"ou ‘hymn eum eK ‘inep uno Nera ig ssnep meuipiogns || asnep wew suslues 7 auaym “piyan ‘oum s5nep amn>efpy ‘eq 5H pus sousquag am spioq Susp, -g suoreuuas * sanpemdaey “9 SouDOH °s nA y sunoaaig son 'z ‘Sued $1 pur sowsmeg ou | :seare ure Suro} op pause or Su 2201 om ut eed wey saimionns jeanoumaes otse9 ap pURisiopen (01 m9 TIM ROK 009 STH JO UoRDOS oFSaidra UNA puR aMOnNS om uy ; “uonfug yo sat SaRru-uou oj Aynousp osne> Spuonbany Yorn somos [eonmunUEt sper 2 0 Aue ust anu prepaEs 20) aweudoudde em efendon 1 Ange sno samseou vonsos uoreaidie WSU, pe aumoung Of i uoyssasdx3 u33311 pup aunjonys OM] U01}Da5 ‘OM, Uondes 10) uonesedary‘Proparation for section Two Preparation for sation Dopey chose eseerpehary an) Columbus discovered America while he was looking for India. an ae SS aamnetonyae ances fe adver lawe ben the sete, itis pred rom th min clase | sje neva a mosaic ae ‘A noun clause begins with the word “that” or a question word such as “wh <——_—__ bordinae clause as a subject and a verb, but it is dependent 0 = tan su 86 ject ‘ ae x 5; lause forts meaning. A subordinate clause cannot stand independently a. Sete! bow... ‘Main clause Sabordinate clause where. Subjects Vero | | Sutecrs Nero —— = one Seat ae EXERCISE 1 Find the subordinate clauses in these sentences. A complex sentence has a main clause and oe or more subordinate clauses. The 1. bee peroome «mpc dance, whea has ona fod, o inform ie subordinate clause(s) can function as an adjective, an adverb, o noun, ——— a alps vty aera a Main clause ‘Subordinate clause | [ Subordinate clause | ‘The house where Shakespeare lived has been visited by millions of peopl = ‘Subject + Verb | ‘Many people came to California in the 1860s believing that they would find g rare ‘Alle offices are closed because itis the Fourth of July. An adjective clause begins with & pronoun such as “whe,” “which saat core a oe a ee Sees ae 7. BeajeminFrsin, who wat fame acess, a ln sini —— author. Main clase | [ Aiectve awe 8. Although we call them shooting stare, meteorites are bits of mate ‘hofosefwhom ‘other planes entering the earth's atmosphere. ee) ete eel Earthworms ae insects which ae active a nish ar ‘Main clause Are Ors anes nee clause ean with a subordinate conjunction such as “before,” salthough?” “if? “while ot. Main clue ‘*"Whom” is not generally used in spoken English; “who” is used instead, oe sen ciaiwePreparation for section Two ‘Preparation for section TWo EXERCISE 3 Fill in the blanks with one of the words from (A), (B), (C), or (0). (@) Noun clauses ‘Main clause | { Noun clause which When. who bow. whore my. ‘A-noun clause can begin with « question word such as “what,” “where,” “how,” Subject 5. Object ‘What she weass is exciting. 1 don’t Know why he said that ‘Why she failed was clear. ‘We were told where to mailit- ‘Mainclause | [ Noun clause sy that feel think believe the cities do not provide better and cheaper 2 . the traffic problem will get worse. ‘A noun clause can function as an object after the verbs of “saying.” “thinking,” “believing,” and “feeling,” and begins with the word “that” ‘felt that be was telling she truth. ‘You said that it would be difficult ‘A noun clause which functions as an object may sometimes have the word “that” ‘omitted: ‘The students fl thatthe test was to dificult. (Omitted) The students fl the test was to dificult. HXERCISE 4 Identify the noun clauses if any, inthe following sentences: 1. The professor stated quite clearly that all the papers would have tobe given innext week. 2. The students felt their assignments were too time-consuming, 3. Inthe lat five minutes, the professor always reviewed his lecture, 4. Jol was worried about his grade point average. She tumed off the cassette player nsvnmnnmnennn Se could study. 5. We were always told what to study forthe final, aie ee @iiowan 11. The gi wl ell you where to pick up the registration package. @) incase ‘8, Each group cheered for their team as they scored their points. 