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Chapter - 1: Electrostatics
Chapter - 1: Electrostatics
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, JEST, TIFR and GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES
Chapter - 1
Electrostatics
The electric field at any point due to stationary source charges is called as electrostatic field.
1.1 Coulomb’s Law and Superposition Principle
The electric force on a test charge Q due to a single point charge q , which is at rest and a
distance R apart is given by Coulomb’s law •Q
1 Qq ˆ
F= R. R
4πε 0 R 2
R is its magnitude, and R̂ is its direction. The force points along the line from q to Q ; it is
repulsive if q and Q have the same sign, and attractive if their signs are opposite.
1.1.1 Electric Field
If we have many point charges q1 , q2 ,...... at distances R1 , R2 , R3 ...... from test charge Q ,
Q ⎛ q1 ˆ q2 ˆ ⎞ Source point
F = F1 + F2 + ............ = ⎜ 2 R1 + 2 R2 + ......... ⎟
4πε 0 ⎝ R1 R2 ⎠ y
q1
•q • P
⇒ F = QE Ri •
q•
i
2 • Field point
1 n
qi ∧ •
where E ( P ) = ∑ Ri
4πε 0 i =1 Ri2
'
ri
r
E is called the electric field of the
x
source charges. Physically E ( P ) is the
•P
R • P R
•
dq
dl '
( a ) Continuous distribution ( b ) Line charge,λ
•P
R
da ' R • •P
dτ '
Example: (a) Find the Electric a distance z above the mid point between two
P
equal charges, q , a distance d apart.
z
(b) Repeat part (a) after replacing right hand charge to −q .
q1 q d d q
Solution: (a) E1 = E2 =
4πε 0 r 2 2 2
E2 E E1
Horizontal components cancels and
P z
E z = E 1 cos θ + E2 cos θ = 2 E1 cos θ
θ θ r
d2 z r x
Since r 2 = z 2 + , cos θ = z
4 r
1 2qz
⇒E= zˆ
4πε 0 ⎡ 2 3/ 2 q d /2 d /2 q
2 d ⎤
⎢z + ⎥
⎣⎢ 4 ⎦⎥
1 2q
When z >> d , E = (looks like a single charge 2q ).
4πε 0 z 2
1 q E1
(b) E1 = E2 =
4πε 0 r 2 z
E
Component along z-direction cancel out. θ E2
r x
d z
Thus E = 2 E1 sin θ xˆ , sin θ =
2r
1 qd
⇒E= xˆ +q d /2 d /2 −q
4πε 0 ⎡ 2 3/ 2
2 d ⎤
⎢z + ⎥
⎣⎢ 4 ⎦⎥
1 qd
When z >> d , E = xˆ (field of a dipole)
4πε 0 z 3
Example: Find the electric field a distance z above the midpoint of a straight line segment of
length 2 L , which carries a uniform line charge λ .
Solution: Horizontal components of two field cancels and the field of the two segment is
1 dq dE2 dE1
dE1 = dE2 = θ
4πε 0 r 2 z
P
1 ⎛ λ dx ⎞
Net field is dE = 2dE1 cos θ zˆ = 2 cos θ zˆ r
4πε 0 ⎜⎝ r 2 ⎟⎠ r
z x
z 1 L 2λ z
Here, cos θ = , r = z 2 + x 2 ⇒ E = ∫0 dx dq dq
r 4πε 0 ⎡ 2 2 ⎤3 / 2
z +x
⎣ ⎦ −L + L dx
x
L
2λ z ⎡ x ⎤ 1 2λ L
Thus E = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒E= zˆ
4πε 0 ⎢⎣ z 2 z 2 + x 2 ⎥⎦ 4πε 0 z z 2 + L2
0
1 2λL 1 2λ
For z >> L , E ≈ and when L → ∞ , E =
4πε0 z 2 4πε 0 z
Example: Find the electric field a distance z above the center of a circular loop of radius r , which
carries a uniform line charge λ .
Solution: “Horizontal” components cancel, leaving:
1 ⎧ λdl ⎫
E= ⎨ ∫ 2 cos θ ⎬ zˆ θ r
4πε0 ⎩ r ⎭ z
z R
Here r 2 = R 2 + z 2 , cos θ = (both constants),
r
1 λ (2π R) z
⇒E= zˆ ∵ ∫ dl = 2π R
4πε 0 ( R 2 + z 2 )3 / 2
da
•
→
For the case of point charge at the origin, the flux of E through a sphere of radius r is
→ → 1 ⎛ q ∧⎞ ⎛ 2 ∧
⎞ 1
∫ E .d a = ∫ r
⎜ 2 ⎟⎜.
4πε 0 ⎝ r ⎠ ⎝
r sin θ dθ d φ r ⎟= q.
⎠ ε0
Note that, any surface whatever its shape, would trap the same number of field lines. So the
q
flux through any surface enclosing the charge is .
ε0
Now suppose that instead of a single charge at the origin, we have a bunch of charges
scattered about. According to the principle of superposition, the total field is simply the
→ n →
(vector) sum of all the individual fields: E = ∑ E i .
i =1
The flux through any surface that encloses them all, then, is
→ → n
⎛ → →⎞ n ⎛ 1 ⎞
∫ E .d a = ∑i ⎜⎝ ∫ E i .d a ⎟⎠ = ∑i ⎜ ε qi ⎟ .
⎝ 0 ⎠
A charge outside the surface would contribute nothing to the total flux, since its field lines
go in one side and out the other. It follows, then, that for any closed surface,
→ → 1
∫ E .d a = ε0
Qenc
where Qenc is the total charge enclosed within the surface. This is Gauss’s law in integral
form.
We can convert Gauss’s law in integral form to differential form, for continuous charge
distributions, by applying the divergence theorem:
→ →
⎛→ →⎞
∫
surface
E .d a = ∫ ⎜ ∇ . E ⎟⎠dτ .
volume ⎝
⎛→ →⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
So Gauss’s law becomes ∫ ⎜ ∇ . E ⎟dτ = ∫ ⎜ ρ ⎟dτ .
volume ⎝ ⎠ ε ⎠
volume ⎝ 0
Since this holds for any volume, the integrands must be equal:
→ → 1
∇. E = ρ.
ε0
r R
Gaussian surface
Example: Find the field inside and outside a uniformly charged solid sphere of radius R and total
charge q .
Solution: Draw a spherical surface of radius r < R , which is called as “Gaussian surface”.
According Gauss’s Law
Gaussian
→ → 1 1 surface
∫ E .d a = ε
S 0
Qenc ⇒ ∫ E da = E ∫ da = E × 4π r 2 =
S S ε0
Qenc
r R
⎧ ⎫
1 ⎪ q 4 ⎪
| E | ×4π r 2 = ⎨ × π r3 ⎬
ε 0 ⎪ 4 π R3 3 ⎪
⎩3 ⎭
1 qr 1 qr Gaussian
⇒ E = ⇒E= rˆ surface
4πε 0 R3 4πε 0 R3
For outside point, draw a spherical surface of radius r > R , R r
1 1 q
| E | ×4π r 2 = q ⇒E= rˆ
ε0 4πε 0 r 2
Example: A long cylinder carries a charge density that is proportional to the distance from the axis;
ρ = kr , for some constant k . Find the electric field inside this cylinder.
Solution: Draw a Gaussian cylinder of length l and radius r .
Gaussian surface
E
l
E
→ → 1
For this surface, Gauss’s Law states: ∫ E .d a =
S
ε0
Qenc
2π
Now, Qenc = ∫ ρ dτ = ∫ (kr ')(r ' dr ' dφ dz ) = 2π kl ∫0r r '2 dr ' = klr 3 .
3
Symmetry dictates that E must point radially outward and the two ends contribute nothing
to electric flux as E ⊥ da .
1 2π
For curved portion ∫ E.da = ∫ | E | da =| E | ∫ da =| E | ×2π rl = klr 3
ε0 3
1
⇒E= kr 2 rˆ .
3ε 0
Example: Find the electric field a distance r from an infinitely long straight wire, which
carries a uniform line charge λ .
Solution: Draw a Gaussian cylinder of length l and radius r .
r
λ
l
→ → 1 1
For this surface, Gauss’s Law state: ∫
S
E .d a = Qenc ⇒ E × 2π rl = λ l
ε0 ε0
→ λ
⇒E= rˆ
2πε 0 r
Example: An infinite plane carries a uniform surface charge σ . Find its electric field.
