- designed to “sell” the police to the public

3) Civic Action Program

- designed to maintain and encourage community development
4) Psychological Program
- designed to condition both friendly and hostile public, ensuring the facilitation of the attainment
of police objectives

DUTIES OF PUBLIC RELATIONS OFFICER

1) He shall issue press releases from time to time regarding police activities which are of public concern;
2) He shall build good image through actual commendable performance, without inefficiency and
corruption; and
3) He shall evaluate public opinion and attitude with respect to policies, methods and personnel of the police
station.

DUTIES OF CIVIC ACTION OFFICER

1) He shall encourage and actively participate in athletic competitions to promote youth development
by wisely coordinating with the social elements of the populace;
2) He shall initiate fund-raising campaigns for juvenile delinquents who are being
rehabilitated;
3) He shall be alert to safeguard the community against loss and damages to properties and possible
death, in the events of calamity;
4) He shall render possible assistance, especially to the men folk in enabling them to obtain the means of
productive endeavors and discourage them from loitering in the street or engaging uneconomic activities,
such as illegal gambling and others

MEASURES TO ENHANCE POLICE PUBLIC IMAGE

1) increased police visibility through the dispersal of personnel from the headquarters to the field offices;
2) efficient and optimized delivery of police services to the communities;
3) constant dialogue and meetings with the barangay officials in their respective territorial jurisdictions;
4) Community service-oriented policing by conducting seminars for the traffic aides, police aides and the
barangay tanod; and
5) Coordination with the media for image-enhancing projects.

CRIM. 4: JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND CRIME PREVENTION JUVENILE

DELINQUENCY
- an anti-social behavior or act which does not conform with the standards of society
- youth behavior which is against the norms and regulations of society which if left unchecked would
give rise to criminality
- describes a large number of disapproved behavior of children or youth
- anti-social acts or behavior of children which deviate from the normal pattern of rules and regulations,
custom and culture which society does not accept and which therefore justify some kind of
admonition, punishment or corrective measures in the public interest

JUVENILE
- a child or a young person, who, under the legal system may be dealt with for an offense in a manner

477
 different from that of an adult
- persons below the age of majority, that is, below eighteen years old

AGE OF MAJORITY
- majority commences at the age of eighteen (18) years

EMANCIPATION
- freedom from parental authority, both over his person and property
- happens upon reaching the age of eighteen years

RA 6809
- the law amending the age of majority
- lowered the age of majority from twenty-one (21) to eighteen (18) years
- approved on 13 December 1989

DELINQUENT
- one whose behavior has brought him into repeated conflict with the law regardless whether he has
been taken before a court and adjudged a delinquent
- one who has committed an offense that violated the approved norms of conduct and is guilty of a
misdeed

STATUS OFFENSE
- certain acts or omissions which may not be punishable socially or legally if committed by adults but
become anti-social or illegal because the offender is a minor, such as:
a) truancy, or frequent, unreasonable absenteeism from school
b) use of profane language
c) running away from home
d) smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages
e) disobedience to parents, guardians or school officials
f) mendicancy or begging in the streets
g) association with delinquent gangs

ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
- characterized by disobedience to, or disrespect for, authorities

PARENS PATRIAE (“father of the country”)

- the doctrine that does not consider delinquent acts as criminal violation, thus making delinquents
non-criminal persons and cannot be found guilty of a crime and punished like an adult criminal
- views minor who violate the laws as victims of improper care, custody and treatment at home
- assumption by the State of the role of guardian over children whose parents are deemed incapable
or unworthy
- the authority of the state to act on behalf of the children

THREE TYPES OF DELIQUENCY

1) ENVIRONMENTAL DELINQUENTS
- characterized by occasional law-breaking

2) EMOTIONALLY MALADJUSTED DELINQUENTS

- characterized by chronic law-breaking, a habit which this type cannot avoid or escape from

478
 3) PSYCHIATRIC DELINQUENTS
- characterized by serious emotional disturbances within the individual and in some cases associated
with tendencies towards mental illness

TYPES OF DELINQUENT YOUTH

1) SOCIAL
- an aggressive youth who resents authority of anyone who makes an effort to control his behavior

2) NEUROTIC
- one who has internalized his conflicts and is preoccupied with his own feelings

3) ASOCIAL
- one whose delinquent acts have a cold, brutal and vicious quality for which the youth feels no remorse

4) ACCIDENTAL
- one who is essentially sociable and law-abiding but happens to be at the wrong time and place and
becomes involved in delinquent acts not typical of his general behavior

DIFFERENT APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF DELINQUENCY

1) BIOGENIC APPROACH
- gives an explanation that law violations and delinquency are a result of some physical defects

2) PSYCHOGENIC APPROACH
- argues that the critical factors in delinquency are personality problems to which misbehavior is
presumed to be the response

3) SOCIOGENIC APPROACH
- attributes delinquency pattern to social structures
- views youthful misdeed as a result of a learning process through interactions with other members of
society

