/ CENTRE OF MASS MOTION OF CENTRE OF MASS LINEAR MOMENTUM OF A SYSTEM OF PARTICLES VECTOR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS ANGULAR VELOCITY AND ITS RELATION WITH LINEAR VELOCITY o TORQUE AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM EQUILIBRIUM OF A RIGID BODY a MOMENT OF INERTIA Ey tHEorems oF PERPENDICULAR AND PARALLEL AXES DYNAMICS OF ROTATIONAL MOTION ABOUT A FIXED AXIS ANGULAR MOMENTUM IN CASE OF ROTATION ABOUT A FIXED AXIS ROLLING MOTION oystems of Particles and Rotational Motion Ji. INTER PHYSICS IMPORTANT POINTS @ The rate of angular displacement of a body is called do angular velocity w= 5 ® The rate of change of angular velocity of a body is called da angular acceleration, a= ae (@ Abody which does not undergo any change in its shape and volume by the application of force is called a rigid body. © Apa of equal, unlike, parallel and non-collinear forces acting on a rigid body constitute a couple. © Uniform circular motion is the motion of a particle that moves on the circumference of a circle with constant angular velocity or constant linear speed. @ Centripetal acceleration (a, ) is the acceleration of a| particle moving on the circumference of a circle. Its 2 magnitude is (or) rw@* (or) vw. It is directed towards: the centre of the circle and variable. 148Centripetal force (F,)is the force required by a particle to perform circular motion. Its magnitude 2 is we (0r) Mra. It is also directed towards the centre of the circle and variable. It is areal force like gravitational force, electrostatic force, force of friction etc. It isto be supplied to the | __ Particle by an external agency. ® ‘Safe maximum speed on an unbanked road is v = frgp . Abody performing horizontal circular motion has same speed at all points. When a stone tied to one end of a string is revolved in a horizontal circle, 2 The tension on the string = Centripeta force = “ = mre. (when a body performs rotational motion, each particle moves on a cirde. The centers of all such circles are on aline called axis of rotation. 2 Torque or moment of force about a point is defined as the Product of the force and the perpendicular distance of the point of application of the force from the point. In vector from, t=rxk 3) Moment of inertia of a rigid body about an axis is defined as the sum of the products of the masses of different particles, supposed to be constituting the body and the square of their respective perpendicular distances from the axis of rotation. (44) Moment of inertia of a point mass m is | = mr, where r is the perpendicular distance of the point mass from the axis of rotation. 5) Padius of gyration of a rotating body is the distance between the axis of rotation and a point at which the whole mass of the body can be supposed to be concentrated so that its moment of inertia would be the same with the actual distribution of mass. Radius of gyration, n 7 I mi Ke f = L Total mass 6)Both moment of inertia and radius of gyration depend upon the position of axis of rotation and the distribution of mass about the axis of rotation. But moment of inertia depends on mass also. @)Pwatel axes theorem states that the moment of inertia of a rigid body about any axis is equal to the moment of inertia about aparallel axis through its center of mass plus the product of the mass the body and the square of the distance between the two parallel axes. Moment of inertia of arigid body, |= 14+ Mr2, where Ig isthe moment of inertia of the body about a parallel axis through its center of mass and r is the distance between the parallel axis. {149}a aa Chapter@ Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion 18) Perpendicular axes theorem states that the moment of inertia of plane lamina about an axis perpendicular to its plane is equal to the sum of the moments of inertia of the lamina about two axis perpendicular to each other, in its own plane and intersecting each other at the point, where the axis perpendicular to the plane passes. (19) Torque is the cause of angular acceleration. Felation between torque, t and angular aoceleration, aist= la @ Angular momentum of a partide about a point is the product of linear momentum of the particle and the perpendicular distance of the line of motion of the particle from the point. In vector form,L= rxp. | __ItsS1unit is kg m* s™ (or) 4s. Its dimensional formula is [M L?T ~'). 