Level Gauge Parts: -

1. Auto Shutoff Valve: -

a. Body – Made up of A-105.

b. Renewable Sheet – SS-316
c. Spindle – SS-316

d. Gasket – Flexite Super

A gasket is a mechanical seal which fills the space between two or more mating
surfaces, generally to prevent leakage from or into the joined objects while under
compression

e. Stud – ASTM A-193 Gr.B7

Stud bolt, also known as a double-headed screw or Stud bolt. A fixed link function
used to connect machinery. Studs are threaded at both ends and the middle screw,
either thick or thin.

f. Bonnet – A-105
Bonnets are other important components for the gate and globe type. By dismantling
the bonnet, the maintenance staff has access to the internal mechanisms and can
replace components like the seat, the stem, etc (trim).

The bonnet serves several important functions in a valve:

1. Enclosure: The bonnet provides a protective covering for the valve internals,
such as the stem, packing, and seating surfaces. It helps to prevent external
elements like dirt, debris, and moisture from entering the valve and causing
damage or interference with its operation.

2. Pressure containment: In pressure-containing valves, such as gate valves,

globe valves, and some types of check valves, the bonnet forms part of the
pressure boundary. It contains the pressure within the valve and prevents
leakage to the external environment. The bonnet is designed to withstand the
pressure and temperature conditions of the fluid being handled.

3. Stem sealing: The bonnet houses the stem of the valve, which is responsible
for controlling the flow of fluid. It typically includes packing material or a
gland arrangement to provide a seal around the stem, preventing leakage
along its length. The bonnet design plays a crucial role in ensuring proper
 stem sealing and minimizing fugitive emissions.

4. Access for maintenance: The bonnet can be removed to provide access to the
valve internals for maintenance, inspection, and repairs. This allows for the
replacement of worn-out components, adjustment of packing, or cleaning of
the seating surfaces without removing the entire valve from the pipeline.

g. Nut – ASTM A-193 Gr.2H

h. Packing Washer: SS-316

A packing washer, also known as a packing gland or packing seal, is a component used in
valves and other equipment to provide a seal around a moving shaft or stem. It is typically
used in applications where a dynamic seal is required to prevent leakage of fluids or gases.

Here's how the packing washer works:

1. Compression: The packing washer is installed around the shaft or stem of the
valve, forming a seal between the stationary body and the moving
component. When the gland is tightened, it compresses the packing material,
creating radial pressure against the shaft or stem.

2. Sealing: The compressed packing material fills the space between the shaft
or stem and the surrounding housing, creating a barrier that restricts or
prevents fluid or gas leakage. The material is designed to provide a tight seal
while allowing the shaft or stem to move freely.

3. Lubrication: In some cases, a lubricant, such as a grease or a specialized

packing lubricant, may be applied to the packing material. This helps reduce
friction and heat generated during operation, extending the lifespan of the
packing and improving its sealing performance.

4. Adjustments: Over time, the packing material may wear or degrade, leading
to reduced sealing effectiveness. In such cases, the gland can be tightened
further to compress the packing and restore the seal. However, excessive
tightening can lead to increased friction and wear on the shaft or stem, so it
is important to find the right balance.
i. Packing: Grafoil

Grafoil is a brand name for a type of flexible graphite material commonly used as a
sealing solution in various industrial applications. It is a high-quality graphite
product known for its exceptional thermal and chemical resistance, making it suitable
for demanding sealing applications in extreme conditions.

Packing, in the context of valves and other equipment, refers to a sealing material or
assembly that is used to prevent leakage of fluid or gas along a shaft or stem that
moves through a sealing surface. It provides a dynamic seal that accommodates the
movement of the shaft while maintaining a tight seal to prevent leakage.

j. Gland Follower – SS-316

A gland follower is a component used in certain types of valves and pumps to
compress and maintain the sealing arrangement, typically packing or sealing rings,
around a shaft or stem. It is an essential part of the gland assembly and plays a
crucial role in maintaining an effective seal and preventing leakage.

