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스미스 유기5판 솔루션 (1-20장)
스미스 유기5판 솔루션 (1-20장)
Answers to Practice Test
lad 2.a.D 3.a.C 4a.
b.4 bA bB Ni i:
es) eBD cor « (oryeen—O—o14
A
Answers to Problems
2.1 Bronsted-Lowry acids are proton donors and must contain a hydrogen atom.
Bronsted—Lowry bases are proton acceptors and must have an available electron pair (either a
Ione pair or a x bond).
a tie iy
seid seid
cro, (CH C8
rotons pan fone pe
eee wo
folabess Baa bese nbonds
é
f
: crore, on,
Yoon,
rot abase=ro lone pas
basen pals on 0 Sextonde base—lone pa on Ox bod
SST, ats Soe ame MaMa
2.2 A Bronsted—Lowry base accepts a proton to form the conjugate acid. A Bronsted-Lowry acid loses
a proton to form the conjugate base.
a Nis NHe » Hor Be
o> ——— Hoi Hs0,- ———+ soe
(CHys0=0 ———» (ci,0-0H CHs0H oH0-Chapter 2-6
23a, True.
OHy=CHy + HY ——» cH,CHS
base conjugate acis
. False. CHyCH2" cannot be the conjugate base of CHsCHs" because they both have the same
number of H’s and a conjugate base must have one fewer H.
c, False, CH2=CHlz and CHsCH2 differ by the presence of H’, not H
d. True.
Remove Ht F
cH,=cH, | OE cHy=CH
acid conjugate base
e. True,
CHycH, + HY > CH.CH,
base conjugate aig
2.4 The Bronsted-Lowry base accepts a proton to form the conjugate acid. The Bronsted-Lowry acid
loses a proton to form the conjugate base. Use curved arrows to show the movement of electrons
(NOT protons), Re-draw the starting materials if necessary to clarify the electron movement.
a aa + NOL
Ke
SS
5 NXE
2.5 To draw the products:
[1] Find the acid and base.
[2] Transfer a proton from the acid to the base.
[3] Check that the charges on each side of the arrows are balanced.
9
a a + HO—CH (-)1 charge on each side
of
b + He (-)1 charge on each side
acid base
Ly - a
© Otte Bg Dot + GF etree onenensice
acid
ae
& AB oso EAL Bt + “O80 etna one so
— aAcids and Bases 2-7
2.6 Draw the products in each reaction as in Answer 2.4.
; H
.OH OH) | VV
aT en, He Wb ce
4
BO HL 8 ee © Qu Dine
2.7 The smaller the pKa, the stronger the acid. The larger the Ke, the stronger the acid.
on om
a CHOC, or OHCHOH Cr Cr
ph=i8
pk,=50
i 10-10 40-4
smaller PK
stronger acid
larger Ki,
stronger acid
2.8 To convert from Ka to pK, take (-) the log of the Ks; pKa =—log Ka.
To convert pXs to Ka, take the antilog of (-) the pKs.
a. Ky=10- 10% Ky=52x10% —b. pKee7? —pky=t— pky=3.2
|
PKA=10 | pK= 21 pK =4.3 echo K, ie Ky=saxt04
2.9 Since strong acids form weak conjugate bases, the basicity of conjugate bases increases with
increasing pKa of their acids. Find the pKs of each acid from Table 2.1 and then rank the acids in
order of increasing pKs. This will also be the order of increasing basicity of their conjugate
bases.
a. ___ Increasing aciaty » Increasing acy
——_—“_“" a nssing acidity
HzO NHs CH, HCeCH CH=CH, CH,
PK. 157 38 50 Phe= 25 ak 80
‘conjugate bases: OH -NHp “CHy ‘conjugate bases: “CaCH -CH=CHe “CHy
es eee
Increasing basicly Inereasing basicly
2.10 Use the definitions in Answer 2.9 to compare the acids. The smaller the pK, the larger the Ks
and the stronger the acid. When a stronger acid dissolves in water, the equilibri
the right,
HOH (CHyycoout
formic cia pivalie aid
PK= 98 Phy =50
‘a. smaller pky = larger Ke . weaker acid = stronger conjugate baseChapter 2-8
2.11 To estimate the pKa of the indicated bond, find a similar bond in the pKs table (H bonded to the
same atom with the same hybridization).
Oe owl
For NH pk Is 38. For CH,CH.OH, For CH,COOH, pK, is 4.8.
estimated pi, = 38 PKI 16 ‘estimated pK, = 5
estimated px, = 16,
2.12 Label the acid and the base and then transfer a proton from the acid to the base. To determine if
the reaction will proceed as written, compare the pK; of the acid on the left with the conjugate
acid on the right. The equilibrium always favors the formation of the weaker acid and the
weaker base.
a nC Equilibrium favors
base conjugate base conjugate acid —_‘the starting materials,
38
weaker acid
+ OH boo +
bee ki m Eauibvium favors
acid base conjugate base conjugate acid the starting materia.
