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    CPL AGK BOB TAIT

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    142 views176 pages

    CPL Agk Bob Tait

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    Aviation Pakistan

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 176
    >PL General Knowledge Bob Tait WHAT THIS BOOK Is “Tis oak in sy guide uignadto pepe sadn forthe CASA Corer Pit Lene ‘Austala (CPLA) Examinations conan alten coverng lara ofthe sya reine ‘esr! Knowing, ‘Asx etn of te subjet is ct with ou wl be preseated with exes inthe fom of ase ‘cf mal choice gusto 1 est our smprtesion of ht srtcn, Te at ocean Zo ‘eyo th rguement of esha, owever ne exer ae deseo nat th evel of sndersardingrqued by the CASA CYDER EXAMINATION. Each exer csompnil {ily expand never, ‘Ashe endothe boo, yu wl fa fal ests wit explained anes yoo have sound understanding of he cones of is book, you wl be no double pefoing tolls egeed wand inthe CASA yer eainaton in Geral Koowispe WHAT THS BOOK IS NOT “This books nota malo ow to yan aroplne. It does ost out replace you instocters [pelt teiating However, ea you have cps your sy, you shouldbe wel expel ‘the ogi buckrou to gat evry bat val cu of our ings, ABOUT THE CPL CYBER EXAMINATION. ‘Tee CASA ber examination ar General Koledge i 1 ur 30 minute eae with alo 40 smh The as mak forth extn 10% Ing cesar tomate spliation od theoxam at anyone of the eam centres in Astin. App cos ean bm on an caspian fam valle fan Aasersnent Serves Lied a ‘GPO Box 286 (Gantt ATC 2601 hone 0 6628809, Far 02 6250880. you peter you may make splicion forthe exams diel rough he ASL. we se at wir, ssloom a Equipment equrement forthe Goneral Knowsdge Cyber Kamion Provided by ASLtothecandiate:—_Seibblepad Provide bythe Candia: None Fart lfanation on th CASA cyber examination can be fal ete CASA web twa cagova ABOUT BOB TAIT. ‘ob Tat bs been ented with yng ting for moe years un yd he torenember you realy mat kor more han 35 yas) He ened ito tition fier 8 eas in th Bdvaton Deparment of Quotland as teach He gave pte once ott sown ying schoo at Ingham n Queensland ‘wre Began il ine thy cous CPL Hs as bra aly cupid wth “hery an yng nang sot thon nd presen rns is wn ory school ‘Redlife, Queen 27m nd «Gi On Int Rain, Comm Irae ating, Ml 4 tigre Ten approval He as ow level note sand ig fpr ‘ont hi om Pt Special andes hlcpes fn. ‘CONTENTS ENGINES gi compo “The hora fsa ae ENGINE COOLING Requements of siooed engines ——~ aston a en es nen (Contig engin teprsg nnn D oul aps a exis contosous owe 6 ‘Bl pover== : i ‘THE OMLSYSTEM. abet = Components othe a ten {Yeon Ot temperte aro ese Sesigt mineral —— Ogi — 7 Summary [ereseGKI with annwers = PROPELLERS ‘Marl ress sen ap = Poplar lfineone Propeller yore GK 2 with anewers {FUEL AND FUEL SYSTEMS Avion goin ~ cts ng = Mixure—~ Mixre onol Ales fol tens {ravty fd sem ‘dvaotgs and duadvenage of carbs [FUEL INJECTION “Tefal pup —~ nT ‘The fel oneal ni ———_ ‘Te fel meni ake Fil dtr nore. asl pesto gens ————— Spee pn ges ‘Advntage an Giadsntage of el ition ———~ [MIXTURE CONTROL AND ENGINE PERFORMANCE aly sik - es pow Besteconony —— Mire condone ects GS wih avers SUPERCHARGING et fide (Grown being ————— earsiveaspecbrger—~ Rate tooet alert ight = “utbosper hing Ald toting Pot hing eh ELECTRICALSYSTEM. Sources feel power The bene snr Baty pay ‘Thani ae tr = ‘The ltd eto anne — ‘The alralor The peerte-——————— Ovenctage warn lips Otedoad itch se Rete lene “The bar mast witch Buen power The DOs and DONT: of te eee syste "THE IGNITION SYSTEM Magatoa— ‘The impale coupling Magneto wich Exersise GK with anewers HYDRAULICS. “Tho tsi hyde stn - “Te resi replat ‘The System eet vale Sys ful Fotopeated hyn bas ‘Ateat ithe bake syste [UNDERCARRIAGE SYSTEMS. “Tabet ‘Raed undereragosRoactale ncaa Shing el rt AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS -THE GYRO INSTRUMENTS Rig a Prossion—- (Gyropover sures ‘Te Directional Gyro Maca -—— S10 ‘Apparel dit —— $10 Te Atif Hoion — = 510 ‘Teen Coie — Sit “THE PRESSURE INSTRUMENTS Dynami prea — su Sac petite BD The Al Spd Ino. as Theat — sis ‘The etal Spd Inno S17 ‘The Magnet Corp : <3 ‘asleof dip ‘esseron ener. = S20 Turing ero. — 52 Dy Power avtori.ots Singles atpee Two ais autepo Bers GKS with newer Aeroplane General Knowl de Fil Tet ‘Aeroplane General Knowledge = Final Test 2 ‘Aeroplane General Knowledge inal Tat 3 ‘Asowers to Fina Tests Fat eplindr beat tee SO gts [BASIC ENGINE COMPONENTS Ashe name pls a steal combusoneagoe urs ul intaally within sled enamferThecomponen i we Ue combustion ker pac called a pincer The ener lg, valves sd pssage ways [pre] allow th ow og Ioan ot ofthe eyinder ‘est of combusioe tobe conducted aay to the air wing ‘Mead the ylinder Te cinerea shatestsoichoslager as, epctalyacund he exbns pot ‘which we willbe using in al diagrams ftom now oa. The flow ‘fa i oF at feelin coat by a abe. Toe "ale isnot yide eda showt. Theale sings gint hse nth lose oan th valve proves ny flow of ain ot of he cylinder via he pot. tbe fore foteoy fhe ave od pig do ao theeyider against te orc ofthe sping The foc ppd by tevocker rm pushrod th roatieg ams 13}. Asth cam Jobe per andere pasha ti cad vat iting one ave ocr arn Th eke arm as ao th pivot ring the vale down othe open poston. Ashe cama ‘im and pushrod buck wth closed postion, verb pun. “The piston i esol a plas which et ove up and down Inset cylinder bare Alene peovided teten he ston. the barel allow for expssonastempem sees Psa ngs, Inne of Highgate ct ton, tako the pee teteen epson ad the bel wall Fig 1.) Th top wo ngs are compen rigs which Iintin rs shove tpt by proven leskge of rush The gp beweon he isn athe cnr walls. Theta ings be ting nics prevent i fom psig trough sup und also keeps they wall coxed witha of. Al Hagstrom pion elisa teow va the is ‘Wohavesoen soft te indeed log wih is ports and aes, ‘Mowe the pune lg the ein Ts gs Dt pss no he Snr tml of fies i Wen he tris ip by he Sark luge th et of combastn cases «presse acten he piso, ‘To rere acing ovr te te of th top of he piston, erates 9 ower fre whieh puss th ston down te eliner are “Te pison ais he moon oh rans hough fe consctng red (Fg 1) The sal endo the conneg ef ache wait Irie the pon adi ito ing rom sd isa egued The Die the conesing ed acl t the cana joa: The bnightine downward moton of he pon ncosverted ory maton ithe canhatviathe somnesiagrdig 17). The carta tn, stb propel, Fg Ueto) cust journal Beings met be prone o.com ‘ian snd ear Th bipendberingfisbetween fe big end ofthe enna rou nde ung ‘tof poral (Fg L7) Ae he cosh toate, i i ell plc by ean Hearings Tre, ‘Athi oi nie prea ss a ‘Sangean ccna Tne cron ste Brcko fhe engle and deg eatin ch ig end sn tn sca lf oni pean ain earn Bigead bing /@) ‘THE THEORETICAL FOURSTROKE CYCLE (THE OTTO CYCLE] [Named ater Augas Ot, pkon with thelr Pelt stroke bps wi he soa atthe tp of is ave the pro ves dv the down th flirmie n shat of syringe Ath end the Fir 19 Compression sake se vw the pion ocd upd win tender ‘The compression stroke: AS th sod preparation for lon Fg) Sie bt valves ae closed he ENGINE PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS ‘THE BASICS. Pressure Ina gn: Any got mice of gts expe to a mice eer preston tht sarc, A gsiscomposed of many individ alae eck af wich inate of conta rom mon “The molecules re constant eoliing wl each ote and Wi tb suas wo whic ay ae expos. Dasine cacimoecle as mas ipa a ty fe witheach inp up sua. Cs presu satel he et ‘fico olor ante, ‘Consider gs or mintueof gs contol wis a ati space ig 1123-Te esas exert on te wale ofthe conte woul depend yoo the numberof gus ecules present snd the peda whihessh x tavsing ‘Theater he sped the mle he songe fre clision. ‘Te spend with which ue malas nove depends upon th tert of he ht, The bt te gh er ‘ach ofits males ove. The preime ofa pain an eaconed pace dens ponte neve he ‘lime ofthe eatin he ne of moles [the mse ofan preset) od the emer oe ga. If Youve asd ds poi, you wil eal andertnd ay spat of npn perfomance ig 12 below represen a psn anette space Thee sunple Is camped ofa cerain mambo of ‘lecels, a» parts emp The pact of the esl poding cranes thn th