DIFFERENT THEORIES CONCERNING DELINQUENCY CHOICE

THEORY

- based on the classical school of criminology that views an individual as having free will in choosing
his actions and that he calculates what he will gain or lose if he commits an act
- views the delinquent as a motivated offender who breaks the law because he or she perceives an
abundance of benefits and an absence of threat

BIOSOCIAL OR TRAIT THEORIES

- based on the view that both thought and behavior have biological and social bases
- contemporary explanation of the biogenic approach
- has three sub-theories: biochemical, neurological and genetics

1) BIOCHEMICAL
479
 - views that crime and delinquency, especially violence, are the result of diet, vitamin intake, hormonal
imbalance and other biological causes

2) NEUROLOGICAL
- explains that crime and delinquency occur because the individual suffers from brain impairment or
abnormality in the structure of the brain
- learning disabilities such as attention deficit/hyperactive disorder and minimum brain dysfunction
are related to antisocial behavior

3) GENETIC
- explains that delinquent traits and predisposition to criminality are inherited from parents
- criminality of parents can predict delinquency of children
- supported by research on twin studies and adoption studies

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES
- views delinquency as a result of emotional and mental disturbance of the individual
- contemporary explanation of the psychogenic approach
- has three sub-theories: psychodynamic, behavioral and cognitive

1) PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY
- based on the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud
- delinquency is the result of the imbalance of the three components of personality: id, ego and
superego
- delinquency is the product of the abnormal personality structure formed in early life and which
thereafter controls human behavior choices

2) BEHAVIORAL THEORY
- believes that individuals learn by observing how people react to their behavior
- behavior is reinforced by some positive reaction, and behavior is extinguished if punished
- misbehavior of children if left unchecked will persist until adolescence

3) COGNITIVE THEORY
- views that delinquency is a result of the faulty perception and analysis of data of an individual
- believes that when an individual make decisions, he engages in a sequence of cognitive thought
processes:
1) he first encodes the information so that it can be interpreted;
2) then, he searches for a proper response and decide upon the most appropriate action;
3) finally, he acts on his decision
- delinquency-prone adolescents may have cognitive deficits and use information incorrectly when
they make decisions

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES
- views delinquency as a product of the different social factors and dynamics
- has four groups of theories which in turn contain several sub-theories: social structure theories, social
process theories, social reaction theories and social conflict theories

1) SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES

- hold that delinquency is a function of a person’s place in the economic structure
480
 2) SOCIAL PROCESS THEORIES
- view delinquency as a result of poor or faulty socialization or upbringing

3) SOCIAL REACTION THEORIES

- view delinquent acts and criminality as products of stigma and labeling

4) SOCIAL CONTROL THEORIES

- maintain that everyone has the potential to become a criminal but most people are controlled by
their bonds to society

CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS IN JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

1) FAMILY
- the first and most basic institution of society responsible for developing a child’s potential in all its aspects
like physical, emotional, spiritual, moral, intellectual and social
- molds the child to learn to curb his desires and to accept rules that define the time, place and
circumstances under which highly personal needs may be satisfied in socially acceptable ways

TYPES OF FAMILY STRUCTURE:

1) NUCLEAR FAMILY
- consists of father, mother and children
2) EXTENDED FAMILY
- consists of father, mother, children, grandparents, uncles and aunts, cousins, nephews
and nieces, and in-laws

Ideally, a home must have the following:

a) structural completeness
- presence of both father and mother
b) economic security
- capability to provide for the basic needs and wants
c) cultural conformity
- typical family beliefs and practices
d) moral conformity
- moral uprightness, Christian way of living
e) physical and psychological normalcy
f) emotional adequacy
- affection, support, love and care between faulty members

Factors in the home life that may cause delinquency:

a) faulty development of the child
b) lack of parental guidance
c) parental rejection
d) broken homes
e) lack of love
f) unfair treatment
g) too harsh discipline by either or both parents
h) too much leniency by either or both parents
481
 i) unfavorable parental example

2) SCHOOL
- considered the second home of a child, with teachers as the second parents
- institution responsible for the training of young person’s intellectual, moral, as well as social skills which
they need for them to grow up as productive, law-abiding and responsible citizens

Instances of deviant conduct attributed to school inadequacy:

a) failure of teachers to detect and address problems of children and report such problems to
the parents
b) poor academic atmosphere
c) membership in school gangs or development of friendships with the wrong crowd
d) lack of facilities for curricular and extra-curricular activities
e) failure of teachers in character development of the students
f) failure to actually finish school, resulting to being out-of-school youths with a lot of time to
waste and do unproductive activities
g) failure to get gainful employment due to lack of sufficient education

3) ENVIRONMENT
- the culture, norms and behavior of the child’s surroundings may very well influence the upbringing of the
child especially during their formative years and such misbehavior learned is likely to be carried on until
the child’s maturity

Some of the behavior modification by means of imitation as brought about by environmental

influence:
a) rampant drug addiction
b) vices such as gambling and drinking alcoholic beverages
c) association with criminal groups or gangs
d) too much exposure to sex and violence in movies, television, print and internet

HISTORY OF JUVENILE JUSTICE

The modern practice of legally separating adult and juvenile offenders can be traced back to two
developments in English custom and law that occurred centuries ago: the development of POOR LAWS and the
creation of the English CHANCERY COURTS. Both were designed to allow the state to take control of the lives of
needy but not necessarily criminal children. This system was brought to the United States where it was developed
further until later it became the basis of the juvenile justice system in the Philippines.

