satehing Theoy and lp tal “design ss yan seh yn Spe! kl tnditurt | fevtel ot“ plumber “fen and “cold. Vt | apGneeriahn, of numbers oF ditterek yaa. “conversation trom one Yadtu Ye ‘angther” radia i's complements tor) y'x complements ‘of signed numbers, Problem colvad - | | W) bit pobe, BED, elcedl -3, aud, gual, art oe ale complenat epdes chy 1 GD teote operation 4 ertor defection and correction code, baste logic ant ~ NOE OR AND jure me Web «5 OR N08 Neal wo} dle ada | gy spate stern ; ° Y ae 7 oie lm nie yen (ont) a thumbe? “tet n @ DPectinal number systers (olay ony Hela, ~Dectmal numbes t4stem (i> 4 HB, CDE) ‘it digital eyafement the binary number ain ta used, ty if Repeater oh numbers gy devant rad Leven Seamenst dtaploys she otal Humber System wed) gy our real life and. so. man device he deeimal number_cystem ts used, tn ya lems and. Sate Centers “the Hera devtingt re Hye 1s pkey eq 12 oe vd brant rideasue yo L fey iclentt ee Humbe tn” } 0 pry a Siaay “nidmmber m)> ar ony Mstng only ec ‘and oe mene hore! Scanned with CamScanner‘d Die numbers The base. “or oe oa fin! UE umbers fy 9 ; SS = assy) cl) (a! )as. ; as oy in i AB. , , ’ 4, 4 a bite! re to vere righ SORE EUR RYDE a 2, hOax| = a te OOS uy lbotil+o s = ale, \ i Deetmal +e any radix Lonvewen: 2 rary @ the detfinal numbers are converted Ante any radty ba uring, “tao qechngque as tetaceentve EMBO re) "14 a. tuccenfve mw telty ieation 2 « rt the given number ai a integer number th suttenteallp yd i vipa ble by: Yegptted Yadixand write atl the! remainders. The top npot ; ' bottom wrematned ‘ vee te Hon Lep and othe" Ste pap te, we. ‘atte att Hoe ammeter em 7a, boom +o tape” FT -ohep pte dl W) (205)q > Wy LE tg, alos Lp Ke 2 [reat ek numnvbes hen “then 2 (sta? Scanned with CamScanner@ WA Oh. om poetagna sores (MtD) pay REEL pee Hr = bo | (ud) °° TRE wy (ot8 5). = (vot) i the dedimal ve ina Patt cb a deefmal nike 14 arene inte any radix by using Cucusive smaltpliafon Herd wd conser obty fCearonal Patt nd ts matlipred WH. rade rgqected tod s TH he veut ee Tnteges tart 1f eonaidered ay, COMY ond He rennin chat ra\ tart 1d Cactenively multiply HI rehubved alin, Ths, provedate IS comttnued upto the tra eieal pat fo gece YORE Araettonal, Patt is repeated HMA 7 a _ h¢ stu prevlous -fracHonal Values apne contac, ate | aeguired rong mTbbleaLr ort)» Th Hop. loge cary | he ie x Mad and the Liston scar BHC Ma | - Fl) considered at? LED- : Bbuvd pret ? ytrs ¢ (10 © 108.3). sa I63 6 9 LEM = OX Davo 5 Sls ito Croodd t Scanned with CamScannerWiaapeaat, 20g Saiudbsotcd Siytoaa 6 4 Hy 2 3 wis Is. S) (0. ai Ot Obes) QO), way Spee e Oo GAT aie o (87) | 9 04) peng n BL ota xd FOar 0 petty 32% erry 2 oe ong 88 | os ee eh O! ee oqb rd booor) =(00sr), = (net ot 02> I Scanned with CamScannercarry 4) (09), U), ay (oo), canty goeKke ou Oo brOITR (EF DAWES LO gra VPs 829. QR or aux tee Baby ek seed Ste Tor porta rth, Bey, 1s art) eye 4 puy Kb s OME ob Xd Hb py ob oauyib= 0.64 © wee eae : parte sfoag © q : eau lee S84 us ro gu xls (guy! wo toa 85 iti 3 (oosde Gates to} , Sr argh edhe . Porto tifieys 4 i. (zhoo)= (Utter poet hy | h (TG 9 vdaaype [2 ta dads Wap, yagee FL (got) wen, (gas: ese v0 (Bee. 3 AGEs. ie = (Iajolia 1o1ota lt) 2 Scanned with CamScanner» 4 aq: iS) Sty = Wy Waa: 4 aye r98geRl8 * YSHT ar gy Nosy? Vb we LEEW lose Wry Ger)e (ap), Die is (480-9) | cary U ao 8 & 5 8 ¥ 200 Ow, “omit Khey EX veg \ convention: | Bary ac otal } Fay, Kinar r er rbrta ‘ay’ one Pair ror Tt Whe do the HED Powt ® ino Colts, we ye oath 1 Guo e waa eo conversion » NE, conti up 40 ‘ ed norpdis digits In let Paty i deareass req vired numba, Hon, ‘ox 3 a0. 4°) 02 L ul ) ‘fe re iad bi slols\ = ey rorotot), 2 - Gree) - eps os(ote!), yale yet Lak “3. Pa ? (\Vorotol -ottorot) = G* = ten add ost in the ihe O0stof 1) =Dafey 5 i a ( loro 2 3RW ot 5-334), Scanned with CamScanner“yep bine octal +2 »_binony Conversion — 7 } } = ‘ee “octal ~h0 binary CONveRslOn tte cath) octal YY vag 4b converted *vlo 3 bina gts, digi 3 e532, Nab LE” 4 3\a)\e ; ale 5 Vad toyed pow t | os + 1 fa ia fee ye oot tere 0 Lt fort ire ne Myatt (ote oy one Ay Grr (eh v kat * Atatetineliiiy @G& gsbusr), salto i] up a + Fs 6 |e4| ae WC. got fart ur] url] art ah ud i ! ror] Flo} Cool ort oto} (ad. 28) | | run ON | , a af) bast (aonttonniajonet) Out sergrt Jee) Jays BA) © i ne t ‘| | 38 Be dna ve | roa etal Ae, tae dt va ae [i : Saree pool IN g a1) hou o 9/0! af i (onegheo oor) Lw> tl \yyoto c {steo1o hoy fou (@ converson 0 aU pan fin te Hew laa £ raton Ha {; DS (rotors thar =) henacaegeel, ole a seach four bie Ntbolke Hy! eanitdered a uaa re q Lid to Msp TH she norol bits o | i hon wbity then add a ibitonieen ) deeds ou WO Ue uptotyloron), = W bi new bio it ofol fro froth 5 | 19 raf rm Gre, Cc & — n Scanned with CamScannerOa Reviisiors Wo toto) = (0) ea Baar sac hy BELT ee > OOMMorolinrojn