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A Method For The Sag-Tension Calculation in Electr
A Method For The Sag-Tension Calculation in Electr
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Elvira Fernandez
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Abstract – The sag and tension values of overhead conductors are influenced by the creep
developed during the line lifetime. This paper presents a method for the sag-tension calculation of
overhead conductors that is characterised by the creep sequential calculation. Thus, the creep
developed in previous stages influences the creep developed in subsequent stages. Two periods
are differenced in the creep development: the installation period and the operation period. The
relation between the creep development and the factors that influence it such as the installation
process and the operation conditions during the line lifetime is described step by step. Copyright
© 2011 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved.
line lifetime. The creep calculation during the installation maximum tension conditions are characterised by the
is fully described as a function of the type of conductor conductor temperature and the ice and wind load values.
(gap-type or non gap-type) and taking into account the The tension limit values are defined for these conditions.
time the conductor is at rest and whether there is The conditions are related to specific stages (after the
pretensioning or not. The calculation of creep developed installation, 10 year operation, etc.). Thus, from the
during the operation is also described. installation tension Tinst, the algorithm calculates the
conductor tension in the defined maximum tension
conditions. The installation tension value Tinst is iterated
III. Sag-Tension Calculation Algorithm until one of the maximum tension conditions does not
The creep developed in previous stages influences the allow increasing its value. The state calculation
creep developed in subsequent stages [13,14]. For this algorithm determines the conductor tension value
reason, the algorithm makes a sequential calculation of calculating separately the core tension Tcore and the
the creep. Two periods are differenced in the creep aluminium tension Ta from the conductor temperature θi,
development: the installation period and the operation the wind and ice load and the creep core,
mc
i
, a,mci , core,
gs
i
period (Fig. 1). The creep developed during the operation and a,gsi of the corresponding stage (installation, stage 1,
depends on the creep previously developed during the
installation. The creep developed during each operation stage 2, etc.).
stage is calculated taking into account the creep
developed so far.
IV. State Calculation Algorithm
In each stage, the metallurgical creep εmc and the creep
due to geometrical settlement εgs are calculated The state calculation algorithm is shown in Fig. 2. The
separately. The metallurgical creep is calculated as a core tension Tcore is iterated until the difference between
function of the conductor tension T, the conductor the span geometry length Lg and the conductor length Lc
temperature θ and the duration t of the stage. The strain is below a threshold value. The aluminium tension Ta
due to geometrical settlement is assumed to be cannot go below its minimum value. This minimum
independent of time. It is only dependent on the value is zero or a negative value if aluminium
conductor construction and the historical maximum compression is considered [15]. This is taken into
tension Tmax experienced. This calculation process is account in the algorithm when aluminium tension Ta is
carried out for the aluminium and the core separately. evaluated.
INSTALLATION OPERATION State calculation
Installation Operation Operation
core,
mc
inst stage 1 core
mc
,1 stage n
mc
core, n
Core
a,mcinst amc,1 a,mcn core
mc
(2,4)
Lcore
core,
gs
inst
core
gs
,1 core,
gs
n
core
gs
Lc
a,gsinst ags,1 a,gsn
Iterate on Tcore
Tamax
,inst
Tamax
,1 Tamax
,n until Lc = Lg
Tcore
La
Aluminium
max max max
Tcore ,inst Tcore ,1 Tcore ,n (1,3)
Ta
amc
ags
Fig. 1. Creep and maximum tension evolution in time
Geometrical
settlement (9) a,gsinst
θinst Thermal a,inst Modified aluminium
expansion (7) stress-strain curve a,inst
σ (Fig. 5)
Tinst Ta,inst
Aluminium
pre-sagging
Ta,inst (%) tension ε
Tamax
,inst
Metallurgical
creep (6) a,mcinst
tpre-sagging
Fig. 3. Creep developed in the aluminium of a gap-type conductor during the installation
Fig. 4. Modified (1 h metallurgical creep removed) stress-strain curve The metallurgical creep core
mc
,inst
is calculated as a
function of the core tension Tinst, the installation
σ temperature θinst and the time the core is at rest trest. The
metallurgical creep in the core follows the law given in
σa,inst (6), where K, Φ, β and μ are constant coefficients that
represent the behaviour of the core steel. These
coefficients are different from those previously given for
θ the aluminium.