ENGLISH SYSTEM POOR LAWS

- in 1535, statutes which mandated the appointed of overseers who placed destitute or neglected
children with families who then trained them in agricultural, trade or domestic services; this practice
is called indenture
- in 1601, a system was created wherein church workers with the consent of justice of the peace
identified vagrant, delinquent and neglected children and took measures to put them to work; these
children were placed in workhouses until their adulthood

CHANCERY COURTS
- protected the property rights and welfare of minor children who could not care for themselves
482
 - the courts dealt with issues of guardianship and the use and control of property
- the courts operated under the parens patriae philosophy which held that children were under the
protective control of the state

AMERICAN SYSTEM
- the practice of indenture and chancery courts in England were adopted by the states of Virginia,
Connecticut and Massachusetts, however, those youths who committed serious criminal offenses
continued to be tried in the same courts as adults
- middle-class civic leaders, who referred to themselves as CHILD SAVERS began to develop
organizations and groups to help alleviate the burdens of the poor and immigrants by sponsoring
shelter care for youths, educational and social activities and the development of settlement houses;
this was called the CHILD SAVING MOVEMENT
- they are responsible for creating a number of programs for indigent youths, including the New York
House of Refuge, a reformatory, which began operations in 1825
- the House of Refuge was created to protect indigent youths who were at risk to crime by taking them
off the streets and reforming them in a family-like environment
- the first comprehensive juvenile court was established in Illinois in 1899 through the passage of the
Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899 which set up an independent court to handle criminal law violations
by children under sixteen (16) years of age, as well as to care for neglected, dependent, and wayward
youths
- the purpose of the act was to separate juveniles from adult offenders and provide a legal framework
in which juveniles could get adequate care and custody
- Congress passed the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 to identify the needs
of youths and to fund programs in the juvenile justice system
- its main goal was to separate wayward, non-dangerous youths from institutions housing delinquents
and to remove adolescents from institutions housing adult offenders

JUVENILE COURT
- a court that has original jurisdiction over persons defined by statute as juveniles and alleged to be
delinquents or status offenders

DEVELOPMENT OF JUVENILE JUSTICE IN THE PHILIPPINES

1) PD 603 – Child and Youth Welfare Code
2) Ra 7610 – Anti-Child Abuse Law
3) RA 6809 – law amending the age of majority
4) RA 8552 AND RA 8043 – laws on adoption
5) RA 9208 – Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act
6) RA 9231 – law amending RA 7610 on working children
7) RA 9255 – law on the use of father’s surname of
illegitimate children
8) RA 9262 – Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children
9) RA 9523 – law amending the laws on adoption
10) RA 9344 - Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act
11) RA 9775 – Anti-Child Pornography Act
IMPORTANT PROVISIONS OF PD 603

PD 603 – THE CHILD AND YOUTH WELFARE CODE

- approved on 10 December 1974

- effectivity date is 10 June 1975 (six months after approval)
483
 - shall apply to persons under eighteen (18) years of age

PARENTAL AUTHORITY (PATRIA POTESTAS)

- the sum total of the rights of the parents over the person and property of their child
- the exercise of which has no distinction between a legitimate and an illegitimate child
- the father and the mother shall exercise jointly just and reasonable parental authority and
responsibility over their legitimate or adopted children
- in case of death of either parent, the surviving parent shall exercise sole parental authority
- in case of disagreement, the father’s decision shall prevail unless there is a judicial order to the
contrary

PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY
- the sum total of the duties and obligations of parents over their minor children

LIABILITIES OF PARENTS
- parents and guardians are responsible for the damage or injury caused by the child under their
parental authority

LEGAL CUSTODY
- in case of separation of parents, no child under SEVEN (7) YEARS OF AGE shall be separated from
his mother unless the court decides otherwise

GUARDIANSHIP
- a trust relation of the most sacred character, in which one person, called a guardian, acts for
another, called a ward, regarded as incapable of managing his own affairs

SUBSTITUTE PARENTAL AUTHORITY

- in case of absence or death of both parents, substitute parental authority shall be given to the
following, in order of priority:
1) grandparents
2) oldest brother or sister at least 21 years of age
3) relative who has actual custody of the child/guardian duly appointed by the court

COMMENCEMENT OF CIVIL PERSONALITY

- the CIVIL PERSONALITY of the child shall commence from the MOMENT OF CONCEPTION

CONCEPTION
- the start of life
- the union of the sperm cell and the egg cell
- also called the process of fertilization