toto} Pf Lag pg poe Puy ao 3 A & Re 0 A (Aces isl 2) : : ® (vo Worol}s tte too Dew fur puss surat eur 1 novel. ! Uolloots j rhe Li W CALS, , “ar & tb 4 (Sh ky _ @urtfeyoat| aust | 8 s.1 ma & toy eote | ollo. j ery ° \Sratg tools, | glunal eust pst Pu Fg pou lar vor Coto dete itv) i Va tilorelyr Me FIM Hy ee ¢ IQ, Dip ae 10) *) hi F) yd teil 9 108 CPUR UAE sah a ee (onoigen er Bry yew) 194% ae FF Alora }4 Iainop Laud Gs Honor) £1 EWU Bast eure ear pProntd es CULT poot] eorohoomepyrys oF 7 Bil dara] fF : odes: Boba yy} Cott toettoroooll WI YWhisx bx cpap “UM oF GL) “Mid aad te a 3 * Wototitaign gy) Gy Cae) Malai fale wre is it y m1 doo | a on . Scanned with CamScanneroctal —to_dlcho- decivnal commer. - ecial”! Hi | aagepient BRM gfe ENT | ey as és), = (Day Jay jo + )r)6)\3 0 nag) wrt fart] ure ur) ‘ euch tort of Of OF facia eon Binavy = CQiywtot tool), a gust Is bil eure) + loo (| Ch { 1) pur] 4 a c co cash) = (FA5)—) I ws ( (65a x», = (Du 6 afore) Re use| atf art] ort cro} tor ore uit vu olf) 9 | . Lrorereen a 3 [oa | . ot rofioroforfiei ret leas fi ew y PO gust four pare’ TL! eae " : & Pai (roruer tyaD = oe) 7 Cora =6r2 2 info 1 3a (D 6432-153), Wis Pleats ial y 3 5 5s) 4 ]3 a alan a ur tfartfurt [art ae ons oe 1p! Pa} Cé 21 vbe Fa) 2 wrt qorlrrrfotl tf | : | et peorpn ye | 9 | 4 ° % e373] Fey aly cus g ger entey lio? 6) Scanned with CamScannerne : : + Mot stop cori i offooe PUL Wale ys | ac ass ROL 7 NU aglitofs bel? (Ba. 358), t 7 Lt, ) tera~ decimal 0 Ov * ottal comuerioni— Hea lextmal > binary =)! octal, wit W _ a dy ueltatt (a3) =U, ee Fo [4 3 ne eurt|eur' pus} ygff P92 “Ceart 4 tt o ttl ool vote \-, +\5 fad ie | @ (¢AB8),, H(), / 6 A 8 i Lv gurtf eur eurtys uw peropeol? (oll Co [rorotototitot!) { 3 TE¥G4ad= (aap 3} © pO] 1qtotptoit| ug yh8ana) lar ¢{u> ree t-t ut (Ye (6tu- Sera ©) & | S| Ub 5 - hel epe ejinepiar ne | G27) = ro 4 o (GASNIES) wd ie "| re B D Af ust feur Abdul ugh ews o 1) port |r Cor mee He iste thas \cholre sg ‘sidooy "8 & (roi of(t 0dUY-6 tole oo), | fogo tops Scanned with CamScannerOMIIMOLLOLO+ COL otolfooe loft itfottforof ool Loot oy wotputfwrthurty aavp ar yee] , SIF Josefa dr | s 3 93598 (5 #39103 : eo ae t ial aa rey 1 . i any rade “te_Any radix, conenston'—, 1 amate cy Ais conversion, ithe, given yadt 16 conia fate decimal and —then —Re dectrodl number ™ wnverted Toto requtred vadin hey sagt! ei 0) WO, ENN) : m3 (mA bw UO FA 6 ry ; r— (iat) (ead, ) ® Gono) =O) e sevg tee TPR IH gD y Pd tea ial i ie Ses ed Thiat SMS Mala pos @ ret 2aty Kurr re), Yims d yadse PUR IE o OdE-a% prs, 5, MAS = Rh aden Vv) = Qoifhere niislB4 8) 1 Yueh spy dle fies ah fate) a Scanned with CamScannerAle) | oF Wont he wet! Maia xi gos e gue, = we 3at (eue),22 & Cua. BY). | 143.3 4 eiys “ysta gin'gayr use a ose es atin heb Baldi te Hui )i gt tes + 861 q]ut Cast 2 Pex 6 | oe BUF) =>, miu Rio 5b + ne ote > Fou pdb KA = ; COR Bt aaah 3 ‘ott Peetu t he Ce 6450 531), Scanned with CamScanner9 RSS. = Wy ‘N vee Se axpalategisxet ara Shtaqoeee = (Ce 062°) sig alse . camy | plete oe batRD EEG yp us ond oF or yl = 6 t HH} foe's) sO Ye We | Se mow, (42-5) pe wie : doy tod Wo CT Bp pymber)i “| ” yor whe oP A w@ yoo 1th a pF a) ef easy ay! ren (tds) Ceept "qq 0004 rool & Q 8 Syed WN © 6 PB Bor Dt? 1 as 6 4) ee OWS | Scanned with CamScannerDD ED en | W ts AS), a aHl~} oR), plas) +130—= UO, 403 °F ol a \ 13 S43 atone 5 ott As Seypri., . 2 . emai a ew a el ree + 0s / yell a8 den AN 2 2 OKSH9), 4 (348), 0), MEW UMW, « 5 i 3 : Puen tn f Sou 5 , MJ) ui soe 4? 4 & see aya zen dates tool i Z Miape > o. A BICMs), + (BUD eV} BOF msae), + GA) 2, oat » 1 ou 3 2 ie 5,2 ‘ 1 prig ee t2 4 4 oe al | < Misaa) tA = Wy “wk ce), * (eee), ) ") / 5,8 a LP a Swyre @ EM sh a) Tea ae A ty ecto i e. EE &. Xe We . wee She ca ae ete i THITE OS rs tl | eu) Scanned with CamScannerlL taligise), + OH), 52) UI GBA + BE 42) 3 5 3 le ig SAM | cw qa a . waa A Be Gre They eel ig Bait G I Sey Sete. eae abn ai pote ee eee 13 eA Ary adit cubhacton:— Wa 2 aT U1 gA,, ts) tage) ~ Eu Pe. 4 q oq ot s60 i : ao Reet nym vhd oe 3 2 ®t ay, - (222), 3 lomtst2 cetey! bblale as 2222 sae ot dX ob > AD (423) gets te 1 (aaa) - Ge 24), faa ohesay, sind (et 2k, po 0 asl t ae ey eo nt ee 20001). Aa rT! (1 coat!) Scanned with CamScanner. A (ouol ' ( . hee nite . 