1) Angular momentum, perpendicular distance. mvr, where m is mass of a particle, v is the velocity and r is the @ Angular momentum is expressed in terms of w asL= lo. db @ Palation between t and List = 7 andtandaist = Ia. Principle of conservation of angular momentum : When there is no resultant external torque ‘on arotating system, the angular momentum of the system remains constant both in magnitude and direction. @) When there is no resultant external torque, Lis constant i.e., lo = constant (or) « is inversely Proportional to |. (6) When an object tied to one end of a string is revolved in a vertical cirde, its velocity changes due to gravity. Mv? @) The tension on the string at the highest point of a vertical circle = es — Mg and at the Mat 2 lowest point, tension = = + Mg. Tension at any position, T = “ —Mg cos 6. 8) The minimum velocity at the highest point, v, = fg and at the lowest point, v, = rg. @ centre of mass : Def : It is a point where the entire mass of a body or a system is supposed to be concentrated @ Co-ordinates of Centre of mass : =my; =mz; =m, Zon =m, Emy, @) Qo-ordinates of velocity of CM : Vay =m, 150ystems of Particles and Rotational Mon aa a ; S. GD) invernal forces do not change the position (or) velocity of centre ofmass 33) Centre of mass obeys Newton's laws of motion, @) Matter may (or) may not be present at the centre of mass. (G5) The linear momentum of the centre of mass ofa system i the particles comprising the system is the sum of the linear momenta of aj) Mis the mass of the entire system, y, in the velocity of the CM of the system. P_in the momentum of centre of mass. : __| | 6) The acceleration imparted to the system due to an external force F is equal to the acceleration of the centre of mass of the systein. G2) The centre of mass of earth- moon system is located near to the centre of the earth. The earth — moon system rotates about the sun in elliptical path as if the gravitational force due to the sun acts only on centre of mass of the system. Centre of mass of this system moves in an elliptical path around the sun. Ifa shell explodes in mid air as it moves, the fragments of the shell move in different parabolic paths , but the centre of mass of the shell continues to move in the same parabolic path as the shell, as a single piece, would have moved. Ae); a ANSWER QUESTIONS Is it necessary that a.mass should be present at the centre of mass of any system? Ans. No, Any mass need not be present at the centre of mass of a system. Ex : a hollow sphere, centre of mass lies at its centre, Bangle , ~ sing What is the difference in the positions of a girl carrying a bag in one of her hands and another girl carrying a bag in each of her two hands? ‘Ans. When the girl carries a bag in one hand (left) her centre of mass shifts towards other hand (right) In order to bring it in the middle, the girl has to lean towards her other side. When the girl carries a bag in each of her two hands (left and right), the centre of mass does not shift. The girl does not bend any side beacuse of same bags are in her two hands. Important Question @ ‘sit necessary that a mass should be present at the centre of mass of any system?Mees Chapter Systoms of Particles a foo rigid bodies have same moment of inertia about their axes of symmetry. Or the ‘two, which body will have greater kinetic energy ? Ans. E= >I" =_ p L = constant) The rigid body having less moment of inertia will have greater kinetic energy. Why are spokes provided in a bicycle wheel ? Ans. By, connecting to the rim of wheel to the axle through the spokes the mass of the wheel gets o concentrated at its rim, This increases its monient of inertia. This ensures its uniform speed. I = 29 sAve cannot open or close the door by applying force at the hinges. why ? ‘Ans, When the force is applied at the hinges, the line of action of the force passes through the axis of rotatioi.e, r = 0, so we can not open or close the door by pushing or pulling it at the hinges. ne ye 5 = aFsine => Fo. s/Why do we prefer a spanner of longer arm as Zémpared to the spanner of shorter > - ater YoRePongsine > Fab ‘Ans.The torque applied on the nut by the spanner is equal to the force multiplied by the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotaion. , Asspanner with longer