Ele 241

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬٢٤١
 ‫א‬   ٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

???‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
    ٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬٤‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
    ٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
١
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Diode‫א‬‫ א‬o
BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
IGBT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
MOSFET‫ א‬o
Thyristor o
Triac o
Diac o
KUJT‫א‬‫א‬ o
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WThyristor‫א‬
semiconductors
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬General Electrics١٩٥٧
-١-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
،Anode (A)  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 KE١J ١F‫א‬ Gate (G)‫א‬‫א‬ Cathode (K)‫א‬‫א‬
Gate 
‫اﻟﺒﻮاﺑﺔ‬
(G) 
G 
Cathode
Anode
‫اﻷﻧﻮد‬ 
‫اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮد‬
(A) (K)
A K P N P N 

J١ J٢ J٣

 ‫א‬WE١J ١F‫א‬

KSilicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 KON state‫א‬

 WStates of a thyristor‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Forward biased state‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KReverse biased state‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 WStatic Characteristic of a thyristor‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬ •
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬J٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J٣J١‫א‬
-٢-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،Forward leakage current‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
OA‫א‬FForward Blocking (off) state‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEE٢J ١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،J٢‫א‬Forward Breakdown Voltage‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
KEE٢J ١F‫א‬BC‫א‬F On State‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬J٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Holding ‘IH’‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kcurrent

‫א‬E
  ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬J٣J١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Reverse leakage current‫א‬‫א‬
KEE٢J ١F‫א‬OD‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 Avalanche ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEE٢J ١F‫א‬DE‫א‬F
-٣-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

+IA 
C
IG١>IG٠

IG٢>IG١
IG٠=٠
B
IH 
A
VRB
-VAK

+VAK
D
O VFB 




E
-IA 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢J ١F‫א‬
WIdeal characteristic of a thyristor‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KEE٣J ١F‫א‬OA‫א‬F

K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EE٣J ١F‫א‬OC‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KEE٣J ١F‫א‬OB‫א‬F‫א‬

-٤-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
IA


A





VAK
B O C 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣J ١F‫א‬
 WMethods of triggering a thyristor‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 WThermal and light triggering‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
Light Activated Silicon Controlled Rectifier ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(LASCR)

-٥-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 WHigh voltage triggering‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W dv triggering‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dt
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ dv ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dt
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٠٢٠‫א‬

 WGate triggering‫א‬‫א‬
 E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٥٠٠{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 WFiring circuits of a thyristor‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
،‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
-٦-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ •
 WDC firing circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،Eg ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SW‫א‬‫א‬KD‫א‬Rg
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KRg‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤J ١F‫א‬
 WAC firing circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ١F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R٢R١‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KRgR٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
-٧-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥J ١F‫א‬
 WPulse triggering circuits‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬E٦J ١F‫א‬KPulse transformers‫א‬‫א‬
CR١Q١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬R١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vp‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q٢‫א‬R٢‫א‬
-٨-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٦J ١F‫א‬
 WThyristor protection‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ١F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Fuse‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬Snubber circuit
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬
-٩-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٧J ١F‫א‬
 WTriac‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE٨J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
G 

T١ T٢ 
Terminal
(T١) ‫اﻟﻄﺮف‬ 
( ‫)أ‬ 
Gate
G ‫اﻟﺒﻮاﺑﺔ‬
N N

(G)
P 
G١

A١ N

K١

P
T١ T٢ N 
G٢

Terminal 
K٢ A٢ (T٢) ‫اﻟﻄﺮف‬

(‫)ج‬ ( ‫)ب‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬EF‫א‬EF‫א‬WE٨J ١F‫א‬
-١٠-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬T٢T١‫א‬T٢‫א‬T١‫א‬ •
 KT٢‫א‬G‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬T١T٢‫א‬T١‫א‬T٢‫א‬ •
KT١‫א‬G‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I  KE٩J ١F‫א‬


IG١>IG٠
IG٢>IG١ 
IG٠=٠

IH
-VB 
V

O VB






 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٩J ١F‫א‬
-١١-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 WDiac‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T٢‫א‬T١‫א‬T٢‫א‬T١‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬
T١‫א‬T٢‫א‬T١‫א‬T٢‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ١F‫א‬



T١ T٢


( ‫)أ‬


N 
Terminal Terminal
(T١) ‫اﻟﻄﺮف‬ P N P (T٢) ‫اﻟﻄﺮف‬ 
N

(‫)ب‬


 ‫א‬EF‫א‬EF‫א‬WE١٠J ١F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ E١١J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬IG‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٢-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
I 




IBR 
V 
O VB٠ 






 ‫א‬‫א‬WE١١J ١F‫א‬
-١٣-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W

‫؟‬‫א‬ ١J ١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥J ١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٧J ١
‫؟‬‫א‬ ٨J ١
‫؟‬T٢‫א‬T١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٩J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١٠J ١
‫؟‬ ١١J ١
‫؟‬T٢‫א‬T١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢J ١
 ‫؟‬ ١٣J ١




-١٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 •
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K(R-L)(R)‫א‬‫א‬
Vm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vm
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Thyristor) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬ (SCR)
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬٢π‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬E١J ٢F‫א‬٢π
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
Ig  Ig 
 
 
 
ωt ωt
α ٢π+α α ٢π+α
 E F  EF

‫א‬EFW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١J ٢F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Single-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Rectifiers with a resistive load
KR‫א‬E٢J ٢F‫א‬
‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EtoF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ERF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EVoF‫א‬EtoF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬EtoZπF'R'‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
'R'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬E٣J ٢F‫א‬toZ٢π‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 'io' ‫א‬'vo'E‫א‬F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬'vT'
⎧0 , 0 < t < t0
⎪
V0 = ⎨Vm sin ωt , t 0 < t < π / ω
⎪0 , π / w < t < 2π / ω
⎩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬to٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬α‫א‬‫א‬ωto‫א‬‫א‬to‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kγ‫א‬‫א‬πωto‫א‬

 K'R'‫א‬WE٢J ٢F‫א‬
       
- ١٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 KE٢J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣J ٢F‫א‬
 WAverage load voltage and current‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE٢J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١J ٢F =
V m
.(1 + cos α )
V o ( avg )
2π
K ‫א‬‫א‬ α،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Vm
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢J ٢F =
V 0 ( avg )
I o ( avg )
R
J ٢F‫א‬E١J ٢F‫א‬E٢J ٢F‫א‬
 WE٢
E٣J ٢F =
V m
.(1 + cos α )
I o ( avg )
2πR
 W'Im'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٤J ٢F = I m
.(1 + cos α )
I o ( avg )
2π
- ١٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 KVm/R ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Im
 R.M.S. value of the load voltage and current‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E٢J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
α sin 2α
 E٥J ٢F V = V m . (1 − + )
o ( rms )
2 π 2π
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I α sin 2α
E٦J ٢F I = m
. (1 − + )
o ( rms )
2 π 2π
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ E α F‫א‬‫א‬ E α F‫א‬
 K‫א‬E α F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Vdo)‫א‬‫א‬
 WVdoE١J ٢F‫א‬E α Z٠F
E٧J ٢F V =Vm
do
π
‫א‬‫א‬Vo‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Power Factor)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬'PF'‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬'S'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬'P'‫א‬
P
E٨J ٢F PF =
S
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
E٩J ٢F P=
I R
2
rms
E١٠J ٢F S=I V rms s
- ١٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
E١٠J ٢FE٩J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE٨J ٢F‫א‬
E١١J ٢F PF = I R
rms
V s
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١١J ٢F‫א‬E٦J ٢F‫א‬'R'
1 α sin 2α
E١٢J ٢F PF = .(1 − + )
2 π 2π

 W١J ٢
١٢٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
'Vo'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٠ Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KV
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬'PL'‫א‬
α = EF  α = ٤٥oEF  
α = ٠o EF
 ٩٠o
 α = ١٨٠oEF   α = ١٣٥oEF

