PCC MARKING Plain Cement Concrete (PCC) is laid on the surface of the earth so as to create a leveled surface on which the footings can be casted. Depending upon the type of foundation, PCC may be laid throughout the excavated area (in case of raft footing) or over a particular area (in case of individual footings), depending upon the requirement. Procedure: The g/d |ines (@) have to be transferred onto the ground to get a fair idea of the footing size, location and the center of the footing, using a theodolite @ The area where PCC has to be laid is, established according to the footing layout drawing. © Steel pegs (normally cut pieces of 10mm reinforcement) 150mm to 200mm in length are driven into the soil, so that top level of peg will be the finish level of PCCQ) 18 CHAPTER 1 MARKING Olsnares Fostirg el ofc © Concrete button marks can also be used instead of the steel pegs. @ This top level is established using an auto level with respect to the 1P'\\ in the site and the GrC crawings which indicate the required thickness of PCC. @ PCC should be beyond the actual dimensions of the footing on all the sides of the footing. Normally itis 75mm beyond or as specifications given by the structural consultant. Methodology of quality inspection: © Cross check the grid lines that have been transferred to the ground. © Check the dimensions of the area where the PCC will be laid. © Check if the tops of all the pegs are at the same level.Tools and equipments: Name Use Theodolite Instrument used for traversing Auto level To ensure that the top level of the cut piece rods are at the same level as required Staff Used with the auto level to ensure that the top level of the cut piece rods are at the same level Measuring tapes To measure the distances between gridlines and other distance measuring purposes Reinforcement cut pieces of 10mm Dia fods Driven into the ground so that the top of the PCC can be maintained at the same level Hammer To drive the cut pieces into the ground Building angle For marking the sides of footings and columns. Spirit level To ensure horizontality/ verticalty of a given surface 19FOOTING AND COLUMN MARKING Marking for footing and columns is done so that each and every one of them is casted at the correct location by the drawings. Footing and column marking should be done very accurately with respect to the drawing. Even a small shift in the footing or @ column can affect the entire building structurally, aesthetically and with respect to the building by-laws. Procedure: © Grd ines coming within the footing area have to be transferred on PCC using a theodolite. Once the grid lines are established check the accuracy of the same with reference to the GPC ciaw'ngs. © ‘Mark the columns, tie beams and footing sides on finished PCC, with reference to footing layout drawing D axes and establish them by driving a nail @) (This has to be done to check the alignment of columns before and after concreting) 2) aio sg ie Feng ag SSS luv oF oom sO © In case there is obstruction due to heavy reinforcement or more columns are appearing on the same grid@), then Des | i L J q ce = vr c TE tety se my isis TWAIAL PLAN OF FOOTING ‘AND COLUMN HERING string ire Feng Ged pals @ 100mm side aay rom orginal irate y= conte cover /AUGNMENT OF COLUMNS CAN BE CHECKED {BY MEASURING THE OFFSET‘ © The comers are marked using a right angle template, ensuring perfect perpendicularity @ After marking of footing check for the diagonals to ensure accuracy (For all these markings use a thin’ ))) |), about 1mm thick). © A‘ter placing of reinforcement and shuttering works, transfer the grid line on top of side shuttering of the footing in both 20 CHAPTER 1 MARKING establish the same at an offset of ‘X’cms so that distance can be checked to the outer face of column reinforcement. @ The centerline is transferred from the marking pillar usig a theodalite onto the PCC surface and then the side of the column/ pedestal is measured and marked as per the drawings @)cowMNnRNG Methodology of quality inspection: @ Check the grid lines that have been =< transferred and confirm their accuracy with 1 respect to the relevant drawings. 1 © Check the dimensions of the column/ H footing that have been marked i ® Check the diagonals of the column footing © Cross check the location of the column/ footing with respect to the already casted columns! footings if any @ Hessian cloth or gunny bags should be laid and curing should be done over the cement paste laid for marking Tools and equipments : Name Use Theodolite Instrument used for traversing Measuring tapes To check the distance between the gridlines and for measuring the length, breadth and diagonals of footing/column during marking Plumb bobs To transfer the grid line marking to the top of the side shuttering Trowels For laying of cement paste and leveling Masonry nails Driven into the ground to tie the nylon thread for marking purposes Nylon thread For marking and for tying along the gridlines so as to use them as reference lines or base line Wax marking crayons To make temporary mark on the PCC before fixing the shuttering sides $0 as to match the shuttering sides with the marking done on the PCC Building angle Used to mark column and footing comers Measuring scale Instruments used to measure the distance between any two points 21STARTER MARKING Starters are cast so that the column shuttering can be correctly fixed on the column marking, with respect to its required alignment as per GFC drawings. Procedure: Starter Marking on Footings: © Transfer the qd \/nes on to the footing! pedestal, using a theodolite and mark the Column sizes (along which the starter template will be fixed) ) © Cross check the distance between grids. for accuracy. © Mark the starter for the column with respect to the footing and column layout drawing Starter Marking on Slab: © After casting the slab the plumb is dropped on the outer column or lift wall, and plumb is checked with respect to the starter level of column one floor below. © Using an adjustment piece of the theodolite and the marking pillars on the periphery of the building, plunge and transfer the column outer line and establish the control points. @ Subsequent grid lines can be established on the slab using conventional method of taking measurements using a tape with respect to these control points. © Cross check the distances between columns with respect to drawing and after verifying proceed with the starter marking. 22 CHAPTER 1 MARKING lun faineorent sioner ae a 8am > STARTER MARKING Marking process: Following are the steps to be followed for starter marking: © Ensure that the concrete surface is leveled during concreting around the reinforcement. @ Transfer the centre lines as mentioned previously, @ Mark the starter lines using the pencil, scale and right angle. @ Make a narrow groove along the marking using a hacksaw blade. © Now the marking for the starter is ready for shuttering, Methodology of quality inspection: © Check the diagonals of the starter marking, © Check the alignment of the starter marking with respect to the GFC drawing, @ After the concreting is done, check the alignment of the starter with respect to other starters using a string line and the distances between them using a measuring tape.