The gland follower is typically a movable component that is positioned above the
packing or sealing rings. It is designed to exert pressure on the packing material,
compressing it against the shaft or stem, creating a tight seal. The follower is usually
secured in place by bolts or a clamping mechanism.

Here are some key points about the gland follower:

1. Compression: The primary function of the gland follower is to apply sufficient

compression force to the packing or sealing rings. This compression helps to
create a seal and prevent fluid or gas leakage along the shaft or stem.

2. Adjustment: The gland follower can be adjusted to control the compression

force on the packing material. By tightening or loosening the follower bolts,
the amount of compression can be increased or decreased, allowing for fine-
tuning of the sealing performance.

3. Even Distribution of Pressure: The design of the gland follower ensures that
pressure is evenly distributed on the packing material. This helps to minimize
uneven wear and maintain a consistent seal around the shaft or stem.

4. Heat Dissipation: In some applications, the gland follower may have cooling
or heat dissipation features to help manage the temperature generated by
friction during operation. This helps to prevent overheating and damage to
the packing material.
 5. Maintenance Access: The gland follower is designed to be easily removable,
allowing for access to the packing or sealing rings during maintenance or
replacement. This facilitates inspection, adjustment, and replacement of the
packing material as needed.

k. Gland Nut: CS
A gland nut is a component commonly used in valves, pumps, and other equipment
that incorporates a packing or sealing arrangement. It is typically threaded onto the
valve or pump's bonnet or gland and serves to secure and compress the packing
material, ensuring a tight seal around the shaft or stem.

Here are some key points about the gland nut:

1. Compression: The primary purpose of the gland nut is to apply pressure to

the packing material, compressing it against the shaft or stem. This
compression creates a seal that prevents leakage of fluid or gas along the
shaft.

2. Adjustability: The gland nut is adjustable, allowing for precise control over
the compression force applied to the packing material. By tightening or
loosening the nut, the level of compression can be adjusted to achieve the
desired sealing performance.

3. Locking Mechanisms: In some designs, the gland nut may feature locking
mechanisms such as set screws, lock nuts, or pins. These mechanisms help
secure the nut in place once the desired compression is achieved, preventing
unintentional loosening or rotation.

4. Accessibility: The gland nut is typically located on the exterior of the valve or
pump, providing easy access for maintenance, adjustment, or replacement of
the packing material. It can be loosened or removed to facilitate inspection
or replacement of the packing.

5. Material and Construction: Gland nuts are typically made of durable

materials such as stainless steel, carbon steel, or brass, depending on the
application requirements. They are designed to withstand the forces exerted
during operation and maintain their integrity over time.

Proper installation and adjustment of the gland nut, along with regular inspection
and maintenance of the packing material, are important to ensure an effective seal
and prevent leakage.

l. Hand Wheel: Malleable Iron

 A hand wheel is a mechanical device used to manually operate or control various
types of equipment, such as valves, machinery, or instruments. It typically consists of
a circular wheel or disk attached to a shaft, allowing it to be rotated by hand. The
hand wheel provides leverage and control for the operator to turn the shaft and
control the equipment's operation or function.

m. Hand Wheel Nut: CS

n. Ball: SS-316
In an auto shutoff valve, the term "ball" refers to the ball inside the valve body that
controls the flow of fluid. Auto shutoff valves, also known as ball valves, use a
spherical or ball-shaped closure element to regulate the flow of liquids or gases.

The ball inside the valve has a hole or passage through it that allows fluid to flow
when aligned with the valve body's flow path. When the ball is rotated by the valve's
actuator or handle, the hole can be positioned to either allow or block the flow of
fluid.

The key features and functions of the ball in an auto shutoff valve include:

1. Shut-off Function: By rotating the ball, the valve can be fully opened or
closed, providing an efficient and reliable shut-off capability. When the ball is
in the closed position, the passage is blocked, preventing the flow of fluid
through the valve.