 W‫א‬
 W'Vm'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V m
= V s 2 = 120 2 = 169.7 V
J ٢FE١J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 'PL'‫א‬'Vo(avg)'‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٩
=
V
.(1 + cos α )
m
V o ( avg )
2π
2
P L = I rms R
 W‫א‬‫א‬α = ٠o‫א‬‫א‬EF
169.7
V = .(1 + cos 0o ) = 54 V
o ( avg )
2π
V α sin 2α 169.7
I o( rms) = 2Rm . (1 − π + 2π ) = 20 1 − 0 = 8.485 A
2
P =I L o ( rms )
R = 8.485 2 .10 = 720 W
- ٢٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 Wα = ٤٥o‫א‬‫א‬EF
169.7
V = .(1 + cos 45o ) = 46.1 V
o ( avg )
2π
169.7 45.π 1 sin 90 0
=
I o( rms ) 20 . 1 − . + = 8.09 A
180 π 2π
∴ P L = 8.092.10 = 654.55 W
 Wα = ٩٠o‫א‬‫א‬EF
169.7
V =.(1 + cos 90o ) = 27 V
o ( avg )
2π
169.7 90.π 1 sin 180 0
=
I o( rms ) 20 . 1 − . + =6 A
180 π 2π
∴ P L = 6 2.10 = 360 W
 :α = ١٣٥o‫א‬‫א‬EF
169.7
V = .(1 + cos135o ) = 7.91 V
o ( avg )
2π
169.7 135.π 1 sin 270 0
=
I o( rms ) 20 . 1 − . + = 2.56 A
180 π 2π
∴ P L = 2.562.10 = 65.4 W
 Wα = ١٨٠o‫א‬‫א‬EF
169.7
V =.(1 + cos 180 o ) = 0 V
o ( avg )
2π
169.7 180.π 1 sin 360 0
=
I o( rms ) 20 . 1 − . + =0 A
180 π 2π
∴ PL = 0 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 'α'‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
α ٠ ٤٥o ٩٠o ١٣٥o ١٨٠o
Vo(avg) V  ٥٤ ٤٦{١ ٢٧ ٧{٩١ ٠
PL W ٧٢٠ ٦٥٤{٦ ٣٦٠ ٦٥{٤ ٠

- ٢١ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W٢J ٢
١٢٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‘α’‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠ Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KV
 W،٦٠o
 K'PL'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K'PF'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬
 W'Im'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
120 2
I =Vm = = 16.97 A
m
R 10
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
2
P L
= I rms
R
α sin 2α
QI = I m
. (1 − + )
o ( rms )
2 π 2π
2
Im α sin 2α 16.97 2 60 π sin 120
∴ PL = .R.(1 − + )= .10.(1 − . + = 579 W
4 π 2π 4 π 180 2π
 WE١٢J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬' PF'‫א‬ J
1 α sin 2α
Q PF = .(1 − + )
2 π 2π
1 60 π sin 120
∴ PF = .(1 − . + ) = .634 Lag.
2 π 180 2π
 W٣J ٢
١٥٠ V‫א‬‫א‬
 W،٣٠o'α'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠ Ω٦٠ Hz
K'Im'‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K'Vo(avg)'‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K'Io(avg)'‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K'Io(rms)'‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K'PL'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K'γ'‫א‬‫א‬ J
- ٢٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K'fo'‫א‬ J
 K'PF'‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬
 'Vm'‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
V m
= V s 2 = 150 2 = 212 V
 ‘Im’‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
212
I =Vm = = 21.2 A
m
R 10
 ‘Vo(avg)’‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
212
V = V m .(1 + cos α ) = .(1 + cos 300 ) = 63 V
o ( avg )
2π 2π
 ‘Io(avg)’‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
=
V o ( avg )
=
63
= 6. 3 A
I o ( avg )
R 10
 ‘Io(rms)'‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
I α sin 2α 21.2 30 π sin 60o

QI o(rms ) = m
. (1 − + )= . 1− . + = 10.45 A
2 π 2π 2 π 180 2π
 'PL'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
2
P L
= I rms
R = 10.452.10 = 1092 W
 'R''γ'‫א‬‫א‬ J
γ = 180 o − α = 180 o − 30 o = 150 o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬'fo'‫א‬‫א‬KE٣J ٢F
f = f = 60 Hz
o s
'PF'‫א‬‫א‬ J
1 α sin 2α
Q PF = .(1 − + )
2 π 2π
1 30 π sin 60
∴ PF = .(1 − . + ) = 0.7 Lag.
2 π 180 2π
- ٢٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Single-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Rectifiers with an Inductive Load 'R-L'
‫א‬E٤J ٢F‫א‬
'vo'‫א‬'vs'
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٢F‫א‬‘R-L’
 K'vT'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬'io'‫א‬

 K'R-L'‫א‬WE٤J ٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٥J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬
E F'vs'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬’α’ ‫א‬
ωt = α‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ⎛⎜⎜ Φ = tan −1 ⎛⎜ ωL ⎞⎟ ⎞⎟⎟ ‫א‬‫א‬'α'‫א‬‫א‬
⎝ ⎝ R ⎠⎠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(Extinction angle)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬'β'‫א‬‫א‬
١٨٠o‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٨٠o‫א‬'β'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
'vT' ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kπ < ωt < β‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ α < ωt <β ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬'R'‫א‬
 K

 E٤J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥J ٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٤J ٢F
E١٣J ٢F V = V m .(cos α − cos β )
o ( avg )
2π
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
E١٤J ٢F =
V o ( avg )
= V m .(cos α − cos β )
I o ( avg )
R 2πR
 W‫א‬‫א‬' β'‫א‬‫א‬
α −β )
(
    sin( β − α ) = sin(α − φ ).e tan φ
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬α
 K ⎛⎜⎜ Φ = tan −1 ⎛⎜ ωL ⎞⎟ ⎞⎟⎟ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Φ
⎝ ⎝ R ⎠⎠

‫א‬E٦J ٢F‫א‬' β'‫א‬‫א‬

  
 ‫א‬ Φ βK'Φ'‫א‬‫א‬'α'‫א‬
J ٢F‫א‬K(β = γ + α)β'γ'‫א‬‫א‬α
Φ = ٩٠o‫א‬'R' ‫א‬‫א‬Φ = ٠o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦
 K(L)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W'α'‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W'β'‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W'γ'‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬




- ٢٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 


‫א‬‫א‬'β'‫א‬'α'‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٢F‫א‬
 'Φ'
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Single-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Rectifiers with an Inductive Load and a Free-
Wheeling Diode
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Free-wheeling diode)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E٧J ٢F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‘R-L’
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Short-circuit)‫א‬
 KE٧J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ 'R-L'‫א‬E٧J ٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE٨J ٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬'α'‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٨J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠ < ωt < α‫א‬
‫א‬ωt = α‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬'α'
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
α α < ωt < β‫א‬‫א‬K'β'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬α < ωt < π‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬π < ωt < β،<ωt < π
'R-L'‫א‬‫א‬'vs'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
vo = vs'vs' ‫א‬'vo'‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ωt = π‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ π < ωt < β‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 E٧J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٨J ٢F‫א‬
- ٢٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬'vo'‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،E١J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٣J ٢F
=
V m
.(1 + cos α )
V o ( avg )
2π
=
V m
.(1 + cos α )
I o ( avg )
2πR
 W٤J ٢
 ١٥٠ V‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬١٠ Ω‫א‬'R'‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬٦٠ Hz
‫א‬‫א‬،٣٠o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠ Ω'ωL'‫א‬
K‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
=
V m
.(1 + cos α )
V o ( avg )
2π
=
V m
.(1 + cos α )
I o ( avg )
2πR
 ‫א‬‫א‬
150 2
V = .(1 + cos 30o ) = 63 V
o ( avg )
2π
63
I o( avg ) = 10 = 6.3 A
- ٣٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 Single Phase Full-Wave Controlled Rectifier‫א‬‫א‬
 Resistive Load ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٢F‫א‬
٤‫א‬‫א‬.’R‘ ’Vs’ ‫א‬
KE٩J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬

 K 'R'‫א‬‫א‬WE٩J ٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ’T١, T٢‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬’T٣,T٤‘
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T٢٠ ≤ ωt ≤ π‫א‬T٤T١
‫א‬π ≤ ωt ≤ ٢π‫א‬T٣
 K’Opto-Coupler‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬’Pulse Transformer‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
’α‘‫א‬T٤‫א‬T١‫א‬KE١٠J ٢F
‫א‬‫א‬’٠ ≤ ωt ≤ π‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬T١,T٤‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
vs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬’Vo‘‫א‬T٤‫א‬’R‘‫א‬‫א‬T١‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬’R‘‫א‬‫א‬
T٢,T٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬α+ π‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T٣  ‫א‬ ’R‘‫א‬‫א‬ T٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٨٠oT٢,T٣  ‫א‬‫א‬T٤,T١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T٢‫א‬T٤ ‫א‬T١‫א‬‫א‬
’vAK‘‫א‬‫א‬T٣ ‫א‬
’is‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬’io‘‫א‬
π‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠J ٢F‫א‬
K 'R'
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٥J ٢F    V = V m .(1 + cosα )
o ( avg )
π
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 E١٦J ٢F =
V o ( avg )
= V m .(1 + cosα )
I o ( avg )
R πR
 WE١٦J ٢F‫א‬
 E١٧J ٢F    I o( avg ) = I m .(1 + cosα )
π
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vm
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vs
 W‫א‬‫א‬Im ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Im
2
 E١٨J ٢F     I m
=Vm =Vs
R R
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٩J ٢F
α sin 2α
 E١٩J ٢F   V = V m . (1 − + )
o ( rms )
2 π 2π
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
α sin 2α
 E٢٠J ٢F  I o( rms ) = I m . (1 − + )
2 π 2π
 W٥J ٢
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K١٠ Ω ’R‘‫א‬‫א‬٦٠ Hz١٥٠V‫א‬
 W،٣٠o‫א‬
K‘Vo(avg)’‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‘Io(avg)’‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K’Im‘‫א‬‫א‬ J
K'Io(rms)'‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K'PL'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K'fo'‫א‬ J
K'PF'‫א‬‫א‬ J
- ٣٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
V = V m .(1 + cosα )
o ( avg )
π
150 2
∴V o ( avg ) = .(1 + cos 30o ) = 126  V
π
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
=
V o ( avg )
=
126
= 12.6 A
I o ( avg )
R 10
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
150 2
I =Vm = = 21.2 A
m
R 10
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
I α sin 2α 21.2 30 π sin 60o
I o( rms) = m
. (1 − + )= . 1− . + = 14.77 A
2 π 2π 2 π 180 2π
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
P L = I orms R = 14.77 .10 = 2182  W
2 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
∴f o
= 2 f = 2.(60) = 120 Hz
 ’Io(rms)‘ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

