UNIT 1

ENGLISH NUMBERS

Assignment 1. Active vocabulary. Match the Ukrainian words and word

combinations with their English equivalents:
порядкове число, дріб, десятковий дріб, додавати, віднімати, множити,
ділити, банківська справа, брокерська справа, бухгалтерський облік,
інвестування, цінні папери, складати бюджет, вести переговори, відсоткова
ставка, підняти на 3%, страхування, виробництво електроенергії з низьким
рівнем викидів вуглецю, безкоштовно користуватися, рада директорів,
різниця, зменшуване, від’ємник, сума, доданок, множник, добуток, ділене,
дільник, частка, трактат (наукова праця).
1. interest rate
2. accountancy
3. banking
4. broking
5. investment
6. securities
7. insurance
8. decimal point
9. ordinal number
10. fraction
11. low-carbon electricity
12. addend
13. sum
14. minuend
15. substrahend
16. difference
17. factor / multiplier
18. product
19. dividend
20. divisor
21. quotient / ratio
22. Board of Directors
23. treatise
24. to draw up a budget
25. to free ride
26. to negotiate
27. to raise by 3 %
28. to add
29. to substract / to deduct
30. to multiply
31. to divide
Numbers play an important role in our lives. Almost all the things we do
involve numbers and Mathematics. Whether we like it or not, our life revolves in
numbers since the day we were born. Working in finance, whether it is in
accountancy, banking, broking, investment, insurance, or whatever, we spend
especially a lot of time dealing with numbers. Reading, hearing, saying, writing,
numbers in a foreign language generally requires practice.
 When do you need to work with numbers?
1. I work in __________
2. I need the English of Finance for __________

I regularly read numbers in English in:

1. __________ 4. __________
2. __________ 5. __________
3. __________ 6. __________

I hear numbers spoken in English when __________

I have to use numbers in English:
1. in the classroom 3. on the phone
2. in meetings 4. __________
in order to:
Tick which of the following you have to do in English:
1. buy goods or services over the telephone
2. describe graphs
3. discuss accounts
4. discuss customers’ bank accounts
5. discuss projects with colleagues
6. discuss the market price of securities
7. draw up budgets
8. negotiate with producers, customers, brokers, etc.
9. present accounts and results to managers, colleagues, shareholders
10. present products or services to customers
11. sell products or services over the telephone
12. talk with technicians

Saying Numbers
1. OH, ZERO, LOVE, NOUGHT, NIL

The above are all ways of saying 0 in English.

We say oh
after a decimal point 7.02 seven point oh
two
in telephone numbers 47 06 58 four seven oh
six five eight
in bus numbers No. 501 get the five oh
one
in hotel room numbers Room 309 I’m in room
three oh nine.
in years 1904 nineteen oh
four
We say nought before the decimal point 0.07 nought point
oh seven
We say zero for the number 0 the number zero
for temperature -8°C eight degrees below zero
We say nil in football scores 3-0 France won three nil.
We say love in tennis 15-0 The score is fifteen
love.
0-0 Love game!

Now say the following:

 1. The exact figure is 0.004.
2. Can you reach me on 08266 259029?
3. Can you wake me up at 5? I’m in room 206.
4. I wouldn’t like to spend my holidays in Cairo at this time of the year. It’s
35 degrees above 0!
5. What’s the score? 4-0 to Manchester United.

2. THE DECIMAL POINT

In English, we use a point (.) and not a comma (,) for decimals. We use
commas in figures only when writing thousands.
10,001 is ten thousand and one.
10.001 is ten point oh oh one.

When accounts are prepared on computer, commas are not used. The number
appears as 72305.

In English all the numbers after a decimal point are read separately:
10.66 ten point six six Not ten point sixty six
0.325 nought point three two five
0.001 nought point oh oh one or 10-3, ten to the
power minus three

You will also hear people say:

0.05 zero point oh five or oh point oh five (mainly in American
English)

Digits after the decimal point are always grouped while reading currencies,
lengths and other measures:

47.99 s (seconds) forty seven seconds ninety nine

hundredths
3.87 m (meters) three metres eighty seven
centimetres
£14.50 fourteen pounds fifty
€ 2.45 two Euros forty five
NB. This is very important. When you do business on the phone, say nought
point three seven five (0.375) and not nought point three hundred and
seventy five. If the listener missed the word point, you might lose a lot of
money. Say the digits separately after the point.

