B. Literasi Bahasa Inggris Text 1 for question number 1-4 A 380-million-year-old fossil of a fish has revealed that fingers evolved in vertebrates before the creatures wriggled out of the sea and evolved into land-dwelling creatures, as a new study describes. The fossil of the 5.1-foot-long (1.6 meters) fish, known by the scientific name Elpistostege watsoni, suggests that human hands likely evolved, eventually, from the fins of this fish, said study lead researcher Richard Cloutier, a professor of evolutionary biology at the University of Quebec in Rimouski. ‘The fossi clarifies the question about the transition between fish and four-legged animals," known as tetrapods, Cloutier told Live Science in an email. "It is the first time that digits, as seen in tetrapods, are found in a fin covered by scales and fin rays, as seen in fishes.” The discovery of the fossil, in Miguasha National Park in Quebec, took an entire team. Two tourists found different pieces of the tail, and Benoit Cantin, a Miguasha park warden- naturalist, found the majority of the fossil on the beach, which he excavated with Michel Haché and Philippe Duranleau Gagnon, both naturalist guides at the park. This group of naturalists unearthed "the longest fossil ever found in the Escuminac Formation, less than 200 meters (656 feet] behind the [park's] museum,” Cloutier said. This fossil was a prize: Although broken into 22 slabs of rock, it showed the most complete specimen of E. watsoni to date. Once the tail pieces found by the tourists were added, "it was the last piece of the puzzle to complete our unique, 1.57-meter-long specimen of Elpistostege, the only complete [fossil of a] elpistostegalian, or tetrapod-like fish, known on Earth,” Cloutier said. The fish's front fins, known as pectoral fins, immediately caught the researchers’ attention. These fins had precursors of vertebrate fingers and arms, including the humerus (arm), radius and ulna (forearm), rows of carpus (wrist), and phalanges organized in digits Dipindai dengan CamScanner(Fingers), the researchers said. It's these last, distal bones that the researchers described in the new study, published online Wednesday (March 18) in the journal Nature. This is the first time that we have unequivocally discovered fingers locked in a fin with fin-rays in any known fish,” study senior author John Long, professor in palaeontology at Flinders University, said in a statement, "The articulating digits in the fin are like the finger bones found in the hands of most animals.” "Early tetrapods had between six and eight fingers,” Cloutier said. After . warsoni lived, fin rays and scales were lost in the pectoral appendages as tetrapods evolved further and eventually made it to land. Still, all tetrapods share the same basic pattern of digits found in E, watsoni, Cloutier said. huips://www nce,comv/ancient-fish-fingers html 1, What ca be inferred from paragraph 1? A. The fossil is one of vertebrates that evolved into a fish B. The discovery of the fossil in Quebec involed team “De Human hands probably evolved from the fins of the fish D. Two tourists found different pieces of the tail E, The fish was named by Richard Cloutier 2. What is the best conclusion about the researh above? ‘A, Human hands likely evolved from the skin of the fish B. Tetrapods are similar to any sorts of fish C. It will be the last of research about tetrapods D. Fjsh and humans are the undisputed relationship t provides a better understanding in the evolution of vertebrates 3. Which topic does the paragraph most likely precede the passage? A. The terms about tetrapods ae C. The group of naturalists on tetrapods’ fossils D. Research on other animals E. A Study by Cloutier Dipindai dengan CamScanner4. "This is the first time that we have unequivocally discovered fingers locked in a fin with fin- any known fish.” ray: ‘The word unequivocally can be rep! A. Questionably B. Indefinitely C. Dubiously rdoutreaty ESimilarly Text 2 for question number 5 ~8! Concept is on the most important and primary elements during the design process. ‘Through the history, nature has been always a source of inspiration for the human begin in different aspects of their life. Architecture interiors as one of the remarkable features in every society ci not be separated from nature. Nowadays architects and interior designers are constructing buildings without having a specific target or goal which decreases the value of the buildings Various designers have been using concepts inspired from nature but still there are some missing parts in one of their forms, function, or structure. Therefore, the best solution for the architects and designers to increase the optimization in their design works is lool ing at the nature in every aspect deeper and try to apply them in their conceptual design of their project which is the heart of the design process while other architects have neglected concepts of ature despite that the surrounding environment and nature always influences human perception. ‘The aim of this research is to understand the relationship between nature and human perception and the role that nature plays in architectural interiors to achieve buildings integrated with the surrounding environment. Also if draws attention of architects to nature and inspiration