’Is‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
PF = I I
R R
orms
= orms
V I s orms V s
14.77.(10)
∴ PF = = 0.98 Lag.
150
 ’R-L‘‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٢F‫א‬
K(R-L) 
- ٣٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 K 'R-L'‫א‬‫א‬WE١١J ٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
T١,T٤‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 T٢,T٣‫א‬‫א‬ ωt = α‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٢F‫א‬ ωt = α + π‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬α‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 ’vs‘ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T١,T٤
 ωt = π ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
vo‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬R
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬vs
 ‫א‬
T١, T٤‫א‬’β‘‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬π < ωt <β ‫א‬‫א‬’vo‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬’L‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T٢, T٣ ‫א‬E١٢J ٢F‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ωt = π + α‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T٢ ‫’ א‬vs‘ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ωt = π + β‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬’ωL‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ٢F،E١٢J ٢F
‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٢F‫א‬
’is‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٨٠o
π + ’β‘‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ٢F‫א‬٣٦٠o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬α
‫א‬‫א‬
 K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٢J ٢F‫א‬
K 'R-L'
- ٣٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣J ٢F‫א‬
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٢F
 E٢١J ٢F     V o( avg ) = V m .(cosα − cos β )
π
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٢J ٢F      V o ( avg ) = 2 .V m cos α
π
 Vo(avg)/R I o ( avg ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٢F‫א‬
 E٢٣J ٢F     I o( avg ) = V m .(cosα − cos β )
πR
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٢F‫א‬
 E٢٤J ٢F     I o( avg ) = 2 .V m cosα
πR
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢J ٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ٩٠o ٠ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٨٠o ٩٠o 
 ‫א‬‫א‬(rectifier)
‫א‬(inverter)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(٢-Quadrant)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WVAK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF T٢‫א‬T١‫א‬
T٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬T١‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
T٢‫א‬T١‫א‬vs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٥J ٢F     V T2
= V s + V T1
‫א‬T١‫א‬‫א‬
 KV T 2 = V s vs‫א‬‫א‬T٢‫א‬‫א‬


- ٣٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W٦J ٢
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦٠ Hz٢٣٠V
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.٠{٥ Ω  ‫א‬’ωL >> R‘
 K٢٠٠ V‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬ ωL >> R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 WE٢٢J ٢F
2
V = .V m cosα
o ( avg )
π
2
∴ 200 = .(230 2 ). cosα
π
∴ cosα = 0.966 ∴ α = 15o
 W٧J ٢
‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦٠ Hz١٢٠V
 W،٣٠o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.١٠ Ω ‫א‬’ωL >> R’‫א‬
K’Vo(avg)’‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K'Io(avg)’‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K’Im‘‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K'Io(rms)'‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K’IoTh‘‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K'PL'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K’PF‘‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬
 ’Vm‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
V m
= V s 2 = 120 2 = 170 V
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
- ٤٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
2 2
V = .V m cosα = .170. cos 30o = 94 V
o ( avg )
π π
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
=
V o ( avg )
=
94
= 9. 6 A
I o ( avg )
R 10
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
W‫א‬
I m
= I o ( avg )
= 9 .4 A
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
I orms
= I o ( avg )
= 9 .4 A
‫א‬‫א‬ ’١٨٠o‘ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 9.4
I = I o ( avg )
= = 4.7 A
oTh
2 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
2
P L
= I orms
R = 9.42.10 = 883.3 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
94
PF = I I
R R
orms
= orms
= = 0.78 Lag.
V I s orms V s
120
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ٢F‫א‬
- ٤١ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬WE١٤J ٢F‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬’ωL >> R‘‫א‬
‫א‬
 T١,T٤‫א‬‫א‬ 
vs‘ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ωt = α‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬(α ≤ ωt ≤ π)‫א‬‫א‬ωt = π
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ωt = π‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(π ≤ ωt ≤ π +α)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ’is‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
’ωt+π‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T٢ ,T٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬T٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
’vo = - vs‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ωt = ٢π‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ωt = ٢ π + α ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E١٥J ٢F‫א‬ KT١,T٤‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٥J ٢F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٥J ٢F،E١٠J ٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEE٢{١٥FF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٦J ٢F     V = V m .(1 + cosα )
o ( avg )
π
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٧J ٢F    =
V o ( avg )
= V m .(1 + cosα )
I o ( avg )
R πR
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E١٥J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢π‫א‬‫א‬ 
α‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
αVm
E٢٨J ٢F   I D ( avg ) = I o ( avg ) . α = .(1 + cosα )
π π2R
 W٨J ٢
‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦٠ Hz١٢٠V
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬١٠ Ω‫א‬’ωL >> R‘
 W،٣٠o
K'Vo'‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
'Io(avg)'‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K’Im‘‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K'Iorms'‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K’ID(avg)‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K’IoTh‘‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
- ٤٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K'PL'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K’PF‘‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬
 ’Vm‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
V m
= V s 2 = 120 2 = 170 V
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
170
V = V m .(1 + cosα ) = .(1 + cos 300 ) = 101 V
o ( avg )
π π
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
=
V o ( avg )
=
101
= 10.1 A
I o ( avg )
R 10

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬
I m
= I o ( avg )
= 10.1 A
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
I orms
= I o ( avg )
= 10.1 A
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
α 30
I = I . = 10.1 ( ) = 1.683 A
D ( avg ) o ( avg )
π 180
٣٠o‫א‬‫א‬١٨٠oJ
 ‫א‬‫א‬
(π − α ) 150
I = . I o ( avg ) = .(10.1) = 4.21 A
oTh
2π 360
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
2
P L
= I orms
R = (10.1) 2 .10 = 1020 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
P 1020
 (I) PF = L
=
V Is srms
120 I srms
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Is(rms)
π −α 150
 (II) I = I o ( avg ) = 10.1 = 9.22 A
srms
π 180
 W(I)‫א‬(II)
- ٤٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
1`020
PF = = 0.92 Lag.
120 .(9.22)
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
'R-L'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Single-Phase Full-Wave Half-Controlled Rectifiers with an Inductive Load
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٦J ٢F‫א‬(١-Quadrant)
E١٠J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٦J ٢FD٣, D٤‫א‬T٣, T٤‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
E١٧J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬’ωL >> R‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٤٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

K 'R-L'‫א‬‫א‬WE١٦J ٢F

‫א‬‫א‬α‫א‬T١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ωt = π‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T١‫א‬’vs‘
’io‘‫א‬α ≤ ωt≤ π‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬’is‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ωt = π‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬’io‘‫א‬‫א‬
ωt = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬’T١‘‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬π + α
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE١٤J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬D٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T٢‫א‬’vs‘‫א‬‫א‬
π + α ≤ ωt≤ ٢π‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ωt = ٢π‫א‬
- ٤٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٢π ≤ ωt≤ ٢π + α ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
D٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T٢‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D٤ ‫א‬‫א‬T٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٤J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٤J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٦J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١٤J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧J ٢F،E٢٦J ٢F‫א‬
 E٢٩J ٢F    V = V m .(1 + cosα )
o ( avg )
π
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣٠J ٢F    I = V m .(1 + cosα )
o ( avg )
πR
- ٤٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٧J ٢F‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W٩J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬’vo‘‫א‬‫א‬
٦٠ ١٢٠V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ٢F
’ωL >> R‘ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Hz
 W‫א‬‫א‬١٠ Ω‫א‬
 Kα = ٠  E F
Kα = ٤٥o E F
Kα = ٩٠o EF
 Kα = ١٣٥o  E F
- ٤٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kα‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF

 α = ٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D٤‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬D٣‫א‬‫א‬T٢‫א‬
EFE١٨J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬
K’vo‘‫א‬’vs‘‫א‬‫א‬