Now say the following:

1. It’s somewhere between 3.488 and 3.491.
2. Look, it’s less than 0.0001! It’s hardly worth worrying about.
3. I changed all those yen into sterling and I only got £13.60!
4. That’s about 20.50 in Swiss francs.
5. Did you say 0.225 or 0.229?
6. The dollar is at 1.95.
7. No, I meant 15.005 not 15,005.

3. PER CENT
The stress is on the cent of per cent ten perCENT
Notice the following when talking about interest rates:
0.5 % a half of one per cent
0.25% a quarter of a percentage point
For example:
The Bank of England raised interest rates this morning by a quarter of a
percentage point.

Now say the following:

1. What’s 20% of 100?
2. They have put the rate up by another 0.5%.
3. 0.75% won’t make a lot of difference.

4. HUNDREDS, THOUSANDS, AND MILLIONS

In British English you hear a hundred and twenty three.
In American English you usually hear a hundred twenty three.
The number 1,999 is said one thousand nine hundred and
ninety nine
The year 1999 is said nineteen ninety nine.
The year 2000 is said the year two thousand.
The year 2006 is said two thousand and six.
The year 2019 is said two thousand and nineteen or
twenty nineteen.
Note: It is likely that different people will refer to the early years of the 21st
century in different ways
Remember that the year 1066 is always referred to as ten sixty six – not one
thousand and sixty six.
6
1,000,000 is a million or ten to the power six. (10 )
9
1,000,000,000 is a billion or ten to the power nine. (10 )
This is now common usage. British English used to be that a billion was ten
to the power twelve (1012) but now everyone has accepted the current
American usage.

Now say the following:

1. Why do you say 345 in Britain? In the States we usually say 345.
2. It’s got 1001 different uses.
3. Profits will have doubled by the year 2035.
4. Thanks. You’re one in 1,000,000!
5. No, that’s 2,000,000,000 not 2,000,000!

5. SQUARES, CUBES, AND ROOTS

2
10 is ten squared.
3
10 is ten cubed
is the square root of 6.

6. TELEPHONE AND FAX NUMBERS

We usually give telephone and fax numbers as individual digits:
01273 736344 oh one two seven three, seven three six, three four
four
344 can also be said as three double four
44 26 77 double four, two six, double seven
555 can be said as five double five, or five five five

7. FRACTIONS
Fractions are mostly like ordinal numbers (fifth, sixth, twenty third etc):
a third a fifth a sixth
Notice, however, the following:
a half a quarter three quarters
three and a half two and three quarters

Now read the following news item:

3
According to opinion polls, /4 of Americans are concerned about the
1
environment and generally support environmental protection. /4 of
registered voters say they care about the issue of climate change a great deal,
while 1/3 of respondents agree that government should do something about
climate change, but only 2/5 of the voters are willing to pay as little as US $1
per month more for low-carbon electricity. Instead, many people want to
free-ride and let others pay for their environmental benefits.

8. CALCULATING
Remember to pronounce the s in equals as /z/. It is singular; the part on the
left equals the part on the right.

10 + 4 = 14 ten plus four is fourteen

ten and four equals fourteen
10-4 = 6 ten minus four is six
ten take away four equals six
10 x 4 = 40 ten times four is (or equals) forty
ten multiplied by four is forty
1
10: 4 = 2 /2 ten divided by four is two and a half

+ = add - = subtract (or deduct) x =

multiply : = divide

Other ways of saying divide are:

per Fr/$ francs per dollar
6% p.a. six per cent per annum
over (x – y)/z x minus y, over z which is not the
same as x, minus y over z: x – y/z
a+b=s (addition) a and b are the addends, s is the
sum
a-b=d (substraction or difference) a is the minuend, b is the
substrahend, d (is the
remainder or the difference)
a x b=p (multiplication) a and b are the factors or the
multipliers, p is
the product
a: b=q (division) a is the dividend, b is the divisor, q
is the
(quotient or the ratio)

9. FOREIGN CURRENCY
Notice these ways of speaking about exchange rates:
How many yen are there to the dollar?
How many yen per dollar did you get?
The current rate is about 1.6 Euros to the pound.
How would you say these dollar rates?
 Dollar rates
Argentine Peso __________ 41.745079
Swiss Franc _____________ 0.988254
Japanese Yen ____________ 108.183759
Polish Zloty _____________ 3.770632

10. NUMBERS AS ADJECTIVES

When a number is used before a noun – like an adjective – it is always
singular. We say:
a fifty-minute lesson not a fifty-minutes lesson
Here are more examples:

A 22-inch monitor is too big for my desk.