onan If tanpratr emai conan and te nanber of meses within th enatanin paces nse, THemelecaar mys wi ie eonaer wal Roce mere legato rts ies weh.2 ae ] oo aa 2 ge ee co e 6 ome OnE, : Seo on ? C jusms0 _ é os smd om ome : ae 0 "Sey 7 a8 . apn blleée a gllb Vo ‘rig samp macs ‘povon etn pesos inl ‘deo We more moles ae Inuodoce, ee te mee Eeuent pies = mre pear 1 toga ie inca {hemor toe ase” rere a der apse theater of moles rnin const nthe tenperatarei creased, seed ofeach maacllnceses tlng i or eqn! and arr impacts, Agia reste ses. “Te pss spled oth piston ring the power ake ther depends upo he pace Baten he op of ‘hepinon andthe rf of te conbuse char, the number of melee enclose win it space a the ‘emprtic ofthe bring ies Tis presse sped oe ra to isn i sesponsble rhe sc ss ‘nied oe casi cr asnonase ceNeRALHNOWLADAE sua ncins essen 030% us “orgoe: Ther is mort ongne performance however tha he ce los. ‘When all sd and done the bert of te exec to ote he cranks. Theiceen frie rarisatorteemesiedartorgan Wenyoupaces Spemeronart youre senting ortatethe at. Tae wade) Fer them ‘te depend tool othe fore you appl, bu aso on te dita arse ‘i fote ce foes. Ts te called ar (Fg 13). Jost ier the piso ave the TDC posion onthe power sue, he space ‘hove spall nd tones of at re rowed clsely together. THe Fv of extn sates rong press ac onthe stn Te ar on tic be ening fre ats ea oe erential dance fom he Tic ot he foes bess ron of the neo Bocas the oc ‘ston, tre hig Se Fig 114) Asin pn oes fuer down ne yin he poe above tines ‘then ombnston comple, be egerante bps oop. Tis sls in Usessed pesur sing on th pian However dang th Set prion of the sokes as ne reine bio dope arm areas, rue eins Tigh Seog 115), “The true podueed depends no lyon he farce which ct te psn, the oval element i when ta feces spe, Te fre mtb id at at ake advange ofthe gestern Ths wlein thereon ‘om star TDC tothe ots whos th cooneting rod maha ghtangl wie crak ig 1.14 & 115) Ast casa continues trae beyond te potion sown sig 115. be pressurerapiy ops anthem ‘eres Wary lie wet works dove ding this potion of he sok So te fc tte extas ale ‘Sn be epend well before BDC alow te bu pases tein hl x IGNITION TING Sinc he hips prosucs wthin ne cylindsr must ook at an ext ine produce he best ga ee sone ‘hac mrt when he spr lag cat ihe spark ignite tb ual tre (chage)-Bcan ie hag ‘Skea ine tb ant pfu he high mpesatue ele for tess, be sp PORE ee afoot wee te at ess ee Fi 18 = gis i Presi sopping a es rane Satan is neon: ta a * Tonga sl igh “Torque igh Te sie es i wh Be mina reqived for combustion, he fies the poim where ch spark plugs mse fie 17 “Th scl ane ei forthe fel tba depends on 2 wee (Flas cluding he spe nape ofthe combasion Saber, BoWevers fr th pot cone th te kn ba the charge ais withthe a fl a tre] a topes ‘wre tear igaon Under acon oersingconitonsthetie ten bun techarge ‘ata ono Ahigh RPM och ns tirougha gene ‘le Wie toring tke pace Ith tun rtf compete by {epson sbowa a ag 117, wll be pce tei he ‘arg eal inte of nt cation when engine RPM is highand ine wien ngie RPMs ow [ig 18) Wier spk Seti enter i sald be advance, When fie at te venthavhea engl llow oth by changing the igiion in ingtosutthe REM gua egies dna except or string. Becnse a ater engine spends mos lof ise opeting within ery aro tnd of RPM, the eno ing Sae t rouce x peck mt bout 2°19 25" fermen ron before TDC [i 116) ‘This meant a ow RPM sch a ding rund operations, thin Unig int qe what shoul bo ‘Tis so big del brass high cng int eq in these stusts. Ke wuld been (isthe case ofhand sang dangsous] tsa anengne whe pk ming ths ar ovanced Wits ngineting so ay, ‘harge woul! or bere te psn reached TDC, forcing te craks op anda Dackwan proper "ek ac) Daring staph pon ing i auematcly read 2 ct, a ‘otaton while + ‘rotation while tein YE ita oan gen a Sus gtr \ soz ' (PL Amman GENERAL KNOWL ALL RIGHTSRESERVED 0200 \ ‘VALVE: TIMING ‘A fot lance you might ain th fr he ndstion strobe in vale shoul open 2 TDC and clos at BDC Likewise othe extn stk, exe valve sold openat BDC and clos TDC. This would edhe ‘se cxcep fr ihe ei th pe nth ie reuied forth vals moe the fly open poston. Wo Favealetdy ssn dat ova end fe power ske tere ile wrkbeing done hat texans ve ‘hn be peste wl lee BDC [abot 5°, tallow the burt ates ogi tis ex By the time the son spashes TDC onthe ext soko, thes 2 song flow of gas trugh the exist Delong th exons valve dled we ie afer TDC abc 15°) whl tener fhe ase minus te outward flow Alb, ace he ouefowing exes gasenve alow pesre ah yds, Ihe {ne valve opened jest le FDC abot 1) chee charge can begin owing ina espn exaust see slewing ‘By te ime he pt eches BDC c he induction sks the ew ‘Saget foming erg trough he ne pox. woud esl ose ‘hit yaive tts polt an inp song ow. The closing of their valves ape ntl wel ater BDC boat 6) allow the inrin ofe inning cargo comin te ow. ‘Thcatly opening aie sxhmu wave diate pone soe ied ‘aleles, wlth ste oun fe eval dings compe $Honsuok called ore ag Ts pio eters of TDC whee be [it valve ic pening and ths exist lve song sll valve ovetap 8 191. eat ag an overlap ae nscessary wens efficent emova he Spent eth yu to acim the man of ochre induced Tor the pent eye The dogs of nthe engine aves i ngs ‘read volume flac. FIRING INTERVAL. ‘When te pin mvs rom TDC BDC he agin as ma oe all (Faserelatn, Lewes when the pit moves rom BDC TOCA ‘Shunenke ocho al of erevolan. Each soe ofthe Oe ‘Soke eyo oeapes ne half of ovlton ote alley eae {woenpnerevagon comple. This wil etre os four stoke Note marte BB nance the isto travels ‘engine no matter how many cylinders thas, eons a yoo ine ig ‘chin eel sed poe: ks ing rey exinr firs ‘must fire once during every two engine revolutions [i every 720? of ore ‘engine rotation). ‘The interval betwoen each spark fring is expressed in ‘gaan temsoferatafetain adsl thefing inva Ison de ian yl 720} the number of cylinders you can determine the firing imterval for coe nm a Se eee ae Frog heralfrsitolniregicle ——Tabs6=" Mego men gr ih ogee 720689" lide pon movement cers for aa amount of rotation near the bottom oF Fg ies of fixed wing steat the fring Smeal i event nthe ‘teste ladon les ate een ean samen sin, opal Os sch large anges ‘ing sera i palo hgh by band, omen sake wl be ‘Sheu evry 10" fora fom yonder engi, very 120° fora sk ‘lider engin an every 50" oa a ender engine ‘Left For our vind engine, the compression stokes [terre spats] ose ocean 18 frank {ure the spars) our eve) 20" of canal front of vouuwernicmicnney ("0 "' ‘Volumen called by comparing th volume of shag cal ince in henge dmg he ooKe a sun sleepers aad reste, wih he piston ispacemen Fig 21 To pliner sly is areas ofthe sucess ecleved i actor affecting volume ficeney redno wanes, gn ectng volume eens nls rae sig etre which he pit can do mbig sb, fc Ambit ie densi. Obviculy he mer males tht can down it te clin le cn a 2 Beales byte tuber of moles vali Ge oti ant et place, enol oy. Hot aps and igh ales ede te egies oluneicefficey Bagine RPM. We have sen tha valve and ignition ining ae designe around oe parcular RPM seting. AL ‘igo RPMGke oc ofthe Now trovga he induction sysem nesses. Tiives rs ncesed con wit thetses, pr and waves Alot bigh RPM, tlt sada valor aropn oa ebonar Sms, giving at ‘The temperature ofthe coming chargeTotarerpndsandnoset seey wil ered “This cui be de to ih eine ‘ont autora ae Superchargng. A supccarger ass lw, eres volumetric oto sae. ‘OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING ENGINE PFFICIENCY. ‘When ie strat inte cnbuston amber, tamil energy ire eat. You wil pots spied {abeurthat pefctefceny een impenatte dean Hancopite was 100% efficent alo hehestenery eared Inte connstion camer wold bs soavee o etal work and 0 heat wood te wasted. Tat means tha he Shtndr has ne exis ses woul the ame empresa scent ik gine thermal efficiency onpresthe ta tented within the combuon hamber with ney {intr actal delice th ston ade tes rn god Inthe can fhe average meres combustion em {Sie south af te tl a ery velo within th crmbestioncharbers wate a pases oH OB fechas tem and hese elder hen. We mst seco ha his ls sumo ‘he esting eey prov the power ht tly delve to he itn 1 push down en te