
70
2. For the local government they have to always give extra
attention to the families who have parents in jails through
several interviews and surveys. They have to formulate new
laws to help those incarcerated parents in jail. So that
they can earn money inside the jail. When they get out in
prison they have skills and talents that they can used when
they get out of prisons
3. For the families who have a parents or relative in
prison. They have to follow and obey the laws imposed by the
government to prevent the same mistakes or crimes committed
by their parents or relatives. They have to support each
other in every aspect of life not just to strengthen their
bond and family ties but to prevent themselves from doing
wrongful things.
As a researcher, I can convince these families by providing
relevant information that discusses the importance of family
support as a way to prevent juvenile delinquency and other
crimes against the law.

References
71
References
A. Published Materials
Books
Akers, Cullen and Agnew, & Sellers C.S.
(2009).Criminological Theories: Introduction,
Evaluation, and Application. 5th edition. New York:
Oxford University Press.
Arditti, Joyce A. (2012) Parental Incarceration and the
Family: Psychological and Social Effects of
Imprisonment on Children, Parents and Caregivers.
(Aaron and Dallaire, 2010). Juvenile Delinquency: revention,
Assessment, and
Intervention. New York: Oxford University Press.
Solinger, (2007). Damage to Family Relationships as a
Collateral Consequence of Parental Incarceration.
Oliver Robertson (2011) Impact of incarcerated Mothers to
their Children.
Journals
Council on Crime and Justice (January 2006) Children of
Incarcerated Parents
Poehlmann (2005). “Children of Incarcerated Parents.”
National Conference of State Legislatures
Gorman-Smith (2009). "When Moms Are Incarcerated: The Needs
Of Children, Mothers, And Caregivers."

References
72
Nathaniel Ascani (2006) “Contact Between Incarcerated
Mothers and Their Children: Assessing Parental Stress.”
Journal of Offender Rehabilitation. Vol. 43 (1)
B. Unpublished materials
Glaze &Maruschak (2008) Incarcerated fathers and their
children: Effects of a reciprocally connected
relationship. California State University, San
Bernardino
Jensen and DuDeck-Biondo (2012) What are the implications of
parental incarcerations on Families? Master of Science
Family Studies and Human Development
Baumeister& Leary (2005). Effects of Parental Incarceration
on young children. University California Riverside
Shillingford&Edwards (2008) The Sentencing Project.
Incarcerated Parents and Their Children

Appendix A

November 13, 2015
Hon. TRECESITO DEOGRACIAS

Barangay Chairman, Brgy. San Roque,
San Pablo City, Laguna
Greetings!
The undersigned 4th year BS Criminology student of Laguna
State Polytechnic University-San Pablo City Campus is
currently conducting a research entitled “IMPACT OF
INCARCERATED PARENTS TO THEIR FAMILY IN BARANGAY SAN ROQUE,
SAN PABLO CITY, LAGUNA”, in partial fulfillment on the
subject Criminological Research.
In this regard, the researcher wishes to ask permission from
your good office, to conduct a survey thru a checklist type
questionnaire to the purposively selected residents from
your barangay who will serve as respondents of the said
study.
The researcher is looking forward for your positive response
over this matter. Thank you!
Respectfully yours,
PAUL KIRBY U. ENFESTA

Researcher
Approved by:
Crmgst. JENNIFER M. NAYOYOS

Adviser
Noted by:
Crmgst. MARLON M. WANKEY, MSCJ

Associate Dean, CCJ
Appendix B

October 14, 2015

Dear Respondents:
Greetings!
The undersigned 4th year BS Criminology student of Laguna

State Polytechnic University-San Pablo City Campus is
currently conducting a research entitled “IMPACT OF
INCARCERATED PARENTS TO THEIR FAMILY IN BARANGAY SAN ROQUE,
SAN PABLO CITY, LAGUNA”, in partial fulfillment on the
subject Criminological Research.
In this regard, the researcher choses you to be one of the

respondents that would be of great help in the success of
the study. The datas gathered will be treated with outmost
confidentiality.
I am Hoping for your positive response over this matter.