Nurses work 12-hour shifts.
San swung his five-pound hammer.
I can’t believe she wrote a 25-page treatise on how to screw in a light bulb.
Harold found a 110-year-old book at the flea market.
The president of the company gave a 10-minute speech to the Board of
Directors.
He is knowledgeable in eighteenth-century politics.

Say the following in a similar way:

1. They lent us £250,000. They gave us a __________
2. The palace is 200 years old. We saw a __________
3. We lost $50,000. We made a __________
4. The pike weighed £ 12! I caught a __________

Assignment 2. Practice reading these numbers out loud.

1. 873,120
2. 92,367,031,234
3. 4,567,090
4. 0.00234 %
5. 3.14159
6. 423.75
7. $15.50
8. £8.95
9. 19,999
10. 1,956 years
11. In 1956
12. You can reach me at 04527-34000.
13. 2/3
14. 12 3/4
15. 0.25%
16. Please pay it into my account – number G5.235-440.
17. The score was 4-0
18. The maximum speed of Concorde is 2,179 km/h
19. 90 x 56 = 5040
20. 40 / 25 = 1.6
21. x2 + y3 = z

Assignment 3. Read the following quotations. Do you agree or disagree with

them?
Express your own opinion.
• “Without mathematics there’s nothing you can do. Everything around you is
mathematics. Everything around you is numbers.” – Shakuntala Devi
• “Although he may not always recognize his bondage, modern man lives
 under a tyranny of numbers.” – Nicolas Eberstadt
• “There can be very little of present-day science and technology that is not
dependent on complex numbers in one way or another.” – Keith Devlin

UNIT 2
THE THREE SECTORS OF THE
ECONOMY

PART 1. THE ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE

Assignment 1. Active vocabulary. Match the Ukrainian words and word

combinations with their English equivalents:
викачка нафти, прокладання кабелю, виконавчий директор, зварювання
металу, виробнича компанія, видобуток вугілля, виплавка руди, різання та
пресування металу, монтаж (збірка), технічне обслуговування електростанції,
точки оптової та роздрібної торгівлі, розподіл доданої вартості, година пік,
відрядження, вписуватися в загальну картину, готовий продукт, розрахунок
ціни, сидіти за кермом, товпитися (втискуватися), видобуток сировини, склад,
перевезення, метушня (неспокій), спадати на думку, струм, корпус, носик,
нагрівальна спіраль, гвинт, гайка, заклепка, болт, гумова ізоляція, пластикове
оздоблення, видобуток руди, подрібнення руди, первинний сектор, вторинний
сектор, третинний сектор, друковані плати, охорона здоров’я, дозвілля,
шайба, дріт.
1. managing director
2. manufacturing company
3. rush hour
4. maintenance of the power station
5. pumping of oil
6. mining of coal
7. laying of cable
8. smelting of ore
9. cutting and pressing of metal
10. welding of metal
11. digging of ore
12. milling of ore
13. assembling
14. wholesale and retail outlets
15. distribution of the added value
16. commotion
17. extraction of raw materials
18. finished product
19. calculation of price
20. transportation
21. business trip
22. current
23. shell

24. spout
25. coil
26. screw
27. nut
28. rivet
29. rubber insulation
30. plastic trimming
31. to cram into
32. to sit at the wheel of the car
33. to occur
34. primary sector
35. secondary sector
36. tertiary sector
37. leisure
38. health care
39. printed circuits
40. washer
41. wire
42. bolt
43. warehouse
44. to fit into the total picture

Assignment 2. Read an extract from David Lodge’s novel Nice Work. Robyn
Penrose a university English lecturer, is accompanying Vic Wilcox, the managing
director of a manufacturing company, on a business trip to Germany. She looks out
of the aeroplane window, and begins to think about the essentially English act of
making a cup of tea.

What is the key point that this extract is making about economies?