power ‘Sooke a Ames eins hs non a Indicated Horse Powe [1P ‘Total heat energy available Lostto Ineating engine ‘components about 20% Lost through exhaust about 40% Porras Perel Mor powerisotn overcoming ition andrsing engine cesses sich at magnets, el punpsturbocbrg nce, Ts tet pores call Priston Horse Power [FHP] and goo engie ion nl esgn Kes ‘Sour to about 104. Thisos deo neton tines the mechan efieney ote engine “Thepowertint aly cms avlableto dove wor sochas ming te crnkso and remington ‘ream punpee lle Boke Hore Power {BHP}. “The eavonspcan sumed up simply a lows Indicted Here Paver {UH} - Friston Horse Power {FHP} = Brake Hore Power [BHP ‘Thins ot te of ths however ten wh the aks ore power deliver the propels thet fetes eo he teresa elfen ofthe retain nds. Some ofthe bake bors power wil best 10 {08 ATS AVIATONTHEEAYSCHOGL. RL ABRORLARE GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indiested Hore Pover i he power ‘scaly dlr othe psn by the ‘gr elocuesImpacing pon the op ‘face ofthe pls ing he power rote rin Hoes Powerit he poner ot to fc within tengo pls the Dover rege o drive ch hinge at ‘henna teenie pnp andthe maps I alo Includes the ‘overlain opening he vals against efor of he ae pgs Brake Horse Pover i the remaining omer which cul drives Be ran ‘hop on the propeller. ‘Themen efileneyofn oral omburion en ratte poor ‘eco somal ef tected horse Dower i bat jt keep the eine ming ‘raga ction wih hes 0 chat ofthe erg tore energy avalon hfe ite as 20% may stl becomvened te aroun farce of ur which feral rte pape of ie hele xe Jectupineeapnes do mach eter nto ss eon Bese hy hve ar oer moving pt a a elo ating motion occuring in valves an pistons. DETONATION AND PREIGNITION sing nol cambio, th teertt snd pressure with combs chamber ie pil but eouhiy cover iene nerval reach apeakjus afr TDC. Thiscan bethought of asa fit bt en aed ein. {oe ie piston’ upwaré evel and pasting sronly bck dowa onthe power stoke [Fi 122) Deon caused when the ampere ad reser cf fel si miataein tbe combustion chamber base igh enough cause atuntnous ring [epson ofc chro, This lass be ebay of combusion i ‘Btn sd ase of edi well Wor, he sons sujet ta suden sock which can eked toa feverohanmer ow [Fig 125), Became alte eat of cmbatio least wih th pion pid at creer TDC, hat iconcentt thik yin and iste of being spead moe evenly dowe he clade walls Siac ecient Inthe int lc eee twas tot, hing cylinder ead tmperse encourages th next huge deol gravaing the problem. Cans of detonation. Anything that canes the emperor of he ngs hace exces tutes gion Hy frome detonation. Common sn inls indeed sc ‘Operating he engine a high ower wih naan cooing low 6 Tong cin a oo Low Fg ia spent ‘Operating igh power ith vr em inte setigs ean mire to ie ul tiacd wis eis caso bay soy subjerting he ideo igh epee or {Ton tine thas vw, Ugh RPM th stow taming charge sil baring a he pinion ores apm ie eat role, Thstcds to contrat he et nthe inde Teste chemi ropes of len mise Make more pote to omtion ss ‘ernprtice ‘opertng he engine a tgh power with nba et pis. ‘sing high mast res wih ow RPM Ths oc whom he tra placed ear The wile ope potonwitethe nen sunderaheyy ln. ye leita aca his Bike mbing a steep el wih he cele pesod tothe love wt chaging fo ower gar Te we op te and slow moving valves low fo ue cage 19 fate the cinder Wien he piston comes poe he compreson stoke te epee i pesane become ences Tha ical ovetbouting and i second most {Hegel i specnpe engine wih costan seed propels More on is Ussoftte none gral ofl the engine. Te sli oa ol ole high temperatures wit ‘Seong omen aster Symptoms of detonation, Deconton will sesopanity ing engine tempers and powers. Init the caine aerate pt mey nce iain (ocin] nthe enn. sone creme pining sound inthe but isis oes mt iced ns modes igh ura cecil twin egie aera Seoaton ‘nda, stetral damage may occu ten tthe pin of ling Pons ‘lotta. ice the main case f denton oxen cgi tempera the most ret ation rei ‘rin pr tooo th engine. Te os immed cling etic by pacing the mature cone i ‘Bey ich positon Ths tends et felts ede ecmbesion tenperaurand bei tb cooing Proce ts hats nated monde cylinders Reducing power ané psa cow laps wills asst 1 Sean ‘kspected daring cy the lb esd ar ed sul bv netesed nd poe oor PREIGNTTION ‘As the sas ic, prigiton oc when te charge ignited foe ine ely bya pt insite ‘Stee Th ht spotcan bea somal carbon dpe ht Beis glow rel ht within te ein, even the ‘ar poy cewek As tempers wilh ojader begin ae wth heat of compresin the hot pat {Enis te cares th ar bee bute spar paps i fe naeaiiesese ame In Fig 124, abot po pies the charge ery a 40" befor TDC. Te ar commence ey, Ate asin ing the apr plogs res ana the charge salem ar The spk plugs ow bn what ak ‘he peak combuson pees nd tempt oer mech oe wi stat TDC Tis pecs Srous ss of oer ans ey apd wn yin en temperate a tees cane ead a them spc tov th psn. In severe case, ie high empeates predsed can cust cages dena aswell aspen! Symptms rion il end! yooh ming, ows igh ie pera, The i ‘son rr are the nea thw fo dt. tate ere HE CPF eer 2 | eOMRESSION RATION Ce design fone wish de fom engine isthe der of compression teers sub jess port gation The Is detcmined bythe decease ‘he comprssion stoke gineers compar the ome ‘hecompresi see [nared ‘Alahig 125), wide vlume \ of cage ete ed of reson ros [mare B (ally as A +B. For most lah Sica caps itis semewbee inthe cnet Tort 1 When charger ubet to ahigh de fos of compression ie = eh compreson aot comes hat Conse Fig 125. Tho heat onsned within th charge whe ts vlan ‘Niet peseat when ks equeze to volume B. Te sme oun of tr psn bt i coresed ino rich male volome = hat why the empress, isswept yt pson ical he snep ole neg 126). Theft volume mad Ai ig 128 {he cleroce volume lathe swept volun. Aah way 1 deste emprion ao hei Serre [o Sep won ox mpi) ees a, No at hes le, (8 asd He ‘easing eget oth cars efron nce te cndency Tr fo tent, ‘Sos ino nico ow gaa comin oa ogne cm hav eons of oan Sy ats fal witstndconpresicn wet detonating bins yi xe rang Hpk compesion nine rie hue of high cwane fe Moroni er “Siena nee tk flaps bw rj Each spl [SUMMARY OF FACTORS AFFECTING ENGINE POWER OUTPUT: “The ow charts Fig 26 shows he elie of alo he vcs which te power poduedy a inr- {i combosion engine Some of thn, sch asthe ar fh psn and he gh tthe arm [sok ocak ‘howe fined by theenine nfetrer Some can be cone by the nl hese re ters hae musk {econidcied when comes ong handing ttnigs ‘Lets consider hte fats lor withthe stations which apply teach, 1 Mas charg: Tis sel th numer of meas indeed ino th combustion cabs dig th nde thats Sine mle mately resonable for pears he goer the nomber of leas ined {ie prser he pour wil ke. The rns of charge inde depends upon the presse cate he combustion haber nt let por [manifel press) no ese exten hme er wich he et valve emai pen RPM, However the asc cage nese, he eat of compression senses andthe rk 0 Joan ‘eae (orerooing. The boat the onset of detoion 2 Temperature, The eto ht dete pes aco sth tpt of conbusan se Te Ba ‘ies on pa) The tere combustion tert the get the presire However, temperate iss, the eakof denon ies. The ial ocean be nb of detention odanageto cite omen, ‘epoca vale, dost ovetiesing. _ Pressure: The pres ting thei isp forthe fre tasted othe ranks, Te gee ihe pers the pene he foe. mould be very il to measure ts presore ely Bese it changes ‘ily nis pen movement and inal ender leper. However f RPM i constant, te resize 8 [ng piston depend onthe anol presare- Some ara ease manildpresire 0 gv the pl an [nso oho ad pistons eingpused. “Area The ter actor tht eis the fre profane ithe re over whch he restr ats, For agiven es ‘lnc in combustion che, te ge thpnon, t ret th esling fc. However bigger psoas alo ‘weigh mores reirocang las re neared. Ascher ieesngcrsegacnc is ht he densons oF Ihe contusion canbe te dobld are ofthe piso nates Fnrfl, bth vane of te combunton ‘ember ncemesighol become dies uth re amu of as flaw ino anon othe yin init tine waa. Volume efceney beoresaprelem. ‘Sore As Sorina he rete othraksaftinrensesa power incense ion he Srceihof he foe the strata seg of he engine compensa the ews inp on he aig. 6 Arm Te