ε a,inst
The deformation due to geometrical settlement
εa,inst ε core
gs
,inst
is obtained from the stress-strain curves in a
similar way to the aluminium (10-12). This process has
Fig. 5. Modified (1 h metallurgical creep removed) aluminium
stress-strain curve
been described above.
Geometrical
settlement (12) core,
gs
inst
θinst Thermal core, inst Modified core
expansion (10) stress-strain curve
σ core
Tinst
ε
Elastic core,
T
inst
deformation (11)
max
Tcore ,inst
Metallurgical core,
mc
inst
creep (6)
trest
Fig. 6. Creep developed in the core of a gap-type conductor during the installation
Geometrical
settlement (9,12)
θinst Thermal core ,inst Modified conductor core core,
gs
inst
expansion a,inst stress-strain curves
a
(7,10) σ (Fig. 8)
Tinst
a ,inst a,T inst ags,inst
Elastic
core,inst deformation core
T
,inst
ε (8,11)
Tamax
,inst
Tension
max
(15,16) Tcore ,inst
Fig. 7. Geometrical settlement creep developed in the core and the aluminium during the installation
σ conductor Lg
Lo Lcore Lao (18)
o
1 T
a ,inst
a ,inst ags,inst amc,inst
inst
core
virtual
core,inst
The conductor can be pretensioned during the
installation process causing the geometrical settlement of
a,virtual
inst
aluminium
the conductor and decreasing the deformation developed
ε during the operation. During the pretensioning period,
core, a the conductor is under a tension Tpret that is higher than
inst core
c the installation tension Tinst.
a,inst The calculation of the deformation due to geometrical
Fig. 8. Modified conductor stress-strain curve settlement is carried out in a similar way to the
calculation when there is no pretensioning. The only
Then, to calculate the metallurgical creep developed difference is the value of the tension. Thus, the
during the rest period trest, the method proposed by calculation algorithm is that given in Fig. 7 but with Tpret
CIGRE [14] is used. This method divides the period of instead of Tinst.
time trest in short sub-periods in which the change in The calculation of the metallurgical creep is also
stress and creep strain is small enough. Sub-periods in carried out in a similar way to the calculation when there
which the change in strain is around 20 μm/m are is no pretensioning. The only difference is that when the
considered. The initial tension of the first sub-period is initial reference length Lo,ini corresponding to the
the installation tension Tinst. At the end of each sub- beginning of the period at rest is calculated, the creep
period, with the new creep values, the core and developed during the pretensioning period is taken into
aluminium tension values are updated by the state account (19).
calculation algorithm and these are used to evaluate the
creep in the following sub-period. This process is carried Lg
Lo,ini (19)
out until the period is completed. As a result, the
metallurgical creep developed by the core core,
mc
and
1 T
a ,inst
a ,inst ags, pret amc, pret
inst
Metallurgical
creep
calculation
core,
mc
i
core
mc a,mci
,i 1 State ti
Calculation
mc
a ,i 1 (Fig. 2)
core
gs
,i 1
Geometrical
ags,i 1 settlement
calculation
i Toa,i core,
gs
i
Tocore,i
Loadi a,gsi
Tamax
Tamax
,i 1
,i
max max
Tcore ,i 1
Tcore ,i
Span
Lg Iterate on Tc
geometry
until Lg = Lc Tc
Loadi (catenary
equation)
i Conductor Lc
stress-strain Tamax
Ta ,i
curve at stage
(i-1)
Deformation
La
a ,i Geometrical a,gsi
calculation settlement (21)
(20)
Elastic aT,i
deformation
Thermal a,i
expansión
amc,i 1
Fig. 11. Stress-strain curve of the aluminium at the end of the stages
aluminium ags,inst (1.7·10-4), and the historical maximum
(i-1) and i max
tension of the core Tcore (812 kg) and the aluminium
,inst
Tamax
,inst
(869 kg). For the metallurgical creep calculation,
VII. Application Example
the period the conductor is at rest trest is assumed to be
The described method is applied in an application one hour. The obtained results are the metallurgical creep
example. The span length is 350 m and the conductor is developed by the core core,mc
inst
(3.55·10-6) and the
the ZTACIR Hen. The installation tension is 1681 kg (15
% RTS) and it has been carried out at 15 ºC. aluminium a,mcinst (8.5·10-6). As the ZTACIR is a non
The maximum tension conditions evaluated are those gap-type conductor, the reference lengths Lcore and Lao
o
established in the Spanish regulation. The maximum
tension condition in Spanish lines considers ice load at given by the equation (18) have the same value (350.65
-20 ºC. Besides, a high temperature operation of the line m). They are obtained from the catenary length of the
is expected. In order to model the effect of different installed conductor Lg (350.89 m).