Sunlight flooded the cabin as the plane changed course. It was a bright, clear
morning. Robyn looked out of the window as England slid slowly by beneath them:
cities and towns, their street plans like printed circuits, scattered over a mosaic of
tiny fields, connected by the thin wires of railways and motorways. Hard to
imagine at this height all the noise and commotion going on down there. Factories,
shops, offices, schools, beginning the working day. People crammed into rush hour
buses and trains, or sitting at the wheels of their cars in traffic jams, or washing up
breakfast things in the kitchens of pebble-dashed semis. All inhabiting their own
little worlds, oblivious of how they fitted into the total picture. The housewife,
switching on her electric kettle to make another cup of tea, gave no thought to the
immense complex of operations that made that simple action possible: the building
and maintenance of the power station that produced the electricity, the mining of
coal or pumping of oil to fuel the generators, the laying of miles of cable to carry
the current to her house, the digging and smelting and milling of ore or bauxite into
sheets of steel or aluminium, the cutting and pressing and welding of the metal into
the kettle’s shell, spout and handle, the assembling of these parts with scores of
other components – coils, screws, nuts, bolts, washers, rivets, wires, springs, rubber
insulation, plastic trimmings; then the packaging of the kettle, the advertising of the
kettle, the marketing of the kettle to wholesale and retail outlets, the transportation
of the kettle to warehouses and shops, the calculation of its price, and the
distribution of its added value between all the myriad people and agencies
concerned in its production. The housewife gave no thought to all this as she
switched on her kettle. Neither had Robyn until this moment, and it would never
have occurred to her to do so before she met Vic Wilcox.
(David Lodge: Nice Work)

Assignment 3. In the 20th century the economy was described as consisting of

three sectors:
• the primary sector: agriculture, and the extraction of raw materials from
the earth;
 • the secondary sector: manufacturing industry, in which raw materials are
turned into finished products (although of course many of the people working for
manufacturing companies do not actually make anything, but provide a service-
administration, law, finance, marketing, selling, computing, personnel, and so on);

• the tertiary sector: the commercial services that help industry produce
and distribute goods to the final consumers, as well as activities such as education,
health care, leisure, tourism, and so on.

The text lists a large number of operations belonging to the different sectors
of the economy. Classify the 18 activities from the text according to which sector
they belong to:
advertising products assembling building
calculating prices cutting metal digging iron
ore
distributing added value laying cables maintenance
marketing products milling metal mining coal
packaging products pressing metal pumping oil
smelting iron transportation welding metal

Can you think of three important activities to add to each list?

Assignment 4. Which sectors does your country specialise in?

Assignment 5. How many people in the tertiary sector have you already spoken to
today (travelling to institute or shopping, eating, and so on)? What about people in
the other two sectors? When did you last talk to someone who grew or produced
food, for example?

Assignment 6. Translate the sentences using the words and word combinations
from the Active vocabulary:
1. Утримання такого великого магазину потребує великих коштів.
2. Точки збуту бувають роздрібні та оптові, звичайно саме в оптових
точках ціни нижчі.
3. На сьогоднішній день в Україні налічується 4 атомних
електростанцій.
4. Євген Патон був першим у світі, хто винайшов електричне
зварювання.
5. Забезпечення роботи електростанції – першочергове завдання цієї
групи людей.
6. Оман займає провідні позиції у видобутку нафти.
7. Підрахунок ціни на високотехнологічну продукцію завжди був
складним процесом, який вимагав врахування багатьох факторів
впливу на нього.
8. Перевезеннями у нашій компанії займається окремий відділ.
9. Ця компанія займається видобутком сировини і перевезенням її до
заводів для подальшої обробки.
10. В країні виробляється незначна частина продовольчих товарів з
високою часткою доданої вартості.

Assignment 7. Active vocabulary. Match the Ukrainian words and word

combinations with their English equivalents:
основні продукти харчування, для власного споживання і на продаж,
збирати врожай, випасання худоби, збиральництво, гірництво, рибальство,
розробка кар’єрів, переробка сировини, лісництво, бути зайнятим, обробка
сировини, обробка металу, комунальні енергопідприємства, пивоварний
завод, лінія розливу (завод безалкогольних напоїв), юридичні послуги,
машинобудування, суднобудування, підприємство, діловодство, готовий
продукт, роздрібна і оптова торгівля, надавати послуги, неприбутковий,
четвертинний сектор, п’ятинний сектор.
1. processing of raw materials
2. metal working
3. brewery
4. bottler
5. basic foods
6. utilization of raw materials
7. subsistence and commercial
8. retail and wholesale sales
9. clerical services
10. nonprofit
11. forestry
12. grazing
13. gathering
14. mining
15. quarrying
16. shipbuilding
17. fishing
18. engineering industries
19. business
20. law
21. energy utilities
22. quaternary sector
23. quinary sector
24. finished goods
25. to be engaged in smth
26. to harvest products
27. to provide / to render/
to deliver / supply services