CIVIL PERSONALITY
- pertains to the identity and recognition of an individual as person having rights
- shall commence from the moment of conception, thus all children shall have the right to be born
and the right to live
ABORTION
- the expulsion of the fetus from the mother’s womb

484
KINDS OF ABORTION

1) CRIMINAL ABORTION
- classified as intentional or unintentional as provided by the Revised Penal Code
- punishable by law

2) THERAPEUTIC ABORTION
- recommended and performed by a certified physician when there are health risks and complications
- not punishable by law

CATEGORIES OF CHILDREN
1) DEPENDENT
- one who is without a parent, guardian or custodian, or whose parents, guardian or other custodian
for good cause desire to be relieved of his care and custody and is dependent upon the public for
support

2) ABANDONED
- one who had no proper parental care or guardianship or whose parents or guardians have deserted
him for a period of at least six consecutive months (PD 603)
- refers to a child who has no proper parental care or guardianship, or whose parents have deserted
him or her for a period of at least three (3) continuous months (RA 9523

3) NEGLECTED
- one whose basic needs have been deliberately unattended or inadequately attended
- a child is unattended when left by himself without provision for his needs and without proper
supervision
- neglect may occur in two ways:
a) physical neglect
o Malnourishment, untidy and damaged clothing, no shelter
b) emotional neglect
o maltreated, raped, seduced, abused, exploited, made to work under conditions not conducive to
good health or placed in moral and physical danger

4) MENTALLY-RETARDED
- socially incompetent, socially inadequate, occupationally incompetent and unable to manage their
own affairs
- mentally sub-normal
- retarded intellectually from birth or early age
- retarded at maturity
- mentally deficient as a result of constitutional origin through heredity or disease
- essentially incurable

5) PHYSICALLY-HANDICAPPED
- crippled, deaf-mute, blind and other conditions which restrict their means of action or
communication with others

6) EMOTIONALLY-DISTURBED
- those who, although not afflicted with insanity or mental defect, are unable to maintain normal social
relations with others and the community in general due to emotional problems or complexes

485
 - may be caused by traumatic experiences

7) MENTALLY-ILL
- those with any behavioral disorder, whether functional or organic, which is of such a degree of
severity as to require professional help or hospitalization

8) DISABLED
- includes mentally-retarded, physically-handicapped, emotionally-disturbed and mentally-ill children

IMPORTANT PROVISIONS OF THE LAWS ON ADOPTION

ADOPTION
- an act by which relations of paternity and filiations are recognized as legally existing between persons
not so related by nature
- the taking into one’s family of the child of another, as son or daughter and heir, and conferring on it
a title to the rights and privileges of such

FILIATION
- the acknowledgment of the father of his relationship with the child
- also called paternity

BIOLOGICAL CHILD
- natural-born child of the parents
ADOPTED CHILD
- a child who underwent the judicial process of adoption

FOUNDLING
- refers to a deserted or abandoned infant or child whose parents, guardian or relatives are unknown

RA 8552 – DOMESTIC ADOPTION ACT OF 1998

- approved on 25 February 1998
ADOPTER
- the person adopting or petitioning for the adoption of a child

ADOPTEE
- the child or person being petitioned for adoption

CHILD LEGALLY AVAILABLE FOR ADOPTION

- a child who has been voluntarily or involuntarily committed to the DSWD or to a duly licensed and
accredited child-placing or child-caring agency, freed of the parental authority of his or her biological
parents or guardians or adopter, in case of rescission
- refers to a child in whose favor a certification was issued by the DSWD that he or she is legally
available for adoption after the fact of abandonment or neglect has been proven through the
submission of pertinent documents, or one who was voluntarily committed by his or her parents or
legal guardian (RA 9523)

VOLUNTARILY-COMMITTED CHILD
- one whose parents or legal guardian knowingly and willingfully relinquished parental authority to the
DSWD or any duly accredited child-placement or child caring agency or institution
486
CHILD-CARING AGENCY OR INSTITUTION
- refers to a private non-profit or government agency duly accredited by the DSWD that provides
twenty-four (24) hour residential care services for abandoned, neglected, or voluntarily committed
children (RA 9523)

CHILD-PLACING AGENCY OR INSTITUTION

- refers to a private non-profit institution or government agency duly accredited by the DSWD that
receives and processes applicants to become foster or adoptive parents and facilitate placement of
children eligible for foster care or adoption

WHO MAY ADOPT:

1) any Filipino citizen of legal age at least sixteen (16) years older than the adoptee unless the adopter is the
biological parent of the adoptee, or is the spouse of the adoptee’s biological parent
2) any alien possessing the same qualifications as that of a Filipino citizen, who has been living in the
Philippines for at least three (3) consecutive years, and whose country has diplomatic relations with the
Philippines

WHO MAY ADOPTED:

1) any person below eighteen (18) years of age judicially declared available for adoption
2) the legitimate son or daughter of one spouse by the other spouse
3) an illegitimate son or daughter by a qualified adopter to improve his or her status to that of legitimacy
4) a person of legal age if prior to the adoption, said person has been consistently considered and treated by
the adopter as his or her own child since minority
5) a child whose adoption has been previously rescinded
6) a child whose biological or adoptive parents has died, but proceedings may only be initiated after six (6)
months from the time of the death of the parents