 D٤ ‫א‬‫א‬T١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
‫א‬‫א‬ ω = π‫א‬ω = ٤٥o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٠ ≤ ωt≤ ٤٥o
‫א‬’vo‘‫א‬T١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬T٢‫א‬‫א‬π ≤ ωt≤ ٢٢٥o‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ D٣ ‫א‬‫א‬T٢ ‫א‬
EFE١٨J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K’vo‘‫א‬’vs‘‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬EFEF‫א‬ EF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٠ ≤ ωt ≤ ٩٠° ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩٠o ≤ ωt≤ ١٨٠o‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬D٤‫א‬‫א‬T١‫א‬
١٨٠o ≤ ωt≤ ٢٧٠o‫א‬‫א‬
EFE١٨J ٢F٢٧٠o ≤ ωt≤ ٣٦٠o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K’vo‘‫א‬’vs‘‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFEF،EF‫א‬ EF
K’vo‘‫א‬’vs‘‫א‬‫א‬EFE١٨J ٢F

 EF  EF

 EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٨J ٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥١ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W
'io'‫א‬'vo'‫א‬'vs'‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١J ٢
:'vAK'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
'R'‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
'α'‫א‬‫א‬'Vo(avg)'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٢٠V‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬'io'E‫א‬F‫א‬h ٣J ٢
WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
'α'‫א‬‫א‬ J 
'γ'‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K'β'‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫؟‬‫א‬d ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫؟‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬'L'‫א‬‫א‬ ٥J ٢
K'io'‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٦J ٢
:(ωL>>R)‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬'is'‫א‬'io'‫א‬'vo'‫א‬‫ א‬٧J ٢
 :‫א‬
K'٦٠ '‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K'٦٠ '‫א‬‫א‬ J 

٢٢٠V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨J ٢
 :'٦٠ '‫א‬‫א‬K٥٠ Ω٦٠Hz
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬ J 

  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٩J ٢
٢٢٠V‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K'٦٠ '‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥٠ Ω٦٠Hz
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
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‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠J ٢
‫א‬K٦٠Hz٢٢٠V‫א‬‫א‬
 WK'٦٠ '‫א‬‫א‬٢٠ Ω‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 



- ٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(duty cycle)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬step-down (buck) choppers J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ step-up (boost) chopper‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 WA Basic DC Chopper‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E١J ٣F‫א‬ 
 S‫א‬
‫א‬KR’Vs‘‫א‬‫א‬
Power ‘‫א‬‫א‬’Thyristor‘‫א‬
'Insulated Gate Bipolar ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ 'MOSFET'’Transistor
K‫א‬Transistor'
’switches‘‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬'ideal'
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K’turn-on‘‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J
K’turn-off‘
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬’power loss‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
output dc ‘‫א‬‫א‬’Input dc power‘‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W’power
 E١J ٣F     V s I s = V o I o
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬: Vs
K?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: Vo
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WIs
 K‫א‬‫א‬WIo
- ٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

io
vo

 KRWE١J ٣F‫א‬
 WDuty Cycle‫א‬
’TOFF‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬’TON‘‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
’Pulse-Width Modulation‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬’TON‘‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬’TOFF + TON‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬’T‘‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ’D‘‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢J ٣F     D= T ON
= T ON
T ON + T OFF T
 W
 K‫א‬WD
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:T
 K‫א‬‫א‬:TON
 K‫א‬‫א‬:TOFF



- ٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

VPULSE



TOFF


t 
٠ TON T T+TON

 K‫א‬WE٢J ٣F‫א‬

(٠ ≤ D ≤ ١)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬’Base current‘‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K’Commutation circuit‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF(Auxiliary Circuit)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 The Principle of Operation of a Basic DC Chopper Connected with a Resistive Load:

E١J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬’vo‘‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(٠ ≤ vo ≤ Vs)’Vs‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬’S‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬’vo‘‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬’vo‘ ‫א‬‫א‬
E٣J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬’Vs‘‫א‬
 K’vo‘‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W’Vo‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٣J ٣F    Vo = T ON
.V s = T ON .V s
T ON + T OFF T
 K
vo



Vs TOFF 

t 
٠ TON T T+TON

 K‫א‬‫א‬’vo‘WE٣J ٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٣F‫א‬E٢J ٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
E٤J ٣F      V o = DV s
- ٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬’Vo‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٤J ٣F‫א‬
‫א‬Vo‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٣F‫א‬’D‘
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٠ ≤ V٠ ≤ Vs’Vs‘‫א‬
E٣J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ’Io‘‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬’Io‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
= V o = .V s
D
 E٥J ٣F     I o
R R
Vo

Vs 



D 
٠ ١ 
 K’D‘‫א‬’Vo‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤J ٣F‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
’Io(rms)‘‫א‬‫א‬’Vo(rms)‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 E٦J ٣F      V o ( rms )
=V s D
 E٧J ٣F     I o ( rms )

=V s
D= I s
D
R
’R‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Is‫א‬W
- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K’Po‘‫א‬’Pi‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
 E٨J ٣F       Pi = D V s
R
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KPulse-Width Modulation (PWM)‫א‬ J
 KPulse-Frequency Modulation (PFM)‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ‘PWM’ ‫א‬
 ‘TON’
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٥J ٣F‫א‬‘T’‫א‬‫א‬
‘TON’‫א‬ ‫א‬’PFM‘ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‘T’‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬E٦J ٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K’PFM‘‫א‬’PWMY‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬’S‘‫א‬‫א‬’PFM‘
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬’high current ripples‘
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
- ٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬’PWMY ‫א‬
‫א‬’filters‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
vo vo


VS 
Vo

t
٠ T  ٢T ٣T
 EF
vo


VS 
Vo 

t
٠ T ٢T ٣T 
 EF
vo

vo


VS 

Vo
t 
٠ T ٢T ٣T

 EF

 K‫א‬‫א‬’vo‘‫א‬WE٥J ٣F‫א‬
- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
vo 

Vs 
Vo


t
٠ T 
 EF
vo 

Vs 
Vo 

t
٠ T 
 EF
vo 

Vs 

Vo 
t
٠ T 
 EF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬’vo‘‫א‬WE٦J ٣F‫א‬
- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W١J ٣
٢٢٠ VE١J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠ Ω‫א‬‫א‬
 W٠{٥‫א‬١ KHz’S‘
 K’Vo‘‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K’Vo(rms)‘‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
 K’Pi‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
 W‫א‬
WE٤J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
V o
= D V s = 0.5 (220) = 110 V
WE٦J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
V o ( rms )
=V s D = 220 0.5 = 155.6 V
E٨J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W
2
V 2202
P =D s
= 0 .5 = 2420 W
i
R 10

WStep-Down (Buck) DC Choppers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WCase of An Inductive Load‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٧J ٣F‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٧J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬’dv/dt‘‫א‬ ’S‘‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬S‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬S‫א‬ K 'S'‫א‬
D‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ EFE٧J ٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬’R-L‘‫א‬‫א‬S‫א‬’Vs‘‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
’vo‘‫א‬’٠ ≤ t ≤ TON‘‫א‬ ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFE٧J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
t = TON‫א‬‫א‬S‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EFE٧J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EFE٧J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ’٠ ≤ t ≤ TOFF‘ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EFE٧J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EFE٧J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬’٠ ≤ t ≤ TOFF‘‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K’dv/dt‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
io
+
vo
VD
-

 EF
Is=io io 
+
vo
VD=Vs
-
ID=٠

 EF
io
Is=٠

vo
ID=io

 EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٧J ٣F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
WContinuous Current Mode‫א‬‫א‬

 EFE٧J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
K’S‘‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
’filter‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬’L‘
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
τ>> L/R‫א‬‫א‬’τ‘‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ I max 
  I min 
E٧J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٣F‫א‬KT‫א‬
 ‫א‬EFE٨J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬’٠ ≤ t ≤ TON‘ S‫א‬‫א‬Vs‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF٨J ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬’TON ≤ t ≤ T‘‫א‬
EF٨J ٣S‫א‬’is‘‫א‬EF٨J ٣‫א‬‫א‬
EF٨J ٣،EF٨J ٣،EF٨J ٣‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬’TON ≤ t ≤ T‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬’٠ ≤ t ≤ TON‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ’is‘‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
+
 E٩J ٣F    I o = I L = I max I min
2
Vo 
TON TOFF

Vs



t
٠ TON T T+TON ٢T 
ID  EF

Imax


Imin 
T T+TON
t 
٠ TON ٢T
 EF
Is

Imax 

Imin

t 
TON T T+TON ٢T
٠ 
io  EF

Imax


Imin

t
 EF
- ٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬WE٨J ٣F‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٠J ٣F      I o
=Vo
R
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٣F،E٩J ٣F‫א‬
E١١J ٣F     I max
+ I min = 2 V o
R
K‫א‬  I max   I min 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
dio
 E١٢J ٣F     V L
=L =V o
dt
‫أو‬
VO ∆io
        dio = =
dt L ∆t
VO
 E١٣J ٣F     ∴ ∆iO = ∆t
L
W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∆iO 
 E١٤J ٣F     ∆iO = I max − I min
W ∆t ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٥J ٣F       ∆t = TOFF
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ٣F‫א‬E١٥J ٣F،E٣١٤F‫א‬
Vo
E١٦J ٣F     I max − I min = TOFF
L
I max ، I min E١١J ٣FE١٦J ٣F ‫א‬
Vo Vo
E١٧J ٣F     I max = + TOFF
R 2L
V V
 E١٨J ٣F     I min = O − O TOFF
R 2L
 W I P − P = ∆iO ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٩J ٣F     I P − P = I max − I min
E٢٠J ٣F      I P − P = TOFF V 0

