1.

0 INTRODUCTION

Education is a major part of human resource development. Without teachers and students, academic
institutions such as schools, colleges, and universities are pointless. Hence, a student's performance plays an
important role in any academic institution.It is always normalized that people with a good performance in
examinations have a good Intelligence Quotient (IQ) level. The IQ is a measurement of a person's capacity to
reason (Stevens , 2016). In a nutshell, it's designed to see how well someone can utilize reasoning and
knowledge to answer questions and make predictions (Stevens , 2016). Short- and long-term memory are
measured in IQ tests to begin accessing this (Stevens , 2016).
It is possible to conclude that the intelligence test has a significant impact on other factors such as the
curriculum, study programme, teacher, school features, and other academic performance ( Effendi et al., 2020).
Many factors influence an individual’s academic achievement and general intelligence is considered to be one
of the most important factors (Lalchhanhimi et al., 2022). By teaching and learning processes, self-motivation,
and students' attitudes about the course are all factors that influence Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA)
results (Abu Hassan et al., 2022). Aside from that, demographic parameters such as gender are taken into
account (Abu Hassan et al., 2022). As stated before, this proves that IQ has contributed to CGPA or academic
performance among students in their academic instituions.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between IQ and CGPA among university
students. This study will be conducted to prove whether the exam that will be held in university determines a
student’s level of intelligence.
One of the methods that can be used to achieve this investigation is regression. Sir Francis Galton
coined the term "regression" in 1877 while researching the relationship of height differences between fathers
and sons (Sharma, 2017). The act of returning to the average is defined as regression in the dictionary (Sharma,
2017). Regression analysis is the method of discovering the relationship between one or more dependent
variables and independent variables (Yan et al., 2009) . The goal of regression analysis is to predict the value of
one variable based on the known values of another variable (Sharma, 2017). The "independent variable" is the
variable that is used to estimate the variable of interest, and the "dependent variable" is the variable that the
study is attempting to predict (Sharma, 2017). The dependent variable is commonly abbreviated as y, whereas
the independent variable is abbreviated as x (Sharma, 2017). Regression can be classified into three types (Yan
et al., 2009). The first is simple linear regression, which models the linear relationship between two variables
(Yan et al., 2009). Multiple regression is the second type of regression, which is a linear regression model with
one dependent variable and multiple dependent variables (Yan et al., 2009) . Nonlinear regression is the third
type of regression, which assumes that the relationship between the dependent and independent variables is not
linear in the regression parameters (Yan et al., 2009).
In order to achieve the objective, this study can use regression analysis since it can figure out the
relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable .
3.0 METHODOLOGY

The dataset that contains IQ and CGPA that was collected from the final year college students. Table 1
shows IQ as an independent variable , x and CGPA as dependent variable , y. Regression analysis is used to
examine the relationship of IQ and CGPA among the final year college student. The intelligence quotient, or IQ,
is a measurement of your reasoning and problem-solving abilities (Cherry, 2022). It essentially indicates how
well you performed on a particular test when compared to other persons your age (Cherry, 2022). The CGPA is a
measure for evaluating your academic success (Bursaries et al., 2022). The CGPA is used to determine a
student's current standing overall (including all degree-related courses) and, if relevant, in a minor (Bursaries et
al., 2022). The CGPA is determined by dividing the total credit value of courses attempted by the sum of grade
points received (Bursaries et al., 2022). The data will be analyzed using Microsoft Excel.

TABLE 3.1 List of Data IQ and CGPA

Independent
variable , x 91 93 94 95 96 98 116 118 119 120
(IQ)

Dependent
variable , y 7.87 7.91 8.04 8.29 8.34 8.46 8.71 8.86 8.97 9.06
(CGPA)

3.1 LINEAR REGRESSION

Sir Francis Galton first proposed the notion of linear regression in 1894 (Kumar K et al., 2018).The
least squares method was introduced by Legendre in 1805 and Gauss in 1809 (Yan et al., 2009). That was the
very first form of linear regression (Yan et al., 2009).Linear regression is a statistical test used to establish and
quantify the relationship between the variables in a data set (Kumar K et al., 2018).

The simple linear regression model is often written as the following form :
y=β 0 + β 1 x + ε , (1)
Where y is the dependent variable, β 0 is y intercept, β 1 is the gradient or the slope of the regression line,
x is the independent variable, and ε is the random error (Yan et al., 2009) .

3.2 POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION

Diagnostics based on residuals can be used to assess the adequacy of polynomial models, which are specific
examples of multiple linear regression (Rawlings et al., 2005). Another option is to fit a higher-order polynomial
that is deemed adequate and then use statistical tests to obtain a low-order polynomial that is adequate (Rawlings
et al., 2005). It is possible to fit a polynomial of degree when one measurement is observed at each of the k
different values of the input variable (k-1) (Rawlings et al., 2005).