5 3fae Votre i se | soto 54 Lo [Pools scar aed Te 37 Ses ioe LDL ooo! yor) a ‘ v | Complements s— . a ie complemen — ate used fn, arta Ci ~tor simplifying the _subltraction o peation « complemen au {uo “HPs, Ups complement a (-i)t lonpo ns comprmett no? ae The. ve complements ane +nI0 we: he ue Wi comple ment ao implement near sb) yior) & “ens tad, eV) bate if Me rESTBL y+ oof digits *9 ge nb Ore: ven number Ot ee Fak 3 ey shee yah ooo 7) Scanned with CamScannerMathod~ I~ The tole complement of a dectmal rum an be formed by ikeawtng all feast. nificant evs -uNthangedidecublract We trast , none Xero LSD NHK 10 and remelting nth 2 5 arynleds 34) )) ty ineatao (aus *° “aaa qqw | Tt 4534 2+ 3° se REG ohy hkpy ai Fe Oe 4329 a aumibers? : © Fenda the jolt complement oF. below es Don D (52520), 999171 Fa s20 (of) a tee ke ae 21 5 PR) rh ny <1 70 Hah “ft \ — re Ay), 1 @ gol - 2.6524 10.0000 a6 89F Scanned with CamScanner4S 3.9 ee: fagyi \ ghey hay 199999 ‘opal spt hegrgr ‘jpno'o 9 g Alta qt bP 246 hau i net rel F & ; eens Porat Fee i 7 v& as complement 2 TE ik caleul ae et { f id ae (a) GLE? Mee ae oY ! ‘ titfencete 8S pry i af Binary 1 frte-gun, gue 3 Ue VY = — Ne Gfven” ae oo Go a pre Hb ee or, > : We Scanned with CamScanner—eeeEeEeEEEeeeeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeeseteetiwa Method-I— the 2s complements ° é numb Gn be fa decima/ eas ~Formed jeaving all hase Stniteont tera unchanged A cublrauk st fi rat hen — RenLey RAK W Yand yema’intng with ot ext N> rottol { prep é (abs 4 regi lds roto ° y yy bo bboy ira a y ye 3 f , | ol ooll ° a Ne “complements— Ther complements are the q's complement lo lu as 1s complement . by UOT type. t Wo JA ahayt rryys 4s. complement >— Te tyealealated J “eto metho dy ; 6 i Neth | digits an iLL qtvens cabtravel HOS Magic ig, 5978-9 yo BEI NSB Lp ag) 40 scons! ~ 4°9- V4 . numba 20 CE eggs 534% Cherny Sy) —Z 1o ' | qk se ug 2 t loytoy Method gn 47". weet fe) Ahere p= ra diy 0 bore, pind ola <& SPO n= mrt digits inet integer Foe m = novoe) digits? #4 dectedat”” pax = Gtven numbe Feig €- N= S3FL one aN = Om 1g 53+ Scanned with CamScanner© | — SES Noe = lOLi~ cay = 9977 ~ Gage ww Pw Problems: Uggy | \ Bind he 4's tom 0 (Sa 5a), 99994 Salad yey plement i ki belost number? la) 0326 & ais V3 5 B-9qng, 9949-194 orgrst | ays abt tan! Ire 0 fr = cay 06 > VS complement It ts caleuted bya sthtecmchods - Model is— Model 29... Ni=to 10! a 1) N=totlo| tty i. o |00\0 - Aen ste, Uesasdqanas alt aledT mas 2p wf Prono | = oueistouel ss PP PF riraddd 5 joryol oF i (©4009 Vy ow pb im aad : eeriyt davis = aor FPEQ SY 1 on Scanned with CamScannerbed numbers, W (olow) Winp. a\vo) ; itor: Hout Find the complent of ae ued ee Ube Pet = a pollo rroro Wolly do = a oa Ory ool Do got ooroo f Ooo! cognitive i Aithemelic operation: - | I Pp Nn Binary addition: . Pa agattten table, A (ugend) 1 Bladdend)ooo sum ANY 0 0, oO on i gees Je : 9 Lo le : Lie 0 Add 4a below binary numbers: — D roto oye Lape 00 brig) a ; poroil = 1 took say bie ybeedicbae ibe-4q* Fates odode te inveulene Arr dapiont Oyzey oe hermsig te. of uy bane (Y 10 TB AS rte eh? bountinn tk bb ae Lo (ol to “WW badothdiy LEP LD EP lad Tot bah NA TodorBly 4 dy ues kag Ab SWIG Lak A Hoagy ate by cont YTV thesob ah Hyasy ~Ub $544 vita bas ao be { Scanned with CamScannermy subtraction: — fa rable: Binary.) “eubpratt, t : eon! A‘ithived):) -eeubbicend) pi Ffeterce POM : ey ® | Lo soit Cle bes ] ° eo ; ithe sdb rd = \ 5 f vid i Subtadt the felon btn _pumbeid: = | lop 4) Uoofo fs wets wae fri 2y ODO M,L on) a Lotion) 4 19, bol tool-o} eos a . 0 a } oot © yo oot’ oo):o0\ JLo] = 100 (00 ;, coating } iv ° \ ! vs : gn U0 U1 0 ov0\ ly ee ho eae yond Wdled ote bby ba Hon Syatig orl vcomplemyntse os. ( | cuba sng ve idee | otthe. sabbeastion ols Fe positive: undin bere 3 ' 4 be udone af \ lois t pt-dubiidbend «! ! awe owe Ayre He. ey ce jubdtalnd* at Cheats a} onset He yaalh tor ani eng Ang xf an end cary p claredsy Shan dvoid ik and the result Tue positive wy rt an end Cory fH doce occur the ( inostoth wo, | | Scanned with CamScanner4 yesullts | negartiv rf © and. ET fins complement. d0, Write toe 1's complement te vecult and place negative symbol: problems :— | D tubhoet pels number bul using p)seomplemag enecthod 4 —_———_ hind Ho -@ URS S3h NS atu than “set wh complerest ee exguls Ne ola) i na! i se , ae A 34 aloo oe { Ace Spe wy ie see Ne N= » pars taing OS). . * stepat N- sat Almay toy 44 sy fq Bib £ te ; &— 4 ey b> end Carty ones & 4 ally * powtivel asdy Db yfayy . a het Waste NE ca, eA oa! cde + ole complements Or nese ey At oye nanan ete) —_ er .% py 4 43 co). db oY Qby » ez k Wep3 rend ary ths Snot, ema x6 yihis negate and complement Value: Scanned with CamScannerFela, Hoe coment ant fate ™ $44 nN jue gst Indep sien 16 | Onute: pou 7 ‘ MOD Fotkdul C1) 4 A of n | (em pup lb WES aly fend HEN) sity ano 2 ath n tigtond was Ky PLY Mies Ne wrge PN O32 "ol complement 0 N ie / 49979 4 Ie osase fF b INNS aay yy i H-EN= N+ thom WS) j ays sr ' 43 a o Get MP pd fay ‘Toa genet L the and catifiA year Ma dul ie. TH TA poatti a TA positive» la ye ‘ype bel tthe, oa 4), He US: @ 13} (ols aii tientor k or NTA rr e.9 4 Vb abe ge alt Woe at : Pop . § j Tsim ley s 5 A . : . oa ined with CamScanner Hye i: a Oa LAY oto Ld Be basa egt |the end carry A Feneiat fuse discord. ite cbse Tho Sor, 7 © eT ar ec Bog old complement oN ib a44t4 au ol —_——7 tar oY" ‘ \ ie oa : oe ay 2iyb4 | HON Heels cometh) ‘ Geerginn eu, a oS : (64 a Pigs end egity tt pot igenerated « Then nur fete role tomptere we vein ays nejative 2 4 ow XA o) Me i corti ro ee 6 opts Al roort tarkded Onol=M ntev il = LA ubbractions using al com lee © Lf H =1000!00 , N=19t9\08 ok ‘| Sd comlemes oe NL teen Vuyr eu Lolo too Olde 01% 5 oo ° Scanned with CamScannerBHA 2) ga Fo og | Loo 3 alec Te900° ' End cai BS hot eneraltd * Fe ofl at v Complernen td ne a ctltie value \ sen comple ment a place —' sf) Al} OMe ! rE Lh yh SP VitwQoeD | 2 wr J o> ot et iy 2 — jt y= TOTO DP eu 4 yo JM= Iotol00 N= 1909199, tun MON? avtory ON ey ie ae LOD.81G% 9 Day eas tri aly . lo OTlislge 1A Ob Le - . di pins bad VIF 5 SF uv oa OPH APA. WW Fast onoy Hoy MN Lovoréor Ne oy Vegas q le “geo OPPS © Sabtrav 4490] tom 1OUO-Udtng 914 vom, Me= loo ! “ N= lool: Faayn 9| Minos rad LU YOUN 1 @lo001- 4 1D go a5 WoHapeldy & /domer|n rrtonoy al, i oo WO rt hy | TS ato} So ov yee . J i BT Scanned with CamScannerryk ne ‘ OL tf a fet Tel SE atti ir yl nolo} keh -v# Sg Lipo! Zo00KT =000N — OFON2. y | : mc) Sebtraiteiio9t trom Won ust tA Lompt . eu mn melioll = 100) e > }scorap of N = 006 WSS $y oifpartdes oT = _ ooyt! | VAG wheres! Ai 1h? 7 fe | coll! o8o8h pe 000106 ~ 2d edh gssaq Foch pets bas ao Fd Svxibtrect tor J are using aSiidamptemer OO) \ . chu 8 A fe Icy cH oovh: aay Gn 3 aah cre te a i 4 Add oo 1010 b p ae y poe ool! fe : avoid? oe e gk 19 Cans pat OPT yO). j fonds Gl hoe ! —1_go otter By Scanned with CamScannerae ys s\ aap} | sour wth (nyt complement —— ® ~weoddesal /NAdw Ago han tng re a compl. ee 1 The cublrautton of Hl postive mbar Ny naw th base y may be calculated as follows &) add winued, U4) ee the trite com plement te Subjabed (Ws) - cory ty Vlog Wanspece “th result tor a end cary la) TL. an: -end_ cammy aa generated phen add. 4K value 4D Hu Feultant Lee. ‘ wbx an end catty doen't oceur then the hamyh ‘Westhes ‘te [ha cofplemente negeltvenurnbe to) find: He complement and plates—4¢ mbo] EM Ma 79033, nle03Rs0 ao myer vO, “orkid Mey ahem 499 ITY 1 gro a.”hLUmULLU . SA tern fh i) Scanned with CamScanner( N=93aso, NAAR 3A stan find MeN “p Ca dea qa ssh () —_z 2 244% + 4 —_ + : @ o3asé a tush a 1— goeit RN el teal zo0dtt aya ep ak> © subtract” the —bllonting mor) oe te iy = SG) bers -uaing 4 Capone W Aus: gl use-br’! 99499” 74a 4ugeis | dd fo ¢ 1) ee he S69 FE OT) gage ee ud . Faroe 0 OP oy Lt ed ¥ ‘ (ag ¥ Osubtiact the, tole. ts comple mentistons in} 2 nd “ids PTI na chert ne foro lov.” “* 29st sbolsgeans Jono loo. glen pelt et oe BAH | My, stifaOT Jon on a ¥ , wv I : Pmpizy 4 cp! iol v L i. bagies baa pid sem tote Lowy. o1o00 I. a : © Data t soa eo FR > : i Th other “te represent they deeiinal data th i etree pe \ a eenmn oe ee y format - the data Mepesenatfond! ai | usetal ! Sasitally there tro ~ypes of de --Yepicrentartions i 7 ; . agnritd representation 2 = CR cenpanieit: repiegentation. j pata! pepVesentattions »)yray a TO ooo} , - i ret Lihty Megattade repraertiohe gj At comple ment iepleaetatin fey Font io faptende® a tq U'actomplements | 3 \ ofa ol ef a » “ety sedqn iy Scanned with CamScanner Mao hiias btomplemes’ Borg tener >() tooole = lotoloo tturttl » [0.00108 w= 1 OLotoo es ololol olen go telont Pypotrd yp ee Perret oO} Wwotrtl bop -ovloovoo lor poe) Lot) —yolo PRP Pp. YY co ety: Ric Hac tote Lot yy. bt oo OD : woogie Data et er ; other fo Yepresent thes decinal ‘data > oe —formack | the data. “Fepiesentarfond’ df | wselal- p Portal there tho “pes of dette representartony, a Magn Fepresentation : Prep ae client tepieaentaton oA york y2 9 data! ‘erent } geste, I sy Heda ay Scanned with CamScannerVas toned mapritude vepresentalion:— ; punks. ‘Tt Ae ‘ured to repreyent the ‘unsiqne the ange of unsigned mognelude Yepresenitatfon ib (0402-1) where tA nook brls 3 ah Tf ga then (9 to 2-!)! = 0 t0 4 | { ~=G {J i} 000 + , . | oo \ I ne aa 8 xs yo ‘ feu al wt Ax Ooblaonas Alp : ' ee. ry 0 f qu tye ‘ 1 ut st ned. mos nckudes srepgesentatn Tt fe used sto rept represent bolt numbers? rn’ o¢der 0" repiesent 4 Ys aio i mun 3V}Shoq iw used, , al MSB- a a the rcp BIE KL other | at represents ove Number, Te He MiB Bit i goin. ae Fyepresents +Ve pumba. os 4 - 20! as ' toa geld 3c, HF Msg : } ‘ ; Pp oS 1 ap “pail ib 0 HD ray dh al The disadvantage of ci4 edu me. anttade, iit sate « : ache teretthoor ok py bahae- oA MRED Hy a a4 One man , Cy ob 2): di ao} orate Me ie In, 3 se ahh oun | Qe for og a bit (deta) oes tae < ie tales, ate - (aA) fo-€e' 1 ie age | uh) jee, CaS tye 3 Scanned with CamScanneri) { 0 » Ig Complement Fepresemtation »— o St & uted +o naan noth, fusrtve 87d negattve numbers. Ths complement method | “Wo postive. numbey, yepresentodvnn ja game a ae magnitude, ee gore phases Dedative ple nite tel to We pofettve number. ™ men veh Webb sigst ie at be oly %, ossiu ™ Bue vylte eo rdmuy i Aye aed ore 7 ' | lh, \ ror, oid | — te