from nature in different perspectives. This paper presents projects hi ing, different concepts in architectural and interior design to make guidelines for designing buildings integrated with nature through example analysis. This paper concludes the importance of making a complete integration between the building exterior, interior and the surrounding nature by using a clear natural concept from the surrounding environment to be solving the design problems. Dipindai dengan CamScannerAdapted from: hups://www researchgate.net/publication/302482117 Nature Influences on Architecture Inte rior Designs 5. The word integrated in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to SGries B. Followed C. Gorgeous D. Impact E. Influence 6. Why the architectures have been using concepts inspired from nature? Because ‘A. Nature has always been a source of inspiration for the human begin in different aspects of their life. B. Nowadays architects and interior designers are constructing buildings without having a specific target C. They have been using concepts inspired from nature but still there are some missing parts in one of their forms, function, or structure D. They want to understand the relationship between nature and human perception, E, They want to make a complete integration between the building exterior, interior and the surrounding nature by using a clear natural concept from the surrounding environment 7. Paragraph 2 in the passage discusses about ‘A. The best solution for the architects and designers to increase the optimization in their design works. B. Their design works is looking at the nature in every aspect deeper and try to apply them in their conceptual design of their project. C. The designers have been using concepts inspired from nature. D. The surrounding environment and nature always influences human perception. E, The aim of this research is to understand the relationship between nature and human perception, Dipindai dengan CamScanner8. The word it in paragraph 3 refers to A Concept B. Various designers C. The best solution for the architects and designers, surrounding environment ‘The design problems ‘Text 3 for question number 9 12! ‘The European Commission has announced plans for new “right to repair” rules that it hopes will cover phones, tablets, and laptops by 2021. If successful, these rules will mean these de should remain useful for longer before needing to be recycled or ending up in landfills ‘The plans were introduced as part of a wide: fanging set of product initiatives that also cover textiles, plastics, packaging, and food with the aim of helping the trading bloc become climate neutral by 2050, As well as introducing new “right to repair” rules, the EU also wants products to be more sustainably designed in the first place. Under the new plan, products should be more durable, reusable, upgradeable, and constructed out of more recycled materials. The EU's hope is to reward manufacturers that achieve these goals. Finally, the EU is also considering introducing a new scheme to let consumers more easily sell or return old phones, tablets, and chargers. ‘The EU introduced “right to repair” rules for household appliances like televisions and ‘washing machines last year. Now, the organization wants to expand the amount of products covered by its eco-design laws to include these consumer electronic devices, less than 40 percent of which are thought to be recycled in the EU, The Guardian notes, Questions remain about how many of these initiatives will work in practice, and the EU's official announcement doesn’t appear to address them directly. For example, will companies be forced to allow customers to repair their own devices, or will they be allowed to force customers to come to them directly? The legislation is, 1 in its early stages, and it will need to be approved by EU member states and the European Parliament before it can become law. Along with working to make devices easier to repair, the European Parliament recently voted for the commission to introduce a common phone charger across all devices. It's a move it hopes will lead to less e-waste when consumers can reuse their existing chargers across more devices, Dipindai dengan CamScannerhups://www today ng/technology/announces-plans-introduce-repair-phones-tablets-202 1 285076 9. Which of the following best restates the sentence " If successful, these rules will mean these devices should remain useful for longer before needing to be recycled or ending up in Jandfills,"” in paragraph 1? A. The European Parliament recently voted for the commission to introduce a common phone charger across all devices. B. The European Commission gives a new rule for the electronic company to make any reusable products C. European people have succeeded in recycling several electronic products to be reusable and durable D. The manufacture company must be careful in making upgradable and durable products E. A new scheme to let consumers more easily sell or return old phones, tablets, and chargers is being planned by European Commission. 