SUPERVISED TRIAL CUSTODY

- a period of time within which a social worker oversees the adjustment and emotional readiness of
both adopter and adoptee in stabilizing their filial relationship
- the period is at least six (6) months

RESCISSION OF ADOPTION
- the nullification of the adoption
- adoption shall not be subject to rescission by the adopter

GROUNDS FOR RESCISSION OF ADOPTION

1) repeated physical and verbal maltreatment by the adopter despite having undergone counseling
2) attempt on the life of the adoptee
3) sexual assault or violence
4) abandonment and failure to comply with parental obligations

RA 8043 – INTER-COUNTRY ADOPTION ACT OF 1995

- approved on 7 June 1995

487
INTER-COUNTRY ADOPTION
- the socio-legal process of adopting a Filipino child by a foreigner or a Filipino citizen permanently
residing abroad where the petition is filed, the supervised trial custody is undertaken and the decree
of adoption is issued outside the Philippines

INTER-COUNTRY ADOPTION BOARD

- acts as the central authority in matters relating to inter-country adoption
- shall act as the policy-making body for purposes of carrying out the provisions of RA 8043, in
consultation and coordination with the DSWD
- headed by the Secretary of the DSWD as ex officio chairman and six (6) members to be appointed
by the President, with a term of office of six (6) years

WHO MAY ADOPT:

1) any alien or a Filipino citizen permanently residing abroad
2) at least twenty-seven (27) years of age
3) at least sixteen (16) years older than the adoptee unless the adopter is the parent by nature of the
adoptee or the spouse of such parent
4) coming from a country with whom the Philippines has diplomatic relations
5) possesses all the qualifications provided in other applicable Philippine laws

WHERE TO FILE APPLICATION

- shall be filed either with:
a) the Philippine Regional Trial Court; or
b) the Inter-Country Adoption Board, through an intermediate agency in the country of the
prospective adoptive parents

SUPERVISED TRIAL CUSTODY

- shall be at least six (6) months

IMPORTANT PROVISIONS OF RA 9523

RA 9523 – the law giving DSWD the sole authority to issue the certification declaring a child legally available for
adoption

- amended provisions of RA 8552 and RA 8043

- approved on 12 March 2009

IMPORTANT PROVISIONS OF RA 7610

RA 7610 – SPECIAL PROTECTION OF CHILDREN AGAINST CHILD ABUSE, EXPLOITATION AND DISCRIMINATION
ACT

- approved on 17 June 1992

- this law is also commonly referred to as the Anti-Child Abuse Act

RA 7658 – amendatory law to RA 7610

- approved on 9 November 1993
- this law amended the provisions of RA 7610 regarding working children
- this law was further amended by RA 9231

488
CHILD ABUSE
- refers to maltreatment, whether habitual or not, of the child

FORMS OF CHILD ABUSE

1) CRUELTY – refers to any word or deed which debases, degrades or demeans the intrinsic worth and dignity
of the child as human being
2) PHYSICAL INJURY – includes but is not limited to lacerations, fractured bones, burns, internal injuries,
severe injuries, or serious bodily harm suffered by a child
3) PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY – means harm to a child’ psychological or intellectual functioning which may be
exhibited by severe anxiety, depression, withdrawal or outward aggressive behavior
4) NEGLECT – means failure to provide, for reasons other than poverty, the basic needs of the child, such as
food, clothing, medical care, shelter and basic education
5) SEXUAL ABUSE – includes the employment, use, inducement or coercion of a child to engage in sexual
intercourse or lascivious conduct; the molestation, prostitution and or incest with children

CHILD PROSTITUTION
- exploitation of children, whether male or female, by coercing them into indulging in sexual
intercourse or lascivious conduct for money, profit or any other consideration

WHO ARE CRIMINALLY LIABLE FOR CHILD PROSTITUTION:

1) those who engage in or promote, facilitate or induce child prostitution, such as:
a) those acting as procurer of a child prostitute
b) parents, guardians, or relatives who knowingly allow or coerce their children or ward into
prostitution
2) those who commit the act of sexual intercourse or lascivious conduct with a child exploited in child
prostitution, such as:
a) clients of child prostitutes
3) those who derive profit or advantage there from, such as:
a) managers or owners of the establishment where the prostitution takes place

OBSCENE PUBLICATIONS AND INDECENT SHOWS

- the use, hiring, employment and coercing of children as performers, actors or models for obscene
exhibitions and indecent shows, whether live or in video, or in printed pornographic materials

CHILDREN AS ZONES OF PEACE

- children shall not be the object of attack in situations of armed conflict
- they shall be protected from any form of threat, assault, torture or other cruel, inhumane or
degrading treatment
- children shall not be recruited to become members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines of its
civilian units, nor be allowed to take part in the fighting, or used as guides, couriers or spies
- children shall be given priority during evacuation as a result of armed conflict