Fs loopt og 7 ! the dis advéinsa e iy Pls tenet spt vibe Ano ‘path aes Akteres', valus- So, i. bo te a0V rnd ib 9 At ~ 23 > Zo CS os "8S oe 2 <£ > a ae + > = -33 Z a 3 Zz 1S be rade | th Pi) ee . od mua sto Bhiapeyrs BB 3 bt at! hese (t Dae’ a & yt Nh) = al OH Ioasig ok ate. wwhaV: te > vel a (s¥ebt) Hd Q VOR ve ae if Sept te (eae ( A035 3 j Scanned with CamScannerVLE: 32S S80 74 ads complement Yepicsentattos ton. — i ed Tr “hs she qasitive numba Vb cdpreaent u a same “gtaned “magnitude reqtczentaion (Where. OS neagtive numbe re repracntal ow th Scomlemert ihe posttt ve ce 9 ~ otloo (Fer co = lo} 00 : By pin rn bit data oF BPE ati ,as., complement epreagntali m4) at PF No, pout onl se madwad hige: obs slpiicarnplernent Yep resentatny Moth to 4-0 ven aw ates seared ~ 5 L tol snap yD} | erat a mysarti tak Jy 7 hobay xd bauer 44 toby dy ty yllnan py} tees . ll Scanned with CamScannerYohlemur tb Pr obenss 481, ~5] 40 tgned {gcorplgnen’y a'Ccomplement nolatton * 23 \z Now ic ~ aieygr, Le\e 02.57 se SL oo yy =F fF ae Nutnber sighed Oreetn © Hoo glint tee (00 (100! noteelion. : y abe Pin i MN Boys bY Se Mega) oF dana Pov 90 Dada Number! Signed |b Ss comp > q ¥ +42 O00 L000. looove glo0 }00o : fy 9) - oF #31 5 L100 100.0 LOPLOILL 9 Cott tooo Binary codes 9940! #* The "Bhat coder ae eleddial to “in ids , a Meee ; I Aphaw-numeic ode’) . folnrerng.ot Nper_pamertels codes t8CD)oho Cd rl humerte, coderpe un Med O-- ds OF tre of SS eta | an 9h. An d-namerte Cole tt ("binary (ep de Pret : of elements tondiating ot to dectmal digits,® letter of he culthabet and Certain, Apgid Smid lyf.) 4 Hotall noch elements tn tt numete grout : aie t oO ~ i vas. {8 mote than 5G) Grnatt care xbz large ese ad tdigits lot fe the ob af Pecial Lpreten)e ie Therefore, it must be coded Nitk~a intntmwm ob bith. phe most frequently used wW-numetic codes ate Scanned with CamScannerAsen CAmertcah Clandad code. cen a Abe code ntordi itt in ured info. dedine Vag Symbols ei =igalo- 134) \ For all Practical purposes an exalt ¢ UE omed + ‘ mt pa i“ £7 ALC code isja. & g bit “eodetord| EBUD (extended! bina coded: deatina tnfehane cols) te is used +o! Fntorrerrlton \Anrlerc oe, oe £ bit code Old, "pe ba ek used to “ Vissh ad aad Numerte code — . cay Be binary posh j Pana th, fe uted” oto defn e the, every prow om atgtt wa seqareles Hwy Toba “tae 5 pecimal ‘Bina Bo phainioh bins ay ° pone 10.800 71499 1yot coool Olt ‘ ee bisa 190 coe! do . 2 ooto (5 019) Wyo UW ort 8 3 PO compris’ Cae wtp 4 vo t00 if Loo Jorg : 5 prot, Bol Ng ; Ph ag WO ° 6 10 0 : a 0 Tey pae ws 7 oks . a = g 4 009 9 po? 0 . 3 4 loot Koo! louy 8 to yet Q@otgweD, Sn = i ul Lott goose) {ne L100 ooo | O00 Scanned with CamScannerho, a Sd [the BED coder are, elawified ito types! | n= Net Med itodey rs shun ® Metgted codes ) © Sequential ‘codes OW Rebletted Lode 607 12! 8 Bvr9% ‘déteettheconrertfon,. ea 5) oad Une nleighted tbdeior; a oy go-neifd cade Me cask sen al not asstaned eh! ony eight thes Rit itn ta ort aed” Une “Weig\ted ‘Rodel ti ,o2 - pHi “bay Erte 3 cody 4 exten -3 tine 4 | womodited ‘ante “ot bee Nwmber. “the ertes-atede (an be davwl” rer | Fhe: nti” bepeadgy by ang “5 eas RnB) yoy. ba) pea aed af i Veet al “binary a *brota - Bio 9 ti | I 1) Ee, exten -3 code, Guy code- —tahos IAG | Hi } ty ff i BALL ing d Jy bap ' o .° coe |" OO NNO» APPA veoh 6.0.0.1, peo hi PP Yoror aij OLD NOT | \ : : | oe ors O11) pat jot © eee y i k i 9° claw) gy A ay ty ott a : yo eS 0 \0\ 1) foe " : iro “oot puts ger he ey HU FW Fe ® rao Qs, 3 4000 ane 9 food pop AV 08; Scanned with CamScannerGay code” “Lay ordinay bina number nti] dttler to more “than on? bit position. To overcome makin grey code _th_uted) Tr qyay, code “lhe? succentve numbers wel deer by onty one, bi posttvon: £04 tt % talled unie distance. code. : the 4 code U also called: code ~ihe Guittenive numbet j yellérted) cod & ©? edie de. ante aA to convert i Y €x- OR we th use gray tode- the 1a tode t detgied ot clevt® -mechanical and eletdronte devteeds tri inl ge rangixttonal oy-f lashing j evorh + 1 to a | | Decimal seh tb the. Vpary co i Jaf 2 ' Aoiaggrs 4 te thito i B ‘ foo s- wRypr, wey puoetd ob ahos NPSL € =e BP 2 349 as) i K-Map yotatton it alye,.geatcated, by usin g grey wees Tho Tox to =) ts arranged 4, stom ot saci Lge ae al asec Scanned with CamScannerBinary, “10 Grey @de Gnasion =< th com ve Achiened using following Sheps:- : inary code © he se of Grey Code 16Bame asthe MB of Binary co Gin, COA88) = Bn MSE) ‘ @ 7 cthain the ned guy digit, Pahom an Erk opaanan ge pocn the echaen — previons and Comet Grary BH ard wile DO Rast Grr © Ba OBo-1 Gar > Oya ® Boe ~( with they © Repesk step 2 yok! at Sinay pie have ween EX-0R prions Onc Co ore @ = &@O% Go = Ob. —rr—s—SCsCS into as. faysivalent eg Cone = MeO i \ i Bo 2 Binary code alae rey pl prhi oo 1 1 8 Groy code ® 4 1 es G, Goris) <2n(ve8) G+ 