longs the sm (oka ow or Soke), the geste torque genet by any sven fre. Foweve ate lent f these sae, he sprain ods on the piston al berngs ees long wath eon. “Trarqu. Theos produc otto ies shoves thereon of hcraksa The tendency oth cranks {orome bo mesure podut fe force aed he rm ical tre SS RPM, alc ators ems cost te pow lve by te epi ialso gover by he ped of ‘ote numberof power sole ee mit Th hgh the RPM, the bight he power etpt. Howes ‘Sinha nce, he ncfoocatng led foto Inteas, Alnor egine RPM incense te propel RPM. Las on TAITSAWAMON THEORY Sec CU ABROMLAME GENERAL RNDWRLEDCSE Ince and he pop t sed teanes exci, deaig te ene ec fhe proper ‘ee: ple pea ata nr npr nuns on cage RPM, On slit talon, gist gh RPM a ans owe papal spk wa lows epoca “Bower RPM bus higher onque than the engine ~~ “Ane ans ating nen power opts vis ht i on ved sar of ind Teco anagem as night ea nisi eto ows of nr sn) pono ah te on ine aa, Ts tas an exp hon oe a sap ih ‘nly say tocol tas cg srr ait wo teenie wer nin on se lot therm This pcs useless ees son cg os ect ‘rcouing Beco ech clr auroras’ on ope, isp eg sey steatan ‘onthe negates, here atendncy fol po onthe wet sd lin ising the Hod of faling af toto spt passe afer ong pra of low omer operon. vastly opps engines common ito ors cyinders od romeo uptoclght fearon ach ide of te cracks Athena ‘yin ines feu ofecolng tere endarinemares ‘One neat wy round this pole is ther egin (Se ptopanh telow), Tae eines ae avangd ins ile. One piston cone ‘oamaser emnectg rod whe there av areuiting ede which ‘inge a flnge onthe master [Fg 127), Rasnlengnesalvayshaveanoénunberfeylines mol sve. ine ‘releven, Tiss necessary tallow vel pce power svoks dug th eee Siac the engine ms tar rag evo complet revoliins lag to four stokes othe cl, casey ina rail engine mst Hodaotly opposed engine freonoeevery twa engine ovals Tis doneby Engine re show in Fig 27a). Is posite ely wit eed amber. iat isco Thi rags iro ae ‘ih drs ttle sean. Nowe e pecs ‘tenia bave bt 400 he bie cgi ote econ ‘tease aera: Rai egies oe lity conmon howe Sata ed nobis Hrnn sea ras comesing rodarangenent a proper anata Brn Bg 12a) > ‘Above Aral ep ina Yak $0 Abate aera. Ths Russn aegis ste popular in advan soba ara bees of bl c high powerso-eight at, Ly : Engine dai Dele ioral Raed t 20 fp. Asia bu V1 gi. cot engine. Ths ibne as fie tte YE MS fghioe This ‘Sraneont const of sx ying om ete ‘Sle o the ranksat sand ina for ton, The esa length ad pt sowing of he ‘nines nel oar Sookg Se reo ee Phot cour of woenfyiegightercomat “The Cote 21 fares geared propel nhs tangents th engin deel power at igh [RPM ands conse the propel ine gearbox ‘The gearbox housing is cer en sa ine ‘ump of te nae com. “The rope tower RPM buch toe than he egies overcome the poem oF ex ceive ropa ip spd “Tefen Gypay Maorngie fae otbeDE82Tige Math Tigi eur adr sump steringtheeaine Sinan extra ei tank othe soe slags. A ‘Ssvengepump connully ove fom he eagine {drei itt ictal nk, Inisoysdedownarangementopisoasreostonsd ‘dete cna allowing reser ground clesance Fer th people, Pho come of wn. Poinfigmecconan 116 oo TATSAVATON THEORY SéNOGL CHL ABLOPLANE GENERAL OWLEDGE ‘Above. A.welve cline igald.ceoleaV-12 expos ied os Rasan uit Yok MS and rtd at 129 bp Becaseof the ipso acolo ich ag engl he eget ia colng With ‘nto fied othe undrely of he flags “This eal rere wa bi i Based at Arcerilt Qosnland. Checkout hi wob se stoning Figlersconas ENGINE COOLING Almost al ofthe hea of combustion wthio he yids is ait the ouside mosphere with te exh ‘gs, Tho rnuiner is conducted rough he cle also te colg ns, cae by he engine Theol coo. th he yin cooing ns and te cole aly pass he ent oe i owing oe ie ‘ng cow “Te tmp ofthe engin at any omen pds ns nly pen the ata which! ein gett but lke o hr whic tis being cared sy. Ths num Gopends op te mae ofa owing though he ‘gnc cow and on how wellthar iris tlag ded othe areas whe is mow nike ‘Bae ar provided within th engine owl tit he iow, wil cowl lap are proved o ager nine ‘oleae he mass ow (ig 1.28. The it as ove degre of coal over ngs temperate by cone ing te ate ac which eats beng pees power or tae which ts Being eared awe Ait Speed o cow appa). ‘There more to engine tpt onl thin aitaning he operating opt btwn isn Hits ‘heer impor consideration the ate which epee hangs Becase departs Oa gi at be ma of dient mets, the rat which tes prs xpd when sed and contoct wea cooled va ics Itemprateis aloed change wy apd cir heaig econ, uarcepabe sexe ca laced ten engine components. In adton, tbe alt ete eng le esse oa cleans fected y temper mre on hi et ‘rt atnonate oe ROMLEDCE Anis nese eno 1 seating ow ap open —— Con pe are peed fo ako and lin hen he incensed engine power combined wih he owe apd Sreats the eed for aoa cooing Cow ps lose forces dest Rea th higer nped povidone cling cow pst ops ding cas can ase sigicantrfucon is cruising speed boca of heres ag they. Bocose of th absence of ii onan to lp mde he ae of tanger cage, sone engines regia vnc rape eating and colng. Te ger aed mote power he eng, he meres ‘Sopertre manapomer boone, [MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS POWER AND TAKE-OFF POWER _Aicaftengine manufactures te engine power oat prentage fhe maxima contouous owe: [MCP] ‘hecogne enn rode. The engines capa ofruning 100% MCP oral of trae if ition dag. ‘fens the oper not ily 0 shee od tht cease of operaing eine considerations Maximum onus power meus exc wt kay itr he maximum power at can be ued continu. Som ager it engines fen a power sting bayené MCP wich is approved for we fe linied pio of tine unl about 3 anes The incl ake of ower ad it acwaly eps oe then 100% poe, ‘per oc nein ter condone appt caste adequate expe cooling ing ewe of “Asati tn onc eo describe MCP is Maxinusn Expt Tak OF (METO] power. This ia her lum ‘ry of sing he manna power fat can be wed comin Below it ancuss fom lie Lint etn of type! piston engine wsedinaiton. POWER PLANT LIMITATIONS Engine mantote: tiedyn Comens gine Bde Nrber, 10-50-L ‘Engin Opting Limi fo Take-f ad Comiauous Operations: ‘Maximum Power -S Mines ‘Te-of 300 HP ag. Connon 285 BHP rang Msi Engine Spd - Minas ‘ate 250 REM [ENGINE POWER AND AMBIENT CONDITIONS. Apart from he sss deo he volume tema nd mechanic flee of engi, te entra envicn renal oudtioos cat haves pufand effect on the acl power salable nay given ston. Tess ment ‘onlons which fet ngs power ou ete Outside Air Temperature (OAT) Like any gs cr molecules move ther spr whe enpsaiencreses, ‘Who ambie tempter igh tea feer sr moll secpyig ny given vue. Sc cgine ower isl th elf each ivi mca impacting che son sacs flows at wh tre ‘sc fewer oles aval es ladested hase ower wil be rokce Ambient atmospheric pressare, One fhe ft tht aes th ume of moles tht can bended into the ylinesdring he ne tke fhe reste exis inh ainsi bight wpe yes ‘nove acon com the amet reser a yon oa ss dale Altes ces ing eel ower vil be val sno inthe nye ow prs eaten a nthe vicinity ohh ‘Operating sttude, Apt rom te novemsat of peer stm athe uric, stmoephere pose lo dope salud cea. Te oer aval om at egineat fl ot crete aad nee, Witt ‘heen arochapn, he svrge sir eginewl ve a abo 4 oft eelvel power by thine iets to 10000 fe “lume. Since wae vapour ies dese than dys, minor of water apr a sr wile ese dene hat the sare ohne of ya In sto ec hat pep in use words keen esrb a ey uit ‘snopes fea is acl Tes dene ca ami da ha iio ry "The mot crt combination of sondons forengine poe los igh Hot and Hum. Usui fat nd hamid art vary condos mst le sited with ow presi sytem In opie. ‘THE OMLSYSTEM agi oil servesa nb of alfonso 1 Ieubeeate ty proving stout lagerof il tewesn moving panto ‘rovennal otal conan Tse con nd eer ln and Protects oxesiie wear and Jaap engiee component. 