Assignment 8. Some people now describe the economy as having five sectors,
consisting of information services such as computing, ICT (information and
communication technologies, consultancy and R&D (research and development,
particularly in scientific fields). Broader definitions add intellectual activities
including culture.

Now read and discuss the text.

A nation’s economy can be divided into various sectors to define the

proportion of the population engaged in the activity sector. This categorization is
seen as a continuum of distance from the natural environment. The continuum
starts with the primary sector, which concerns itself with the utilization of raw
materials from the earth such as agriculture and mining. From there, the distance
from the raw materials of the earth increases.
Primary Sector
The primary sector of the economy extracts or harvests products from the
earth. The primary sector includes the production of raw material and basic foods.
Activities associated with the primary sector include agriculture (both subsistence
and commercial), mining, forestry, farming, grazing, hunting and gathering,
fishing, and quarrying. The packaging and processing of the raw material
associated with this sector is also considered to be part of this sector.
In developed and developing countries, a decreasing proportion of workers
are involved in the primary sector. About 3% of the U.S. labor force is engaged in
primary sector activity today, while more than two-thirds of the labor force were
primary sector workers in the mid-nineteenth century.
Secondary Sector
The secondary sector of the economy manufactures finished goods. All of
manufacturing, processing, and construction lies within the secondary sector.
Activities associated with the secondary sector include metal working and
smelting, automobile production, textile production, chemical and engineering
industries, aerospace manufacturing, energy utilities, engineering, breweries and
bottlers, construction, and shipbuilding.
Tertiary Sector
The tertiary sector of the economy is the service industry. This sector
provides services to the general population and to businesses. Activities associated
with this sector include retail and wholesale sales, transportation and distribution,
entertainment (movies, television, radio, music, theater, etc.), restaurants, clerical
services, media, tourism, insurance, banking, healthcare, and law.
In most developed and developing countries, a growing proportion of
workers are devoted to the tertiary sector. In the U.S., more than 80% of the labor
force are tertiary workers.
Quaternary Sector
The quaternary sector of the economy consists of intellectual activities.
Activities associated with this sector include government, culture, libraries,
scientific research, education, and information technology.
Quinary Sector
Some consider there to be a branch of the quaternary sector called the
quinary sector, which includes the highest levels of decision making in a society or
economy. This sector would include the top executives or officials in such fields as
government, science, universities, nonprofit, healthcare, culture, and the media.
by Matt Rosenberg
Now answer the question:
What activities are associated with
1. the primary sector:
2. the secondry sector:
3. the tertiary sector:
4. the quaternary sector:
5. quinary sector?