65Preparation for section Two Preparation for section Two (e)Testom the sentence and 8. Eaton beste through he Skin ne must be foe soome toa fares be ust be kept moist, Choose the one word or phrase, (A), (B),(C), oF (D), that best completes the es (D) who 1. Fah ave nose fed fr smelling, ot for breathing. bes 9. Senos .--iger nado hans fm fos wate, @) wise we (©) whom (B) which are © tha (© tharae ©) they ae 25 ee the Industrial Revolution came to America, the majority of the pepo vedio aes, 10, Barly setders in America believed that n oversupply Of BOOM nn $e 3 Dees (© Because @D) Sothat 3. The commercial bole cock is obtained from the COM Oak ens in the peo ae Seer famous hunter, wat chiefly responsible for opening up theo mop Southwest Hers ®) i goring Boone (©) which grows Daniel Boone 4, Pearl Buck, who was the first American woman to win a Nobel prize for literate, een for her novel The Good Earth. 12, Benjamin Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanac, which apis oe 103 (A) who is best known ~:- formation and proverbs in an interestingPreparation for section Two ree ad Ae ‘counr Nouns ‘NON-COUNT NOUNS ©) = e) ) & es) 15. The stimulation that infant animals receive affects their behavior .. Ten i coro [paar - sour 1 ew da of money te money ce = gina tetoe: a rc) foe a a Ea ae oe me Soars heas =~ |Sae. ae 3 —— eee gr a, | eee Sea cate ft | oie ss 68Preparation for section Two Preparation for section Two Some count nours are regular and donot take “8” of “sin he plural. Here ae (anetnee some regular oust nouns ‘man - men foo ~ feet DETERMINERS Sree, eae Saas oecme Some non-count nouns may become paral and take fina “s” ores" when they Some dancrnt ype of ene parc ting. Tn hs case they ean aso take “aan” sa singular form ° es = Te weston ele ee) c— 2, tsi foots mustbeavided by people who have hea discase. [ee sea ot (particular types of food) sagan ee er oop Tike most fruit. (general) *Senamber ot an" [Ai praia enjoy isthe peach. (pariulr fi) “tert im ‘The following list contains some non-count nouns (which do not take “a/an” oF have a plural form) that you should know: ‘vice ie ack ee ur ‘0 Tneeage Sass fren? frinre = chnery a Se rok Sita tect D Determiners are’ words like “a,” “the,* "some," “any,” “this,” “that,” “these” loting —onety ney ser ni i 9 “some” “any.” “this,” “that” “these,” a — = “three,” “less ... than," “fewer . . . than." Some determiners can only be used Suge information pepper” ea ‘with count nouns, others with non-count nouns, and there are some which can be coipmentitligeace ponte trafic ‘used with both count and non-count nouns. This can be seen in the following — a eS chart (the underlined words can be used with both count and non-count nouns): fore Knowledge progess states tone | [in tae wf ‘elite IB. Nouns marked * can also be usd with “fan” or with “s” in the plural ike ees or “food alot at COUNT | one, two, the, NOUNS | aie te cone EXERCISE 1. Give the plurals of these nouns: some, an some, ane Te Agrestmanber of ‘arg mou of ‘Wesabe of ‘de amount of 2, accounting fewer...than | | teat. than 3 es soon | | more. than 4, electricity ie KXERCISE 2 Circle the correct determiner: oe 1, ‘There are lessfewer chairs in this room than inthe other zoom, ee 2. The assistant didnot give much/many information. a 3. After the negoistions, they made litle/few changes in their proposal. 4. A large amount ofa great number of mosquitos appeared after the rain, nPreparation for section Two Preparation for section Two 5. Light beer has less/fewer calories than regular beer. ““An® is used before words that begin with a vowel (a,¢,i,0,): '8. The case had to be reconsidered with these/this new evidence. reise tian (en SER “ARTICLE Ue ARTICLE Ee ieee eh a Resrtinst mm (before singular count nouns to mean one. “A” or “an” is not used before a ‘non-count noun. have a book. (count noun) Hike rice.” (noa-count noun)