Solution: Draw a “Gaussian pill box”, extending equal distances above and below the plane.
E Α
E
→ → 1
Apply Gauss’s Law to this surface: ∫ E .d a =
S
ε0
Qenc
In this case, Qenc = σ A , where A is the area of the pill box. By symmetry, E points away
from the plane (upward for the points above, downward for points below).
1
Thus ∫ E.da = 2 A× | E | whereas sides contribute nothing. Thus 2 A× | E |= σA
ε0
σ
⇒E= nˆ where n̂ is the unit vector pointing away from the surface
2ε 0
Example: Suppose the electric field in some region is found to be E = Ar 3rˆ , in spherical
coordinates ( A is some constant).
(a) Find the charge density ρ .
(b) Find the total charge contained in a sphere of radius R , centered at the origin.
Solution:
⎡1 ∂ 2 1 ∂ 1 ∂Eφ ⎤
(a) ρ = ε 0 ∇.E = ε 0 ⎢ (r Er ) + (sin θ Eθ ) + ⎥
⎣ r ∂r
2 r sin θ ∂θ r 2 sin θ ∂φ ⎦
1
∵ Er = Ar 3 , Eθ = 0, Eφ = 0 ⇒ ρ = ε 0 A(5r 4 ) = 5ε 0 Ar 2
2
r
Example: A charge q sits at the back corner of a cube as shown in figure. What is the flux of
E through the shaded side?
Solution: Think of this cube as one of 8 surrounding the charge. Each of the 24 squares which
make up the surface of this larger cube gets the same flux as every other one.
1 q
∫ E.da = ∫ E.da =
one face 24 whole 24ε 0
large
cube
→ ∧ ∧ ∧
In spherical coordinates, d l = dr r + rdθ θ + r sin θ φ •b
rb
b b
→ → 1 q → → 1 q
⇒ E .d l = dr ⇒ ∫ E .d l = ∫ dr , q• y
4πε 0 r 2
a
4πε 0 a r 2
ra
a•
x
b → →
1 ⎛1 1⎞
⇒ ∫ E .d l = q ⎜ − ⎟ where ra is the distance from the origin to point a and rb is
a
4πε 0 ⎝ ra rb ⎠
the distance to b .
→ →
Then integral around a closed path is zero i.e. ∫ E .d l = 0 (∵ ra = rb )
This line integral is independent of path. It depends on two end points.
Applying stokes theorem, we get ∇ × E = 0 . The electric field is not just any vector but only
those vector whose curl is zero.
If we have many charges, the principle of superposition states that the total field is the
vector sum of their individual fields:
→ → →
E = E1 + E 2 + ............
→ → → → → →
So, ∇× E = ∇× E1 + ∇× E2 + ........... = 0
→ →
Since ∫ E .d l = 0 , the line integral is independent of path.
P → →
So, we can define a function V ( r ) = − ∫ E .d l
ϑ
where ϑ is some standard reference point V then depends only on the point r . It is called the
electric potential.
Evidently, the potential difference between two points a and b is
b → → a → →
V ( b ) − V ( a ) = − ∫ E .d l + ∫ E .d l ,
ϑ ϑ
b → → ϑ → → b → →
V ( b ) − V ( a ) = − ∫ E .d l − ∫ E .d l ⇒ V ( b ) − V ( a ) = − ∫ E .d l .
ϑ a a
⇒ E = −∇V .
Potential obeys the superposition principle.
1.3.2 Potential of localized charges
1 q
Potential of a point charge q is V = where R is the distance from the charge.
4πε 0 R
n
1 qi
The potential of a collection of point charge is V =
4πε 0
∑R i =1
.
i
1 ρ (r ′)
For continuous volume charge distribution V (r ) =
4πε 0 ∫ R
dτ ′
1 λ (r ′)
The potential of line and surface charges are V (r ) =
4πε 0 ∫ R
dl ′
1 σ (r ′)
and V (r ) =
4πε 0 ∫ R
da′ .
(b) E = k[ y 2 xˆ + (2 xy + z 2 ) yˆ + 2 yzzˆ ]
xˆ yˆ zˆ
∂ ∂ ∂
Solution: (a) ∇ × E1 = k = k [ xˆ (0 − 2 y ) + yˆ (0 − 3 z ) + zˆ (0 − x) ] ≠ 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
xy 2 yz 3 zx
Example: Find the potential inside and outside a spherical shell of radius R , charge q .
Solution: From Gauss's law the field
⎧ q
⎪ E1 = rˆ; outside the sphere (r > R)
E=⎨ 4πε 0 r 2
⎪
⎩ E2 = 0; inside the sphere (r < R )
q q
Potential outside ( r > R ) is: V (r ) = − ∫∞r E1.dl = − ∫∞r rˆ.drrˆ =
4πε 0 r 2 4πε 0 r
q
Potential inside ( r < R ) is: V (r ) = − ∫∞r E.dl = − ∫∞R E1.dl - ∫Rr E2 .dl =
4πε 0 R
So potential inside the spherical shell is constant.
q q
Thus V ( r ) = ; r ≤ R and V ( r ) = ; r > R.
4πε 0 R 4πε 0 r
Example: Find the potential inside and outside a uniformly charged solid sphere whose radius is R
and whose total charge is q .
Solution: From Gauss's law the field
⎧ q
⎪ E1 = rˆ; outside the sphere (r > R)
⎪ 4πε 0 r 2
E=⎨
⎪ E = qr rˆ; inside the sphere (r < R)
⎪ 2 4πε R3
⎩ 0
q q
Potential outside ( r > R ) is: V (r ) = − ∫∞r E1.dl = − ∫∞r dr =
4πε 0 r 2 4πε 0 r
Potential inside ( r < R ) is: V (r ) = − ∫∞r E.dl = − ∫∞R E1.dl - ∫Rr E2 .dl
⎛ 1 q ⎞ ⎛ 1 qr ′ ⎞ q ⎡ 1 1 ⎛ r 2 − R2 ⎞⎤
⇒ V (r ) = − ∫∞R ⎜ ⎟ dr ′ − ∫Rr ⎜ ⎟ dr ′ = ⎢ − ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎝ 4πε 0 r ′ ⎠
2
⎝ 4πε 0 R ⎠
3 4πε 0 ⎢⎣ R R3 ⎝⎜ 2 ⎠⎟ ⎥
⎦
q 1 ⎛ r2 ⎞
⇒ V (r ) = ⎜3− 2 ⎟
4πε 0 2 R ⎜⎝ R ⎟⎠
Example: Find the potential a distance r from an infinitely long straight wire that carries a
uniform line charge λ .
λ
Solution: since E = rˆ . In this case we cannot set the reference point at ∞ , since the charge
2πε 0 r
itself extends to ∞ . Let’s set it at r = a
⎛ 1 λ⎞ λ ⎛r⎞
Then V (r ) = − ∫ar ⎜ ⎟ dr ′ = − ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2πε 0 r ′ ⎠ 2πε 0 ⎝ a ⎠
equation, ∇ 2V = 0 .
Example: Consider two concentric spherical conducting shells centered at the origin. The outer
radius of the inner shell is ra and the inner radius of the outer shell is rb .The charge ensity
⊥ ⊥ σ E⊥
⇒ Eabove − Ebelow = .
ε0 below
σ
The normal component of E is discontinuous by an amount at any boundary. If there is
ε0
no surface charge, E ⊥ is continuous.
The tangential component of E is always
∈ E ||
continuous. σ l above
||
where E stands for the components of E parallel to the surface.
The boundary conditions on E can be combined into single formula:
σ
E above − E below = nˆ
ε0
where n̂ is unit vector perpendicular to the surface, pointing upward.
b
The potential is continuous across any boundary, since Vabove − Vbelow = − ∫ E.dl ; as the path
a
shrinks to zero.
b
⇒ Vabove = Vbelow . σ •
σ a•
Since E = −∇V ⇒ ∇Vabove − ∇Vbelow = − n,
ε0
∂Vabove ∂Vbelow σ
⇒ − =−
∂n ∂n ε0
∂V
where = ∇V ⋅ nˆ denotes the normal derivative of V (that is the rate of change in the
∂n
direction perpendicular to the surface.)