Thank you!
Respectfully yours,
PAUL KIRBY U. ENFESTA

Researcher
Approved by:
Crmgst. JENNIFER M. NAYOYOS

Adviser
Noted by:
Crmgst. MARLON M. WANKEY, MSCJ

Associate Dean, CCJ
Appendix C
CHECKLIST/QUESTIONNAIRE
I. Profile of respondent
Direction: Please fill in the necessary information or put a

check mark (√) on the option provided that gives your
personal information.
Name: (Optional)
Age: Civil Status: ( ) Single ( ) Married
( ) Separated ( )
Widowed/widower
Gender: ( ) Male ( ) Female
Educational Attainment:
( ) Elementary graduate ( ) High school graduate
( ) College graduate ( ) Vocational graduate
( ) Others: _________________
II. Impact of incarcerated parents to their family in

Barangay San Roque, San Pablo City, Laguna.
Direction: Please read each item carefully and put a check
mark (√) in the appropriate column that corresponds to your
answer using the scale below. Please do not leave any single
item unanswered (Unless it is not appropriate to you). Thank
you so much to your honesty and patience in answering the
item below.
Scale Statistical Limit Descriptive interpretation

4 3.26 - 4.00 Always (A)
3 2.57 – 3.25 Frequent (F)
2 1.76 – 2.5 Seldom (S)
1 1.00 – 1.75 Never (N)
Appendices
76
Impact of incarcerated parents to their family in Barangay

San Roque, San Pablo City, Laguna.
1. Social life
Sub-Indicators (A) (F) (S) (N)
4 3 2 1
1.1 Often bullied by playmates or co-
workers when parent/s is/are
imprisoned.
1.2 New sets of friends make a distance
as they knew that your parents/
relative are imprisoned.
1.3 Treatment of employers on job is
affected whenever they knew that
your parent/s is imprisoned.
1.4 Having a hard time gaining respect
from others because of parent/s
situation.
1.5 You’re always compared to your
parents that you might also like
them.
1.6 Having difficulty acquiring permits,

good moral certificate because of
the background of your parents.
2. Emotional and Psychological Aspect
Sub-indicators (A) (F) (S) (N)

4 3 2 1
2.1 Bothered that you may also be a
criminal as your parents.
2.2 Planned to live away from your
parents so you will not be like
them.
2.3 Traumatized by witnessing the arrest
or sentencing of your parents
2.4 Always worried that your parents may
be having a tough time inside the
prison cell that affects your daily
activities.
2.5 You feel unloved and not trusted by
the people around you due to your
parent’s incarceration.
2.6 Bothered that your parent’s criminal
activities may result for revenge of
the families which they have done
wrongful acts.
Appendices
77
3. Economic stability
Sub-indicators (A) (F) (S) (N)

4 3 2 1
3.1 Bothered by the decrease in your
family income due to the
incarceration of your parents.
3.2 Encountered discrimination from your
classmates and co-workers due to
economic instability caused by the
incarceration of parents.
3.3 Having difficulty in finding

financial assistance from other
people because they knew your
parents are imprisoned.
3.4 Being fired in the workplace or the

grades in school are being affected
because they knew parents are
incarcerated.
3.5 Frequent absences in school/work due