10. Which of the following does not belong to the European Commission’s rule? A. The rule is made in order to make new products more durable and beneficial B. The devices should remain useful for longer and easier to repair C. Consumers should be more easily sell or return old phones, tablets, and chargers. D. Rules for household appliances like televisions and washing machines will be apllied E, The legislation is still in its beginning, and it will need to be approved 11, What is the best summary of the passage? A. The EU has given reward to manufacturers who apply the regulation B. The rules are hoped to make consumers can reuse their existing devices. C. The organization plans to expand in televisions and washing machines D. Companies allow customers to repair their own devices E. The legislation of the rule has been at the final stage 12, “As well as introducing new “right to repair” rules, ‘The underlined word is similar to A. Despite Dipindai dengan CamScannerB. Meanwhile C. In addition to D. Thus E. Since ‘Text 4 for question number 13 — 16! Like most land crabs, red crabs use gills to breathe and must take great care to conserve body moisture. Although red crabs are diurnal, they usually avoid direct sunlight so as not to dry out, and, despite lower temperatures and higher humidity, they are almost completely inactive at night. Red crabs also dig burrows to shelter themselves from the sun and will usually stay in the same burrow through the year; during the dry season, they will cover the entrance to the burrow to maintain a higher humidity inside, and will stay there for 3 months until the start of the wet season. Apart from the breeding season, red crabs are solitary animals, and will defend their burrow from intruders. For most of the year, red crabs can be found within Christmas Islands’ forests, however, each year they migrate to the coast to breed: the beginning of the wet season (usually October/November) allows the crabs to increase their activity and stimulates their annual migration. The timing of their migration is also linked to the phases of the moon. During this migration, red crabs abandon their burrows and travel to the coast to mate and spawn. This normally requires at least a week, with the male crabs usually arriving before the females. Once ‘on the shore, the male crabs excavate burrows, which they must defend from other males. Mating occurs in or near the burrows. Soon after mating the males return to the forest while the females remain in the burrow for another two weeks to lay their eggs. At the end of the incubation period the females leave their burrows and release their eggs into the ocean, precisely at the tum of the high tide during the la quarter of the moon. The females then return to the forest while the crab larvae spend another three to four weeks at sea before returning to land as juvenile crabs. ‘The eggs released by the females immediately hatch upon contact with sea water and clouds of crab larvae will swirl near the shore until they are swept out to sea, where they remain for 34 weeks. During this time, the larvae go through several larval stages, eventually developing into shrimp-like animals called megalopae. The megalopae gather near the shore for 1-2 days before changing into young crabs only 5 mm (0.20 in) across. The young crabs then leave the water to make a 9-day journey to the centre of the island. For the first three years of Dipindai dengan CamScannertheir lives, the young crabs will remain hidden in rock outcrops, fallen tree branches and debris on the forest floor. Red crabs grow slowly, reaching sexual maturity at around 4-5 years, at which point they begin participating in the annual migration, During their early growth phases, red crabs will moult several times. Mature red crabs will moult once a year, usually in the safety of their burrow. Christmas Island red crabs are opportunistic omnivorous scavengers. They mostly eat fallen leaves, fruits, flowers and seedlings, but will also feed on dead animals (including cannibalising other red crabs), and human rubbish. The non-native giant African land snail is also another food choice for the crabs. Red crabs have virtually no competition for food due to their dominance of the forest floor. Adult red crabs have no natural predators on Christmas Island. An exploding population of the yellow crazy ant though, which is an invasive species accidentally introduced to Christmas Island and Australia from Africa, is believed to have killed 10-15 million red crabs (one-quarter to one-third of the total population) in recent years. In total (including killed), the ants are believed to have displaced 15-20 million red crabs on Christmas Island. During their larval stage, millions of red crab larvae are eaten by fish and large filter-feeders such as manta rays and whale sharks which visit Christmas Island during the red crab breeding season. Adapted from: hunps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas Island red crab 13. The most suitable information preceding the first paragraph will be probably about A. The description of red crabs B. The parts of red crabs body C. The issues con cerning red crabs D. The origin of red crabs E, The habit of red crabs rattle 14, What happens after the crab larvae stay in the sea for several weeks? ‘A. They go through maggot stages B. They develops into shrimps C.They grow into shrimp-like creatures D. Megalopae will dive deep in the sea E. The larvae develop into young crabs in the sea