IMPORTANT PROVISIONS OF RA 9208

RA 9208 – ANTI-TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS ACT OF 2003

- approved on 26 May 2003

489
TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS
- the recruitment, transportation, transfer or harboring, or receipt of persons with or without the
victim’s consent or knowledge within or across national borders by means of threat or use of force,
or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or prostitution, taking
advantage of the vulnerability of the person, or giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve
the consent of a person having control over another person for the purpose of exploitation which
includes at a minimum, the exploitation or the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual
exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery, servitude or the removal or sale of organs

- the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of a child for the purpose of
exploitation shall also be considered as “trafficking in person” even if it does not involve any of the
means set forth in the preceding paragraph
QUALIFIED TRAFFICKING IN PERSON

1) When the trafficked person is a child;

2) When the adoption is effected through RA 8043 and said adoption is for the purpose of prostitution,
pornography, sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery, involuntary servitude or debt bondage;
3) When the offender is an ascendant, parent, sibling, guardian or a person who exercised authority over
the trafficked person or when the offense is committed by a public officer or employee

FORCED LABOR AND SLAVERY

- refers to the extraction of work or services from any person by means of enticement, violence,
intimidation or threat, use of force or coercion, including deprivation of freedom, abuse of authority
or moral ascendancy, debt-bondage or deception

SEX TOURISM
- refers to a program organized by travel and tourism related establishments and individuals which
consist of tourism packages or activities, utilizing and offering escort and sexual services as
enticement for tourists

PORNOGRAPHY
- refers to any representation, through publication, exhibition, cinematography, indecent shows,
information technology, or by whatever means, of a person engaged in real or simulated explicit
sexual activities or any representation of the sexual parts of a person for primarily sexual purposes

DEBT BONDAGE
- refers to pledging by the debtor of his or her personal services or labor or those of a person under his
or her control as security or payment for a debt, when the length and nature of services are not clearly
defined or when the value of the services as reasonably assessed is not applied toward the liquidation
of debt

IMPORTANT PROVISIONS OF RA 9231

RA 9231 -the law prohibiting the worst forms of child labor

- amendatory law to RA 7160 and RA 7658

- amended the provisions of RA 7160 regarding working children
- approved on 19 December 2003
490
 Children below fifteen (15) years of age shall not be employed, except:

1) When a child works directly under sole responsibility of his parents or legal guardian and where only
members of the employer’s family are employed
2) Where a child’s employment or participation in public entertainment or information through cinema,
theatre, radio or television is essential, with the approval of the Department of Labor and Employment
(DOLE)
- it is the duty of the employer to submit to the DOLE a report of all children employed by him
- if a domestic is under sixteen (16) years of age, the head of the family shall give him or her an
opportunity to complete at least elementary education, the cost of which shall be a part of the
domestic’s compensation

WORK PERMIT OF WORKING CHILDREN

- it shall be the duty of the employer to secure permit from the DOLE of working children employed by
him

EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT OF WORKING CHILDREN

- the contract shall be signed by the working child’s parent or legal guardian, with the express
agreement of the child

WORKING HOURS

If the child is under 15:

- may work for maximum of four (4) hours a day, twenty (20) hours a week
- may work between six o’clock in the morning to eight o’clock in the evening (6am to 8pm)

If the child is 15 but under 18:

- may work for maximum of eight (8) hours a day, forty (40) hours a week
- may work between six o’clock in the morning to ten o’clock in the evening (6am to 10pm)

PROHIBITION ON THE EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN IN CERTAIN ADVERTISEMENTS

- no child shall be employed as a model in any advertisement directly or indirectly promoting the
following:
a) alcoholic beverages
b) intoxicating drinks
c) tobacco and cigarettes
d) gambling
e) any form of violence or pornography

IMPORTANT PROVISIONS OF RA 9262

RA 9262 – ANTI-VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN ACT OF 2004

- approved on 8 March 2004

491
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN
- refers to any act or a series of acts committed by any person against a woman who is his wife, former
wife, or against a woman with whom the person has or had a sexual or dating relations, or with whom
he has a common child, or against her child, whether legitimate or illegitimate, within or without the
family abode, which result in or is likely to result in physical, sexual, psychological harm or suffering,
or economic abuse including threats of such acts, battery, assault, coercion, harassment or arbitrary
deprivation of liberty

PHYSICAL VIOLENCE
- refers to acts that include bodily or physical harm

SEXUAL VIOLENCE
- refers to an act which is sexual in nature, committed against a woman or her child

PSYCHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE
- refers to acts or omissions causing or likely to cause mental or emotional suffering of the victim such
as but not limited to intimidation, harassment, stalking, damage to property, public ridicule or
humiliation, and repeated verbal abuse

ECONOMIC ABUSE
- refers to acts that make or attempt to make a woman financially dependent

BATTERY
- refers to an act of inflicting physical harm upon the woman or her child resulting to the physical and
psychological or emotional distress