2 eootshy caryng eat ny tothe cook whee itis site otha “Thies nl unlike eset of wera sarang, wich care engin eto he aio 3 Ieleas by caying ona haps and ote side rom th ovog pa of be caine ot epotng bem inte eginel e 4 sea espace ees te xin ale rhe piston igs preening 8 fm Ieking pus ing he compo nd power stro 5 protest components othe enginfromonygen,waerand othe coesiveagens IRfame aceahonbotwcen ces inde high impact ade _Labrcatin: Tere mach mow to adequate action han spl owing tf i bo. For exp in ‘ebiged and maa begs de ol mast actualy cpr ito scr, preventing tl eto ‘Thisreues more than spy making he sarc we wih ‘Toecaksfs not comply sli eons chansas ord ta cry rss intl: The presaire cis el nto te ong ranks uoup sei desanet lane tearing Ii thn fel ough dacs ‘teins ofthmain ndbigend begs, nee foes 8 way beton te us atl emerges 8 mst rsp (Fig 129), “Tis say fei sang ot by he eatos af tho crank 0 coat the inside theylndr end tn bcam ofthe pon with og 20) Theo ition pike up bythe pono ing ad spread even avec elder ‘els ally iis bk tothe sump fom wheres rescue bye Up. One reason er stag tenn rn aout O00 RPM ie sneer eigenen “Te engine cs is ot a id Book of met contains passages we {Biv press ol am fe ol pun 6 pei eens. These ps ‘Spout calle i galley, Bom heel, esr {iS iroced imo be hollow puto denser therooke thre wenesge ap This spay nec he oer am a valve stom hen rns ck the sump be micied [Fgh 30) For egies Gited wih eonsast Speed propee te enin oi livre tthe propel hub via the ‘Perm ther eace as on age change the plea te Bags (more conti Soyouse the minutes as yonetoa reat del of oaks esr the tise dort job eesti Ale of hei stem weld etn Enaine dagen than one mist, lowed very quel by compile ‘are ofthe jor erin component rsa ite lon aod fintrod wre itemergerha a may Siti era a Lu Sef cere cen rom eine a ig nd — (ogo! weteeretese teats SSAA A at et am seein 20 ORTATSAVATIONTIBORYSoH0GL CHL ABLOFLAME GENERAL KROWLEDGR Components of the ol systems The ‘very hea ofthe ol ys be pump. Thisissulyanengine nn, Esse pp wich pps ce i than the engine egies Fig 31, Tee xcs li reed va a pose regula olen tm te ulin as anneal Te pauppiks pte ci arty rom the somp tough a sores tr. Ts piccap pit is aghly above tebe tom th ump oprvent any Bey ‘eld pile frm eating Sino thi pumps dergne opp Slon ste made fork exces © rm th mtn ade athe pp. “Tupresoeret valve lost. ‘When he per on he ge side of the pup el oroxcnde preset level plngeriathe reba, pening a patho scala bck o he ‘Solos [Fg 32) Thesysempre ‘ome ping in te vale “The of cooler has Been menoned previously. Semone called ano fenprrire eutor ctly doe ‘hick and it opamp seit does to enily penetra small cleuancs ‘rth the epi. Te a hing we Though cole! ‘Tooicokerisprovide wihaby pass \alveniichreantrotetenpere at {bool darmosa she te i ‘ound th cooler athe bps wen iis cold When the oil trp Increases, iti decd teugh the nolr (ig 38) pes an. 33 tupac ely. thereat oft ise ide Feral epee an pee ‘enor Oi eral proved ‘ll ifthe iter becomes Boeked. 1 ‘ee have diy ithe ao il! etsompsptems, nota node iwaengiosfetenctmimpcystens iste theiiamped Tete stptvoaghacoteran fs ea tient te engine's gay, Pesaran temperate easly ‘nenjontelrettccitenr Ge engin, Afric has bss pumped ireagh he egins, tingly ls bck nto (fetanpnichsamacboo ti bt othe engine. Teesunp is smpy ast whieheaces ia andstres ent he pp cece again send itaound he i cu ig 139. a aia o i Tresegpesnes Somos ‘Posey cists erase ono oma moh llr spy este pew Sueeseatay ona arn omes kspeeep on bi o rsed a Treanor | tat che Jp SEI fo SP Seeethenas) 2) In ses cry sp engines wich he Tiger Moth, thee fn ned for ‘cooler boas by the ime al ‘Sled saint. ‘ne atvanag ofthe ay sump sytem i a ‘ancontnos to ppt gine wal ean mote os verted ih Bn gr te trates «DEED Ties Ma ‘gnc eiera o k viscostry “esha eit a the i esion for body] ta ovis can be best rope ae tits resnce to ow A good example Rep tind iehoney. When ed es wing oF Speeding. tas bigh eos. Whentlswam, IMfowsandspeaemichmerssily-ithasalow ‘seni. Oi Beaver ral he sas may ‘would sly oy we change the olin angie ttre st up es Ti gh cosy wold hep st otis th engin hick coating oer hte arcs iting topo cal bone Troma Warm theengin by ssnng fora wean thi pore edly wen he dri pis remove. ‘it eamnt vite he engine proety ut ia raced he conc epee Is vcs mt eo nought sow to ow cay though sl earache earings a pashan sry veh ying 1a os TAI'SAVATIONTEONYSe00L CML AEROFCAKE OBNERA KAOWLEDCE als, rctr sms nt valves. the sametineit mst be vitnas noe ack ta sis to fa annien ‘lm f precio Youstul sway ensure he al added to an caine ithe sree gle seed a Be ‘Sea ght aca, ‘The most inprtanfctar ovesing te warm-up Feed fran egioe fhe temperate of he i By a th jr of gine wear occu int fit few user er sao. It vy pra low cq ine fect epineto eck opting temperate belo making high power domands. The bigger he ogists ‘Ot temperature an oi presse Te pressure with fi depends ot only pon the power f the pop ut ‘ls yon te ably fe ig to low ig 36 sows hat hs pamped hough ee wc fe 90 ‘iste 1 is ow thee wl be no bul pf prs However, hee esse feted tthe low in ‘Siseweamamow oie the peste blip. eset Gi ump teefvs, depends pom the iyo etd ot tecacsetieepthiimat pox Worle Sotihittiws seat aag iret con Wiese Siremefowsgn peste Ashes Dispersant Ot Nuendo ata ees ‘owen sich sx cto esd compounds andi Thedapesaat ely preven dhe conta rm gahedngtgeberinclange and formig ge mchcan og —, sips. To contaminant Tenetitectocaanedoutot te Sys, ving th cai fe Siege nd stipes, Bowe fis nhs retin engine wen, ‘eter competion saloon th son ig and ose consmpion, Alon whe ern es leoconainadtveswhihinhbieoresonandedicefening Unite some ves teselere nema ah ‘en hey br ee the ame es Agha come il san case region ad spark pg og. Straight Mineral Ot "Thee ito et continayaddvesercept frst amauta improve viscosy tlw temperate They te sed ding th ur perio for ow engines or apace yes or son ings Ts higher abs {ually oftisollaps te atoning anéeyinder walt wear mtonope pooes, whch evenly naeeach ingot ln wall Js alt ed remap gn cas usu pt ot poor hat ath toda barl so each ing ino sparta finde Ts Dodcngn ree oi «god emerson ‘elo peeent ase or ekg past the pst dig the conpraion ul yower Af aout 0 100 ous anal nine operation, te ih olla sods ass pera i ean 0 Quant “The sre igh mama plates ata minima quantity fi shold be inch engine Before star. Oe ‘Risofr histo ome aol enpeatue dosnt Become too igh ring Might. See oe th fresons ‘Gell sto con engin ea avay ese sessed, e eperate of ht wil i. “recip wont punt wil hit eerily om, because pik yoieisnerthe btm Te Rag i war being the syste, tol pomp noon Soon woald evenly beore uncovered i ncatonnaod evenly el ose fl esa By Ge time tis append, the angers woul ve become vy gh fos was gra. However ere wat ge ad pidos oi auch as wuld oct ith broken ed teremay be ie {hic insoae in mprstre ve hog ei level sey low ‘Whencira tre losis supe th engine sould be toped a soon as posible even fit means suing ston Nos ‘Theol of dtoration ean engine init by ati, in epee and eacod nc ar spend {o]_trsion fling tempers an oe nae peed [e)__Stsion rang terpenes nd neon aed (a) aon iy erent Quatin No 6 (Ope ft iiatons api tinea RP fer nal power in pion engines [a] Ng fic! connmpson excesive pple send [e] _highollpresue (a) higheyinderbead emperante Quston No “The warm up psd fer as engine pie take of roves opi sca an unformed engine componcats =~ b) _ Hpherai pressure fo ke off {e] stems of expeing mtr tom te engine encase (Gl Sogn fut parr forte off ‘Question Nos [aneapne x ovethesting cing song lid, a apeprit it ton would be Ta) sete ote to rede atotd spond Tb] lean domino Paxton To} rede power anderen AMT crease indeed se sed ice he tire an if aces. power 5 ‘Question Nod Poynter head epetaturs are Bssming on low ing long descent the pilot shuld Tal eluent spel and power [i] nsens need al speed and rede per [el insrenes nated sr speed and power Tile méce newt sr spend an ieee power > Queton No 10 ‘Ths cen ing of fs ames of {eh sspciegaviy BY lstsstnc to doncon=s fel arestane 0 vapor [el itoand-neing poyrtins inte oven of re ‘Question No IL ‘Storzonty eppcsedcngive shuld be ld tout 000 RPM era ol st caer an le tavoid {al damage dot ition a ow RPM “SBE stecveclinder wear oso por Tueeaton tow RPM. “el damage eee ol presse a le [a] sie ecese inthe time required ose engin temperatures ‘Question No 12 SeStaeginctways has on uneee ume finder, commonly 5,7or 11 This isa scsi din Fate ler” milly pred power stokes rng the cpt Tel equate npn oang [e) comet mas tlancing ding high power