L
- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ’ID‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬’Is‘‫א‬‫א‬S‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W’D‘‫א‬
 E٢١J ٣F     I s = D I o = T ON I o
T
E٢٢J ٣F    I D
= (1 − D ) I o = T OFF I o
T
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ID‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Io

 ‫א‬is‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Vs‫א‬
WDiscontinuous Current Mode‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬’D‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬’S‘‫א‬K’S‘‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ S‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
 KTON ≤ t ≤ T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٣F‫א‬
‫א‬S‫א‬’τ‘
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٣F‫א‬KTON
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TON ≤ t ≤ T‫א‬‫א‬S‫א‬
 K٠ ≤ t ≤ TON‫א‬‫א‬S‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K’L‘‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٨J ٣F’Imin‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
     I min = 0 = VO − VO TOFF
R 2L
      ∴ V o =T OFF V o
R 2L
 
 E٢٣J ٢F     L = R T OFF
2
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
Vo


Vs 

t
T T+TON
٠ TON ٢T 
ID  EF

Imax



t
 EF
Is

Imax 


t
TON T T+TON ٢T
٠ 
io
 EF
Imax




t
 EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬WE٩J ٣F‫א‬
- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W٢J ٣
E٧J ٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬١٠ Ω‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠ V
‫א‬١ KHz S ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥٠ mH
 W٥٠ VE‫א‬F
 K’D‘‫א‬ J
K’TON‘‫א‬ J
K’Vo(rms)‘‫א‬‫א‬ J
K’Io‘‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K’Imax‘‫א‬‫א‬’Imin‘‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K’Ip-p‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
’Ip-p‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K٥ KHz‫א‬‫א‬
’Ip-p‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K٢٥٠ mH‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 WE٤J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
QV o = D V s
50
∴ D =V o = = 0.5
V s
100
 WE٢J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬'TON'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
D = T ON
D
∴T ON = D T =
T f
0.5
∴T ON = = 0.5 ms
1000
 W'TOFF'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
T OFF
= T −T ON = 1− 0.5 = 0.5 ms
WE٦J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
V o ( rms )
=V s D =100 0.5 = 70.7 V
- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
50
I =V o = = 0 .5 A
o
R 100
E١٨J ٣FE١٧J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
W
Vo Vo 50 50
I max = + TOFF = + 0.5 = 5.25 A
R 2L 10 2 * 50
V V 50 50
I min = O − O TOFF = − 0.5 = 4.75 A
R 2L 10 2 * 50
WIP-P J
I P−P
= I max − I min = 5.25 − 4.75 = 0.5 A
٠{٥٥ KHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IP-P J
W‫א‬
(1 − D)
T OFF
= (1 − D)T =
f
(1 − 0.5)
∴T OFF = = 0.1 ms
5*103
V V 50 50
∴ I max = o + o TOFF = + 0.1 = 5.05 A
R 2L 10 2 * 50
V V 50 50
I min = O − O TOFF = − 0.1 = 4.95 A
R 2L 10 2 * 50
∴ I P − P = I max − I min = 5.05 − 4.95 = 0.1 A
‫א‬IP-P‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١ KHz‫א‬٢٥٠ mH‫א‬IP-P J
W‫א‬٠{٥
(1 − D)
T OFF
= (1 − D)T =
f
(1 − 0.5)
∴T OFF = = 0.1 ms
5*103
V V 50 50
∴ I max = o + o TOFF = + 0.5 = 5.05 A
R 2L 10 2 * 250
V V 50 50
I min = O − O TOFF = − 0.5 = 4.95 A
R 2L 10 2 * 250
∴ I P − P = I max − I min = 5.05 − 4.95 = 0.1 A
- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬IP-P‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IP-P
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W٣J ٣
E٧J ٣F‫א‬
‫א‬K١٠٠ mH‫א‬١٠ Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠ V
‫א‬‫א‬ ١ KHzS ‫א‬‫א‬
 W٠{٥ ms’TON‘
 K’D‘‫א‬ J
K’TOFF‘‫א‬ J
K’Vo‘‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K’Io‘‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K’Vo(rms)‘‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
W‫א‬
W‫א‬ J
1 1
T= = =1 ms
f 1 *103
0 .5
D = T ON = = 0.5 ms
T 1
W‫א‬ J
T OFF
= T − TON =1− 0.5 = 0.5 ms
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
V o
= DV s = 0.5*100 = 50 V
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

50
I =V o = = 5 A
o
R 10
- ٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
V o ( rms )
=V s D = 100 0.5 = 70.7 V
W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
0 .5
L = T OFF R = *10 = 2.5 ms
2 2
 W٤J ٣
E٧J ٣F‫א‬
‫א‬K٥٠٠ mH‫א‬٤ Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠٠ V
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٢٠ A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ١٠٠ Hz  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ A’Ip-p‘‫א‬
 W٤ ms’TON‘‫א‬
K’D‘‫א‬ J
K’TOFF‘‫א‬ J
K’Is‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K’ID‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K’Imax‘‫א‬‫א‬’Imin‘‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J

 W‫א‬
W‫א‬ J
1 1
T= = =10 ms
f 100
4
D = T ON = = 0.4 ms
T 10
W‫א‬ J
T OFF
= T − TON =10 − 4 = 6 ms
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
I s
=D I o
= 0.4 * 20 = 8 A
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

I D
= (1 − D ) I 0 = (1 − 0.6) * 20 =12 A
- ٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
W’Imax‘‫א‬‫א‬’Imin‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
=Io +
I p− p
= 20 +
4
= 22 A
I max
2 2
=Io −
I p− p 4
= 20 − = 18 A
I max
2 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ’T‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬’τ‘
L 500
τ= = =125 ms and T = ١٠ ms
R 4
 W٥J ٣
E٧J ٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥ Ω‫א‬‫א‬٢٥V
 W١٥ V‫א‬‫א‬٤ KHzS 
K’D‘‫א‬ J
K’Io‘‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K’Imax‘‫א‬‫א‬’Imin‘‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J

 W‫א‬
W‫א‬ J
15
D =V o = = 0 .6
V s
25
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
15
I =V o = = 3 A
o
R 5
W 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
(1 − D ) (1 − 0.6)
T = (1 − D) T = = = 0.1 ms
OFF
f 4
0 .1
L = T OFF R = * 5 = 0.25 mH
2 2
- ٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
Vo Vo 15 15
I max = + TOFF = + * 0 .1 = 3 + 3 = 6 A
R 2L 5 2 * 0.25
V V
I min = O − O TOFF = 3 − 3 = 0
R 2L
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬

 W

'D'‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٤J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥J ٣
:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٦J ٣
‫א‬ J 
 KEF‫א‬ J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٧J ٣
K‫א‬
١١٠V ٨J ٣
W٠{٤١KHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢٠Ω
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
٥Ω ١٠٠V  ٩J ٣

 WK٥٠V
 K‫א‬ J 
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬١KHz ١٠J ٣
‫א‬K٧٥ V‫א‬‫א‬ ١١٠ V
KETON,TOFFF‫א‬
 ١١٠V   ١١J ٣

١KHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤mH‫א‬٨Ω‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬٠{٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K٥KHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 




- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬'Inverters' ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKIGBT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬'Voltage Source Inverter(VSI)'‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K
‫א‬‫א‬'Current Source Inverter(CSI)'‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (induction motors)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K(synchronous motors)
KEinduction heatingF‫א‬‫א‬ o
KEaircraft power suppliesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
KEuninterruptible power supplies UPSF‫א‬‫א‬ o
KE high-voltage DC transmissionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 KEstandby power suppliesF‫א‬‫א‬ o
EbatteryF‫א‬
٢٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Esolar cellF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٠٠٢٢٠٦٠
٦٠٢٠٨L١٢٠٥٠٣٨٠L٢٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤٠٠٢٠٠L١١٥
- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
The Basic Inverter‫א‬‫א‬
 WR‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٤F‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S٢‫א‬S١‫א‬
‫א‬E٢J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬S٢،S١‫א‬
S٢‫א‬‫א‬S١‫א‬
Vs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 S٢‫א‬ S١‫א‬KS٢،S١‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S١‫א‬S٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢J ٤F‫א‬'T'‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬'fo'‫א‬
1
 E١J ٤F       f = Hz
o T
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
i١
Vs S١
Vo
- +
R
Vs S٢
i٢