STALKING
- refers to an intentional act committed by a person who knowingly and without lawful justification
follows the woman or her child or places the woman or her child under surveillance directly or
indirectly

PHILIPPINE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM RA 9344 –

the JUVENILE JUSTICE AND WELFARE ACT OF 2006

- approved on 28 April 2006
- became effective on 20 May 2006
- repealed the provisions of the Revised Penal Code and Presidential Decree No 603 on minor
offenders

IMPORTANT TERMS INTRODUCED BY RA 9344 JUVENILE

JUSTICE AND WELFARE SYSTEM

- refers to a system dealing with children at risk and children in conflict with the law, which provides
child-appropriate proceedings, including programs and services for prevention, diversion,
rehabilitation, re-integration and aftercare to ensure their normal growth and development

RESTORATIVE JUSTICE
- refers to a principle which requires a process of resolving conflicts with the maximum involvement of
the victim, the offender and the community; seeks to obtain reparation for the victim, reconciliation of
the offender, the offended and the community and reassurance to the offender that he or she can be
492
 reintegrated into society

CHILD AT RISK
- refers to a child who is vulnerable to and at the risk of committing criminal offenses because of
personal, family and social circumstances

CHILD IN CONFLICT WITH THE LAW

- refers to a child who is alleged as, accused of, or adjudged as, having committed an offense under
Philippine laws

INITIAL CONTACT WITH THE CHILD

- refers to the apprehension or taking into custody of a child in conflict with the law by law
enforcement officers or private citizens

INTERVENTION
- refers to a series of activities which are designed to address issues that caused the child to commit
an offense
- may take the form of an individualized treatment program which may include counseling, skills
training, education, and other activities that will enhance his or her psychological, emotional and
psycho-social well-being

DIVERSION
- refers to an alternative, child-appropriate process of determining the responsibility and treatment of
a child in conflict with the law on the basis of his or her social, cultural, economic, psychological or
educational background without resorting to formal court proceedings
DIVERSION PROGRAM
- refers to the program that the child in conflict with the law is required to undergo after he or she is
found responsible for an offense without resorting to formal court proceedings

YOUTH DETENTION HOME

- refers to a 24-hour child-caring institution managed by accredited local government units and
licensed and/or accredited non-governmental organizations providing short-term residential care for
children in conflict with the law who are awaiting court disposition of their cases or transfer to other
agencies or jurisdiction

YOUTH REHABILITATION CENTER

- refers to a 24-hour residential care facility managed by the DSWD, local government units, licensed
or accredited non-governmental organizations monitored by the DSWD, which provides care,
treatment and rehabilitation services for children in conflict with the law

RIGHTS OF THE CHILD IN CONFLICT WITH THE LAW

1) the right not to be imposed a sentence of capital punishment or life imprisonment

2) the right to be detained or imprisoned as a disposition of last resort, which shall be for the shortest
appropriate period of time
3) the right to be separated from adult offenders at all times: during detention, while being transported to

493
 and from the court and while waiting for the hearing
4) the right to be detained only with other detainees of the same sex, if detention is necessary
5) the right to be searched only by a law enforcement officer of the same gender
6) the right not to be handcuffed, when such is not necessary
7) the right to have his parents or guardians present
8) the right to diversion if he or she is qualified and voluntarily avails of the same
9) the right to AUTOMATIC SUSPENSION OF SENTENCE
10) the right to probation as an alternative to imprisonment, if qualified under the Probation Law
11) the right to have the records and proceedings involving him be considered PRIVILEGED AND
CONFIDENTIAL

MINIMUM AGE OF CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY

- a child FIFTEEN (15) YEARS OF AGE OR UNDER at the time of the commission of the offense shall be
EXEMPT from CRIMINAL LIABILITY, but he shall undergo INTERVENTION PROGRAM
- a child ABOVE FIFTEEN (15) YEARS OF AGE BUT BELOW EIGHTEEN (18) YEARS OF AGE shall likewise
be EXEMPT from CRIMINAL LIABILITY, if he or she acted WITHOUT DISCERNMENT, but he shall
undergo INTERVENTION PROGRAM
- however, they are exempted only from criminal liability and not from civil liability
- a child ABOVE FIFTEEN (15) YEARS OF AGE BUT BELOW EIGHTEEN (18) YEARS OF AGE who acted
WITH DISCERNMENT shall be subjected to the DIVERSION PROCEEDINGS and shall undergo
DIVERSION PROGRAM, if qualified
- a child ABOVE FIFTEEN (15) YEARS OF AGE BUT BELOW EIGHTEEN (18) YEARS OF AGE who acted WITH
DISCERNMENT and who is NOT QUALIFIED for DIVERSION, OR REFUSED to undergo DIVERSION, shall
be PROSECUTED

TREATMENT OF CHILD BELOW THE AGE OF CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY

- it shall be the duty of the law enforcement officer to determine the age of the child apprehended
- if the child apprehended is FIFTEEN (15) YEARS OLD OR BELOW, the law enforcement officer
MUST RELEASE THE CHILD TO THE CUSTODY OF HIS OR HER PARENTS OR GUARDIANS, OR
THE CHILD’S NEAREST RELATIVE
- it shall also be the duty of the law enforcement officer to give notice to the local social welfare and
development officer as to the apprehension of the child in conflict with the law