The polynomial’s formula is written as the following equation :

y=β 0 + β 1 x i1 + β 2 x i2+ β3 x i3+... + β m xim (1)
Here, xi, is the values of independent variables and β 0, β 1, ....., β m are constants (Shobhit et al., 2021)
3.3 EXPONENTIAL REGRESSION

Exponential regression is used to model situations in which growth begins slowly and then accelerates rapidly
without bound, or where decay begins rapidly and then slows down to get closer and closer to zero. We use the
command “ExpReg” on a graphing utility to fit an exponential function to a set of data points ("Exponential
kx
Regression | College Algebra", 2022). The exponential function has form of y=a b x or y= A 0 e . When

performing regression analysis, we use the form which most commonly used on graphing utilities , y=a b x.
Note that b must be non-negative. For b > 1, it is an exponential growth model while for 0 < b < 1, it is an
exponential decay model.

R-SQUARED

R-squared (also known as coefficient of determination) is a metric that quantifies how much variation a
regression model can explain (Muralidhar, 2022). The R-squared of a regression model is positive if the model's
prediction is better than the mean of the already available 'y' values, and negative otherwise. R-theoretical
squared's formula is shown below (Muralidhar, 2022).

2 SSexplained
R= (1)
SStotal

❑
SS❑explained =∑ ❑❑i=1 ¿ )❑2
n
(2)
❑
❑
SS❑total=∑ ❑❑ni=1 ¿ )❑2 (3)
❑
❑
SS❑residual =∑ ❑❑i=1 ¿ )❑2
n
(4)
❑

Where :
SS❑explained =explained variation ∑ of squares

SS❑total=total variation ∑ of squares

The formula above is true in theory, but only when R-squared is positive. The formula does not provide a
negative R-squared because we compute the sum of squares in both the numerator and denominator, which
always results in a positive R-squared. From the aforementioned formula, we can get the correct formula (the
one that is utilized in practice and also returns negative R-squared), as shown below.

SStotal=SS residual +SS explained

SSexplained =SS total−SS residual
 2 S S explained
R= (1)
SS total

2 S S e xplained −SSresidual
R= (2)
SStotal

2 SS residual
R =1− (3)
SStotal

ADJUSTED R-SQUARED

If the new predictors are independent of the target variable and provide no value to the model's predicting power,
R-squared grows or stays the same when we add more predictors to a multiple regression model (Muralidhar,
2022). R-disadvantage is overcome with adjusted R-squared. It will only increase if the new predictor increases
the model's accuracy (Muralidhar, 2022). As more independent and irrelevant parameters are added to a
regression model, the adjusted R-squared declines (Muralidhar, 2022).

2 (1−R2 )(n−1) ❑
R ad j =1− (1)
n− p−1

w h ere:

2
R =R−squared
n=number of samples /rows∈t h e data set
p=number of predictors/features
5.0 CONCLUSION

This study is using a regression analysis method in order to find out the best fit in curve fitting and determine the
relationship between IQ and CGPA. By using linear, quadratic and exponential regression , the findings show
that quadratic regression has the best fit in curve fitting. When the R-squared of the three regression models are
compared, quadratic regression has the highest value of 0.926916, whilst linear and exponential regression have
R-squared of 0.897936 and 0.890810, respectively. In nutshell, Quadratic regression is considered to have the
best fit data because the value of R-squared is closer to 1. Thus, the correlation between IQ level and CGPA was
found strongly correlated.The CGPA of the students is significantly related to the IQ. This proves the objective
of this study is to find out the relationship between the IQ and CGPA among the final year student using
regression analysis has been achieved. This study indicates that the student with average IQ (high/very high) can
perform better than the students with superior IQ (low/moderate). Although IQ is largely hereditary, the students
can be coached to acquire high IQ early in life, allowing them to flourish in school and at employment. Buat
cause effect dan recommend method lain for future reference , method interpolation

6.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This paper is a work under Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Negeri Sembilan , Kampus
Seremban. We thank our lecturer , Miss Faradilah , our families and friends for the support.

7.0 REFERENCES

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Stevens, A. P. (2019, December 3). What is IQ - and how much does it matter? Science News for
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Sykes, A. O. (1993). An introduction to regression analysis.

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8.0 AUTHORS’ INFORMATION

Nurzhulaika Binti Yahya is a 22 years old undergraduate student from Universiti

Teknologi Mara Seremban 3. She is interested in Mathematics (Calculus ) and Computer
Science. She is surely energetic and eager to learn new skills.

Siti Nur Aishah Roslan is in her second year of bachelor's degree in Mathematics at
Universiti Teknologi Mara Seremban, Negeri Sembilan. She is very interested in the
Mathematics field, especially Calculus. She is a very committed student and always
persistent in achieving her ambitions.