2. Precision Control: The design of the ball and valve body allows for precise
control of the flow rate. By partially rotating the ball, the flow can be
adjusted to various levels, providing a throttling function.

3. Low Friction and Pressure Drop: The spherical shape of the ball and its
smooth surface reduce friction and pressure drop within the valve, allowing
for efficient flow control with minimal energy loss.

4. Sealing Mechanism: The ball valve design often incorporates a seat or

sealing mechanism that ensures a tight seal when the ball is in the closed
position. This helps to prevent leakage when the valve is shut.

5. Material and Construction: The ball is typically made of a durable and

corrosion-resistant material, such as stainless steel, brass, or other suitable
alloys, depending on the application requirements and fluid compatibility.

Auto shutoff valves with ball mechanisms are widely used in various industries,
including oil and gas, petrochemical, water treatment, HVAC, and many others. They
 are favoured for their durability, reliability, ease of operation, and ability to provide
quick shut-off and precise flow control.

o. Ball Stopper: SS-316

A ball stopper is a type of device used to block or stop the flow of fluid or gas in a
pipeline or system. It typically consists of a ball-shaped element that can be inserted
into a pipe or fitting to prevent the passage of fluid or gas.

Here are some key points about ball stoppers:

1. Function: The primary function of a ball stopper is to provide a temporary or

permanent blockage in a pipeline or system. When inserted into the pipe or
fitting, the ball stopper forms a seal and prevents the flow of fluid or gas.

2. Construction: Ball stoppers are typically made of materials such as rubber,

silicone, or other flexible and resilient materials. They are often designed
with a ball shape to ensure a secure and effective seal when positioned in
the pipe or fitting.

3. Sizes and Configurations: Ball stoppers are available in various sizes and
configurations to suit different pipe diameters and applications. They can be
found in both standard and custom sizes to fit specific requirements.

4. Installation and Removal: Ball stoppers are generally easy to install and
remove. They can be inserted into the pipe or fitting by hand or with the aid
of tools, depending on the size and type of ball stopper. Removal is typically
done by deflating or releasing the pressure from the ball stopper and
extracting it from the pipe or fitting.

5. Applications: Ball stoppers are commonly used in plumbing, construction,

maintenance, and industrial applications. They can be employed to isolate
sections of a pipeline for repair or maintenance work, prevent the backflow of
fluids or gases, or block off sections of a system during testing or inspection.

It's important to note that ball stoppers are not intended for continuous or long-term
sealing. They are primarily used as temporary solutions to stop the flow temporarily.
For permanent blockages or sealing requirements, other types of valves or fittings
may be more suitable.
p. Tail Piece: CS
A tailpiece is a plumbing component that is used to connect the drain of a fixture,
such as a sink or a bathtub, to the plumbing system. It is typically a short length of
pipe that extends downward from the fixture's drain outlet.

Here are some key points about tailpieces:

1. Connection: The tailpiece is connected to the drain outlet of the fixture,

usually using a compression fitting or a threaded connection. The type of
connection may vary depending on the specific plumbing configuration and
the type of fixture being installed.

2. Material: Tailpieces are commonly made of materials such as PVC (polyvinyl

chloride), ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), or metal, such as brass or
stainless steel. The material used depends on factors such as the plumbing
code requirements, the type of fixture, and the compatibility with the
plumbing system.

3. Length: Tailpieces are available in different lengths to accommodate

different installation requirements. The length of the tailpiece is determined
based on the distance between the fixture's drain outlet and the connecting
drain or trap.

4. Trap Connection: In many plumbing installations, the tailpiece is connected

to a P-trap or S-trap, which helps to prevent sewer gas from entering the
building. The trap is attached to the tailpiece using slip-joint connections or
other suitable fittings.