operation temperatures, the conductor temperature is
Copyright © 2011, Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l..
Reprinted, with permission of Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l.. from the International Review of Electrical Engineering, IREE, Vol. 6. n. 3
VII.2. Creep Developed during the Operation conditions during the line lifetime is described step by
step. The algorithm is characterised by the creep
The creep developed for 10 years is calculated. The
sequential calculation. Thus, the creep developed in
first step is the definition of the operation stages. For this
previous stages influences the creep developed in
purpose, in addition to the duration of the stage, the
subsequent stages. Two periods are differenced in the
conductor temperature and the wind and ice loads have
creep development: the installation period and the
been defined. Each year is divided in 4 stages of
operation period.
different length (6, 3, 2 and 1 month) where different
The method is suitable for modelling the conductor
conductor temperatures are assumed (15 ºC, 30 ºC, 60
behaviour including the multiple stages during the line
ºC, 120 ºC). Besides, after 5 years in operation an ice
lifetime. Besides, it allows a detailed modelling of the
load condition is assumed at -20 ºC. Hence, 41 stages are
installation process. The described algorithm takes into
calculated. The algorithm described in Fig. 9 is applied
account the interaction between the metallurgical creep
to each of the stages.
and the geometrical settlement. Thus, the method
Fig. 12 shows the evolution of the creep during the 10
calculates the installation tension for new lines taking
year period. The first 5 years there is an increase of the
into account the expected conditions during the line
metallurgical creep that decreases the tension value. As a
lifetime. Furthermore, the method is also useful for the
consequence, the tension values are below the historical
calculation of the current state of lines in operation
tension values and no geometrical settlement is
whose historical operation conditions are known.
developed. When the ice load occurs new historical
The method has several advantages over other
tension values are obtained for the core Tcore max
(1494 kg)
methods proposed in literature. Some advantages of the
and the aluminium Tamax
,inst
(2109 kg). Hence, geometrical developed method over the graphical method are related
settlement is developed and it mainly affects the to the creep stages (several stages are calculated
aluminium. During the last 5 years the metallurgical sequentially and there is interaction between
creep develops but much slower than at the beginning. metallurgical creep and creep due to wind or ice loads),
the gap-type conductor installation (the aluminium creep
3,E‐04 is modelled and the steel is assumed to be at rest during a
configurable duration), the high temperature
Metallurgical creep strain
2,E‐04
metallurgical creep (independent core and aluminium
2,E‐04 creep calculation and coefficients as a function of the
conductor type) and the pretensioning during the
1,E‐04
installation (it is included in the calculation method).
5,E‐05 Some advantages over the strain summation method are
0,E+00 the independent core and aluminium reference lengths
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 for gap-type conductors and the detailed calculation of
Time, year the creep developed during the installation.
Core Aluminium
5,E‐04
Acknowledgements
Geometrical settlement strain
Authors’ information
1
Electrical Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao
UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country
Alda. Urquijo s/n
48013-Bilbao
Spain
e-mails igor.albizu@ehu.es
javier.mazon@ehu.es
elvira.fernandezh@ehu.es