Assignment 9. Translate the text into English using the words from the Active
vocabulary.
Сектор економіки – сукупність кількох елементів національної
економіки, яким притаманні деякі спільні галузеві, технологічні, правові та
інші характеристики.
Існує декілька різних способів розподілу економіки на сектори – за
історичним розвитком, за гіпотезою трьох або чотирьох секторів економіки,
або за належністю до державного, приватного чи неприбуткового сектору.
Баланс між секторами економіки залежить від рівню економічного розвитку.
Згідно з гіпотезою трьох секторів економіки, сучасні економічні
системи характеризуються трьома основними сферами діяльності. А гіпотеза
п’ятьох секторів економіки поділяє останній сектор на три:
• Первинний сектор економіки: галузі економіки, продукти яких
здебільшого є сировиною для інших галузей. До первинного сектора
належать сільське господарство, рибальство, лісова промисловість та
гірництво. До первинного сектора також часто зараховують діяльність,
пов’язану зі збором, пакуванням, очисткою і переробкою сировини на місці.
• Вторинний сектор економіки: галузі економіки, що
перетворюють сировину на закінчений, готовий до споживання, продукт,
наприклад виробництво автомобілів зі сталі або виробництво одягу із тканин.
До вторинного сектора належать будівництво і виробництво. Вторинний
сектор використовує матеріали первинного сектора і виробляє на основі цієї
сировини продукт, призначений для споживання, продажу або використання в
інших галузях.
• Третинний сектор економіки або сфера послуг: включає
економічну діяльність, пов’язану з послугами. Поняття послуг охоплює всі
види діяльності, що не завершуються виробництвом продукта, але сприяють
процесу виробництва, покращуючи продуктивність. До послуг належить
фінансова і банкова діяльність, транспорт, оптова і роздрібна торгівля,
страхування, інформаційна галузь, медицина, освіта та індустрія розваг тощо.
Інформаційні технології часто виокремлюють і включають у четвертинний
сектор економіки. У розвинутих країнах третинний сектор економіки
найбільший за кількістю працівників і зростає найшвидшими темпами.
Деякі теоретики розділяють третинний сектор на два, а то й на три:
• Третинний сектор економіки: галузі економіки, що постачають
прямі нескладні послуги як для споживачів, так і для підприємств, такі як
роздрібна та оптова торгівля, житлово-комунальні послуги, догляд за дітьми,
кіно і банківські послуги.
• Четвертинний сектор економіки: галузі економіки, пов’язані з
послугами для бізнесу, такі як фінансові, юридичні, інформаційні, страхові.
• П’ятинний сектор економіки: галузі економіки, що входять в
поняття «економіки знань». Включає в себе послуги населенню, що
потребують високого рівня кваліфікації персоналу: освіта, медицина, наукові
дослідження та розробки, необхідні для виробництва виробів з природних
ресурсів. Інформаційні технології та галузь освіти також включаються в цей
сектор.

PART 2. MANUFACTURING AND SERVICES

Assignment 1. Active vocabulary. Match the Ukrainian words and word

combinations with their English equivalents:
безробіття, привертати мало уваги, розвинені промислові країни,
переважна більшість чогось, важка промисловість, забезпечити фізичними
предметами споживання, жити за рахунок виробництва, заробляти на
прожиття, працюючи у сільському господарстві, неминучий спад, значна
частина економіки, розвиток сфери послуг, скорочення об’ємів виробництва.
1. inevitable decline
2. the growth of service industries
3. the advanced industrialized countries
4. the vast majority of
5. unemployment
6. the loss of manufacturing industry
7. heavy industry
8. solid substance of economics
9. to live on manufacturing
10. to supply with the physical objects of
consumption
11. to earn one’s living from agriculture
12. to attract very little discussion

Assignment 2. Read the text, answer the questions and express your own opinion
about the problem raised in the text.
Two hundred years ago, the vast majority of the population of virtually every
country lived in the countryside and worked in agriculture. Today, in what many
people call “the advanced industrialized countries”, only 2-3% of the population
earn their living from agriculture. But some people already talk about “the post-
industrial countries”, because of the growth of service industries, and the decline of
manufacturing, which is moving to “the developing countries”.
Is manufacturing industry important? Is its decline in the “advanced”
countries inevitable? Will services adequately replace it?

Assignment 3. Read this extract from an interview with the well-known Canadian
economist, John Kenneth Galbraith, and answer the questions.
1. Why do people worry about the decline of manufacturing?
2. Which activities are as important as the production of goods?
3. Should people worry about this state of affairs?

We worry about unemployment and the loss of manufacturing industry in the

advanced industrial countries only because we don’t look at the larger social
developments. The US, for example, no longer depends on heavy industry for
employment to the extent that it once did. This is related to a larger fact that has
attracted very little discussion. After a country’s people are supplied with the
physical objects of consumption, they go on to concern about their design. They go
on to an enormous industry persuading people they should buy these goods; they
go on to the arts, entertainment, music, amusement – these become the further, later
stages of employment. And these are things that are extremely important. Paris,
London, New York and so on do not live on manufacturing; they live on design and
entertainment. We do not want to consider that this is the solid substance of
economics, but it is. I don’t think it is possible to stop this progressive change in
the patterns of human consumption. It is inevitable.
(J.K. Galbraith in conversation with Steve Platt, New Statesman and Society)

Assignment 4. Active vocabulary. Match the Ukrainian words and word

combinations with their English equivalents:
знищити перешкоди для міжнародного надання послуг, конкуренція,
надання послуг через Інтернет, здобути долю ринка, стосовно (те, що
стосується), надавати послуги дистанційно, поділ праці, зберігатися в
цифровому форматі, тенденція до зниження (до скорочення об’ємів), порядок
денний, країни, що розвиваються, інноваційний потенціал, перевозити на
великі відстані в найкоротші строки, матеріальні товари, нематеріальні
послуги, робочі місця, обіг, проводити чітку різницю між чимось, гарантійне і
постгарантійне обслуговування, Організація економічного співробітництва та
розвитку (ОЕСР), припущення, погіршення якості, зтирати межу (розмивати
кордони).