0,08 Gea = Bn OB Gq = % Ok Gor = Bp Ober Gi 7 83h ~ Scanned with CamScannerleans Ani 4" Problems 9! o aa ‘oblemA + lg 01 yw wg oe, (4 nl DS tye : F comvatty the, below binaty number’ , fe a 1 hf ee | fi j hdto i i) jo tools : : nae : ooo! yt | eee ~tmay iy — 19.00 10°08 ae | hot L L-aete— pt! yori’ | ke 7 (it) WVooot0to a 1 Rabe’ pq ww Bhd 11 10.00 1010 | ; fae, eevee i) fi < Gray to Bina Conversion — — baa ve Achieved ting elewing Sheps isthe J: The trash Sigh oat ait (MS8) oF the Binary Nombor mse of The gay code nvabo ah is: Bat Gin 5 Some asthe So ule down SB as cotain the next Binory digit , perform an Exdasive ~OR- ) t0 allen own B the Next gray coe opacton ectuxen the Bit ges git. ite Pave athe Ral i dls 8 eachuive Gar + BO) ns noe Oe, d oO dept sep@ velit all jog 8 Oly hove Geen endive - Red ithe : o|} slo Bory dighe ee Bor © Bn Oona B35 = BL OSes a, OO 8, = 40% 8 = 8,08 Ex: Gove Greg code joi io to ths Beng Eqpivaleat 9 i se 130 Ss gue Gay code ' o 1 9 Vi L/L If peyote I 1 0 Oo Vo Goren) = G4 a 10) 9°y Seog (ms8) Gia = ) =Gia (ts) ey = 0% Sle” (oO oy 8 OSn Bye TE Be Owe 8, = 8,06 bo < 8:0 6, Scanned with CamScannerFie ° problema’ dy tsar! : ro Rinto: kiat bunk we ponvert ah pel os seh er 7 i 5 4 ) WH rouor | ABH ET Ty ao Bua a Binary ne v7 W yo lod shos Ba Map ER ( qt v8 ,o i? _ 1) a ip Poo BEN PD $0904 -48 (ait gio oo NOOO > he ay qray —' 0 oo It * Ve os, \ yfyf ee ee rina VE pk 8 tame ti hid code tif ka N waetghted code Ab! a sage penton ° AO ‘petite meas {—~ 5 | aumber represent ty the. Nefeited bina. codes au, ut are “the pont ~ nelg kts « Th he deckfmal number _ Wibod, (000; (00, (01! ae th Wet ta »b03 hit) postions ete 200) Ini tiaupx | gai [Binary Phumberts, eect pBBehyyeeyys bg io isi syatq AF. Aadl jxlparp isda Sal! 1S2\,, Gust 431) ; 3f Sa taal Gut) eurT, 8 tui) shod Honal 1 cghied soit 1 ! Scanned with CamScannerPretend cade he, A code ts satd to be cle vey then ei ot godt ‘0', the ‘code toy Sq) ik the tonlenest 6 ok ode at codet forse fk the compleme de a Bache pprode™) Code for“! iy the toriplement 0: jesdithes tod erator Sg! a, oH combenene cole for Sc! fy tla! complement vr SS" ronan: 4 (on the. comp lemert ot rthe yerfleton of all the bed nombu equal Hof-they original cb pein, then those ae ced” Yeblerked Codes. > 2421; Sat, exten <3 code. UNalatl | 0 ao 0 porp ach Ol” uF woe Os “pata todaiyo bie Jin \ Mg Gora! soos * . nttal vob Moi goq bh Apia ade lp le cue ark, Sreeg dna tole Celie LSU dd? Jeol ety CERRY ene eb iinet qreate on 444 ‘realy Meus TTuF 1p, code ‘ A Exy Sut, Ercemnd tode. Ab ar. Scanned with CamScannerpep Alphanumeric code! paen EBCDTC UNE elt! yy) ay eek 1 peelglee. Petter ah 6 wet ey ne vende tet rg sha tacit rr pry tode UG guar pew” peas ‘ nate be papa 45 exten a-oey rd > 2ur! i ‘ . anni ae Gsaa bow an Ly 2 | | 0 Log ath fy Mit ORG Loot ~bas yx feoe bopurl dy putt Ls gytt Problems, { l Sor ee alles g cj ) Find’ the ‘extenr> code ‘ Bat elt a . $ MnP yo , decimal numbers) tool os ay CD PUD! JIT Ht cys 55 0104 by B10 0 lem ey cee ao! o1'od? good! ool! el 2 opto or vepott 0th. ot eA pitt o° ws ane iho pent 6isl lool COLO 7; Ey} euse® ote wd 08) Og ia . ae aa (joo ote ct Fs} old Up Ile $x ExteA~3_ 1900 00 of 3 nll andr oe Scanned with CamScanner al sbealov Raps gyi p i ptspot- Madenua sdt- bhp |Yd 48sy ~ deetmal RM Leder sitonvanli tn Bub s SUL) youn otol 0100 , Te I= oor oon oot Voll EMtmeste Loyd Fol} toog of tt “ aconvert cath of ithe taltitn deetinal;puiabes Ante» ‘Puan code, pxUd tobe, E13 woke | vl Wa), 4 \ sl Ww (ED .! eH pial etimal 1— 0 ; i os | Dertmal 1 8 vertmals— ht BHT pont tito . 1100 10) . ogin PIDT § Gur timoook rood |g re a er ta tmogyl OPE Gel fon 4000 ELLEWB'“ O10 O [OTL f 6 rbot | 3 oy oat i 1 SHIN i Bak PO) Demat 5 Disc 2 ’ VQ &na42 : In Bcd addition “rat writer: thes BO si54 cativalents of qiven so numbtii) ant’ “hen | add he numberd soy che it a! nibbles Wbit NO O90} 0001 gamit} OFS Low than or equal 14 then the resutt ture Scanned with CamScannerBx Ahe Un anayer bie value rm mthan @y then add, As Cotto) to thet particular nibble a> WANA he bela deetmal number by using Bo additton, ; lial ar &) aytae > ! \ . Al 127 ov0l potty Qat= 0010 ONS! f (ety _ yoo: qassoolp obot ae = O20 Papeete ——— yan ‘ ate ww zy doy “dityadd oo ll oul 55 oc com - Hobos wilustes arnt Far Ketchons ojo) Oo yor" liane 1 bth skein ET 1 Who At slinoq af 4g a Ab ; 1D ool OL GL. ¥ torts odb $y ie e6O = ool otto’ oto t+ tt | @) eas hy Bry balls gh te dh she a o beara shay Sit | ; VOOM TOOT 4 dol 1049 Haag} “P99 | hey wahty sty f yoye ro VB a eee] whieng | 7 \ a SOPRA Tyo nov, 8% M15 I¢ 54 ay pYiog y WITing ASG a5 sh} 3 2 AO TS 18 8O}D ORM yyy yh PPO AE hing sl auth bho sty UE torg poo 9009 ODO? 1 L degasteys Haldiay arate Peleclin and Ent Conedion Codes ———— sited 0” @ when the digital informnahien inthe Boay un 6 2 ore Gait GO system lo