Example: Assume that z = 0 plane is the interface between two linear and homogenous dielectrics
(see figure). The relative permittivities are ε r = 5 for z > 0 and ε r = 4 for z < 0 . The
( )
electric field in the region z > 0 is E1 = 3iˆ − 5 ˆj + 4kˆ k V m . If there are no free charges
εr = 4
Solution: ∵ E1 = E 2 ⇒ E 2 = 3iˆ − 5 ˆj
( )
⇒ E 2 = 3iˆ − 5 ˆj + 5kˆ k V m
1.6 Work and Energy in Electrostatics
The work done in moving a test charge Q in an external field E , from point a to b is
b b
a•
W = ∫ F ⋅ dl = − Q ∫ E ⋅ dl = Q ⎡⎣V ( b ) − V ( a ) ⎤⎦ q1 •
a a •
•
If a = ∞ and b = r • • Q
qi •
q2 • •
⇒ W = Q ⎡⎣V ( r ) − V ( ∞ ) ⎤⎦ = QV ( r ) since V ( ∞ ) = 0 • b•
In this sense potential is potential energy (the work it takes to create the system) per unit
charge (just as the field is the force per unit charge).
1 ⎛ q q ⎞
Similarly when third charge q3 is placed W3 = q3 ⎜ 1 + 2 ⎟
4πε 0 ⎝ R13 R23 ⎠
1 ⎛ q1q2 q1q3 q2 q3 ⎞
The work necessary to assemble the first three charges is W = ⎜ + + ⎟
4πε 0 ⎝ R12 R13 R23 ⎠
1 n n qi q j 1 n n qi q j 1 n
In general, W =
4πε 0
∑∑
i =1 j =1 Rij
=
8πε 0
∑∑
i =1 j =1 Rij
= ∑ qiV ( ri ) , where V ( ri ) is the
2 i =1
j >i j ≠i
Example: Four charges are situated at the corners of a square (side a ) as shown in figure. How
much work does it take to assemble the whole configuration of four charges?
−q +q
+q −q
a
Solution: Work done in placing first charge ( −q charge upper left corner) W1 = 0
1 ⎛ q2 ⎞
Work done in placing second charge ( + q charge lower left corner) W2 = ⎜− ⎟
4πε 0 ⎝ a ⎠
1 ⎛ q2 q2 ⎞
W3 = ⎜− + ⎟
4πε 0 ⎝ a 2a ⎠
1 qi 1 ⎛ q q q⎞ q ⎛ 1 ⎞
V=
4πε 0
∑r = ⎜ − +
4πε 0 ⎝ a
− ⎟= ⎜
2a a ⎠ 4πε 0 a ⎝
−2 + ⎟
2⎠
i
q2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
⇒ W4 = qV = ⎜ −2 + ⎟
4πε 0 a ⎝ 2⎠
1 2q 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ q2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
Total work done = W1 + W2 + W3 + W4 = ⎜ −2 + ⎟ = ⎜ −2 + ⎟
4πε 0 a ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2πε 0 a ⎝ 2⎠
1.6.2 Energy of Continuous Charge Distribution
1
2∫
For a volume charge density W = ρVdτ ,
ε0
( )
Since ρ = ε 0 ∇.E ⇒ W =
2 ∫
(∇.E )Vdτ ⇒ W = ε0 ⎡
( ) ( )
⎤
⎢ − ∫ E. ∇V dτ + ∫ ∇. V E dτ ⎥
2 ⎣ V V ⎦
ε0 ⎡ ⎤
⇒W = ⎢ ∫ E dτ + ∫ V E.d a ⎥ Since E = −∇V
2
2 ⎣V S ⎦
The above equation gives the correct energy W , whatever volume we use as long as it
encloses all the charges, but the contribution from the volume integral goes up, and that of
the surface integral goes down, as we take larger and larger volumes. In particular, if we
integrate over all space, then the surface integral goes to zero, and we have
ε0
W=
2 ∫
all space
E 2 dτ
Example: Energy of a uniformly charged spherical shell of total charge q and radius R.
1 q
Solution: E inside = 0, Eoutside = rˆ
4πε 0 r 2
ε ε R 2 ε ∞ 2 ε0 ⎛ q2 ⎞ 2
W= 0 ∫ E 2 dτ = 0 ∫ Ein dτ + 0 ∫ Eout dτ = ∫ ⎜ ⎟ (r sin θ drdθ dφ )
2 all space 2 0 2 R 2(4πε 0 )2 outside ⎜⎝ r 4 ⎟⎠
1 1 q2
W= q 2 4π ∫R∞ dr ⇒ W = .
32π 2ε 0 r2 8πε 0 R
Example: Find the energy stored in a uniformly charged solid sphere of radius R and charge q.
1 qr 1 q
Solution: E = rˆ; r > R and E= rˆ; r < R
4πε 0 R 3 4πε 0 r 2
ε0 ⎧⎪ 1
q2
2 ⎫⎪ 1 q2 ⎧ 1 1 ⎫
∞ R⎛ r ⎞
W= ⎨ ∫ ( r 2
4π dr ) + ∫0 ⎜ 3⎟ (4π r 2
dr ) ⎬ = ⎨ + ⎬,
2 (4πε 0 )2 ⎪ R r 4 ⎝ R ⎠ ⎪ 4πε 0 2 ⎩ R 5 R ⎭
⎩ ⎭
1 3q 2
W=
4πε 0 5 R
1.7 Basic Properties of Conductors
1. E = 0 inside a conductor.
2. ρ = 0 inside a conductor.
3. Any net charge resides on the surface.
4. A conductor is an equipotential.
5. E is perpendicular to the surface, just outside a conductor.
Because the field inside a conductor is zero, boundary condition
σ
E above − E below = nˆ requires that the field immediately outside is
ε0
σ
E= nˆ .
ε0
∂Vabove ∂Vbelow σ
In terms of potential equation − =− yields
∂n ∂n ε0
∂V
σ = −ε 0 .
∂n
These equations enable us to calculate the surface charge on a conductor, if we can
determine E or V .
1 2
Force per unit area on the conductor is f = σ nˆ .
2ε 0
This amounts to an outwards electrostatic pressure on the surface, tending to draw the
conductor into the field, regardless the sign of σ . Expressing the pressure in terms of the
field just outside the surface,
ε0
P= E2 .
2
∂V ⎡ 2 E0 a 3 ⎤
Solution: σ = −ε 0 = −ε 0 ⎢ − E0 sin θ − 3 sin θ ⎥
∂r r =a ⎣ r ⎦ r =a
3 3
σ = −ε 0 [ − E0 sin θ − 2 E0 sin θ ] ⇒ σ = +3E0ε 0 sin θ = +3E0ε 0 sin 600 = ε 0 E0
2
Example: Two spherical cavities, of radii a and b , are hollowed out from the interior of a
conducting sphere of radius R . At the center of each cavity a point charge is placed, call
these charges qa and qb .
−qa − qb q +q
Solution: (a) σ a = , σb = , σ R = a 2b .
4π a 2
4π b 2
4π R
1 qa + qb
(b) E = rˆ; r > R
4πε 0 r 2
1 qa 1 qb
(c) E = rˆ; r < a and E = rˆ; r < b.
4πε 0 r 2
4πε 0 r 2
(d) Zero.
(e) σ R will change and hence electric field outside the conductor will also change.
E dip ( r ,θ ) =
p
4πε 0 r 3 ( 2 cosθ rˆ + sin θθˆ ) .
( ) ( )
We can express p = p.rˆ rˆ + p.θˆ θˆ = p cos θ rˆ − p sin θθˆ .
( )
Thus 3 p ⋅ rˆ rˆ − p = 2 p cos θ rˆ + p sin θθˆ
⇒ E dip ( r ,θ ) =
1
( )
⎡3 p ⋅ rˆ rˆ − p ⎤
4πε 0 r 3 ⎣ ⎦
Note:
(a) When a dipole is placed in a uniform electric field ( E ), net force on the dipole is zero
and it experiences a torque τ = p × E where p = qd .
(
(b) In non-uniform field, dipoles have net force F = p ⋅∇ E and torque τ = p × E . )
(c) Energy of an ideal dipole p in an electric field E is U = − p.E .