arm provides more torque compared to a spanner with shorter arm. Hence longer arm spanner is preferred. ly spinning eggs on a table top, how’will you distinguish a hard boiled egg from a w egg? AcuMdMY to law af conseryoti lo Ut LW) = content Ans: raw egg has some fluid in jt and a hard boiled egg is solid forma TmsTae Both eggs are spinning on altable top, the fluid is thrown outwards. Therefore (I, > I,) That means M. I of raw.egg is greater than boiled egg. fin ed That means Angular Velocity of raw egg is less than angular velocity of boiled eg} x ef. Fo, DAW 49 Stop Soon tompaniny to eed] wn compos Why should a helicopter necessarily have two propellers ? Ans. sif there were only one propeller in the hellicopter then, due to conservation of angular momentum, the helicopter itself would have turned in the opposite direction. Hence, it should have two propellers yA the polar ice caps of the earth were to melt, what would the effect of the length of the day be ? Ans. Earth rotates about its polar axis. When ice of polar caps of earth melts, mass concentrated near the axis or rotation spreads out. Therefore, moment of Inertia I increases. UU ed © two rigid bodies have same moment of inertia about their axes of symmetry. Or the two, which body will have greater kinetic energy ? © Why do we prefer a spanner of longer arm as compared to the spanner of shorter arm ? ‘ 8 Why should a helicopter necessarily have two propellers ? | ; - (153)SUT ‘As no external torgue acts, L=Ix w= = constant. With increase of I, T will increase i. lerigth of the day will increase. 0 hy is it easier to balance momentum is involved. Y Ans. @ a bicycle in motion ? ecause the principle of-conservation of angula, ANS. When a bicycle is in motion, it is easy'to balance bi istinguish between centre of mass and centre of gr PS rea eal ee ae Ce a REY Chapter Systems of Particles and Rotational Mogg, hee ir oe bel ANSWER, QUESTIONS avity. Centre of mass Centré of gravity 1. Point at which entire mass of the body is supposed to be concentrated, and, the motion of the point represents motion of the body. 9 2. It refersfmass of thebody. 3. Ina uniform gravitational field centre of mass and centre of gravity coincide y coincide 4, Centre of mass of the body is defined to Fixed point through which the weight of the body act It refers to the weight acting on all) particles of the body : | In a non-uniform gravitational field, centre of gravity and centre of mass do} not coincide. Centre of gravity of body is defined to| describe, the natute of rotion of a bedy know the!amount of stability of the body’ =, asawhple oi 4. sibge when supported) roe \ em that 2 System of particles moving under the influence of an external force, ~ moyes as if the,force is applied at its centre pf mass. “gs BC En eopen doe Pon ge BREE daponds on “g*- “Ans. Consider 7, i, ij... ip be the position vectors of masses m,, M>,, M3, ..... M,, Of n particle system. According to Defination of centre of mass. . on +m, = M = mass of the body] MR =m + mg ig ten My ip Differentiating the two sides of the equation with respect to time we get WB en, Bk my tat my dt dt. dt dt Or MV = mv, + M273 + ope + MV, Differentiating the above equation wat. time, we obtainMouse” Chapter) Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion dv dv dv; dv, a 4 Mage tae irs orMA = may + m,ay + we + MAH put mya = Bim 8h = Econ gan = EMA ABB tom tf Where F,., represents the sum of all external forces acting on the particles of the system: This equation states that the centre of mass of a system of particles moves as if all the mass of the system was concentrated at the centre of mass and all the external forces were applied at that point. : xplain about the centre of mass of earth-moon system.and its rotation around the sun. moon ‘Ans. In the solar system the planets have different velocities and Conta y Caro me: have complex two dimensional motion, But the motion of the centre SY aioe of mass of the planet is simple and translational. consider the earth and moon system. We consider that the earth is moving around the sun in an elliptical path. But actually the centre of mass of earth and moon moves in an elliptical path round the sun. But the motion of either earth or moon is complicated when considered separately, more over we say that moon goes round the earth. But