 KR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١J ٤F‫א‬

- ٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
Vs١
Vs
S١ S١
٠ t
T T 3T
Vs٢ 2
2
Vs
S٢
٠ t
T T
Vo 2
Vs
S١ S١
٠ t
T T 3T
2 S٢
2
-Vs

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S٢, S١‫א‬WE٢J ٤F‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K S٢،S١‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬       ‫א‬   
‫א‬ 'filter'‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K'PWM'‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١-Phase Half-Bridge (VSI) Inverter ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٤F‫א‬
‫א‬٢'Vs'‫א‬ S٢ ,S١٢
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
KKK  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 Case of a Resistive Load R‫א‬‫א‬

E٣J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬ S٢ ,S١‫א‬‫א‬
٠ ≤ t ≤ ‫א‬‫א‬ S٢‫א‬ S١‫א‬  R
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬'Vs'‫א‬‫א‬T/٢
 ‫א‬     S١ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
T/٢ ≤ t ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 S١‫א‬S٢‫א‬i١‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ t = T/٢‫א‬‫א‬ S١‫א‬ ≤ T
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ i٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ '-Vs'
 i١‫א‬ i٢‫א‬‫א‬ S٢‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 f‫א‬ R‫א‬E٤J ٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١/T‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K'Vs'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
is١ iD١
Vs S١
D١
Vo
- +
‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬
is٢ iD٢
Vs S٢ D٢
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣J ٤F‫א‬
- ٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

Vo
Vs
S١ S١
٠ t
T T 3T
2 S٢
2
-Vs

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤J ٤F‫א‬
Case of an Inductive load‫א‬‫א‬

 io‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬    Vo ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬     E٥J ٤F ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ Vo‫א‬ ٠ ≤ t ≤ T/٢‫א‬‫א‬
 io‫א‬K D١‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ S١‫א‬‫א‬ 
٠ ≤ t ≤ t١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ D١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ t١ ≤ t ≤ T/٢‫א‬‫א‬ VS‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  S١‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٠ ≤ t ≤ T/٢‫א‬‫א‬S١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬ t١ ≤ t ≤ T/٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
Vo 

Vs
S١

S١
٠  t
T T 3T
2 S٢  2
-Vs 

Vo

Vs io 

٠ t
t١ T 
T 3T
2
 2
-Vs


i١


٠  t
t١ T T 3T
2  2

i٢ 

٠  t
T T
2 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٥J ٤F‫א‬
 S١‫א‬t = T/٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ VS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ D٢‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ D٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬t=t٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ t٢ ≤ t ≤T‫א‬‫א‬ S٢‫א‬
‫א‬S٢‫א‬ S٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  T/٢ ≤ t ≤ T‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E٥J ٤F ‫א‬  KT ‫א‬ 
     ‫א‬   ‫א‬     io ‫א‬   
E٥J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ i٢ ,i١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ io‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٠ ≤ t ≤ T/٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KT/٢ ≤ t ≤ T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢J ٤F       V =V
o s

 WV١(rms)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ E٣J ٤F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W
∞ 4V s
 E٣J ٤F     V 1( rms ) = ∑ sin nωt
n =1, 3, 5 ,... nπ
 rad/s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ω‫א‬‫א‬ n
 Wn = ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
4V s
 E٤J ٤F     V = = 0 .9 V s
1( rms )
π 2
- ٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W١J ٤
٢{٤ Ω 'R'E٣J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK٢٤ V'Vs'
 K'Vo(rms)'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
K'Io(rms)'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
K'V١(rms)'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 K'Po'‫א‬ EF
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
WE٢J ٤F‫א‬
V o ( rms )
=V s = 24 V
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
=
V o ( rms )
=
24
= 10 A
I o ( rms )
R 2 .4
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   EF
WE٣J ٤F
V 1( rms )
= 0.9V s = 0.9 * 24 = 21.6 V
 W‫א‬ EF
2 2
= 24 = 240 W
=
V o ( rms )
P o
R 2 .4
 ١-Phase Voltage Source Bridge Inverter ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 R‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ E٦J ٤F ‫א‬  ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬ ٤   ٤ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
S٣, S٢‫א‬S٤, S١‫א‬

S٤, S١ ‫א‬‫א‬ S٤, S١ ‫א‬ S٣, S٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 'T/٢'‫א‬‫א‬ S٣, S٢‫א‬
    ٠ ≤ t ≤ T/٢ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  S٤, S١ ‫א‬   W
S٣,S٢  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    
‫א‬     'Vo' ‫א‬     S٤, S١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ S٣, S٢‫א‬   S٤, S١ ‫א‬  'Vs'‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T/٢ ≤ t ≤ T
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S٣, S٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬     ‫א‬
E٧J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬ '-Vo'
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬      KVs ‫א‬     
‫א‬'fo'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kfo = ١/T'T'‫א‬
is
is١ iD١ is٣ iD٣

S٣
S١ D١ D٣
Vo
+ -
Vs
is٢ R
iD٢ is٤ iD٤
S٢ D٢ S٤ D٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦J ٤F‫א‬
 
- ٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
Vo
Vs
S١, S٤ S١, S٤
٠ t
T T 3T
2 S٢, S٣
2
-Vs

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٧J ٤F‫א‬

WVo(rms)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WV١(rms)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
E٤J ٤FE٣J ٤F n = ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W٢J ٤
٢{٤ Ω'R'E٣J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK٤٨ V'Vs'
 K'Vo(rms)'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
K'Io(rms)'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 K'V١(rms)'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 K'Po'‫א‬ EF
- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?E١J ٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   EF
 WE٢J ٤F
V o ( rms )
=V s = 48 V
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
=
V o ( rms )
=
48
= 20 A
I o ( rms )
R 2 .4
E٣J ٤F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
W
V 1( rms )
= 0.9V s = 0.9 * 48 = 43.2 V
 ‫א‬ EF
2 2
= 48
=
V o ( rms )
= 960 W
P o
R 2 .4

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ٤   ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 'R-L'‫א‬‫א‬
'R-L'‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬E٨J ٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
io ‫א‬ 'Vo' ‫א‬   E٩J ٤F ‫א‬  'R-L'   'R' ‫א‬
- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 D٤, D٣, D٢, D١‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S٤, S٣, S٢, S١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬     'is' ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W
is
is١ iD١ is٣ iD٣

S٣
S١ D١ D٣
Vo
+ -
‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬
Vs
is٢ iD٢ is٤ iD٤
S٢ D٢ S٤ D٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٨J ٤F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ 'vo'‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٤F‫א‬ 'io'‫א‬
‫א‬ t١ ٠ ≤ t ≤ t١ ‫א‬‫א‬ S٤, S١ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  t = t١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ٠ ≤ t ≤ t١‫א‬ ‫א‬  t = T/٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  'Vs' ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  D٤, D١ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
t١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S٤, S١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
'Vo'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬≤ t ≤ T/٢
‫א‬ ٠ ≤ t ≤ T/٢‫א‬‫א‬ 'Vs'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     t = t١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    'io' ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ t = T/٢‫א‬‫א‬ 
- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ t = T/٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S٤, S١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
'Vs'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D٣, D٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T/٢≤ t ≤ t٢ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Vo = - Vs
  t = t٢ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  'io' ‫א‬    ‫א‬   
T/٢ ≤ t ≤ t٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S٢, S٣ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 t٢ ≤ t ≤ T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 'io'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬S٢, S٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬'Vs'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S٢, S٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vo = - Vs‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬'Imax'‫א‬ t=T, t=٠‫א‬‫א‬ 'Imin'‫א‬
‫א‬Imin‫א‬t=٣⋅T/٢, t=T/٢‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
vo
 K
Vs io 

٠ t
t١ T T 3T 
2 2
-Vs


is١, is٤


٠ t
t١ T T 3T
is٢, is٣ 2  2


٠ t
t١ T
T 3T
2  2
iD١, iD٤ 


٠  t
t١ T T 3T
iD٢, iD٣ 
2 2


٠  t
t١ T T 3T

is 2 2



٠  t
T T
2 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٩J ٤F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE١J ٤F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎧⎪ V s + ( I −V s ) e−t / τ 0≤t ≤ c
T
 E٤J ٤F   i
 o = ⎨ R min R 2
⎪⎩ − R s +( I max +VR s ) e 2
V T
−( t + − τ ) / τ T
≤ t ≤T
2

 KL/R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wτ  W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WImin
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WImax