U=
1
4πε 0 r 3
[p ⋅ p − 3(p ⋅ rˆ)(p ⋅ rˆ)]
1 2 1 2
π
Solution: (a) At (a, 0, 0), r = a,θ =
2
; E=
p
4πε 0 r 3 ( 2 cosθ rˆ + sin θθˆ ) = 4πεp a θˆ
0
3
p pq
E=− zˆ ⇒ F = qE = − zˆ
4πε 0 a 3
4πε 0 a 3
2p 2 pq
E= zˆ ⇒ F = qE = zˆ
4πε 0 a 3
4πε 0 a 3
p cos θ p
(c) Vdip ( r ,θ ) = ⇒ V (a, 0, 0) = 0 and V (0, 0, a) = ,
4πε o r 2
4πε o a 2
p
W = q [ V (0, 0, a) − V (a, 0, 0) ] =
4πε o a 2
Example: In figure p1 and p 2 are (perfect) dipoles a distance r apart. What is the torque
r
P1 P2
Solution: τ 1 = p1 × E 2 , where E 2 =
p2
4πε 0 r 3 ( 2 cos π rˆ + sin πθˆ ) = 4−πε2 pa
0
2
3
rˆ,
2 p1 p2
τ1 = (inward)
4πε 0 a 3
p1 ⎛ π π ˆ⎞ p2 ˆ
τ 2 = p 2 × E1 , where E1 = ⎜ 2 cos rˆ + sin θ ⎟ = θ,
4πε 0 r ⎝ 3
2 2 ⎠ 4πε 0 a 3
p1 p2
τ2 = (inward)
4πε 0 a 3
1.8.2 Approximate potential at large distances
Approximate potential at large distances due to arbitrary localized charge distribution
R •P
dτ '•
r
r ' θ′
•
1 ⎡1 ⎛3 1⎞ ⎤
V (r ) = ⎢
4πε 0 ⎣ r ∫ ( ) r
1
( )
r
1
ρ r ' dτ ' + 2 ∫ r ' cos θ ' ρ r ' dτ ' + 2 ∫ (r )
' 2
( )
⎜ cos θ − ⎟ ρ r dτ + ...⎥
⎝2
2 '
2⎠
' '
⎦
1
The first term ( n = 0 ) is the monopole contribution (it goes like ). The second term ( n = 1) is
r
1
the dipole term (it goes like ). The third term is quadrupole; the fourth octopole and so
r2
on.
The lowest nonzero term in the expansion provides the approximate potential at large r and
the successive terms tell us how to improve the approximation if greater precision is
required.
If the total charge is zero, the dominant term in the potential will be the dipole (unless, of
course, it also vanishes):
1 rˆ. p
Vdip ( r ) =
1 1
4πε 0 r 2 ∫ ( )
r ' cos θ ' ρ r ' dτ ' =
1 1
4πε 0 r 2 ( )
rˆ.∫ r ' ρ r ' dτ ' =
4πε 0 r 2
,
The dipole moment is determined by the geometry (size, shape and density) of the charge
distribute. The dipole moment of a collection of point charge is
n
p = ∑ qi ri '
i =1
Note: Ordinarily, the dipole moment does change when we shift the origin, but there is an
important exception: If the total charge is zero, then the dipole moment is independent of
the choice of origin.
Example: Find the approximate potential for points on the z
z –axis, far from the sphere. Four particles of charges
3a
q , 3q , −2q and −2q are placed as shown in figure,
a
each a distance a from the origin. Find a simple a a y
approximate formula for the potential, valid at points − 2q a − 2q
far from the origin.
x q
()
ρ r = ρ ( R 2 − r 2 ) cos 2 θ ; r < R
Find the leading order term for the electric field at a distance d , far away from the charge
distribution.
Solution: ( ) 1
Q = ∫ ρ dτ = ρ ∫ R 2 − r 2 cos 2 θ × r 2 sin θ dr dθ dφ ≠ 0 ⇒ V ∝
d
⇒E∝
1
d2
Example: A sphere of radius R , centered at the origin, carries charge density
R
ρ (r ,θ ) = k 2 ( R − 2r ) sin θ , where k is a constant, and r , θ are the usual spherical
r
coordinates.
⎡1 ⎤
Solution: Monopole term: Q = ∫ ρ dτ = kR ∫ ⎢ ( R − 2r ) sin θ ⎥ r 2 sin θ dr dθ dφ = 0
⎣ r2 ⎦
R
Since the r integral is ∫0 ( R − 2r )dr = 0 .
Dipole term:
( ) ⎡1 ⎤
p = ∫ r ' ρ r ' dτ ' = ∫ r cos θ ρ dτ = KR ∫ (r cos θ ) ⎢ ( R − 2r ) sin θ ⎥ r 2 sin θ dr dθ dφ = 0 ,
⎣ r2 ⎦
π
π sin 3 θ
Since the integral is ∫0 sin 2
θ cos θ dθ = =0.
3
0
Quadrupole term:
⎛3 1⎞ 1 ⎡1 ⎤
∫ r 2 ⎜ cos 2 θ − ⎟ ρ dτ = kR ∫ r 2 (3cos 2 θ − 1) ⎢ ( R − 2r ) sin θ ⎥ r 2 sin θ dr dθ
⎝2 2⎠ 2 ⎣ r2 ⎦
R
R 2 ⎛ r3 r4 ⎞ R4 R4 −R4
r integral : ∫0 r ( R − 2 r ) dr = ⎜ R − ⎟ = − =
⎜ 3 2 ⎟ 3 2 6
⎝ ⎠0
π 3π π
θ integral: ∫0π (3cos 2 θ − 1) sin 2 θ dθ = 2 ∫0π sin 2 θ dθ − 3∫0π sin 4 θ dθ = 2 × − 3 × =− .
2 8 8
2π
φ integral: ∫0 dφ = 2π .
1 ⎛ − R 4 ⎞ ⎛ −π ⎞ kπ 2 R 5
⇒whole integral = kR × ⎜ ⎟× × π =
⎜ 6 ⎟ ⎜⎝ 8 ⎟ 2 .
2 ⎝ ⎠ ⎠ 48
1 kπ 2 R 5
For point P on the z –axis ( r → z ) the approximate potential is V ( z ) ≅ .
4π ∈0 48 z 3
1.9 Polarization
When a piece of dielectric material is placed in an external field and if the substance
consists of neutral atoms, the field will induce in a tiny dipole moment, pointing in the same
direction as the field. If the material is made up of polar molecules each permanent dipole
will experience a torque, tending to line it up along the field direction. (Random thermal
motions compete with this process, so the alignment is never complete, especially at higher
temperatures, and disappears almost at once when the field is removed.)
(Polarization) P ≡ dipole moment per unit volume
1.9.1 The Field of a Polarized Object (Bound Charges)
Suppose we have a piece of polarized material with
R •
polarization vector P containing a lot of microscopic
dipoles lined up. p•
For a single dipole of dipole moment p we have
1 p.Rˆ
V (r ) = where R is the vector from the dipole
4πε 0 R 2
to the point at which we are evaluating the potential.
1 Rˆ .P(r ')
4πε 0 V∫ R 2
Thus V (r ) = dτ ' ; since p = P(r ′)dτ '
The first term looks like the potential of a surface bound charge σ b = P.nˆ (where n̂ is the
normal unit vector)
The second term looks like the potential of a volume bound charge ρb = −∇.P
Thus potential (and hence also the field) of a polarized object is the same as that produced
by a volume charge density ρb = −∇.P plus a surface charge density σ b = P.nˆ .
ρ
From Gauss Law; ∇.E =
ε0
( )
⇒ ε 0 ∇.E = ( ρb + ρ f ) = −∇.P + ρ f where E is now the total
( )
⇒ ∇. ε 0 E + P = ρ f ⇒ ∇.D = ρ f where D = ε 0 E + P is known as the electric
displacement.
Thus Gauss’ law reads, ∇.D = ρ f
or, in integral form ∫ D.d a = Q f enc , where Q fenc denotes the total free charge enclosed in the
volume.
1.10.2 Linear Dielectrics (Susceptibility, Permittivity, Dielectric Constant)
For any substances, the polarization is proportional to the field provided Ε is not too
strong: P ∝ E ⇒ P = ε 0 χ e E
(Materials that obey this relation are called linear dielectrics)
The constant of proportionality, χ e is called the electric susceptibility of the medium. The
value of χ e depends on the microscopic structure of the substance and also on external
conditions such as temperature.
In linear media we have
D = ε 0 E + P = ε 0 E + ε 0 χ e E = ε 0 E (1 + χ e ) = ε E , where ε = ε 0 (1 + χ e )
(∵ ∇ × E = 0 )
1.10.4 Energy in dielectric system
W=
1
(
∫ D ⋅ E dτ .
2 all space
)
Example: A metal sphere of radius a carries a charge Q . It is surrounded, out to radius b , by
linear dielectric material of permittivity ε . Find the potential at the center.