actually earth and rnoon are revolving round their centre of mass such that they are always on opposite sjdes of the centre of mass. Here the forces of attraction between earth and moon are internal forces. (fine vector product. Explain the properties of a véctor product with two Pree cad uct of two vectors is given by C = RB. The magnitude of the vector defined from agnitiudes of the vectors and sine of angle between ‘examples. Ans. The cross prod: cross product of § the vectors. Directién of the vectors is given by right han id corkscrew rule and is perpendicular to the plane containing the vectors. ‘ » a = AB sin 0 A. Where, iNis the unit vector perpendicular to the plane «|G | = AB sin @. and C containing the vectors A and & . Example : 1) Torque is cross product of position vector and Force. i.e., T=TxF 2) Angular momentum is cross product of position vector and momentum ie, T=PxB tee ata ® Sobtehinead . © Explain about the centre of mass of earth-moon system and its rotation around| the sun. Define vector product. Explain the properties ofa vector product with two examples. 155RUMEN hart) Syste of Pate ond Rotting Propertics : 1) Cross product does not obey commutative law. But its magnitude obeys commutative low, RxB*8xA > (AxB) =-(BxA), [Ax B|=|BxA| 2) It obeys distributive law Z x (Bx @)=Ax B+ Axe 3) The magnitude of cross product of two vectors which are parallel is zero. Since @ = 0; |AxB| = ABsin 0° = 0 A 4) For perpendicular vectors, @ = 90°, |Ax B | = AB sin 90° | |= AB yfrtee angular velocity(u). Derive ‘v =r @. Gap is. Angular velocity () : : do The rate of change of angular displacement of a body is called angular velocity. ie., © = Derivation of v = ra consider a rigid body be moving with unform speed (v)along the circumberence of a circle of radius '. Let the body be displaced from A to B in a small interval of time At making’an angle A@ at the cantre. Let the linear displacement be ax from A to B. From the property of circle, length of arc = radius x angle Ax =r AO This equation is divided by At, and taking tr Ax, it AO Limit At > 0 on both sides. We get sho ap =" aio ay ae Lt a At ax = t But ato Gy 7 and atty 6/ Define angular acceleration and torque. Establish the relation between angulat acceleration and torque. Ans. Angular acceleration : The rate of change of angular velocity is called angular acceleration Torque : The rate of change of angula The moment of Force is called Torque. m is called torque Relation between angular acceleration and Torque : Consider a rigid body of mass ‘M' rotating in a circular path of radius'R' with angular velocity ‘ww’ about fixed axis. . | By defination , ¢ tn acceleration and torque.AML MD usa Chapter) Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion WhereT = MR* = moment of inertia of a body do t=I ae (T= constant] out yy 2 Write the.equations of motion for a particle rotating about a fixed axis ? Ans. Equations of motion for a particle rotating about a fixed axis : 1 o =o+et [like v =u + at] _(9+% : vty, 2¢ =|-4+ g = [Mtv ( . } [like ( }a 1 : RO ~at+oet of lke s.= ut + tat) : 4. of-0? =2=0 [like v? - u? = 2as] Where w, = Initial angular velocity @, = Final angular velocity e = Angular acceleration © = Angular displacement t = time ive expressions for the final velocity and total energy of a body rolling without slipping. Ans. Expression of velocity of a body Rolling down an inclined plane : Consider a rigid body of mass M and radius R rolling down an inclined plane from a height h . Let v the linear speed acquired by the body when it reaches the bottom of the plane and k is its radius of gyration.. According to law of conservation of Energy, we have P.E of body on top of inclined plane = K.E of a body at the bottom of inclimed plane When a body rolls down an incline of height h, we apply the principle of conservation of energy. PE at the top = K.E of translation + K.E of rotation ile Mgh = jue + jite” 1=MK? & 7 1 Mgh = Me + 5M > 7 2 = Mgh = > MV? [1-5 |Chapter Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion Expression of Total energy of a body Rolling down on an inclined plane : ‘Suppose a body (Sphere) is rolling on a surface. its motion can be treated as a combination of the translation of the centre of mass and rotation about an axis passing through the centre of mass. The total kinetic energy