operon 1G) cooghsace set onan clin fr proper cooing ding ight Question No 13 ‘Theft in an egie eto (a) clean fe) bree [el cot LAY Sof tieabove Questia Nott ‘Theviassy ofan iis sess of Tal te cieabiiy fw fees eitane wo fel the temperate at wich i bark Ta) ects deteent ropes Quction No 1S ‘Th pon ofan cole bypass Tal trent tho fom bcaming 0 ot {b]_, tet overeat alto he cooker to povet a om pstng rough the coker ics aedy cold > {a} tow elt bypate colori te cooker comes blokes ‘Question No 16 ‘Wane othe ol ones iter by an obstrton i dhe dt (a) il emperaure aod presse wil se {B)__ el empere wl rp tol ese wl ae eb Gltmperstce wl ea ol pessre wl fll A Tal itenperte and i pes wil bat al ‘Qveston No17 Ore ease of igh enperatte nd ow il presi oul te ‘ee low lal inte scp [b1 theo visa being to high fo the engine pe [e]__theollsug being overfiled [e)_theotcoote pss not working Question No 18 ‘The purpose f gears poplorin a sia cnn ist pei the polls o un a Tal bier RPM at lover og thn he gine [BL over RPM and exqu tan he engine Tomes RPM apa higher wrgudaa engine {| ater RPM on ower ng a he opie ine with to low a il qn wil proface fa] seg al emperatre and ressre (b) fang ol enya isng oposse Te], aling ol ese ad fling temperate ing tener and doppia pesce > ‘Question No 20 acing ong nb, eytaer ead wpa Beome thigh Thi canbe ete by Ta) losing tho ow pe To) reducing the cling inated seed [eL_ ean tie mitre to bet poner AAT” ichenog the mice fl ich and inceasing the linbig idee ae spoed Question No2t 1raximup powers ple fora while hoi gern i oom he eagine components ould safer sss do uneven eating [6] takeoff mania pesre cou bs lover han noel [e} slid teat ener well Become to big daring ke (a) hoff poner would besevely edad Quon No 22 Teo esr pug eis to Mote ding Meh {al te eget igh B) Seekcacgnge ie [2] thee tmperce io bw Ser Wealianiy veyiow Question No23 ‘hecae fay normally gh peter inion col be Tal ll goat too ow fitter so aw fe} citemperte leo ih {@] he oitsimpis overs Question No24 teil etl in an psating engines ow he spied inn the engine cul vet igh omer setegs 7” {b) _ sil emperstre wos be lower tn aoa [e} _ Exgse ower wil be rezed [a] sew bsg poner lon det inal eagin con Qveston No2s ‘Tope ccesv cooing of an engine dings ong cena xd ht eng is ess Co ler” derese intel si pod and ect eoaced rf eset To] cen inne ipod and accept oooed ut of scene [e] dese dented a oped and inves reo descent {al tease indeed ised and neeane at of Jen ‘Question No26 otterperas essing toner the red ine ding gong limb vey wou be [al decrease power nd acre erspecd [b],inerese power and inde seed Adres: power cn ines cea i peak” {creme power and dorset sped Question No27 Abighcilidesbenixampertu ring crite cou do to {al tail presue oo ow fore clei RPM Th) mixer sac wch Ie} cows et open Jar toto pre eion oe ‘Question No2s Shc lig ong weal te ot ey ring Tong pti of ground eperion alow power” Tyce thigh power seangs [e) —cuiing Aight mead weather [al operation incon wre ature eis Welt farm ‘etna No29 ‘Snevomernea f psig an engine with excessively hgh cil tempera i (a) Soak pug oats BY ndequt tson of some engin pats {el aveybighall sone 1a) king ett aves Qecton No 30 Oil posure is ly mesued Tal ned betes pamp- [b]_ medial ae te pop. indie tefoe th ol exes th engine, 9 i] she oll rose samp {Question No 1 ‘hora n wich he engine cones hs ener 0 mechanical enety Siar the indicated hsepowes = To] ise etionersepower [c} iste indcnt Rasepoer certs [)steume Queton Not Bae stroke eis te gon i ine so at he spk curs Ta) afer TDC ont power stoke efor TOC on te compression sake °° Tel ace TRC onthe somprosion stoke [a] teow TDCon he power sake Ls ‘op AES AMIIONTHEORYSEHOOL CFL AEROELANE GENERAL KROWLEDC 23¢ Question No 33 ‘What sth ee of incase humidity on apne power cups? G], toetet at sere, bt eure ouput acalitde power opt wil decrease all edb of th decree density of he facieehrye (e]_— einai densi ofthe ati wil eres power oui a a lites nochange in power ouput ‘Qeeton No 34 ‘Astbe OAT inresses power spt rom th engin il {a} incase oowse =~ [el tenant Same 1a) fers th iyo cen Question No 38 (Onan itn engie witha stoke ce ch stoke commences when ts pts at ete BDC ar TDC then tine valve either t BDC or TOC [eh tenet valves opr [a] hen theexhast vale closed Question No 36 “Theta fe pes opr a engine othe power develope by te pisos ison ak [a], competi ao " imetuncietfeeney —"P /e Tae: GHP {e] timer stem [d temaleticiensy Question No 37 ‘Thecompresson ato ofan ego Ta) depends ont clearance volime _ ‘epnde onthe erase ylime andthe wep ome O° [e} SS tte sven meswept sume [6] eens on these vane Queron No.8 ‘Team och ask os sks testo ties ie int ape of nal ean alfa rhton . te) Bodega orcas ase cag ine ycle ie 18) “area slongetboe ue ely Seine EIT heb, Qin N09 Ding te comroson an pore sc ofa ata so co azn spree ia eettinsteienaeciond {Raines am cp Af ebleavecogr oe — wine Lage in HE ibd pale minain petl ie) bathvalesteman oes UM tapi ihe ai atin a, fo deetine in US ae Spring fe empmnien shake + ‘Toad he ing eral of trots engine vide 720 dogs by i uber fides co 1m) de Tad dogessby 4 [e) Side 2 degessty 4 (6) Give amb of eres of cambria byte aumber fests cm AsnonLane aenaL xNOWLEDOE ALLRiontsEseaven 290 129 oetion Not Jrenaine wih combustion chamber of 13 eb nches capacity and swept volume of 78 caic nce, 8 ‘amreson a of fs) 301 . (Ser A at Tel ta) Sr Question No 42 ‘Sice nae closed ter BDC in a avo engine, he man quit offer emeing thveylinier cna This mst ot valve timing i known =x Ts) wehelesd 4, Tb) Yakeoverap Ss [o],netvatvetead avelag \ Queton No a3 wt - Freon asepowers {ar the diteonc tween he take horsepower andthe ed horsepower the deco etesn te ndlestedRerepower and Qe brakeheepowee Te] teak sepower vied by inetd power [el thedffecne bern indeed heseponer an the ed power fe engine Question No 44 ‘Mommy dopesof craks otaton ae ered fie al yids inst engne ng he oe ole dependent mabe of snes wo rae ia 760 Queton No “he pstin of he vas ding nak seks of aca for stroke cet engine fs Tal netopen uti to cle csr of sok nd exhast closed roughest {b]kecopning ast of soko and exh lsd tragic [E]___lnkcand exis epen t eponing of ede, xs ope nn closed tnd of stroke IBY cust open bt staring cera ata stoke aint open oot a ‘Quetan No 46 Jeaine wih combustion chamber of cbicishescapsciy and sep volume of 4 abi inces sa Socpreson aie of " él fy swt om f} Tot fg) fot (Question No? ‘Thepupoe a sasenge pump ina iat so Ta) topunp the fom ke amp othe alr ina wet sun ye {) pump cl om te galley tothe sump in wet samp ter [el toproide andy power he main il pu asad samp stem (prema dell fom the engine ud nd teeter tank na ry sump system 130 oo TAITSAMATIONTEORY SCHOOL CPL AEROFLANE GENERAL KNOWLEDGE ANSWERS TO EXERCISE GK 1 No Answer Low 2 a 2 oo 5 sw 7 a sow > 0 om no aw 6 ta 7 ®t » 1 2 a 21 2 a aw * Comment Pressure gs depends upon the aumber of moles reset i ‘he speed tw each motte moves ie epee of te care Mantolé reser the presse cid te elindr tt let prt. Te pion ‘ft hoe dies hw mach as Cows tough te net man the pot Te higher snl pressure terete the mass Now o gas ito te elder when the int valve open, Seepage 1.19. ‘Asyhing ht decrees the temperate of he charg wl ap mins to rik of ‘emton, The most inact et wil lay beaebive by placing he mince ‘tn io fll ich Torsends ext soning feel to where ios ceed =the Inside of th ear “Te explosion ofthe charge sends socks trough te engine whic eet asi ‘ns The tle cease th eat of eantuaon we the piston i pear TDC. ‘orcs thet th clade heal casing he pute ose and power toarp. ‘As propeller RPM increase he propel tp ped approaches and may eened the ‘etd sound. This degrades the propels aay ein. ‘AS ean rats phe vc of thos braun he rags ee or ‘Secve obicton. generar depends upon he et at which eat ng aeerae power, aed the rate which ts being cared away TAS], The ext fl ina ch ae alps ric the temperate of eombaton, “This sel th pp to uso abe. Three the ae at whch es being ened ad dees th at at which ting ead vay ‘Te ihe te cctane ring of fel, he rears alt to wind compression tn ea thot Stating ‘Aboszotaly pase engine ison being ung fom the rtaing ernst to ‘nequatly