Q
Solution: ∫ D.d a = Q f enc ⇒ D=
4π r 2
rˆ ; for all points r > a
⎪ Q
E=⎨ rˆ for r > b
⎪ 4πε 0 r
2
⎪0 for r < a.
⎪
⎩
Potential at the center is therefore
0 b⎛ Q ⎞ a⎛ Q ⎞ 0 Q ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
V = − ∫∞ E.dl = − ∫∞ ⎜ ⎟ dr − ∫b ⎜ ⎟ dr − ∫a (0)dr ⇒ V = ⎜ + − ⎟
⎜ 4πε r 2 ⎟ ⎝ 4πε r 2 ⎠ 4π ⎝ ε 0b ε a ε b ⎠
⎝ 0 ⎠
Forget about the actual problem; we are going to study a complete different situation.
The new problem consists of two point charges + q at ( 0,0, d ) and −q at ( 0,0, − d ) and no
conducting plane. For this configuration we can easily write down the potential:
⎡ ⎤
1 ⎢ q q ⎥
V ( x, y, z ) = −
4πε0 ⎢ x 2 + y 2 + z − d 2 2⎥
⎣⎢ ( ) x + y + ( z + d ) ⎦⎥
2 2
and the only charge in the region z > 0 is the point charge + q at ( 0,0, d ) . Thus the second
configuration produces exactly the same potential as the first configuration, in the upper
region z ≥ 0 .
⎧ ⎫
∂V 1 ⎪ −q ( z − d ) q(z + d) ⎪
⇒ = ⎨ + 3 ⎬
∂z 4πε 0 ⎪ ⎡ 2 3
x + y2 + ( z − d ) ⎤ ⎡ x 2 + y 2 + ( z + d )2 ⎤ 2 ⎪
2 2
⎩ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎭
− qd
⇒ σ ( x, y ) =
( )
3
2π x 2 + y 2 + d 2 2
This integral, over the xy -plane, could be done in Cartesian coordinates, with da = dx dy ,
Then
− qd
σ ( R) =
( )
3
2π r 2 + d 2 2
∞ ∞
2π −qd qd
and Q = ∫ ∫ rdrdφ = = −q
( )
3
0
0 2π r + d
2 2 2 r2 + d 2
0
One can determine the energy by calculating the work required to bring q in from infinity.
d
1 ⎛ q2 ⎞
d d
1 q2 1 q2
W = ∫ F .dl =
4πε 0 ∞∫ 4 z 2
dz = ⎜− ⎟ = −
∞
4πε 0 ⎝ 4 z ⎠ ∞ 4πε 0 4d
Example: Find the force on the charge + q as shown in figure (The xy – plane is a grounded
conductor).
z z
Solution: 3d • + q 3d • + q
d • −2q d • −2q
≡
y y
− d • +2q
x x
−3d • − q
Place image charges +2q at z = − d and −q at z = −3d .
Total force on + q is
q ⎡ −2q 2q −q ⎤ 1 ⎛ 29q 2 ⎞
F= ⎢ + + ⎥ z
ˆ = − ⎜ ⎟ zˆ
4πε 0 ⎢⎣ (2d )2 (4d ) 2 (6d ) 2 ⎥⎦ 4πε 0 ⎜⎝ 72d 2 ⎟⎠
1 ⎛ 29q 2 ⎞
F =− ⎜ ⎟ zˆ
4πε 0 ⎜⎝ 72d 2 ⎟⎠
R
R r
a R'
• •q
θ
• • •q
V =0 b q'
a
Let us examine the completely different configuration, consisting of the point charge q
together with another point charge
R
q' = − q
a
placed at a distance
R2
b=
a
to the right of the centre of sphere. No conductor, now-just two point charges. The potential
of this configuration is
1 ⎛ q q' ⎞
V (r ,θ ) = ⎜ + ⎟
4πε 0 ⎝ R R′ ⎠
1 ⎧⎪ q q' ⎫⎪
⇒ V (r ,θ ) = ⎨ + ⎬
4πε 0 ⎩⎪ r 2 + a 2 − 2ra cos θ r 2 + b 2 − 2rb cos θ ⎭⎪
⎧ ⎫
q ⎪ 1 1 ⎪
V (r , θ ) = ⎨ − ⎬
4πε 0 ⎪ r 2 + a 2 − 2ra cos θ R 2 + (ra / R )2 − 2ra cos θ ⎪⎭
⎩
Clearly when r = R, V → 0
Induced charge
∂V ∂V ∂V
σ = −ε 0 . In this case = at the point r = R .
∂n ∂n ∂r
∂V ( r ,θ )
⇒ σ (θ ) = −ε 0
∂r r=R
q ⎧⎪ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎫⎪
−3 / 2 −3 / 2 a
=− ⎨ − ( R 2
+ a 2
− 2 Ra cos θ ) ( R − a cos θ ) + ( R 2
+ a 2
− 2 Ra cos θ ) ⎜ − a cos θ ⎟ ⎬
4π ⎜ R ⎟
⎪⎩ ⎝ ⎠ ⎪⎭
q ⎡ a2 ⎤
= ( R 2 + a 2 − 2 Ra cos θ )−3 / 2 ⎢ R − a cos θ − + a cos θ ⎥
4π ⎢⎣ R ⎥⎦
q
σ (θ ) = ( R 2 − a 2 )( R 2 + a 2 − 2 Ra cos θ )−3 / 2
4π R
q
qincluded = q′ = ∫ σ da = ( R 2 − a 2 ) ∫ ( R 2 + a 2 − 2 Ra cos θ )−3 / 2 R 2 sin θ dθ dφ
4π R
π
q 1 2⎡ ⎤
q′ = ( R − a )2π R ⎢ −
2 2
( R 2 + a 2 − 2 Ra cos θ )−1/ 2 ⎥
4π R ⎣ Ra ⎦0
q 2 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
q′ = (a − R 2 ) ⎢ − ⎥
2a ⎢⎣ R 2 + a 2 + 2 Ra R 2 + a 2 − 2 Ra ⎥⎦
q 2 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤ q
q′ = (a − R 2 ) ⎢ − ⎥ =− R
2a ⎣ (a + R) (a − R) ⎦ a
q
⇒ q' = − R
a
Force
The force on q, due to the sphere, is the same as the force of the image charge q′, thus:
1 qq ' 1 ⎛ R 2⎞ 1 1 q 2 Ra
F= = ⎜ − q ⎟ = −
4πε 0 (a − b)2 4πε 0 ⎝ a ⎠ ⎛ 2 4πε 0 (a 2 − R 2 )2
R2 ⎞
⎜a − ⎟
⎜ a ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Energy
To bring q in from infinity to a, we do work
a
q2 R a a q2 R ⎡ 1 1 ⎤ 1 q2 R
W= ∫ da = ⎢ − ⎥ = −
4πε 0 ∞ (a 2 − R 2 )2 4πε 0 ⎢⎣ 2 (a 2 − R 2 ) ⎥⎦ ∞ 4πε 0 2(a 2 − R 2 )
1 q2 R
W =−
4πε 0 2(a 2 − R 2 )
(d) A point charge Q3 = −3nC , placed at the midpoint between Q1 and Q2 , experiences no
net force.
Q2. A ring of radius R carries a uniformly distributed charge +Q . A point charge − q is placed
on the axis of the ring at a distance x ( x << R ) from the centre of the ring and released
(a)
Q
2 2πε 0 L2
(
(b) 2 2 + 1 ) 8πεQ L0
2
Q Q
A L B
(
(c) 2 2 + 1 ) 8πεQ L
0
3 (
(d) 2 2 − 1 ) 8πεQ L0
2
Q4. Three charges are located on the circumference of a circle of radius R as shown in the figure
below. The two charges q subtends an angle 90° at the centre of the circle. The charge Q is
symmetrically placed with respect to the charges q. If the electric field at the centre of the
circle is zero, what is the magnitude of Q? q q
(a) q / 2 (b) 2q
(c) 2q (d) 4q
Q
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Q5. A loop of diameter d is rotated in a uniform electric field until the position of maximum
electric flux is found. The flux in this position is measured to be φ . What is the electric
field strength?