5. Adjustability: Some tailpieces may have adjustable lengths to accommodate

variations in the distance between the fixture and the plumbing system.
These adjustable tailpieces often feature telescoping sections or additional
fittings that can be adjusted or trimmed to fit the specific installation
requirements.
 Tailpieces play a critical role in the proper functioning of plumbing fixtures by
providing a direct connection from the fixture's drain to the plumbing system. They
ensure the efficient and reliable flow of wastewater from the fixture into the drainage
system.

q. Union Cut: C.S

A union nut is a type of fitting used in plumbing and piping systems to join two pipes
or tubes together. It is designed to provide a secure and leak-proof connection that
can be easily disassembled if necessary.

r. Flange: A-105
A flange is a flat, circular, or ring-shaped fitting that is used to connect or join two
sections of pipe or equipment together. It provides a convenient method for
assembling and disassembling piping systems, allowing for easy installation,
maintenance, and repair.

2. Level Gauge:

a. Connecting Nipple: A-106

A gauge nipple, also known as a pressure gauge adapter or gauge connector, is a
fitting used to connect a pressure gauge to a system or equipment. It provides a
connection point for attaching the gauge to measure the pressure of the fluid or gas
within the system.

Here are some key points about gauge nipples:

1. Function: The primary function of a gauge nipple is to provide a threaded

connection for attaching a pressure gauge. It allows the pressure gauge to
be installed in-line with the system or equipment, providing a measurement
of the fluid or gas pressure.

2. Design: Gauge nipples typically have a male threaded end on one side and a
female threaded end on the other side. The male threaded end is used to
connect to the system or equipment, while the female threaded end is used
to connect the pressure gauge. The thread sizes and types may vary
 depending on the specific application and gauge requirements.

b. Cushion Gasket:
A cushion gasket, also known as a cushion ring or cushion seal, is a type of gasket
used in piping systems to provide a cushioning effect and compensate for
misalignment or movement between flange connections.

Here are some key points about cushion gaskets:

1. Function: The primary function of a cushion gasket is to provide a sealing

and cushioning effect between flange connections. It helps to prevent leaks
and provides a degree of flexibility to accommodate slight misalignment or
movement due to thermal expansion, vibration, or other factors.

2. Design: Cushion gaskets are typically made of elastomeric materials such as

rubber or neoprene. They are designed with a circular shape and are often
thicker than traditional flat gaskets. The increased thickness provides the
cushioning effect and allows for some compression and flexibility during
installation and operation.

3. Installation: Cushion gaskets are placed between the flange faces during
assembly. The gasket's thickness allows it to deform and provide a tight seal
when the flange bolts are tightened. The cushioning effect helps to distribute
the load evenly across the gasket surface and accommodate any
misalignment or movement between the flanges.

4. Benefits: Cushion gaskets offer several benefits in piping systems. They

provide a reliable and resilient sealing solution, even in applications where
there may be slight flange misalignment or movement. The cushioning effect
helps to reduce stress on the flange and gasket, minimizing the risk of
leakage or damage. Additionally, cushion gaskets can help absorb vibrations,
providing some level of noise and vibration dampening.

5. Applications: Cushion gaskets are commonly used in various industries,

including water and wastewater treatment, HVAC systems, oil and gas, and
process industries. They are suitable for applications where flange
connections may experience thermal expansion, vibrations, or other
movement.
c. Glass:
T. Borosilicate, also known as Type I Borosilicate glass, refers to a specific type of
glass composition that is highly resistant to thermal expansion and chemical
corrosion. It is commonly used in applications that require excellent thermal shock
resistance, high chemical durability, and transparency.

Here are some key points about T. Borosilicate glass:

1. Composition: T. Borosilicate glass is primarily composed of silica (silicon

dioxide), boron oxide, and other minor components. The addition of boron
oxide gives the glass its unique properties, including thermal resistance and
chemical durability.

2. Thermal Expansion: T. Borosilicate glass has a low coefficient of thermal

expansion, which means it can withstand rapid temperature changes without
cracking or breaking. This makes it suitable for applications involving high
temperature differentials or thermal cycling.

3. Thermal Shock Resistance: Due to its low thermal expansion, T. Borosilicate

glass exhibits exceptional thermal shock resistance. It can withstand sudden
temperature changes without fracturing, making it ideal for laboratory
glassware, cookware, and other applications involving heating and cooling.