bene te ede val ‘Te only Wf fie every cinder ding we oaons af te cata et fee rey scan pind nthe dct of ton, Ss page 15 ‘Seepage 119 ‘Thaler the vicoi the thicker he ol canes Kress owing spreting. (fester ae ore cock calle temperature regis. Isparta warm hil when i cl jot it pean colt when ih ‘iro oh th cocker required ocr the bs atheros ‘he temperate wl ire Heo lowe oe and evel he resus tn ecome ame ‘Tho ower he qamy of in the sump, th more requ tm coat cary agin heat ova. The that preset wil be come te Higher RPM preios mor engin power However, gh RPM eae th propels eine. Afar box allows Ue gi’ power betznsmite the propa i the Frm of greeters Bt lower RPM Ste qustoa Noi See question No’ Engi warp is teat rot demaadingake-off owes. Ti ot oly esos ht be ol ibe cme vincosty prop et the vsou eanponetsbu ‘to lesen th thermal sbek of ge ed code temperature ness. ‘ei eels very loathe ol ees abate on trblene, hoi up ‘kup screen becomes ufeovered casing be pr tosses atime Tht ‘re cron inl prser, To came ho agen thei evel won to ‘een low Oi temperatre won be very high (its high veo atiow tempera. Tosa igh estan tthe fm caning ol peser oc ‘Te over the quay ol th bower ht ol became. AL igh poe stings the somal qn ll mstcary th esa wy om hs engine so charge, and ” ™ 2 8 a lat ‘Answer a @ @ a 1 @ om o o om co ® is} fa a a o a o a a Comment {Assuming ee powsr.on descent thigh IAS To rade tee twice trina cried aay from the engin the TAS woo ae tobe edied. Power wold Uekeprottar othe raf decent wool dees. ‘otal cool teint eet whch bat being generat [powers be ‘eco. The ta which eat skin cated away TAS) soul be ince The Sirf wou sea dene nthe tof ib ‘Bosh detostion and reign re accompanied bya murked news engine ‘epee, Exec hz oppose exelaes, he il eno ooo the oto of be {nr casing lg foving atl ingens The boom pgs sal the cali ‘Gay hihi mperaie ede the veo fe lp wer ino Tone tains ube fin oer suis Tis crests he posi of ‘ovo metal ora ans rap engie wee. ‘Git presue i saly messed jstbetoe be goes to svi work eis ‘foresters the engin el galley Teese Hore Power ina east of {econ cowry) ter allowing ford feglne component ‘The spk acu before TDC [between 20” and 30" before the on abs he ‘tpoftstavel Tis allows ine forte elo ba 0h combustion complete ‘te pint whe mam gu canbe rode ‘evapo ee denny rr tof water vapor and iris is owe tn he sane me of ys i ai iter any a oars xs deme han osha wt maker ol blo ie. An ease Inemeratrc has the se ffs on i Sensi aa nasi. Power wl ach ke sis ei TDC of BDC. Fach suoke copies 180 of rant ‘station i al ‘This eal theo BoweenIdeste Hose Powe and Bake Hore Power ‘Compresien io compas thle orenewep volume wth th tol volume Stove te pistm whee blest BDC te. he swept one +h lance vole. ‘hang os be see orlersne volume wl chnge he compen ao. ch ark cecopis al at ofthe cash. ‘Te let ive nape dn th incon stoke and loss js afer the compe lon stoks begin Tp allows er hr conn o low hough tint pr veto Fre Kale ave ing intra of ny four stoke ogi 720” + Number fein. ‘Te cumpresion aa compare the von above the sion when tsa BDC [swepr eran] wih he volume above thepison wiz its TDC [lean ot power ging to setully move pion et ney ast ugh he exh a ove, Teams 13 wih 1813s, IB 91. 91+ 157 Souhe volume fer compression rene event of ho vom before compression. Se gue low eh ‘Ste the exlaston for Quosion 38 sbove Freon Hare Pome reeset los tween power livee oh psn {lnc Hore Power and th power tht aval to vee ant (Bake Howse Powe). ‘To sngioe mus sae wie to allow acho he foe sok to eu ‘Teer vale css la [fer BDC onthe ext rok). That means ht iis Sil cing a he begining of te intake 5 called inden ok, {Sept + Unsveys) + Unset fr cmiasion chamber volun (G59) 4926. Thecampasion ois 601 “The serenpe pumps fund oly na ry mp lyse. Ttromove il fom tho engine a arg to exer ark PROPELLERS A prot le ices arotng Wing Like a Wing ts cated aerofi which advances ino the e- {ieaiflow aan angi stark. n theese of propel ble te aeons resolved oto cope eres called poplr st and propel tq 52.1. A we22 i a & : i 3 | 4 i iyi ivi z I sf I c Bl “Tee propels blak’s motion though th se ‘A. Reworer is aite mor complex un th of ‘ving dense ait svarcee loge Mp path, ‘algo ots about as own sh “The betvoer of he ese sow boat ie ade is best unetood by conleing exch of ‘tee mdon separate Ceasers shot rid fof time say 1/00 see ane sgie «rating opal advancing log th pa, om gporetefrwand motion sndconsieonly theron abot he propellers nFig2.2a¢ IethelaeABrepeenstie distances price ‘elton he ace waves bout he shan 10 Sc, Tisie wool represent the motion of hat olathe apa were tating sil ‘Theliw BC orescence th secoplane ‘woul move forward th ime Soe pit we ‘ce considering would move ie dsance AB i the plane oreo oth propeller saad the (dttoe BC in be drecton of ig Since it dee bah sao the ean pth along the ne AC. The eave alow Srprosce the Bae from 4 drecton oppose toitemoton se along tine CA. The eng B_-mdbofatace shaded in ig 22. ALLEGE RESERVED ©2507 4 Fens tea mone atone . swore 2110 50M atone yEuES gages rau ope tate Soames iow aon azo ann EPS conan EE 20M e258 & 22 sontarsananowrinne sie Fig2.shovsasimplodevie ic elpsinepring the lato terwean propeller RPM, aeroplane {wa pee (TAS) and nan of atc on the propel. ‘Taw ih ee Hn oe ne totaal tbe blade ange In sll {ling aeons, hs angle sie bythe man freer an exant Be altered by hele “The angle of attack howe, the ssl of he [RPM and TAS and dons tang Might a ach of howe ters canes Coase Fig 23. The vol sale represens he ‘Cole Wet a enn caine pesos i 26 089 MATION THEDRY SCHOOL cr AROHLAN ORIEL BOWLED Cie A sanwoww reessue eens the constant sped unit sutomatcaly as eset RPM ty changing th propels ae ana th plot can 20 ogee rey on Be RPM aon ndoxton of | caine power our Anotbr intrest is needed tll plat ow hard onsine is ‘werkig Caled te anil ees ‘reps bisinretee yee dels Bow much of > foe andar mine wl enter ee | sjiader sentir val ope, had th ston ing pce Fg2.15, e203 Manifold prose is esd ce of ee (HGS Noe owt 30 HG, Note tte the ‘ame 1013 A, wi wich you ‘he eng inoperative the nama conte ress Neds ought ‘ne manifold 0th tee) Whea the engine is umang the ‘iol presere ge wil ed ty the moving pos. In Bight the pilot simply slots the mals presi rei by Inovng the due conta et the dsked figure Indeed on theses The manure provides ales, RPM anf manifold pose which rotuce various powe stings ‘We the propa ich cst veri pace ll te way [eroa te propel Tc nto the smal Bde angle [ig Pitch contol 2TH Tis pt ale fal fine and 5 eed or engioe fully fine Sarat rp nd ak Fe2t ‘With ly ie chelated the engin sinlybebaves ‘hough ithe th propeller snd RPM change whenever theengine power changer josey ian aroplane with ‘net pen propel Ths assy ing te posake-of ‘Shue beat magecta and eapne power ches. Whentie ops in fini tallow the eng todlve Inmate ow spond, wih jst what ade frie “Te proper lock it th fly ie poston pie Tanti toe imi rs aval in he vent avog ght teprpster ch cont ase sect tthatrer RPM sting te ple dex. Te pe simply noes the propster ich contol ut the deed RPM Is nated fn te rctnta The proper governor he atratialy ainsi est egie spb sending lo fromthe proper hab. Changing engine poer witha CSU. One of th tg svotge of «CSU shat allows he ilo ay te ‘Sune partys wile manaining cmt RPM. Te props iy f ways ih permits an eer aBcofatacktmbe manned traghoeta ln seedrangs. wth engine beefs by opratinge aconsast [RPM sing wre he vale and ton ining ean podoc maximum fice ‘Onc the RPM ar sleeper governor wil mnnin he RPM tat value ceo advances the watt incest pores th itlbterdy rave inten haat Not and heft Fre ting ‘one piston hil be nese yas increase In rl pres [ig 215) “The anal power produced by th rss misfld res nil temps to mak be poe pin [Bc Howeres he govermor mediately sess the tendency for REM 1 nese an "pte aks ot by Iovng he propels des owas couse pich, This eas ra incensed angl of tack on he ld tht nro ‘Noe ft even thug the RPM seis constant throughs, fe extra power i stil ved ote people Fh propel ply aks nage bt oars constant RON, ave! Mp the ext thst wold cause the Fig2is iM 28 on As avaTON THEORY SCHOOL (CF ABHOPLAN GENERAL KNOWL