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
W
 E٥J ٤F       
 I min = − I max
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V ⎡1 − e −T / 2τ ⎤
 E٦J ٤F      I max = − I min = ⎢
s
⎥
R ⎣1 + e −T / 2τ ⎦
 W٣J ٤
١٠ Ω‫א‬'R'E٨J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K١٠٠ V 'Vs' L = ٢٥ mH‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،٦٠ Hz‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
T= = = 0.0167 s
f 60
o
L 0.025
τ= = = 0.0025 s
R 10
T 0.0167
∴ = = 6.67
2τ 2 * 0.0025
 WE٥J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
100 ⎡1 − e −6.67 ⎤
I max = − I min = .⎢ ⎥ = 9.31 A
10 ⎣1 + e − 6.67 ⎦
WE٤J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
− 100 100 −t / 0.0025
i (t ) = + (−9.31 − )e
o
10 10
1
= 10 − 19.31 e −t / 0.0025 0≤t ≤
120
0.0167
− 100 100 − (t − ) / 0.0025
io (t ) = 10
+ (9.31 +
10
)e 2
1 1
= 10 + 19.31 e − (t −0.00835) / 0.0025 ≤t ≤
120 60

 Inverter Voltage Control Techniques ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
- ٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬’PWM‘‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Pulse-Width Modulation PWM‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KSingle Pulse-Width Modulation‫א‬ K١
KMultiple Pulse-Width Modulation‫א‬ K٢
KSinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation‫א‬ K٣

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٤F‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S٢, S١‫א‬

 ‫א‬E٦J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KAcAr
‫א‬δ‫א‬AcAr‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬AcAr١٨٠o‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬’Modulation Index‘
- ٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 E٦J ٤F       M= Ar
Ac
 W‫א‬’Vo‘‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
δ
 E٧J ٤F       V o =V s
π
 W
 K‫א‬WM
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WVs
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WAr
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WAc
.‫א‬ :δ
Vo
Ac
Ar
٠ ωt
g١
٠ ωt
g٢
٠ ωt
vo
٠ ωt
π δ π π δ π ٣π/٢ ٢π
− +
2 2 2 2 2
S٢, S١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠J ٤F‫א‬

 ‫א‬
- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬fo ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٤F‫א‬Kfc‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
f m f
 E٨J ٤F     P= c
=
f
, m = c
2f 0
2 f
f o
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬WP
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wfc
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wfo
 K‫א‬Wmf

M’M‘‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Vs‫א‬١
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬π/P
 W
δP
 E٩J ٤F      V o =V s
π







- ١٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
e
Ac
Ar
٢π
٠ ωt
π
١/fc
vo
δ
Vs
٢π
٠ ωt
π
-Vs
αm
π+αm

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١١J ٤F‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬S٢, S١‫א‬E١٢J ٤F‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
fcfo‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ’M‘‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٤F‫א‬’Vo‘‫א‬
K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 V o =V s ∑ δ m
P
m =1 π
 W
- ١٠٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬WP
 Km‫א‬‫א‬: δm
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WVs
Ac
Ar
١/fc
g١
٠ ωt
g٤
٠ ωt
vo
δm
Vs
٠ ωt
-Vs αm
‫א‬‫א‬S٢, S١‫א‬WE١٢J ٤F‫א‬

 K‫א‬
 Current Source Inverter CSI‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ١-Phase Current Source Bridge Inverter‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٣J ٤F‫א‬
        ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
٠ ≤ t ≤ T/٢‫א‬‫א‬S١, S٤ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     S١, S٤  ‫א‬   E  F ‫א‬   S١, S٤  ‫א‬ L ‫א‬
S٢, S٣‫א‬ ‫א‬ T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  S٢, S٣‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 T/٢ ≤ t ≤ T ‫א‬‫א‬ -I ٠ ≤ t ≤ T/٢‫א‬‫א‬ I 
‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬
E١٤J ٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  T ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬



- ١٠٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
is
L
S٢
S١
vo
+ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬ -
Vs
io
S٣ S٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣J ٤F‫א‬
is
io
I
S ١, S ٤ S١, S٤
٠ t
T T 3T
2 S٢, S٣
2
-I

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE١٤J ٤F‫א‬
- ١٠٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W

‫؟‬‫א‬ J 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫؟‬‫א‬ J 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
٢٢٠V‫א‬ J 

WK٢٠Ω
'Vo'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫أ‬
'V١'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-‫ب‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ج‬
 K
  ‫א‬E١٢J ٤‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣J ٤

- ١٠٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Va‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 Kα‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١٠٧-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Speed Control of a DC Motor Using single-Phase Controlled Rectifiers

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٥F‫א‬
E٢J ٥FK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬La‫א‬ia‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Va‫א‬
‫א‬ βZ πHα‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2 2
 E١J ٥F    V (α ) = V cos (α )
a
π s
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢J ٢F‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬α = ١٨٠oα= ٠‫א‬α‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Va(α)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(α>٩٠ )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬α = ٩٠o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬




-١٠٨-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬WE١J ٥F‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢J ٥F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٠٩-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 E٢J ٥F     Va = Ea +Ia Ra
 E٣J ٥F     E a = K Φ ω = Kb ω
 E٤J ٥F     T a = K Φ I a = KT I a
Ea‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Φ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ω‫א‬
 WN
2π N
 E٥J ٥F      ω=
60
Φ‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬Kb, KT‫א‬‫א‬
 Wa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬
PZφ
 E٦J ٥F     K =K =
b T
2πa
Va(α)‫א‬‫א‬Ta‫א‬ ω‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٥F،E٣J ٥FE٢J ٥F‫א‬
 W
(α )
E٧J ٥F    ω =V a − R
T
a
a
K b K K
b T
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E٧J ٥F‫א‬E١J ٥F
2 2V s R
E٨J ٥F   ω= cos (α ) − T
a
πK b
K K
b T
a
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Rad/Sec)ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(N.m) Ta‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ωo‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
-١١٠-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
2 2V s
 E٩J ٥F     ω= cos (α )
K b
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ωo‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٥F‫א‬

 α > ٩٠  ‫א‬‫א‬ α = ١٨٠oα=٠ 
‫א‬E٤J ٥F‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE٨J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ta‫א‬ω‫א‬
Kα‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٥J ٥FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F


 α‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ωo‫א‬‫א‬WE٣J ٥F‫א‬





-١١١-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ω‫א‬‫א‬WE٤J ٥F‫א‬



 EF  EF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥J ٥F‫א‬
 

-١١٢-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 WE١J ٥F
‫א‬١٢٠٠ rpm,١٠ HP, ٢٣٠ V
‫א‬KE١J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬
Kb = KT ‫א‬‫א‬KVs=٢٦٠ V‫א‬ Ra = ٠{٣ Ω‫א‬Ia= ٣٨ A ‫א‬
α =٣٠o‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬= ١{٧٤
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬ J 

 W‫א‬
 WE٤J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
QT a = K T I a
∴ T a = 1.74 * 38 = 66.121 N .m
 WE٨J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
2 2V s R
ω= cos (α ) − T
a
πK b
K K
b T
a
2 2 260 0 .3
∴ω = cos (α ) − 66.121
1.74π 1.74 2
= 116.56 − 6.55 = 110 rad / sec
 WE٥J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2π N
Qω =
60
60 ω 60 * 110
∴N = = = 1051 rpm
2π 2π
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
PF = V a I a
V I s s
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
-١١٣-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
2 2V s 2 2 * 260
V = cos (α ) = cos (30 o ) = 202.82 V
a
π π
∴ PF =
V a
=
202.82
= 0.78
V s
260
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Speed Control of A DC Motor Using DC Choppers
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٩J ٥F‫א‬E٢J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١J ٥F‫א‬
 E٩J ٥F      V a = DV s
 K‫א‬D
 K‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦J ٥F‫א‬
-١١٤-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 WE٢J ٥F
KVs = ١٥٠ V
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ra = ٠{٥ Ω, La = ١٠ mH, Kb = ٠{٠٥ V/rpm
‫א‬‫א‬١{٦ ms(TON)‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤٠ A‫א‬N = ٢٠٠٠ rpm

 W‫א‬
 WE٣J ٥F,E٢J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V a
= K b N + Ra I a
V a
= 0.05 * 2000 + 0.5 * 40 = 100 + 20 = 120 V
 
 WE١٠J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D =V a =
120
= 0 .8
V s
150
 W‫א‬
Q D = T ON = f T ON
T
D 0 .8
∴f = = = 500 Hz
T ON 1.6 *10 −3
-١١٥-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢J ٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٣J ٥


‫א‬ ١٠٠٠ rpm,١٠ kW, ٢٤٠ V ٤J ٥

‫א‬KE١J ٥F‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KVs=٢٤٠ V‫א‬ Ra = ٠{٤٥ Ω‫א‬Ia= ٥١{٤٣ A ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Kb = KT = ٢
Wα =٢٠o‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬ J 