oncthen crust [aystem on 62" D rhis means a sgeal cowupending oO oy “og charge 100 mod 0 oy dusto the preteute of wit “ D To mainlain the data Tibearthy Behoeen —hanseriter ee ee ee allow the detection and Some Limes conredion oF £10t athe D2 D whe sata along with the evo atfashs foot ae © wwe cola ubich altos — only grvor detection aotied Ewor detecting code D the codes cchich aleus Both enor detection ord conection ove Glkel Emor detecting od tyov coneding cade ray ae OH is ved for the Punpese of delecheg Enots duking “hanteission of Bray Zafernakion. DA portly eth is an gxho bib Tnuluded with a Binary mauroge to make the Numba of Is Either odd &) even ) he menage with — amity ath is homamied ond then checked at the Receiving Ed for Evs0rs, Jes Downe axait +hah ST the Parity git to the “hanawitles is Galed a portly genaator © ond tne creat that checks the Ponty inthe Reccwy 18 Gllked a ponihy checker Scanned with CamScannerWaa 0 77 , Hacnering Code @rthe cede not only "saa tdentfis hich deteclion of 0 Bi} Ener, But alo provides the Conected. Thus gk is in Err. Sothat ©» be Hamming Code 1S Gulled — Exv0r deteckiog and conechiog code - : 5 °, © we Hameing Code is @ One fan and conection Fo — Code words *) 7h B rhe code ves @ Number of ponity Bits Bit exior defed totaled of certain Positions i THE cede gunp 2 Number of Poorly ek = ss she Mimbo of Pasty its "P! deperds on the Morbo of inforreahion Bis. “x @ «0 ate Relation gelacen PR xXormis [Fz et] : [,° 2 mtee) tar sg Le x em=y 18 Tefotnahon Bit is 4 Bit he is -foord by shal and enor using = e @ % thr! ofa ue P23 jes] az uratl pee E lu ZO appa] = us3Hl =8 x gexaen solsfid J 1 Locations of the fonily ilg in ~the Gde = ee ee she — a ty Bit | cy an fyample fF we fave UInformolion Bits and shee Ranly —thoufpe — the code ig F Seven atts. al, ofty Bit! ‘ aly, te oS arty, os sila 8 he Panty ails are Locled in the postions thal one numbered conesponding to Ascending Power of a& fap dt tale Dade] Scanned with CamScanner“ a vied Rf cod aran wgh 0 nes for +0) ede, Locations “for Penily pris ane Fabimakion Bikar op oe : BO mL RL whee Py = Pasty att Da + Tafewrahon Bit n= Lottion Nomben. Assgsing values to porihy gifs: ae = athe format of the coda is given as Bit desig nokon % | r% |e, | |e | h 3 6 S u 3 2 | wy io | 1) | 0 Jon | ow foo \ Bt Lo@koo | Binary Lowkon | Nomba | efoto Kon g5h¢ 0) Poni ty pits (Pn) Fig: Bit position -tatle -for a seven Bit Enos conectog Gece See ee — Assigasoent oF Ps- —— ae oct Se gh Pha a ‘1 for ths Ral — mash digit ais pasty eit cheeks alt Bh lothions , Trduding. half, thet have 1's in the same Location jn the Binary Locafion Nombey: pority ait Py checks Bit location. 1,3,5,4 and amign Py decoding +o even] opp Ponily ASS ee of Rtn vol oe ho ok py checks Bik Location. 9,569. and oaigas a “te Even Jop0 Posty « ia ds mtddle ott Scanned with CamScannerpepo Py- iby Beh fy nasa | for ths abt she Bi : Binavy Location number oF Perit most — pigtt- IIs inthe ait localions. Sodadiog thal shat hove Py checks all Luk most Bi. Py Checks att Loctions = 45.69 &e Encode the Binary word 108) Special fanettoned gate der Ex-0k Ant gate akt!— = tg mulliplied —FHo ov mote lp and podute Oa oy ole : : SARON yea = And 8 =A'8 the ‘treat fom represen ay a0 ae “]s,[ 8] Scanned with CamScannerTh stage’ , | el Beihy es i Polo] o oO ' o ‘ Vlole ty uel {\ . : belay | ay none ttn Ta aD gale options 1 shan NY 4 t u oy ' 7 (")] } hot 4 ‘ i = to3 aye WT aod Prat ai Lyte" ot more! “Up land “give single paldd tet bp Ton trap exymnbol = y A= Scanned with CamScanner“he Hate fous icpraentalion ot ob a Nar te ee Not galesti> invert) sthejy es nal ead Bo Me 1 = ANAND B at ‘ rk any tnput oF ann # / Sol phen | As op ion q 6 ) ;> : a \ lement she Yernehining universal gate: HG Nok qater rk t& uted to tmp all gata. 40, idles a. combination of ok and NOT qars. symbol +r Rae B aa zAURA ie Toth table: bea) gat Tt any “Ip te Noe o \ AB TY \ P ° iat Han . o \ {ax iA 1 ‘an ! \ ee) J Ll tle |, oly #40 a ttle Scanned with CamScannerEX 28 Gate: “he! Sx-ek gate fa peraube tk ta tured sto geval emagn tude vena cles eid -tanetioned Tv a op adden 01 4 Symbol A®e'= ce ABt eh e i y= Asx.of B i e 17 : ( = {_] , | Truth table = rh tt also altel odd~ Linge) ante i bigh becoule tor odd novok s titer olp exter ake” a woth, dable- = A Lx-N FB te ae ROB =) fEP ” | | “owt tab ble)~ | ge % ‘alio- cated even) funcki ned) ote. because tor even no- om the | alt igen "YJ . fal | ~~ Scanned with CamScannerLed ed ita i ‘ere Universal gate / NO a logic qk which 1 ut Vernatinting ‘all gata: the universal q \ NAND Gate and Nok gate: loge qatar ‘uring -NAND gate NOT gate: jp ol ate Scanned with CamScannerHh oe =. gl yea Abr Bt {i} | Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerog SOL BOe ge! Ye ask Scanned with CamScanneryen eD “Tabb, =A Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner1 