PK, = 50 PK,= 15.7
weaker acid a
& CHCO.H + © CHCH AF «= = CHO} + HCH GH Equibrum favors
acid base conjugate base conjugate acid «(MP Poduets.
PK= 48 PK = 16
weaker acid
4 + CHCH OH = HG + chon: Equilium favors
the starting materials.
conjugate acid ‘conjugate base
PK
2.13 An acid can be deprotonated by the conjugate base of any acid with a higher pKs.
HCN Base Conjugate acid pK,
pk, = 25 NaH io 35
‘Any base having a conjugate NazCO5 Hod 10.2 |OnlyNaH and NaNH, are
‘cid with ap higher than NaOH Hd 187 _|stotgenouan te dovictonate
25 can his acd Nani Nig 'S7__Jacetonite
Baas NaHCO, H.08, a
2.14 The acidity of HZ increases left-to-right across a row and down a column of the periodic
table.
Sa Ceol ein (@), ope
cm choomn Sta tei
iis farther to the right in only C-H bonds
ORES SYN mr sementatyteaam e
ara penta ree et
the stronger acid,Acids and Bases 2-9
215
i Because sid neoases across a
A S.,, tom and down a eau the oer at
me slay a NH eO-H CoH
2.16 Look at the element bonded to the acidic H and decide its acidity based on the periodic trends,
Farther to the right and down the periodic table is more acidic.
most acidic most acide rome
a NOH b HO Ne SON n
|
Molecule contains C-H Molecule contains C-H, Molecule contains C-H and N-H bonds,
and O-H bonds. N-H, and O-H bonds, Nis farther ight; therefore,
ls farther right therefore, Os farthest right therefore, N-H hydrogen is the most acl.
(0-H hydrogen isthe most acicic (0-H hydrogen is tho most acidic
2.17 The acidity of HA increases left-to-right across the periodic table, Pseudoephedrine contains
C-H, N-H, and O-H bonds. The O-H bond is most acidic.
pseudoephedtine
Skeletal structure
2.18 Compare the most acidic protons in each compound to determine the stronger acid.
/ 4
Am on > op ACOH
Sits ' c-Hbond peli:
¢-Hbend © aarti
Ni tar oth gt in ‘nope ae
poe al venge ald
stronger acid
2.19 More electronegative atoms stabilize the conjugate base, making the acid stronger.
‘Compare the electron-withdrawing groups on the acids below to decide which is a stronger acid
(more electronegative groups = more acidic).
° °
"OH it ca .OH
‘oH
a i. C4 7 » gAlon oo Mie
Tore asic a
iis closer Is farther rom tho
F is more slacronegative than Cl, making the tone BF bona, i fatner ram
(O-Hibond inthe acid on theright more acide. ‘more actaChapter 2-10
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24
No,
more acidic
'NOgis electron withdrawing, making the
‘0-H band in the acd on the
right more acil
More electronegative groups stabilize the conjugate base, making the acid stronger.
HOCH,CO.H CH,CO.H
an achydroxy acid ‘acetic acid
‘The extra OH group contains an electronegative 0, which
‘stablizes tho conjugate base,
‘stronger acid,
HBr is a stronger acid than HCI because Br is farther down a column of the periodic table, and
the larger Br” anion is more stable than the smaller CI- anion. In these acids the H is bonded
directly to the halogen. In HOC! and HOBr, the H is bonded to O, and the halogens Cl and Br
exert an inductive effect. In this case, the more electronegative CI stabilizes “OCI more than the
less electronegative Br stabilizes OBr. Thus, HOCI forms the more stable conjugate base,
making it the stronger acid.
The acidity of an acid increases when the conjugate base is resonance stabilized. Compare the
conjugate bases of acetone and propane to explain why acetone is more acidic.
Pe a i Bt ot anata eis
¢ 2b * os more sane conjugate base
HCH, cry * “Ci Os” “CHe —"Restone fe more acide.
acetone ne resonance structure places the (-) charge on the more
pk, = 192 ‘stacronegative Owlom, Tiss eepedisly good
bose fs
cnjcH.ct, —2—- cryctiite only one Lows stucture
less Sabie conjgate base
propane
Peeso (Poy C-H born te starting
‘material can be removed )
The acidity of an acid increases when the conjugate base is resonance stabilized. Acetonitrile
has a resonance-stabilized conjugate base, which accounts for its acidity.
4
peb-can: 2. ‘Te negave charge i stabized by
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