KVs = ٢٢٠ V  ٥J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ra = ٠{٣ Ω, La = ١٥ mH, Kb = ٠{٠٤ V/rpm
‫א‬‫א‬١ ms(TON)‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٥ A‫א‬N = ٢٠٠٠ rpm
-١١٦-
‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
α=٥٥°, γ=١٦٠°, β=٢١٥° ٣-٢
Vo=١٤٨٫٦ V, Io=٣٫٩٥ A, Po=٧٧٨٫٨ W, PF=٠٫٩ lag ٨-٢
Vo=١٤٨٫٦ V, Io=٢٫٩٧٢ A, Io(rms)=٢٫٩٧٢ A, Po=٤٤١٫٦ W, ISCR(avg)=٠٫٩٩ ٩-٢

A, IFWD(avg)=٠٫٩٩ A
ITh(avg)=٢٫٤٧ A, ITh(max)=٧٫٤٣ A, VTh(max)=٣١١ V, Po=١١٠٤ W ١٠-٢
٤٤ V, ٢٫٢ A, ٦٩٫٦ V, ٥٫٥ A, ٢٤٢ W ٨-٣
D=٠٫٥, Is(avg)=١٠ A, Is(rms)=١٤٫١٤ A ٩-٣
Ton=٠٫٦٨ ms, Toff=٠٫٣٢ ms ١٠-٣
٤٤ V, ٥٫٥ A, ٦٩٫٦ V, ٥٫٥ A, ٢٫٢ A, ٣٫٣ A, ٦٫١٦ A, ٤٫٨٤, ٢٫٤ mH ١١-٣
١١٠ V, ٩٩ V, ٦٠٥ W ١٢-٤
٢٢٠ V, ١٩٨ V, ٢٤٢٠ W ١٣-٤
١٠٢٫٨٦ N.m, ٨٦٠ rpm, ٠٫٨٥ ٤-٥
٤٠٠ Hz ٥-٥
-١١٧-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
(١) Ashfaq Ahmed : “Power Electronics for Technology”, Prentice-Hall,

١٩٩٩.
(٢) M. H. Rashid: “Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices, and

Applications”, Second Edition, Prentice-Hall, ١٩٩٣.
(٣) David A. Bradley: “Power Electronics”, Second Edition, Nelson

Thornes, ١٩٩٥.
(٤) Ned Mohan, Tore M. Undeland, and William P. Robbins: “Power

Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design”, Second Edition,
John Wiley & Sons, ١٩٩٥.
-١١٨-
‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K  
 ١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 
 ١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬١J ١
 ٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬ ١J ١J ١ 
٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ١
٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٣
٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬٤J ١J ١
٥ K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ١J ١
٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫ א‬٢J ٤J ١J ١
٦ K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤J ١J ١
٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤J ١J ١
٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١J ١
٧ K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ١J ١
٧ K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ١J ١
٨ K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٥J ١J ١
٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬٦J ١J ١
١٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫ א‬٢J ١
١٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬٣J ١
١٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 

‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ١٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 
 ١٥ K K K K K K E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢
 ١٦ K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢
 ١٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٢
 ١٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٢
 ١٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٢
 ٢٤ K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢
 ٢٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٢
 ٢٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٢
 ٢٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ٣J ٣J ٢
 ٢٧ K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢
 ٢٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ٢
 ٣٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٢
 ٣١ K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢
 ٣٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ٢
 ٣٣ K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٥J ٢
 ٣٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٥J ٢
 ٣٥ K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١J ٥J ٢
 ٣٦ K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١J ٥J ٢
 ٣٧ K K K K K K K K K K K ’R-L‘‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١J ٥J ٢
 ٣٨ K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬ ٦J ١J ٥J ٢
 ٤٠ K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ١J ٥J ٢
 ٤١ K K K K K K VAK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ١J ٥J ٢
 ٤١ K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ٢
 ٤٢ K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٢J ٥J ٢
‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ٤٤ K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٥J ٢
 ٤٤ K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٥J ٢
 ٤٦ K K K 'R-L'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٢
 ٤٦ K K K K K  ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ٢
 ٤٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ٢
٥٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 
 ٥٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 
 ٥٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣
 ٥٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬٢J ٣
 ٥٩ K K K K K K K R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣
 ٥٩ K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١J ٣J ٣
 ٦٠ K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٣
 ٦١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣J ٣
 ٦١ K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣J ٣
 ٦٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣
 ٦٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ٣
 ٦٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٣
 ٦٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤J ٣
 ٧٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤J ٣
٧٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 
‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ٨٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 
 ٨١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤
 ٨٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤
 ٨٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K R‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٤
 ٨٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤
 ٨٥ K K K K K K K K K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٤
 ٨٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٣J ٤
 ٨٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٣J ٤
 ٩٠ K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٤
 ٩٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K R‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٣J ٤
 ٩٣ K K K K K K K K K K K 'R-L'‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٣J ٤
 ٩٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤
 ٩٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬١J ٤J ٤
 ٩٩ K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬١J ١J ٤J ٤
 ١٠١ K K K K K K K K  ‫א‬٢J ١J ٤J ٤
 ١٠٢ K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬٣J ١J ٤J ٤
 ١٠٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٤
 ١٠٤ K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ٤
 ١٠٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 
 ١٠٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥
 ١٠٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
١١٤ K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥
‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 
١١٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 
 ١١٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
 ١١٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،Anode (A)  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 WStatic Characteristic of a thyristor‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

WIdeal characteristic of a thyristor‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WMethods of triggering a thyristor‫א‬

 WThermal and light triggering‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WHigh voltage triggering‫א‬‫א‬

 WFiring circuits of a thyristor‫א‬‫א‬

 WDC firing circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WAC firing circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WPulse triggering circuits‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 'io' ‫א‬'vo'E‫א‬F‫א‬

 WAverage load voltage and current‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 R.M.S. value of the load voltage and current‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E١٠J ٢F S=I V rms s

E١٠J ٢FE٩J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

I α sin 2α 21.2 30 π sin 60o

 Single Phase Full-Wave Controlled Rectifier‫א‬‫א‬

 Resistive Load ‫א‬‫א‬

 ’Io(rms)‘ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 WA Basic DC Chopper‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٧J ٣F     I o ( rms )

WStep-Down (Buck) DC Choppers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WCase of An Inductive Load‫א‬‫א‬

WContinuous Current Mode‫א‬‫א‬

E٢٠J ٣F      I P − P = TOFF V 0

WDiscontinuous Current Mode‫א‬‫א‬

٥Ω ١٠٠V  ٩J ٣

 ١١٠V   ١١J ٣

The Basic Inverter‫א‬‫א‬

 Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)‫א‬‫א‬

 ١-Phase Half-Bridge (VSI) Inverter ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Case of a Resistive Load R‫א‬‫א‬

Case of an Inductive load‫א‬‫א‬

 ١-Phase Voltage Source Bridge Inverter ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

S٣, S٢‫א‬S٤, S١‫א‬

is١ iD١ is٣ iD٣

is١ iD١ is٣ iD٣

 Inverter Voltage Control Techniques ‫א‬‫א‬

 Pulse-Width Modulation PWM‫א‬

S٢, S١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠J ٤F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬S٢, S١‫א‬WE١٢J ٤F‫א‬

 Current Source Inverter CSI‫א‬‫א‬

 ١-Phase Current Source Bridge Inverter‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢J ٢F‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E٢J ٥F     Va = Ea +Ia Ra

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Rad/Sec)ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(N.m) Ta‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ωo‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٥F‫א‬

‫א‬ ١٠٠٠ rpm,١٠ kW, ٢٤٠ V ٤J ٥

α=٥٥°, γ=١٦٠°, β=٢١٥° ٣-٢

Vo=١٤٨٫٦ V, Io=٣٫٩٥ A, Po=٧٧٨٫٨ W, PF=٠٫٩ lag ٨-٢

Vo=١٤٨٫٦ V, Io=٢٫٩٧٢ A, Io(rms)=٢٫٩٧٢ A, Po=٤٤١٫٦ W, ISCR(avg)=٠٫٩٩ ٩-٢

ITh(avg)=٢٫٤٧ A, ITh(max)=٧٫٤٣ A, VTh(max)=٣١١ V, Po=١١٠٤ W ١٠-٢

٤٤ V, ٢٫٢ A, ٦٩٫٦ V, ٥٫٥ A, ٢٤٢ W ٨-٣

D=٠٫٥, Is(avg)=١٠ A, Is(rms)=١٤٫١٤ A ٩-٣

Ton=٠٫٦٨ ms, Toff=٠٫٣٢ ms ١٠-٣

٤٤ V, ٥٫٥ A, ٦٩٫٦ V, ٥٫٥ A, ٢٫٢ A, ٣٫٣ A, ٦٫١٦ A, ٤٫٨٤, ٢٫٤ mH ١١-٣

١١٠ V, ٩٩ V, ٦٠٥ W ١٢-٤

٢٢٠ V, ١٩٨ V, ٢٤٢٠ W ١٣-٤

١٠٢٫٨٦ N.m, ٨٦٠ rpm, ٠٫٨٥ ٤-٥

(١) Ashfaq Ahmed : “Power Electronics for Technology”, Prentice-Hall,

(٢) M. H. Rashid: “Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices, and