Duals pincer ; BY uaing dually: prenetple _ one lateral ts chang into Conta ponding complemented [tterals p 770 EA Scanned with CamScanner— YUU 4 Pens pelos all PI, A) Find the complement * raj enutl lf a Yea gen ony uel fellate tt cormglerse® grit’ Y=abans nm ft 4qab we dualtty princile (™ KX sir ¥ = (xB) (8), o tay 2 Pp eryganyar ty oo ial, Replace, ith eamplement : Per gerh yet ae dualtty putnciple : De ete) (a4) (3) | © Y= (aspen (070 ian ity ae Replare With comple met Y= Geb at) (went), J tbe dualtty, inci t j Ye (7-0) q@ ot) +68 | ingly the “fobiteg ‘ijrealoas “Hod a ; complement owing drial. fancton,«; O ye Wb +aac aA (BER) = Replace Heth se) ey eel AB) <6 pated Scanned with CamScanner(mt) (ana te) Aaa 60)” a Lain) G jar) a) eel / (Aaa BA) ( ABE ABL +A(BTAB)=0 Using Demorqan law (AaB) tape a a Cor lA *5)) =o GAB) AARC + ABTA CARDO dual (AB) (RG +e) (448) (at FEI comp Wa ype eade!. (AB) TarBee) (AEB) (Aaa) et 3) wap) (ed) = ALEAD Yped es | , bul AB4 ep = (AFL) tad) tBdO (E*D) COON AB ATH (Hat)! (AB) WAT END) »® Find the eomplentent oe in below tency bywing demorgarts law be, () CARL) UAT) oan Sat 5 Ye ate) CARB) Fa (he adoa Scanned with CamScannera ABD seamed gps gee) RE) UE Y= app, ABU ye wae) (Ary L6r0 | o RAB Ge) WH) HORDE +0 [eee SRoHAT ABT | =(ABID CALA tD)...- Hh , ) ALB (Ee) ot am vag pats |! ‘aie eS 1) * Sek . 1h) { (4am). | Ho= Ei | = A (8 + (e458) B (Ba ede) ti =A[ReCH DLE] sSimglety he folowing dlgebsic edt onion the [Some minimum not (ettrala sl batt @ | Pa AR AARC ABE ARo EDI! cated Fe ABCtABc t4BT4ARc ot | > Beet) bt pBe kB) (5), aye SBE AR cap i) (oni) ae aa | ZABLE AT CANOE ABU E ARC + ALC bu - beach) ODER ARLES) A BOEACLABS fe Fp Scanned with CamScanner& FABCH ARTA ARG tABC te Fo Abe vd pt vanes abe I bao tp Al BUcE ABET ABL a ANE A ABE A ~ Rc Wat) + Aa (eve) 4 Wee TAA) Fe AC+ABABE S Fs Aber Ee 408 T= ABE ABC AAB _ ~BLATAC] ahs bax Yar = B (ct AP AAB [ita te = Be+Ae Ap = be +€ O48) “be = Beta, Ww F = A+B) (At8) F=(AxB) ae) = ARS FRTABTBB | (5m Ow BAA) AR = BUy4B | = By Sopa ape rape +a8e? a pe ppetaBe ABC HABE Tay . ALC BAe) ava Cds) oe tefl SAR =A UGH) 85 Shy ANI (aby) 04 Scanned with CamScannerB eG \ VS ARIA gps pga tal@ +ABC Ve Ape An Ge AMO RABE MBE ea Cpa) i poccre!) TAB fea a Abt AS { ‘ = BUA) TFs taney a) cients ) F= AAT AB ag ape! Veet (pEtDe)+AB Ho At au) 7" 2 Bp (et) rae BL oes Wael be Pad ay | [3 FA) in lheg mad) ij Phe BAAD, | Reduce | He’. Pollostog _Suprentons ‘into te | Tuned noof literal. 5 , | ABCHABeHA Get ABCAA RE THO tends JS ABCA Bc tABG HABE tA BC, fp | NEAR ie atte \| POE t6BCt OBL +eBC | ABCet ed) BclAdal +a Bt RCHEE Sy, Frit MMOATB. Ooa 2 BCLAT HAR TROD into ‘Wierd : BOL AE ABTBOD Cy 5) Be (td) +Attas eee Scanned with CamScanner© BUY At van cere’) oak pov atrane qape : © BCU a at CH), Botnet * (feny's al! tH ATCDAAR into ‘a, Vileraly CPAA + A A CDA TD AAA + UDTAR > Rab) A Eat Crtak = DUAARRA tA 4 OT AB ~ ALCaT are gieeds =ATOD [oy ghy ap he Y FST ye rye ve > nto) b leteral y as (+8) te fh SW YE ty tare : . Te +4 [Gag yee] (aGaylene, [sty phat + WY Ra aa] ap Yen ida+dd +) e[yttar] | oe = aye] = Bila igh] ts apts «eral Noy ‘ ») FHABUD + AB ED TAB CP Fa ABO 4 ABER) 478) aeaaae = ABU ABCD + AB [EAD] ; al o ~ Ablot ] + [bere = ABLWy ib. Scanned with CamScanner¥ Redute the flloutng boolean capiertions 4 © Ale ¢ ez] "Bat [aint | ack 4 (81 € load): eed] » FS ALBEE ranerng 64 ea [bat Gr me+a8 ee] j » HA [BHAT He HABE] | $4 BEAT HELM, Fo5]), =A [B+ ateae] | = ABT AAT + asd Fiabe gp F <4 MARAT AS HET) k “heed oer 7 : ia) | F ATABCE BDEBDE ta[E I = Atape taplitel 1 | = ALttacdl+eo (et) = APBD» - | Rugs? IH + banat & | : (BBE) (Ha Be) UBeBY: (FHT Bre je doa <7 © Age eg ak + OMERBE IN » ABC +BIBDt ABATE | yet GABA ABLE) +5 (Bad) my Scanned with CamScannerDY MAVEL) CRry ee) x \o ; a Ade [aoe (Beran) ABC oval SJABIART ADOC saneDe AB " ac CATR] . pe Vs Co4 Reps DDE Bag WBE onuhorg s Y re) (ab) tBe : pabtlay ars turtwy) Get) WROD pity jHd4) ) aba x TABC [ere | i A W) APC + RBC TABT TARE 1) Vt ABE AE iB ae +4Be Lyra’ | ® KBAR AR i Sv 1) ABTAT 4480 L _ Movil sine” ; yo} ba 0 ton the. Pa ie a ad exyenion¢ conising TAb'terme and “or’-atdlnnil te! ridduce ‘eee ond . Laroming ~tertnh , antral ro wol-ai a ye Herb 1% Be a " : olv il Scanned with CamScannerd er Fy she ghove agram the [eveldis ANP ant ogi levelns iy Yop’ qale » 10, Sop form Ly & ole AND~ ok Yealigaction + Pot form: — the Produxt of cums book | Siprewion containing “ond -erms and "AND" -Leving 7 +o Produ cum and product tem } | SE y=" ANB) (assit) t | level > FG levele} h+ JA | ap teas O+g) ida (os | Th the abe agra the level- 4 1S “ok ane “and levels. ts ANDY yate- 20) ‘pos fa eae, srleve > OR AND" Yéabgagion: 15 | | inte, A Max terma:— Bebe dal, [Te “Term Notation 000 yy qe f oo) We otd coke oi) Tyxy 100 aqz iol Ave Llo WE thy ye — Scanned with CamScanner