seroplane acl ahigherTAS an the sgl of etackafthe bles wos! decrease epin become most, the same as ef. However higher TAS wold now pode an nous rave siiow ve the las, ring thighs hus opt Ite pile es the trot to dees power he debut aie mores tow the sed poston, deseasng temas fw ad edcing te fe sing on the ate Tht wl endowed bya dete a ‘mane pes 216) nay tbe RPM wil atop to deren, bat the govern wil eis he eden and take he ras of by ‘moving th blades ovards eich, Tire na decreed ange of sake de sta esses In vel igh te seropne woul dow dovn tiem once more lower TAS. MANIFOLD PRESSURE, RPM AND ENGINE EFFICIENCY, An engine ited with a CSU cepa of racing te sae power varios combines of manifold pressure nd RPM. The plo gen the cic of shins gen power cua ty tring the prope slo low RPA, wi age angle of wach mand esr) tinge pops fe ges RDM] sale agle of ack (lower maid press. Te engine atest pubes the vsous otinatone ‘maf rsa td PM ht wl ode ven pow ont ‘on out poe may ee sane eects are water RPM te With shehighes mand pres [MAP,. Tis Bouse bw RP allows te vals io rena ope ionpe dene" “Betnsnton and exhale herby improving the flow ofp ino ad ot fhe inde To pt ee cinicaly he elmer efficients imped wen ow RMP sew sh MAP. Not dat be mana ‘ae oblast combinations which safe rhe engines ales ter than fe publi aes sould evr bud ‘CARBURETOR ICE AND CSUs Wsimporant io dertandthetehavou of nein itd wih «CSU bes cabrio ems, Bac the fexmaton ofc saree a csing le thot, te maifoed pesos wil pb the gover wil ‘ep tbe RPM the sae, Whea cuba ht apd, ere wil a edie dap fn mano presae "hem an ices athe ce met, tall he whe he RPM wl be conan. carter bet plied a 0 ico preet, here willbe anni opin anf eset i na ute cacge cast REM. Whee The beats etme tool the manifold reer il ren onal (Ssh BAK page 67 The coarse pitch tops the areat is pti dive with power othe propel wil ato overgedt asiigoesina xed pc eroplare, However th gotetmr wil senses overped tency and move he aes "owatdecoare pitch toprevetachngs in RPM the dele cotnvlowevt as on eel ach the imi of eae nd encertr he cere ck ope Any oer scraton wold nope nee in [RPM Ia most ara endo weld nt beacons il Ve wa exec, Crt Amor ane ceNRALAOWLEDSE aL mcs RESERVED © 09 29 F927 Le aie Manito presore at start ups When the engine ot opening he ermal ambient mosphere peie Mads Socom sys Te ma ese nde eos wl gi) tebe ambien ts |Aferstrt wp, te downward move pts cet satin in the indcton sem downsea ofthe hole faery he mont presse page wil nse sboat Ieee Te acta ambien nose ress pir ot pw eped pon the syont sition {i whete & igh orow pressure sytem scraping he egon an elevation oe nerdrome Since mower ove op abut {Hg er every 100 fet of elt cease, aan aero wth anclevation of 3000 {beim pesre post sa up wood be expt read about 27H “The relatos Between manifold pressure and RPM: You wil leo mie ding Right ha when he RPM {rc changed wt propel pich coi vl th mio peste gauge responds witht angsin inccaion ven hugh ttle overeat as een ad, ‘When RPM are dese he manifold resi: gauge wll sow ap increase. This eee ate [RM wes open foes nes pet mints at of flow to the cyedr dress and tere ‘le tg etna the ae baton let ave 210 on Ar AVATON THEORY ScHCOL cr aemceLanceNenAL NOME Likewiee, when RPM ace isn he manifold presse guage wl show ght res, boss of hi tiosip between maf resend RPM, changes of ewe may equie asbrt pd of egjastacnio bain preset unfold pere and RPM isto reed. PILOT TECHNIQUE FOR CHANGING POWER WITH A CSU eats ropes ph pfs “Wien aera engi itd with CSU, es good prac to avo combination of igh manifold rence andlow RPM Ato RPM the yale tay openlonge tei maf presses igh oo sch fo: foc in th inde. Tis problem ical overbooting and ies te soled ty flowing dos amp oe ‘When increasing power, lway nos te RPM hfe you neath manifest Fig 28 Midas, Deh, THe ‘When decreasing power vay eee te mano pressure foe you dereas ihe RPM Ge Fig? Ly thal tle, Mika PROPELLER MALFUNCTIONS Mancions within a consan spent unit coud osc within the propa goveror ote propeller bh. One Peale in fe propel governor ture of the sper ing. uring som cpr, he poke spring provides alse fr he ting fers geeratel by he ating ‘rid he spent singer eect este ee ‘stn soa fal there woud be no ensue he ning ace geared he wept. The ysis ‘il fog etwas by centsigal foce cating he enna ential Goveroroseatoverpeed. Th governor wilco i> reat Tove | Sommundtoremedy overspeed ie tllmovethelaes — Sy eich e) esau of the absence of he spender sping’ ban ing fey the yet wl remain inthe overspeed ‘ros he propel adr wil move te conse ‘ichstpe. Th wl lin ade rp fs RPMand Sess deeded pefrmanc. tamalfnction should cur inthe propeller ab. he ‘Sineguener willy dapending on deen. ts tase tn eCanly non exbering const spe opal, Theol enue moves the Wags towar corse pith, tle err spring pois he ted foc wich acs toward fie pitch A pressure tia of hi opal, ‘ald case the Hinds to move to he He Fg! Dich ope I eegieis veloping Powe ho ume, is an poe a den ge [nkPylalpepelr nearest son woul ned obo taken imi ‘gine damage. In te cate oft Harel non feta stat epeod propels te ol ese ‘nove the Binds mde Se itch wile Counerveighsontherousing bas provide Scania force wai eves de Bes omards conse ph (See Fig 221), his ‘pre apeue alien the hb wil came THe laos to moveto the eae ick tps PROPELLER CARE (Oneortbotensonadiyinspatoashalule ngction oft proper de for ik {nltherdnge Thesall areun of raund ‘Gewance provided in os! gener vio oe wel aeroplane ofr itl eeton {o opel ld fom slowe damage ove cad ces. uring operation tgh conenaines f es ost shat ick esi om toe damage nthe ads Ihe ‘rors cy ths can cat ras ropes ough ie body of oe bade with evel seperation of pice ‘fe bine. To rest of couse, woul be catstophie Fig 222, an son rr UTOW THEORY SHON nL Aston a GRNERAL RNOLD Sets icone ding ly isection hold een by & mepinest Sut guile pono. Tis sey fing Eaageé ao eee thr ‘Mishap po we cas sees ements pans “Treforest onthe propel Ble rng norm pein ‘Thearodynamictwistnginoment {ATM} stereo pose ‘nga al easton which teas WSL be lade oars coe ph, ‘The cena ring moment {CTA lt of te mate en acy athe de oan ong a] an sl wih ple Sirouioniatergetote Bd owas eps Sone CSUs SEantage of be CIM to ep poige eatTaceodetese ech se tas ‘Cenetga free genes bythe rotaion of te Had, proces este low en he ble which tempo set longa ig 22) srodynani wing moment ceri Fre cect sing meme ‘Your propeller works hard under then ene ef strong and complex forces lnk ater it More aboot CTC and ATM. CConidera tng roel witha ny cou ‘ere Ato ie aon peso ‘sae of ade ts ato prodaced {next the sume way a itis prove by a ‘ng AB isthe case wth i hte reaction et trope entre of prasie whi ia ‘werd orte aus ofeeion othe Bods. ‘Misrodcesatwiing monet which ates ‘oro theta he ey te ally coarse ston. This effet calle the cde However as th ide oe thigh psd cents foes at ing bot he ning and aig eget - {ny fom te ing creat. Thee forces odie antes wisting moment whch temps pull fe de ‘ows fine pte poston “Thisfft iced the cent wisting moment (CTA, Sine he les telively heya ting st Tigh REM, he CM ie moc ee powefl thnte ATM sod lade sock es is without coursereighs] wil ‘eektotake pte fie ple poston Wiedesgper want tbe ‘0 uke opt come pasion intheevent of ale ofa pretsie ia the hub, bea Counters ae ed the poplle Hage show Inde igwe ae. The cee teal ce wach 00 Secours ings he ‘outiom est ofratin of the cna, overpowering the atrltndeney ofthe bade to move toward Gs ich “The nds sat pro: paler tae ed with cou ferights such tse wl ‘move towards cnr itch in the event of alee of ol presets ub. ae on ar avATON TORY SHO. rt Aon ANE GENERAL OONLEEOE ‘Toalow he blades o move ay poston fewest ceane nt ie hsp tis seo lode act ‘est rotate aot the pccbnge ans Many ‘reat canis reeled to abit hi ‘The gue te oes ot pete io Be un accu ep entation of xy one ster, simply shows ta tsa ‘eavely simple mater to dense a atom where a ack ott about th ph lange at In most cass isis aeieved by applying ress toa Se fata entice ae He oo Ga meveplsChee eae se ele Fe lereieerel ae Tie lice tn oe wpe lam I SR aera iy a =

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