E can written as E= E+ E, Where E; = Translational kinetic energy and E,= Fotational kinetic energy 1 Mv? + > lo? Nin MRE o? + MkéaF Ni= es J Mathes Ky where k is radius of gyration Pa E= pu (HB) [> o=sl. [Reifel answer questions 1. For a thin flat circular disk, the radius of gyration about a diameter as axis isk. If the disk iscut along adiameter AB as shown in to two equal pieces, then find the radius of gyration of each piece about x AB, Ans. For thin circular disk, the radius of gyration about a diameter 1 Where M = mass of disk M.1 of disk The disk is cut into two halves about AB, when each, .M ~ MassM'= > and each M.I,'= > Therefore Radius of gyration of each piece is ———$——_—_—_—_—___—_a——______Chapter@® Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion f, Find the centre of mass of three Sol. Sol. particles at the vertices of an equilateral triangle. The masses of the particles are 100g, 150 g, and 200g respectively. Each side of the equilateral triangle is 0.5 long. 200 9 ,8 (02502543) AN (0. 25,0) Al0. 5,0) (0,0) With the x - and y-axes chosen as shown in Fig. 7.9, the coordinates of points O, A and 8 forming the equilateral triangle are respectively (0, 0), (0, 5, 0), (0.25. /3). Let the masses 100 g, 150g and 200g be located at 0, A and B be respectively. Then. mix, + myxy + MIX3 X= m, +m, +m; x = 1100(0) + 150(0.5) + 200(0.25)] am - (100 + 150 + 200) g _ 75+50 ~ 450 [100(0) + 150(0) + 200(0.25V3)] gm 450g 50v3 450 By =m 9 33 . Find the centre of mass of a triangular lamina. The lamina (ALMN) may be subdivided into narrow strips each parallel to the base (MN) as shown in Fig. By symmetry each strip hasits centre of mass at its midpoint. If we joint the midpoint of all the strips we get the median LP. The centre of massof the triangle as a whole therefore, hasto lie on the median LP. Similarly, we can argue that it lies on the median MQ and NR This means the cantre of mass lies on the point of concurrence of the medians, i.e. on the centroid G of the triangle. |. The density of the atmosphere at sea level is 1.29 kg/m®. Assume that it does not change with altitude. Then how high would the atmosphere extend ? . The centres of mass C,, C, and C, of the squares are, by symmetry, their geometric centres and have coordinates (1/2,1/2), (3/ 2,1/2), (1/2,3/2) respectively. y (0, 0) Hence = (401/2)-+ 3/2) + 1/2)Kgm _ 5, 6 x (+14 0kg y= (X72) + 10/2) + ¥3/2)kgm _ 5 ~ (1+ 1+ 0kg 6Chapter@® Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion 4. A3m long ladder weighing 20kg leans | 6. Obtain Equation from first principles. on africtionlesswall. Itsfeet reston the | Sol. The angular acceleration is uniform, floor 1 m from the wall as shown in w * at + ¢(asaiscomstant) Fig. Find the reaction forcesof the wall and the floor. Att = 0, @= @ (given) From (i) we get att = 0,a=c= a Bl Thye/G = at + w, as required Fe Zz je angular speed of a motor wheel is increased from 1200 rpm to 3120 3m f | adam rpm is 16 seconds. (i) What is its NF angular acceleration, assuming the aeneleration to be uniform ? " FE c 1m Let ABis 3m long, A is at distance At Sol. (i) We shall use w= @ + at from the wall. Pythagoras theorem, 9 = initial angular speed in rad/s BC= 22m. = 2m x angular speed in revis For translational equilibrium, taking the _ 2x angular speed in rev/min forces in the vertical direction, N-W= 0 (i) 60s/min Taking the forces in the horizontal direction, = 21200 ig F-F,=0 —(ii) 60 taking the moments of the forces about A, = 40n rads air -(12)W=.0 — ti Smilarly @ = final angular speed in rad /s Now W= 20g = 20x 98N-= 1960.0N 2 2RX3120 From 196.0 60 From (iii) = F,= W/4V2= 196.0/4 /2 = 2x x 52 radis= 104 rad/s = 34.6N ©. Angular acceleration From (il) F= F, = 34.6N aa SOO. an sadist F= FP +N = 199.0N Sr The angular acceleration of the engine 5 Find the scalar and vector products of = 4nradis? two vectors |—$— $$ A= (31 4 ptSu)avd Pp =(20 + p-3e) Sol. ab= (31-4) +5K).(2i +} -3k) = 64-15 = -25 iT k axb=|3 -4 5|=7i-j-5k 21-3 Notebx a= 77-]-SkAns. Sol. 10. Chapter@ Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion ind the torque of a force (77 3 p+5r) about the origin. The force acts on a particle whose position vector is (948) (Mar. ‘14, 13) andF= 71-3) +5k We shall use the determinant rule to find the torquet= rx F TT kK . 