4. Chemical Resistance: T. Borosilicate glass is highly resistant to chemical

attack and can withstand exposure to a wide range of acids, bases, and
solvents. This property makes it suitable for applications in laboratories,
chemical processing, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and other industries
where chemical durability is crucial.

5. Transparency: T. Borosilicate glass has excellent transparency, allowing for

clear visibility and observation. This makes it suitable for applications such as
windows, lenses, optical instruments, and scientific glassware.

d. Wetted Gasket: Grafoil

A wetted gasket, also known as a process seal or sealing gasket, is a type of gasket
that comes into direct contact with the process fluid in a system or equipment. It is
specifically designed to provide a reliable and leak-proof seal in applications where
the gasket is exposed to the fluid being conveyed.

Here are some key points about wetted gaskets:

1. Purpose: The primary purpose of a wetted gasket is to create a barrier that

prevents fluid or gas leakage between mating surfaces in a system. It
 ensures a secure and tight seal, maintaining the integrity of the process and
preventing contamination or loss of fluid.

2. Material Selection: Wetted gaskets are made from materials that are
compatible with the specific fluid or media they come into contact with. The
selection of the gasket material depends on factors such as the temperature,
pressure, chemical compatibility, and other environmental conditions..

e. Illuminator:
An illuminator is a device or component that provides illumination or light in a
specific application or context. It is designed to emit light and enhance visibility in
various situations, ranging from lighting fixtures to specialized equipment.

f. Grub Screw: C.S

A grub screw, also known as a set screw, is a type of fastener that is typically
threaded on one end and has no head. It is designed to be tightened against a
mating surface using a wrench or Allen key (hex key).

Here are some key points about grub screws:

1. Purpose: Grub screws are commonly used to secure or fasten two

components together by exerting pressure against the surface of the mating
part. They are often used to prevent unwanted movement, provide alignment,
or act as a stopper.

2. Threaded Design: Grub screws have a threaded body that allows them to be
inserted into a threaded hole or bore. The threads create a tight fit when
tightened, ensuring a secure connection.

3. Allen Key or Hex Key: Grub screws typically have a hexagonal socket or
recessed head, requiring an Allen key (also known as a hex key) for
tightening or loosening. The Allen key fits into the socket to apply torque for
installation or removal.

4. Size and Length: Grub screws come in various sizes and lengths to
accommodate different applications. The size is typically specified by the
diameter of the screw and the length of the threaded portion.

5. Material: Grub screws are made from a variety of materials, including

stainless steel, carbon steel, brass, or other alloys. The choice of material
depends on the specific application requirements, including factors such as
 corrosion resistance, strength, and environmental conditions.

6. Applications: Grub screws are used in a wide range of applications, including

machinery, automotive, electronics, furniture, and more. They can be used to
secure gears, pulleys, knobs, handles, shafts, and other components where a
non-permanent, adjustable, and secure fastening solution is needed.

g. Rivet: C.S
A rivet is a type of fastener used to join two or more pieces of material together by
creating a permanent mechanical connection. It consists of a cylindrical shaft with a
head on one end and a tail on the other.

Here are some key points about rivets:

1. Types of Rivets: There are several types of rivets, including solid rivets, blind
rivets (also known as pop rivets), tubular rivets, and drive rivets. Each type
has its own specific design and application.

2. Installation: To install a rivet, a hole is drilled or punched through the

materials being joined. The rivet is then inserted into the hole, and the tail
end is deformed or formed using a rivet gun, hammer, or rivet setter. This
process creates a permanent joint by expanding the rivet and creating a
mechanical lock.

h. Vent Flange: A-105

A vent flange, also known as a vented flange or exhaust flange, is a component used
in ventilation systems to allow the passage of air or gases. It is typically a flat or
curved plate with multiple holes or slots that enable the flow of air while preventing
the entry of foreign objects or debris.