4φ 2φ φ πφ d 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
πd2 πd2 πd2 4
Q6. A charge q is placed symmetrically with respect to three faces of equal area as shown in the
figure. What is the total electric flux through the faces?
q q
(a) (b)
ε0 2ε 0
q
q
(c) (d) zero
3ε 0
Q9. Three infinitely long charge sheets are placed as shown in figure. The electric field at point
P is
2σ 4σ σ z = 3a
(a) ẑ (b) ẑ
ε0 ε0 •P
− 2σ z=a
2σ
(c) − ẑ (d) zero
ε0 −σ z = −a
Q10. A cylindrical rod of length l and radius R, made of an inhomogeneous dielectric, is placed
with its axis along the z-direction with one end x
at the origin as shown in figure below. If the
volume charge density ρ = −10z, then the total
R
charge inside the dielectric is z
(a) zero (b) 10π R l
2
l
(c) −5π R l 2
(d) −5π R l
2 2 y
Q
Q11. Given that electric field Ε = (1 − cos 3r ) rˆ in spherical polar coordinates. The charge
πε 0 r 2
density associated with it is:
Q ⎛ −2 ⎞ 3Q
(a) ⎜ 3 + 3sin 3r ⎟ (b) sin 3r
2πε 0 r ⎝ r
2
⎠ πε 0 r 2
3Q 3Q
(c) sin 3r (d) cos 3r
π r2 πε 0 r 2
ε 0 Ab
Q12. The charge density in spherical polar coordinate is ρ = − e − br + 4πε 0 Aδ (r ) . Then the
r 2
⎛ ∞
⎞
total charge contained in a sphere of infinite radius is: ⎜ use ∫ δ (r )4π r 2 dr = 1⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠
(a) 0 (b) 4πε 0 A (c) −4πε 0 A (d) ε 0 Abe −br
rˆ
Q13. A static charge distribution gives rise to an electric field of the form E = α e − r / R , where α
r2
and R are positive constants. The charge contained within a sphere of radius R, centred at
the origin is
e e2 R 4παε 0
(a) παε 0 2 (b) παε 0 2 (c) 4παε 0 (d)
R R e e
Q14. A sphere of radius 2 R has a uniform charge density ρ . The difference in electrostatic
potential at r = R and r = 0 is: (where r is the distance from center)
ρR 2 2 ρR 2 ρ ρR 2
(a) − (b) − (c) − (d) −
ε0 ε0 6ε 0 R 6ε 0
Q15. A charge Q is distributed over two concentric hollow spheres of radii r and R (R > r)
such that the surfaces charge densities are equal. Then the potential at the common center is
Q Q (r + R)
(a) (b)
4πε 0 ( r + R ) (
4πε 0 r 2 − R 2 )
Q (r + R) Q (r − R)
(c) (d)
4πε 0 ( r + R
2 2
) 4πε 0 ( r 2 − R 2 )
Q16. The plates of a parallel plate capacitor (which are normal to the x-axis) are located at x = 0
and x = L . The plate at x = 0 is grounded while the other plate is at a potential V0 . The
space between the plates has uniform volume charge density ρ . The potential V ( x )
ρ 2 ⎛ V0 ρL ⎞ ρ 2 ⎛V ρL ⎞
(a) − x + ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ x (b) x − ⎜⎜ 0 + ⎟⎟ x
2ε 0 ⎝ L 2ε 0 ⎠ 2ε 0 ⎝ L 2ε 0 ⎠
ρ 2 ⎛V ρL ⎞ ρ 2 ⎛ V0 ρL ⎞
(c) − x − ⎜⎜ 0 + ⎟⎟ x (d) x + ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ x
2ε 0 ⎝ L 2ε 0 ⎠ 2ε 0 ⎝ L 2ε 0 ⎠
where φ0 and r0 are constants, then the charge density at a distance r = r0 will be
q ⎛ 1 ⎞ q ⎛ 1 ⎞
(c) ⎜ 2− ⎟ (d) ⎜ −2 + ⎟
4πε 0 a ⎝ 2⎠ 4πε 0 a ⎝ 2⎠
(a)
q2
πε a
(3 6 +3 3+ 2 ) (b)
q2
πε 0 a
(− 3 6 +3 3− 2 )
0
q2 ⎛ 3 ⎞ q2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
(c) ⎜3 + ⎟ (d) ⎜⎜ 3 + ⎟⎟
πε 0 a ⎝ 2⎠ πε 0 a ⎝ 3⎠
Q21. A point charge q moves from point P to point S along the path PQRS (as shown in
figure) in a uniform electric field E pointing parallel to the positive direction of the X-axis.
The coordinates P, Q, R and S are ( a, b, 0 ) , ( 2a, 0, 0 ) , ( − a, b, 0 ) and ( 0, 0, 0 ) respectively.
Q23. Consider two concentric conducting spherical shells with inner and outer radii a, b and c, d
as shown in the figure. Both the shells are given q amount of positive charges. The
electric fields in different regions are
−q
(a) Ε = 0 for r < a ; Ε = rˆ for a < r < b .
4πε 0 r 2
q
Ε = 0 for b < r < c ; Ε = rˆ for r > d .
4πε 0 r 2
d
−q
(b) Ε = rˆ for r < a ; Ε = 0 for a < r < b . c
4πε 0 r 2 b
a
q q
Ε= rˆ for b < r < c ; Ε = rˆ for r > d . +q
4πε 0 r 2 4πε 0 r 2 +q
−q
(c) Ε = rˆ for r < a ; Ε = 0 for a < r < b .
4πε 0 r 2
2q
Ε = 0 for b < r < c ; Ε = rˆ for r > d .
4πε 0 r 2
Q24. A “pure” dipole with dipole moment p = po zˆ is situated at the origin. A point charge Q is
moved from the point (a, 0, 0) to (0, 0, a) then the work done will be
p0Q p0 p0Q
(a) zero (b) (c) (d)
4πε 0 a 3 4πε 0 a 2
4πε 0 a 2
Q25. Four point charges are placed in a plane at the following positions:
+Q at (1, 0), – Q at (–1, 0) +Q at (0, 1) and –Q at (0, –1).
At large distances the electrostatic potential due to this charge distribution will be
dominated by the
(a) Monopole moment (b) Dipole moment
(c) Quadrupole moment (d) Octopole moment
Q26. Three point charges q, q and –2q are located at (0,–a, a), (0, a, a) and (0, 0,–a) respectively.
The net dipole moment of this charge distribution is
material of relative permittivity ε r , out to radius R2 . The energy of this configuration is:
Q2 ⎡ 1 ε r − 1⎤ Q2 ⎡ 1 εr ⎤
(a) ⎢ + ⎥ (b) ⎢ + ⎥
8πε 0ε r ⎣ R1 R2 ⎦ 8πε 0ε r ⎣ R1 R2 ⎦
Q2 ⎡ε r −1 1 ⎤
(c) ⎢ + ⎥ (d) zero.
8πε 0ε r ⎣ R1 R2 ⎦
Q34. The electric field at 20 cm from the centre of a uniformly charged dielectric sphere of radius
10 cm is E. Then, at a distance 5 cm from the center, it will be………. E
α q2
Q35. The energy stored in a uniformly charged solid sphere of radius R and charge q is .
4πε 0 R
Then the value of α is ………….
Q36. Two electric dipoles P1 and P2 are placed at ( 0, 0, 0 ) and ( a, 0, 0 ) respectively with both of
them pointing in the + z direction. Without changing the orientations of the dipoles P2 is
moved to ( 0, 2a, 0 ) . The ratio of the electrostatic potential energy of the dipoles before
Q41. Let four point charges q, − q / 2, q and − q / 2 be placed at the vertices of a square of
side a . Let another point charge − q be placed at the cnetre of the square (see the figure).
−q/2 q
−q
q −q/2
Let V (r ) be the electrostatic potential at a point P at a distance r >> a from the centre of
Q42. For given electrostatic field E = k ⎡⎣ y 2 xˆ + ( 2 xy + z 2 ) yˆ + 2 yzzˆ ⎤⎦ , which of the following does
not represent the possible potential for the given field (use the origin as your reference
point?)
(a) V ( x, y, z ) = −k (xy 2 + yz ) (b) V ( x, y, z ) = −k (xy + yz 2 )
Q43. Which of the following statements regarding the electric fields E1 = xxˆ + yyˆ and
E 2 = xy 2 xˆ + y 2 yˆ are NOT correct?