5 te |t -1 1]= 6-3)i --6-7i 7 3 5 + (3-(7)k ort= 21412] + 10k Show that the angular momentum about any point of a single particle moving with constant velocity remains constant throughout the motion. Let the particle with velocity v be at point P at some instant t. We want to calculate the angular momentum of the particle about an arbitrary point O. The angular momentum is1 = rx mv. Its magnitude is mvr. sind, where 8 is the angle between r and v as shown in Fig. Although the particle changes position with time, the line of direction of v remains the same and hence OM = r sin @ is a constant Show that moment of a couple does not depend on the point about which you take the moments. The moment of the couple = sum of the moments of the two forces making the couple = ne Aen F = tx Fee F = (ty-n)* F But r, + AB= The moment of the couple, therefore, is xe and hence AB = r)—r,. What is the moment of intertia of a disc about one of its diameters ? Sol. ML. of adisc about a diameter, given its M.J. about the perpendicular axis through its centre. xand y-axes lie in the plane of the disc and z is perpendicular 1,= I, = I, Now, x and y axes are along two diameters of the disc, and by symmetry the moment of inertia of the disc is the same about any diameter. Hence and But ly So finally, 1, = 1/2 = MPRA Thus the moment of inertia of a disc about any of its diameter is MR'/4. Find similarly the moment of inertia of a ring about any of its diameter. Will the theorem be applicable to a solid cylinder ? gpChapter Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion athin circular ring and a thin flat circular disk of same mass have same moment of inertia about their respective diameters as axes. Then find the ratio of their radii. Ans. Fora thin circular ring, M.I., hee ork ihe 1 a 3 ate and prove the principle of conservation of angular momentum. Explain the principle of conservation of angular momentum with examples. Ans. Statement ; Angular momentum of a body remains constant when the external torque is zero. L= 1@= constant K. OFT, @ = Ip Oy. If the moment of Inertia of a body is lowered, the angular velocity of the body w increases. Proof : By derfination, the rate of change of angular momentum is called Torque. orL= constant k ah-& fT @) = Ty Wy, Example 1): When aman with stretched out armsstands on a turn table which is revolving then his moment of inertia is high. if he folded his hands, the moment of inertia decreases and hence the angular velocity, linear velocity increase, but the period decreases. In both cases angular momentum remains constant Example 2): An acrobat from a swing in acircus, leaves the swing with certain angular momentum, with his arms and legs stretched. As soon as he leaves the swing he pulls his hands and legs together thus lowering his M.I. and increasing his angular velocity. He then quickly makes somersaults in air and finally lands on a net or ground. © Saate and prove the principle of conservation of angular momentum. Explain the principle of conservation of angular momentum with examples.Chapter@ Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion ema 1. Show that a(bxo) is equal in magni- tude to the volume of the parallele- piped formed on the three vectors a, b and c. Sol. Let a parallele piped be formed on three vectors. 8B c OA=a,0B= band OC=€ Now, Bx ¢ = besin g0°n=ben Where fi is unit vector along GA perpen: dicular to the plane containing b and c. Now 3.(bx€) = a.ben= (a) (be) cos O° = abc Which is equal in magnitude to the volume of the parallele piped. 2. A rope of negligible mass is wound round a hollow cylinder of mass 3kg and redius 40 cm. What is the angular acceleration of the cylinder if the rope is pulled with a force of 30N ? What is the linear acceleration of the rope ? Assume that there is no slipping. Sol. HereM = 3kg, R= 40cm = 0.4m Moment of intertia of the hollow cylinder about its axis l= MFP = 3(0.4)? = 0.48 kgm? Force applied F = 30 N 2 Torque, t= Fx Re 30x0.4= 12N-m. If @ is the angular acceleration, produced, then from t= la ti . 2 a= 759g = 25 rads Linear acceleration, a = Pa= 0.4.x 25 = 10m/s*. 