Dipindai dengan CamScanner15, Which of the following sentences is not true according to the passage? A. Red crabs are obliged to keep their temperature. B. Red crabs do not move on at all C. Red crabs can live in their home for months D, Red crabs scarcely go out in groups. E, Red crabs spend their first month in the sea 16. The n n information of the second and third paragraphs is about ... of red crabs. A. The migration B. The breeding C. The migration and breeding D, The migration and life cycle E, The migration and growth age TEXTS Those people who find the idea of joining an exercise class unappealing can sit back on their chair sofas and relax. New research shows that doing a few household chores can be just as effective at lowering your heart rate and reducing your weight as working out vigorously in the gym. “you don’t need to follow a structured programmed someone else has devised, and wear a fancy outfit to get healthy,” says Dr. Adrianne Hardman, a lecturer in sports science at Loughborough University. In many studies, walking, stair-climbing, gardening and even ironing have been more closely linked with reductions in heart disease and other serious illness than jogging, cycling and playing tennis. Furthermore, you can no longer plead lack of time as an exercise for not taking exercise ‘The myth that you have to work out for at least 30 minutes a day has been exploded by American researchers. These ten -minute bouts of brisk walking spread over the day are as effective as one lasting half an hour. Dipindai dengan CamScannerDr. Adrianne Hardman says that official recommendations from the Health Education Authority and the Sport Council, which advise us to exercise at least three times a week and for 4 minimum of 20 minutes a time, are more geared to improving fitness than health, “We need to inject a bit of realism into the whole exercise debate, “she says. If doctors really want to improve the population’s health, then there is no point talking about high intensity, frequent exercise. All that does is put off the most inactive people, who are the ones who would gain the most by increasing their activity, “Itis more effective just to encourage everyone to do a little. Let's concentrate on what is the minimum amount of exercise that is useful. he also claims that those who think the more intense the exercise the better are wrong. Many benefits of exercise- reducing the risk of hypertension, heart disease, diabetes and cancers- can be achieved from any level of activity. “some long-term benefits don’t just depend on how fit you are, but rather on regular activity.” says Dr. Hardman. “If you want to get healthier, than just use more energy. Is doesn’t matter how you do it.” Even the smallest level of activity, like brisk walk, can reduce heart disease by altering, the way the body deals with fat and carbohydrate. In tests, Dr, Hardman found that the blood. fat levels in those people who had done some low-intensity exercise before eating were 30 percent less than those who had done nothing, ‘at and carbohydrate from the meal are handled more quickly after the activity than they would otherwise have been,” she says. “This means that the level of fat in the blood does not rise so much and the artery walls are less likely to fur up.” The greatest benefits occur when people who are least active do a little, But you can overdo it. As you increase the amount of exercise, you also increase the risk of inju 17. A relevant question that can be raised out of the passage would be A. Does doing regular activities better than doing a gym once a week for 20 minutes? B. Why are the activities of household chores as effective as working out vigorously in the gym? C. How to reduce the weight without doing the exercise? D, Where should the readers follow a structured programme to get healthy? E. Does the level of fat in the blood rise so much and the altery walls are less likely to fur up? Dipindai dengan CamScanner18, The following statements agree with the information in the reading passage, Except A.Dr. Adrianne Hardman believes that the more health benefits are gained from exercising vigorously than exercising gently, B. One effect of exercise is to help prevent cancer. C. Taking exercise before a meal prevent blood fat levels from rising. D. Doing the minimum amount of exercise is useful than doing nothing. E. You should consult a doctor before you take up any new form of exercise. 19, Those people who find the idea of joining an exercise class unappealing can sit back on their chair sofas and relax. The word “unappealing” has the closest meaning with ... A. Juicy B. Riveting C. Fetching D. Boring E. Attractive 20, From the passage it can be inferred that Dr Adrianne Hardman explains that A.Itis unnecessary to follow a special programmed at a gym in order to improve the health but using more energy like doing the regular activity is enough. B. Benefits of exercise- reducing the risk of hypertension, bone injure, diabetes and cancers in those who had done C. Low-intensity exercise after eating were 30 percent less 1 nothing, D. Exercise at least three times a week are not enough to improve fitness than health. E. The smallest level of activity, like a brisk walk, can reduce heart disease and cancer. Dipindai dengan CamScanner