(a) Both E1 and E 2 represents an electrostatic field
(b) Neither E1 nor E 2 can represent electrostatic field
(c) Only E1 can represent electrostatic field
(d) Only E 2 can represent an electrostatic field
Q44. If the electrostatic potential were given by φ = φ0 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) , where φ0 is constant then
which of the following statements are correct
(a) The electric fields E = 2φ0 ( xxˆ + yyˆ + zzˆ )
(b) The electric fields E = −2φ0 ( xxˆ + yyˆ + zzˆ )
(c) Charge density ρ = −2φ0ε 0
(d) Charge density ρ = −6φ0ε 0
Q45. An ellipsoidal cavity is carved within a perfect conductor as shown in figure. A Positive
charge ‘q’ is placed at the center of the cavity. The points A & B are on the cavity surface as
shown in figure. Then which of the following statements are true?
(a) Electric field near A in the cavity ≠ electric field near B in
A
the cavity
(b) Charge density at A ≠ charge density at B q B
(c) Potential at A = Potential at B
q
(d) Total electric flux through the surface of the cavity is
ε0
Q46. A point charge q is imbedded at the center of a sphere of linear dielectric material (with
susceptibility χ e and radius R ). Then which of the following statements are true?
qχe
(a) The total bound charge on the surface is
1 + χe
qχe
(b) The total bound charge on the surface is −
1 + χe
qχe
(c) The total volume bound charge −
1 + χe
qχe
(d) The total volume bound charge
1 + χe
ρr
(a) The electric E = rˆ for r < R
3ε 0ε r
ρ R3
(b) The electric E = rˆ for r > R
3ε 0 r 2
Q ⎛ 1 ⎞
(c) The potential at the center of sphere is ⎜1 + ⎟
4πε 0 R ⎝ 2ε r ⎠
Q ⎛ 1 ⎞
(d) The potential at the center of sphere is ⎜1 + ⎟
4π R ⎝ 3ε 0ε r ⎠
Q49. Assume that z = 0 plane is the interface between two linear and homogenous dielectrics
(see figure). The relative permittivities are ε r = 5 for z > 0 and ε r = 4 for z < 0 . The
( )
electric field in the region z > 0 is E 1 = 3iˆ − 5 ˆj + 4kˆ k V m . If there are no free charges on
the interface, then which of the following is true for the electric field in the region z < 0 is
z
given by εr = 5
z=0
εr = 4
( )
(a) D 2 = 12iˆ − 20 ˆj + 20kˆ k V m ( )
(b) D 2 = 15iˆ − 25 ˆj + 25kˆ k V m
Solutions
MCQ (Multiple Choice Questions)
Ans. 1: (b)
Ans. 2: (a)
Solution: −q
•
x
R
1 Qx 1 Qx
Field along the axis of ring E = ⇒E= since x << R
4πε 0 ( R 2 + x ) 2 3/ 2 4πε 0 R 3
Q
Electric field due to charge at C , EC = along CD
4πε 0 L2
Q
Electric field due to charge at D , ED = along BD
( )
2
4πε 0 2L
(
Thus resultant field E = E A2 + EC2 + EB = 2 2 + 1 ) 8πεQ L 0
2
Ans. 4: (b)
1 q 1 Q
Solution: E1 = E2 = and E3 = (upward)
4πε 0 R 2
4πε 0 R 2
Thus for E3 = E ⇒ Q = 2q
Ans. 5: (a)
4φ
2
⎛d ⎞ d2
Solution: Maximum flux φ = EA = Eπ ⎜ ⎟ = Eπ ⇒E=
⎝2⎠ 4 πd2
Ans. 6: (b)
q
Solution: Electric flux through a cube (6 faces) when charge is at its center =
ε0
q
Flux through three faces =
2ε 0
Ans. 7: (c)
Solution: Electric flux = E.A = ( 200 xˆ ) .( Axˆ ) = 200 A .
Ans. 8: (b)
Q enc 1 1 4π Ar 5 R
∫ E.d s = ε = ε ∫ ρ dτ ⇒ E .4π r = ε ∫ Ar .4π r dr = 5ε
2 2 2
0 0 0 0 r
Ar 3 R AR3
E = ⇒ at r = , E =
5ε 0 2 40ε 0 Gaussian surface
Ans. 9: (c)
σ 2σ σ −2σ
Solution: E P = E σ + E −2σ + E −σ = (− zˆ) + (− zˆ) + (− zˆ) ⇒ E P = zˆ
2ε 0 2ε 0 2ε 0 ε0
Ans. 10: (d)
l
Solution: qinside = ∫ ρ dτ = ∫ ∫ ∫ ρ rdrdφ dz = ∫ ( −10 z )π R 2 dz = −5π R 2l 2
0
r 2 ( 2
ˆ )
⋅ r sin θ dθ dφ r = −αε 0 × ∫ ∫ e − r / R sin θ dθ dφ
0 0
4παε 0
at r = R , Qenc =
e
Ans. 14: (d)
R R
ρr ρR 2
Solution: V (R ) − V (0 ) = − ∫ E.d l = − ∫ dr = −
0 0
3ε 0 6ε 0
1 ⎛ q1 q2 ⎞ 1 ⎛ q 1⎞
Potential at common centre is V = ⎜ + ⎟= q2 ⎜ 1 + ⎟
4πε 0 ⎝ r R ⎠ 4πε 0 ⎝ q2 r R ⎠
q1 q2 q1 r 2
Since σ 1 = σ 2 ⇒ = ⇒ =
4π r 2 4π R 2 q2 R 2
q1 + q2 r 2 + R 2 QR 2 Qr 2 Q (r + R)
⇒ = ⇒ q = and q = ⇒V =
q2 R 2 2
r +R
2 2 1
r +R
2 2
4πε 0 r 2 + R 2 ( )
Ans. 16: (a)
Solution: The Laplace’s equation in Cartesian coordinates system is
∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ 2V ρ
∇ 2V = = 2 + 2 =−
∂x 2
∂y ∂z ε0
d 2V ρ
as V is only function of x, we have the differential equation, =−
dx 2
ε0
by integrating we have the solution of this equation as
dV ρ ρ 2
= − x + A ⇒ V (x ) = − x + Ax + B where A and B are constants.
dx ε0 2ε 0
The two equations need to be solved for the following boundary conditions:
(i) x = 0 ; V = 0 (ii) x = L ; V = V0
Substituting these boundary conditions, we get
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At x = 0 , V (0 ) = 0 = 0 + 0 + B ⇒ B = 0
ρ 2 V ρL ρ 2 ⎛ V 0 ρL ⎞
At x = L , V (L ) = V0 = − L + AL ⇒ A = 0 + ⇒ V (x ) = − x + ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ x
2ε 0 L 2ε 0 2ε 0 ⎝ L 2ε 0 ⎠
1 ∂ ⎛ 2 ∂φ ⎞ 1 ∂ ⎛ 2 φ0 − r / r0 ⎞ 1 φ0 ∂ 2 − r / r0
∇ 2φ = 2 ⎜r ⎟= 2
r ∂r ⎝ ∂r ⎠ r ∂r ⎝
⎜r ×− e
r0
⎟=− 2
r r0 ∂r
(
r ×e )
⎠
1 φ ⎡ 1 ⎤ φ ⎡ 1 2 ⎤
= − 2 0 ⎢ r 2 × − e − r / r0 + 2re − r / r0 ⎥ ⇒ ∇ 2φ = − 0 ⎢ − e − r / r0 + e − r / r0 ⎥
r r0 ⎣ r0 ⎦ r0 ⎣ r0 r ⎦
φ0 ⎡ 1 2 −1 ⎤ φ0 ⎛ φ0 ⎞ φ0ε 0
At a distance r = r0 , ∇ 2φ = − ⎢ e + e ⎥ = − 2 ⇒ ρ = −ε 0 ⎜ − 2 ⎟ = 2
−1
r0 ⎣ r0 r0 ⎦ r0 e ⎝ r0 e ⎠ r0 e
Ans. 18: (b)
Solution: Potential at fourth corner
1 qi 1 ⎛ q q q⎞ q ⎛ 1 ⎞
V=
4πε 0
∑r = ⎜ − +
4πε 0 ⎝ a
− ⎟= ⎜
2a a ⎠ 4πε 0 a ⎝
−2 + ⎟
2⎠
i
q2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
W = qV = ⎜ −2 + ⎟
4πε 0 a ⎝ 2⎠
Ans. 19: (b)
∂V ⎡ 2 E a3 ⎤
Solution: σ = −ε 0 = −ε 0 ⎢ − E0 sin θ − 03 sin θ ⎥
∂r r =a ⎣ r ⎦ r =a
3
σ = −ε 0 [ − E0 sin θ − 2 E0 sin θ ] ⇒ σ = +3E0ε 0 sin θ = +3E0ε 0 sin 300 = ε 0 E0
2
Ans. 20: (b)
8× 7
Solution: The charge pairs are 8 C 2 = = 28 . Out of these 28 pairs, we have
1× 2
(i) 12 pairs of dissimilar charges placed at a mutual separation of a. Thus
q × −q 12q 2
Wa = 12 =− .