3,/A coin iskept adistance of 10 cm from the centre of acircular turntable. If the coefficient of static friction between the table and the coin is 0.8 find the frequency of rotation of the disc at which the coin will just begin to slip. Sol. Here, radius, r= 10cm = 0.1m; p,= 0.8 F= pmg mro*= mg ror = Hg ng _ [0exo8 Hg _ [08x98 _ grag r 01 . = 8.854 rad/s w= 2xn © _ 8.854 , - 2- = 14 frequency n= 3 = 37g = 1408rps N= 1.409 x 60 = 84.54 rpm 4. Particles of masses 1g, 2g, 3g.... 100g are kept at the marks 1cm. 2cm, 3cm ..100em respectively on 2 meter scale. Find the moment of inertia of the system of particles about a perpendicular bisector of the meter scale. Sol. By adding all the masses, we get M = 50509 = 5.050 kg = 5.1 kg andL = 1m a SnininnnChapter Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion = & = 5 ma 2 1, = mb? z. Moment of inertia of the system T= Lt Iyt yt ly 2 2 = mb?+ = maé+ = ma?+ mb? 4 1 = Gma?+ amb? 9. To maintain a rotor at a uniform angular speed or 200 rads”, an engine needs to transmit a torque of 180 Nm. What is the power required by the engine ? (Note : uniform angular velocity in the absence of friction implies zero torque. In practice applied torque is needed to counter frictional torque). Assume that the engine is 100% efficient. Sol. Here, m= 200 rad/s, torque t= 180N-m, power p= ? Asp= tw :.p= 180 x 200= 3600 watt = 36 kw. 10. A metre stick is balanced on a knife edge at its centre. When two coins, each of mass 5g are put one on top of the other at the 12.0 om mark, the stick is found to be balanced at 45.0 cm. What is the mass of the metre stick 7 . Let M be the mass of stick concentrated at L, the 50 cm, mark, For equilibrium about G' the 45 cm mark, 10g (45-12) = mg(50-45) 109x33 = mgx5 10x33 5 Mes = 66 gram. f, Determine the kinetic energy of a circular disc rotating with a speed of 60 rpm about an axis passing through a point on its circumference and perpendicular to its plane. The circular disc has a mass of 5kg and radius 1m. Sol. Here M = Skg;R= 1m; one Sa one Srad ise on radi @= nx 7 = Bex Go rad /s= 2x radis The M.I of disc about parallel axis passing through a point on its circumferance MR? 3 le + MRP = SMP «. Kinetic energy = dio? 4 ge 3 2 2 x5 MP a gx 5x (iP x ny alw Nilo 2 22 x 5x ane 5+(?] KE= 148.16 J 12. Two particles each of mass m and speed v Travel in opposite directions along parallel lines separated by a distance. Show that the vector angular momentum of the two particle system is the same whatever be the point about which the angular momentum is taken. Given that m, = m,= m; Sol. Vi=vj=V momentum of 1* particle p, = my ope mV momentum of 2™ particle P2 =mV eev If two particles moves oppositely on Circumference of circle, distance d = 2r Angular momentum of 1% particle want Centre ‘O'is Ue r xPi= Txmv Angular momentum of 2° particle w.r.t =rxPerxmv Ane moment of inertia of a fly wheel Sol. making 300 revolutions per minute is 0.3 kgm ? Find the torque required to bring it to rest in 20s. Here 1 = 0.3kg m2; N.- 200 revolutions T minute 2aN 300 Oe ax 2 - 0nradis t= 20S; w,= 0;1= 7? retae (24) t 0-10r) 03x axe 03{ 20 }= = 0471 Nm. g Chapter@ Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion . When 100 J of work is done on a fly wheel, its angular velocity is increased from 60 rpm to 180 rpm. What is the moment of inertia of the wheel ? . Here, Initial frequency a: "* 60 Initial angular velocity 1Hz ©, = 2nn, = 2nrad /sec 80 Final frequency n, = “¢o-= 3Hz Final angular velocity = 2nn,= 2nx 3 = 6x rad/sec Work done = 100 J from work — energy therorem, Workdone = change in KE Veg Vay We >lo)->10) 1 ye 2 100= 51 [(6x)* -2n)"] 100 = hi (32x)? 200 = 0.634 kgm? Sen Oem eT = 0,634 kgm’, 1. Give the location of the centre of mass Sol. of a (i) sphere (ii) cylinder (iii) ring and (iv) cube. each of uniform mass density. Does the centre of mass of a body necessarily lie inside the body ? In all the four cases, as the mass density is uniform, centre of mass is located at their respective geometrical centres. No, it isnot necessary that the center of mass of a body should lie on the body for example in case of a circular ring. Center of mass is at the centre of thering, where there isno mass. L PRO 2. Sol. In the HC! molecule the separation between the nuclei of the two atoms isabout 1.27 A(1 A= 107m). Find the approximate location of the CM of the molecule, given that a chlorine atom is about 35.5 times as massive as a hydrogen atom and nearly all the mass. of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus. Let the mass of the H atom = m unit, mass ‘of the Ci atom = 35.5 m units