to financial problem.
3.6 Inability to meet your everyday

needs due to the incarceration of
your parent/s.
Appendices
78
Respondents Age Gender Civil status Educational Social Emotional and Economic Total
attainment life Psychological stability
aspect
R1 29 1 S H 17 19 14 50
R2 33 1 M V 15 16 14 45
R3 40 1 W V 17 17 11 45
R4 30 2 M C 15 15 14 44
R5 25 1 S E 15 18 15 48
R6 35 2 S H 15 17 14 46
R7 27 1 M H 16 18 15 49
R8 23 1 S E 15 17 14 46
R9 24 1 S E 14 18 12 44
R10 24 2 S E 14 19 17 50
R11 31 1 M V 15 15 14 44
R12 28 1 M V 15 16 13 44
R13 27 1 S H 14 16 11 41
R14 40 2 M C 14 19 15 48
R15 20 1 S E 17 17 15 49
R16 41 2 W H 14 16 11 41
R17 42 2 W V 16 15 13 44
R18 19 2 S E 12 15 15 42
R19 45 1 W V 16 18 14 48
R20 30 1 M H 14 15 16 45
R21 32 1 M V 14 16 17 47
R22 27 2 SE C 14 16 10 40
R23 23 1 S E 13 16 14 43
R24 34 2 M C 15 15 17 47
R25 41 1 SE H 14 16 17 47
Appendices
79
R26 25 2 S H 16 16 10 42
R27 43 1 M C 13 16 13 42
R28 38 1 W C 13 16 16 45
R29 31 2 M C 14 12 10 36
R30 22 1 S E 18 16 15 49
R31 31 1 M H 12 14 9 35
R32 32 2 S E 15 16 15 46
R33 27 2 S H 15 16 17 48
R34 28 1 S H 15 18 13 46
R35 31 1 M H 13 15 13 41
R36 35 2 M C 15 16 14 45
R37 26 1 S H 15 17 13 45
R38 45 2 W H 13 18 17 48
R39 36 1 SE C 14 15 16 45
R40 34 2 M H 11 16 14 41
R41 26 1 S H 12 14 14 40
R42 30 1 S V 14 18 16 48
R43 36 1 SE C 13 17 16 46
R44 44 2 SE C 13 18 16 47
R45 29 1 S C 15 16 14 45
R46 31 2 M C 16 18 15 49
R47 25 1 S H 13 17 15 45
R48 23 1 S E 15 17 16 48
R49 26 2 S H 15 17 13 45
R50 32 1 M C 12 16 17 45
R51 35 1 SE H 15 16 12 43
R52 27 2 M V 14 18 17 49
R53 21 1 S E 12 17 15 44
Appendices
80
R54 31 2 SE V 15 16 13 44
R55 48 1 W C 18 17 12 47
R56 35 1 SE C 13 17 18 48
R57 23 2 S E 16 15 12 43
R58 26 2 M H 14 17 17 48
R59 34 2 M C 17 17 13 47
R60 25 2 S H 15 19 16 50
Legend
Gender: 1=male 2=Female
Civil status: S=Single M=Married SE=Separated
W=Widowed/widower
Educational attainment: E=Elementary Graduate H=High School
Graduate C=College Graduate V=Vocational Graduate
Anova: Single Factor

Appendices
81
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Column 1 60 194 3.23 0.45
Column 2 60 165 2.75 0.50
Column 3 60 135 2.25 0.46
Column 4 60 159 2.65 0.40
Column 5 60 119 1.98 0.42
Column 6 60 97 1.62 0.24
Column 7 60 194 3.23 1.03
Column 8 60 86 1.43 0.25
Column 9 60 154 2.57 0.25
Column 10 60 206 3.43 0.39
Column 11 60 172 2.87 0.52
Column 12 60 177 2.95 0.49
Column 13 60 130 2.17 0.45
Column 14 60 187 3.12 0.48
Column 15 60 186 3.10 0.46
Column 16 60 90 1.50 0.25
Column 17 60 89 1.48 0.25
Column 18 60 172 2.87 0.52
ANOVA
Source of SS df MS F P- F
Variation value crit
Between 458.27 17 26.96 62.02 0.00 1.63
Groups
Within 461.60 1062 0.43
Groups
Total 919.87 1079

CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DETAILS/INFORMATION
Name: Paul Kirby U. Enfesta
Date of Birth: September 2, 1992
Place of Birth: San Pablo City, Laguna
Address: Brgy. San Roque San Pablo City, Laguna
Permanent Address Brgy. San Roque San Pablo City, Laguna
Height: 5’9
Weight: 70 kg
Civil Status: Married
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Born Again Christian
Name of Father: Ralfy C. Enfesta
Name of Mother: Nilda U. Enfesta
Occupation: Cook
Educational Attainment
Tertiary: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY
2012-in progress
Laguna State Polytechnic University – San Pablo City
Campus
Brgy. Del Remedio, San Pablo City, Laguna
Secondary: (2006-2010)
(Crest Christian School)
(San Pablo City)
Primary: (2000-2006)
(Crest Christian School)
(San Pablo City)
TRAININGS/SEMINARS ATTENDED
Drug Education and vice Control held on October 5, 2015 at the LSPU-SPCC San Pablo
City Campus Laguna;
Human Rights Based Approach to Good Governance and Code of Conduct of Law
Enforcer Officials held on December 3, 2015 at the AVEC LSPU-SPCC San Pablo City
Campus, Laguna
I hereby certify that the above information are true and correct to the best of my
knowledge.
Paul Kirby U. Enfesta

Appendices
83

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IMPACT OF INCARCERATED PARENTS TO THEIR

FAMILY IN BARANGAY SAN ROQUE

SAN PABLO CITY, LAGUNA

Presented to the Faculty of the

College of Criminal Justice Education

Laguna State Polytechnic University

San Pablo City Campus

Of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

PAUL KIRBY URI ENFESTA

LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Approved and accepted by the committee on oral

Ms. VANNEFAYE NATANAWAN Mr. MARLON M. WANKEY,MSCJ

Ms. RICHIE ROSAS S. VELASQUEZ Mr. DAN BRIÑIAS

MARLON M. WANKEY, MSCJ

December 2015 MARLON M. WANKEY, MSCJ

ELISA N. CHUA, Ph. D.

The study is designed to determine the Impact of

Incarcerated Parents to their Family in Brgy. San Roque, San

Pablo City. The study looked into the demographic profile of

the respondents in terms of age, gender, civil status and

educational attainment; the impact of incarcerated parent to

their family in Brgy. San Roque San Pablo City relative to

their a) Social life, b) Emotional/Psychological Aspect,

and c) Economic stability; significant difference of impact

in the family of incarcerated parents in Brgy. San Roque San

Pablo City relative to their a) Social life, b)

Emotional/Psychological Aspect, and c) Economic stability.

Based on the result, Majority of the respondents in terms of

age distribution belongs to the young which is from 18-30

years of age. The majority of the respondents are male. The

Majority of the respondent are Single. The majority of the

respondents are High School graduate. In the Impact of

incarcerated parents to their family in Brgy. San Roque San

Pablo City, A) Social Life revealed a general weighted mean

score of 2.4 with the respondents perception as “Seldom”, B)

Emotional/Psychological Aspect revealed a general weighted

mean score of 2.75 with the respondents perception as

“Frequent”. C) Economic Stability revealed a general

weighted mean score of 2.37 with an interpretation of

“Seldom”. There is no significant difference on the Impact

of Incarcerated Parents to their Family in Brgy. San Roque

San Pablo City, Laguna in terms or Social life, Emotional

and Psychological aspect and Economic stability. The p-value

is 2.2 was tested in the level of significance of 0.05.

Since the p-value is greater than 0.05, therefore the null

hypothesis is accepted. Based on the findings, this study

implies that there is no significant difference between of

Social life, Emotional and Psychological aspect and Economic

stability in Impact of Incarcerated Parents to there in

Brgy. San Roque San Pablo City, Laguna.

Keyword. Impact of incarcerated parents to their family.

Incarcerated parents. Prisoners.

First of all, the researchers would like to thank God

who guides and always protects the researchers when

conducting the study:

The researcher would also like to thank his associate

dean, Mr. Marlon M. Wankey, for his kindness and never

ending patience to guide and help him to make this study

To the researcher’s dear adviser, Ms. Jennifer M.

Nayoyos, thanks for being a friendly adviser and for guiding

him to fulfill this study;