4πε 0 a 4πε 0 a
q × −q 4q 2
W =4 =− .
4πε 0 × 3a 4 3πε 0 a
3a
q2 ⎛ 12 4 ⎞
Total work done W = Wa + W +W = ⎜⎜ − 12 + − ⎟⎟
2a 3a
4πε 0 a ⎝ 2 3⎠
⇒W =
q2 ⎛
⎜⎜ − 12 +
4πε 0 a ⎝
12
2
−
4 ⎞
⎟⎟ =
q2
3 ⎠ πε 0 a
−3 6 +3 3 − 2 ( )
Ans. 21: (c)
Solution: Work done in a closed path in an electrostatic field is zero.
WPS + WSP = 0 ⇒ WPS = −WSP = − F .SP = − ( qExˆ ) . ( axˆ + byˆ ) = − qEa 2
p0 cos θ p0 π
V ( r ,θ ) = ⇒ V ( 0, 0, a ) = ∵θ = 0 and V ( a, 0, 0 ) = 0 ∵θ =
4πε 0 r 2
4πε 0 a 2 2
p0Q
⇒W =
4πε 0 a 2
Ans. 25: (b)
( )
Solution: Qmono = 0 , p = +Qiˆ − Q −iˆ + Qjˆ − Q − ˆj ≠ 0 ( )
+ ⎡⎣ q × a + q × a + ( −2q × − a ) ⎤⎦ kˆ
⇒ p = 4qakˆ
Ans. 27: (c)
Solution: p = Σqi ri′ = q × 0 + qaxˆ − 2q ( axˆ + ayˆ ) + qayˆ ⇒ p = − qaxˆ − qayˆ
The electric field E at a point r outside the sphere is zero, since total bound charge is zero.
ρb r − kr
The electric field E at a point r inside the sphere is E = rˆ = rˆ .
3ε 0 ε0
Ans. 30: (b)
AR 2 A
Solution: E = rˆ when r > R and D = rˆ where r < R
2ε 0 r 2
2
1
Total energy of the system W = ∫ D.Edτ
2 all space
2
1 R A AR 2 ∞ ⎛ AR ⎞
2
1
W= ∫ × × 4π r 2
dr + ε 0 ∫R ⎜ 2 ⎟
× 4π r 2 dr ⇒ W ∝ R 3
2 2 2ε 0 r
0 2
2 ⎝ 2ε 0 r ⎠
Ans. 31: (d)
⎡ ∂ ∂ ∂⎤
Solution: ρb = −∇.P = − ⎢ xˆ + yˆ + zˆ ⎥ . ( kxxˆ + kyyˆ + kzzˆ ) = −k − k − k = −3k
⎣ ∂x dy dz ⎦
ρb r − kr
The electric field E at a point r inside the sphere is E = rˆ = rˆ .
3ε 0 ε0
The electric field E at a point r outside the sphere is zero, since total bound charge is zero.
⎪ Q ⎪
⎪ rˆ ; r > R ⎪
⎪⎩ 4πε 0 r
2
⎪⎭
2
1 1 Q2 ⎧ 1 R2 1 1 ∞ 1 ⎫
W= ∫ D.Edτ = 2 ( 4π )2 ⎨ ∫R1 4 4π r dr + ∫ 4π r 2 dr ⎬
2
⎩ε r ε0 r
R2 4
2 all space ⎭
Q2 ⎧⎪ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ R2 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ∞ ⎫⎪ Q2 ⎛ 1 ε r −1 ⎞
W= ⎨ ⎜− ⎟ + ⎜− ⎟ ⎬ ⇒W = ⎜R + R ⎟
8π ⎪⎩ ε ⎝ r ⎠ R1 ε 0 ⎝ r ⎠ R2 ⎪⎭ 8πε 0ε r ⎝ 1 2 ⎠
Ans. 34: 2
E 5 ( 20 )
2
q
1 1 qri Ei ri ro2
Solution: Eo = and E = ⇒ = 3 ⇒ i = ⇒ Ei = 2 E
4πε 0 ro 4πε 0 R (10 )
i
2 3
Eo R E 3
ε q2 ⎧⎪ 1 2 ⎫⎪ 1 q2 ⎧ 1 1 ⎫
∞ R⎛ r ⎞
W= 0 ⎨ ∫R 4 ( r 2
4π dr ) + ∫0 ⎜ 3 ⎟ (4π r 2
dr ) ⎬ = ⎨ + ⎬,
2 (4πε 0 )2 r ⎝ R ⎠ 4πε 2 ⎩ R 5 R ⎭
⎩⎪ ⎭⎪ 0
1 3q 2
W=
4πε 0 5 R
Ans. 36: 8
1 U1 r23
Solution: Electrostatic potential energy U ∝ ⇒ = =8
r3 U 2 r13
Ans. 37: 1
Solution: Inside the square, there is only one point where field vanishes.
Ans. 38: 10
Solution: E = −∇V = −2 xˆ − 4 yˆ ⇒ E = 20 V / m
1 2 1
Electrostatic energy density = ε 0 E = ε 0 × 20= 10ε 0 J / m 3
2 2
Ans. 39: 1.41
Q 2Q
Solution: σ b = σ d ⇒ = ⇒ d = 2b
4πb 2
4πd 2
Ans. 40: 1.41
p ( 2 cos θ rˆ + sin θθˆ )
E ( r ,θ ) =
4πε 0 r 3
α • E
E 1 1 pθ
tan α = θ = tan θ ∵α = 90 − θ ⇒ cot θ = tan θ
Er 2 2
⇒ tan 2 θ = 2 ⇒ θ = tan −1 2
Ans. 41: 0.037
q q
Solution: According to multipole expansion Qmono = − +q− +q−q =0
2 2
q
p = q(axˆ + ayˆ ) − (axˆ + ayˆ ) − q(axˆ − ayˆ ) + q(− axˆ − ayˆ ) − q (− axˆ + ayˆ ) + 0 = 0
2 2
1 V ( 3r ) 1
Thus V ∝ ⇒ = = 0.037
r 3
V ( r ) 27
xˆ yˆ zˆ
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × E2 = = xˆ ( 0 − 0 ) − yˆ ( 0 − 0 ) + zˆ ( 0 − 2 xy ) = −2 xyzˆ
∂x ∂y ∂z
xy 2 y2 0
Ans. 44: (b), (d)
ρ
Solution: E = −∇V = −2φ0 ( xxˆ + yyˆ + zzˆ ) and ∇ 2φ = − ⇒ ρ = −6φ0ε 0
ε0
Ans. 45: (a), (b), (c) and (d)
Ans. 46: (a) and (c)
q q rˆ qχe rˆ
E= rˆ = ⇒ P = ε 0 χe E =
4πε r 2
4πε 0 (1 + χ e ) r 2
4π (1 + χ e ) r 2
qχe qχe
⇒ σ b = P.nˆ = ⇒ Qσ b = σ b × 4π R 2 =
4π (1 + χ e ) R 2
1 + χe
qχe
⇒ Qρb = −Qσ b = −
1 + χe
Ans. 47: (b) and (c)
Solution: ρb = −∇.P = −3k
ρb r − kr
The electric field E at a point r inside the sphere is E = rˆ = rˆ .
3ε 0 ε0
The electric field E at a point r outside the sphere is zero, since total bound charge is zero.
R ρ R3 0 ρr ρ R3 ρ R 2 ρ R 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
V ( 0 ) = − ∫ E.dl = − ∫ ( )
0
∞ ∞ 3ε 0 r 2
dr − ∫R 3ε
dr ⇒ V 0 = +
3ε 0 3ε 2
= 1+
3ε 0 ⎝ 2ε r ⎟⎠
⎜
Q ⎛ 1 ⎞ Q
⇒ V ( 0) = ⎜ 1+ ⎟ , since ρ = 4
4πε 0 R ⎝ 2ε r ⎠ π R3
3
Ans. 49: (a) and (d)
Solution: ∵ E1 = E 2 ⇒ E 2 = 3iˆ − 5 ˆj
( ) ( )
⇒ E 2 = 3iˆ − 5 ˆj + 5kˆ k V m ⇒ D 2 = 12iˆ − 20 ˆj + 20kˆ k V m