COMPREHENSIVE JUVENILE INTERVENTION PROGRAM

- shall be instituted in local government units from the barangay to the provincial levels
- shall include community-based programs on juvenile justice and welfare

COMMUNITY-BASED PROGRAMS ON JUVENILE JUSTICE AND WELFARE

- shall be instituted by the local government units through the school, youth organizations, and other
concerned agencies
- shall respond to the special needs, problems, interests and concerns of children and which offer
appropriate counseling and guidance to them and their families
- these programs shall consist of three (3) levels:

1) PRIMARY INTERVENTION
- includes general measures to promote social justice and equal opportunity, which tackle perceived

494
 root causes of offending

2) SECONDARY INTERVENTION
- includes measures to assist children at risk

3) TERTIARY INTERVENTION
- includes measures to avoid unnecessary contact with the formal justice system and other measures
to prevent re-offending

SYSTEM OF DIVERSION
- children in conflict with the law shall undergo diversion proceedings subject to the following
conditions:

1) the imposable penalty for the crime committed is NOT MORE THAN SIX (6) YEARS
IMPRISONMENT
2) in victimless crimes, the imposable penalty is NOT MORE THAN SIX (6) YEARS IMPRISONMENT
3) in cases where the imposable penalty exceeds six (6) years, diversion measures may be resorted to
only by the court

- the diversion proceedings shall be completed within FORTY-FIVE (45) DAYS CONTRACT OF

DIVERSION
- shall be prepared if the child:
1) is qualified for diversion; and
2) voluntarily admits the commission of the act and the parents or guardian of the child and the
child himself agrees to the diversion program
- it must be signed by the child’s parents or guardian and the authorities concerned

PROSECUTION
- a child in conflict with the law shall undergo PROSECUTION if:
1) he is not qualified for diversion
2) he is qualified for diversion but he or his parents or guardian does not agree to diversion
3) diversion is not appropriate for the child in conflict with the law, based on the social worker’s
recommendations

CONDUCT OF PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION

- there shall be a specially-trained prosecutor to conduct inquest, preliminary investigation and
prosecution of cases involving children in conflict with the law
- the information against the child shall be filed before the Family Court within FORTY- FIVE DAYS from
the start of the preliminary investigation

COURT PROCEEDINGS
- during trial, the court shall order:
1) the release of the child on recognizance to his or her parents and other suitable persons
2) the release of the child on bail
3) if the child is to be detained, the transfer of the child to a youth detention home
- detention of the child shall be ordered only as a last resort

AUTOMATIC SUSPENSION OF SENTENCE

- if the child in conflict with the law is found guilty of the offense charged, the court shall place the
495
 child under suspended sentence, without need of application
- the automatic suspension of sentence may be extended until the child reaches the maximum age of
TWENTY-ONE (21) YEARS OLD
- the court shall order the detention of the child in a youth rehabilitation center where he shall
undergo the appropriate disposition measures

DISCHARGE OF THE CHILD IN CONFLICT WITH THE LAW

- upon the recommendation of the social worker who has custody of the child, the court shall DISMISS
THE CASE AGAINST THE CHILD if the court finds that the disposition measures have been fulfilled

RETURN OF THE CHILD IN CONFLICT WITH THE LAW TO COURT

- if the court finds that the objective of the disposition measures imposed upon the child have not been
fulfilled, or if the child has willfully failed to comply with the conditions of his or her rehabilitation
program, the child shall be returned to court for the EXECUTION OF JUDGMENT

PROBATION
- a child in conflict with the law whose sentence was executed by the court upon reaching the
maximum age of TWENTY-ONE (21) shall be entitled to the benefits of probation under PD 968, the
Probation Law of 1976

OFFENSES NOT APPLICABLE TO CHILDREN

- persons below eighteen (18) years old shall be exempt from prosecution for the following crimes:
1) vagrancy and prostitution under the Revised Penal Code
2) mendicancy under PD No 1563
3) sniffing of rugby under PD 1619

IMPORTANT PROVISIONS OF RA 9775 REPUBLIC ACT

9775 – the ANTI-CHILD PORNOGRAPHY ACT OF 2009

- approved on
- the law that amended the provisions of RA 7610 on obscene publications and indecent shows
- it aims to protect every child from all forms of exploitation and abuse through the use of a child in
pornographic performances and materials and the inducement or coercion of a child to engage or to be
involved in pornography

CHILD PORNOGRAPHY
- refers to any representation, whether visual, audio or written combination thereof, by electronic,
mechanical, digital, optical, magnetic or any other means, of child engaged or involved in real or
simulated explicit sexual activities

SYNDICATED CHILD PORNOGRAPHY

- committed if carried out by a group of three (3) or more persons conspiring or confederating
with one another

CRIM. 5: HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Human Behavior

496