Here are some key points about vent flanges:

1. Purpose: Vent flanges are installed in ventilation systems to facilitate the

exhaust or intake of air or gases. They are commonly used in HVAC (Heating,
Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems, industrial exhaust systems,
automotive exhaust systems, and other applications where controlled airflow
is necessary.
 2. Airflow Regulation: Vent flanges can be designed with specific hole patterns
or slots to regulate the airflow. The size, shape, and distribution of the holes
or slots determine the flow characteristics, such as velocity and direction, to
meet the desired ventilation requirements.

i. Drain Flange: A-105

A drain flange is a component used in plumbing systems to provide a connection
point for a drain pipe or fixture. It is typically installed in sinks, bathtubs, showers, or
floor drains to allow the flow of water or waste into the drainage system. The drain
flange consists of several parts that work together to create a secure and functional
connection.

Here are some key points about drain flanges:

1. Construction: A drain flange usually consists of three main parts: the flange
itself, a strainer or grate, and a threaded tailpiece or pipe. The flange is the
visible part that sits on the surface of the sink, bathtub, or floor, while the
strainer or grate helps to prevent debris from entering the drain pipe. The
threaded tailpiece connects the drain flange to the drainage system.

2. Installation: To install a drain flange, a hole is typically cut into the surface
where the drain will be located. The flange is then inserted into the hole and
secured using adhesive, caulking, or mounting hardware. The strainer or
grate is placed on top of the flange, and the threaded tailpiece is attached to
the bottom of the flange, connecting it to the drain pipe.

3. Material: Drain flanges are commonly made from durable materials that are
resistant to water, chemicals, and corrosion. Common materials include
stainless steel, brass, plastic (such as PVC), or composite materials. The
choice of material depends on factors such as the application, the type of
fixture, and the desired aesthetic appearance.

4. Design and Variations: Drain flanges come in various sizes, shapes, and
designs to accommodate different plumbing fixtures and applications. They
may have round, square, or rectangular shapes, depending on the style of the
sink or drain. Some drain flanges have additional features like overflow holes
or decorative elements.

5. Maintenance and Cleaning: Drain flanges can accumulate debris, hair, and
soap scum over time, which can lead to clogging or unpleasant odors.
Regular cleaning and maintenance are necessary to keep the drain flange
 functioning properly. This may involve removing the strainer or grate,
cleaning it, and clearing any debris from the drain pipe.

Drain flanges play a vital role in plumbing systems by providing a secure connection
for water and waste removal. Proper installation and maintenance of drain flanges
help ensure efficient drainage, prevent clogs, and maintain the overall functionality
and hygiene of the plumbing fixtures.

j. MICA Shield
A MICA shield, also known as a mica plate or mica insulator, is a component used in
various electrical and thermal applications to provide insulation, heat resistance, and
electrical insulation properties. It is made from mica, a naturally occurring mineral
that has excellent insulating properties and can withstand high temperatures.

Here are some key points about MICA shields:

1. Material: Mica is a mineral that consists of thin, transparent layers of silicate.

It is known for its exceptional electrical and thermal insulation properties, as
well as its resistance to heat, chemicals, and moisture. Mica is available in
various forms, including sheets, plates, and flakes, which can be used to
manufacture MICA shields.

2. Insulation: MICA shields are primarily used for electrical insulation. They can
be placed between conductive parts or components to prevent electrical
current from flowing between them, reducing the risk of short circuits or
electrical failures. MICA shields have high dielectric strength, which means
they can withstand high voltages without breaking down.

3. Heat Resistance: Mica is highly resistant to heat and can withstand

temperatures up to several hundred degrees Celsius without melting or
deforming. MICA shields are used in applications where thermal insulation is
required, such as in electrical heating elements, industrial furnaces, and
high-temperature environments.

4. Thermal Conductivity: MICA shields have low thermal conductivity, which

means they are effective at resisting the transfer of heat. They can be used
as thermal barriers to prevent heat from transferring between components
or to protect sensitive components from excessive heat exposure.