1. agenda
2. downward trend
3. competition
4. division of labour
5. emerging countries
6. innovative capabilities
7. in terms of
8. turnover
9. service provision via the internet
10. assumption
11. jobs
12. quality deterioration
13. tangible goods
14. intangible services
15. warranties and after-sales care
16. to supply services remotely
17. to eliminate obstacles to the
 international delivery of services
18. to gain a market share
19. to be digitally stored
20. to blur the boundaries
21. to make a clear distinction between
22. to transport over long distances in no
time
23. the Organisation for Economic
Cooperation and Development
(OECD)

Assignment 5. Read and translate the text. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the reason of continuously decreasing employment in
manufacturing and declining of manufacturing?
2. Why do the experts foresee a gloomy future for manufacturing industries
in OECD economies?
3. What can the decline in manufacturing in OECD economies result in?
4. What is the progressive character of manufacturing in terms of
productivity, innovation and international trade?
5. How have services and the nature of services provision changed over
time?
6. Why do the boundaries between manufacturing and services industries
become increasingly blurred?

“MANUFACTURING OR SERVICES: THAT IS (NOT) THE QUESTION”

THE ROLE OF MANUFACTURING AND SERVICES IN OECD
ECONOMIES

The role of manufacturing and services has been high on the policy agenda
in OECD countries for many decades. OECD economies are characterised by a
long-term process of deindustrialisation with continuously decreasing employment
in manufacturing – very significantly in some countries like the United States and
the United Kingdom – and a declining share of manufacturing in overall economic
activity. Some commentators foresee in this downward trend a gloomy future for
manufacturing industries in OECD economies, particularly in light of the growing
competition of emerging economies. Over a relatively short period, countries like
China have gained important market shares in global manufacturing, first in more
traditional manufacturing industries, but in more recent years, increasingly also in
higher technology industries.
International production fragmentation in manufacturing has led to a division
of labour where OECD countries have become increasingly specialised in upstream
activities like R&D, design, innovation, etc. while some emerging countries have
become more specialised in manufacturing and assembly activities. As a result,
OECD countries specialise in the production of ideas, concepts and services, but
less so in the production of physical goods. The fear is that the loss of certain
manufacturing / assembly activities may result in a loss of innovative capabilities
in the longer-term. This fear is compounded by the observation that OECD
countries also face increasing competition from emerging economies in innovation,
R&D, and higher value added activities. The question more broadly is whether
OECD economies can continue to grow without a solid manufacturing base; and
whether the decline in manufacturing will threaten technological progress and
innovation and thus the long-term future of OECD countries.
While the progressive character of manufacturing in terms of productivity
(as a source of economic growth), innovation (as a source of productivity) and
international trade (as a source of export income and also productivity) has been
stressed in policy discussions, services have traditionally been labelled as
“unprogressive”. The fact is, however, that services have dramatically changed
over time; technological innovations combined with new business models have
profoundly altered the nature of services provision and structure for certain
categories of services. Important obstacles to the international delivery of services
have been eliminated as new means of supplying services remotely have been
developed (for example service provision via the internet). These modern services
are more similar to manufacturing goods in the sense that they can be digitally
stored and more easily traded. Technological progress particularly in ICT has
increased the codifiability of certain services, giving them a physical and storable
presence (e.g. financial products, telecommunications, data, etc.). Via ICT
networks (telecom networks, internet, satellite, etc.), these services can be
electronically transported over long distances in no time and without quality
deterioration. The increased transportability has in turn thus rendered services more
internationally tradable; services that were not traded at all are now more often
exchanged across borders.
The underlying assumption in discussions about manufacturing and services
is that a clear distinction can be made between the tangible goods producing
manufacturing industry or firm at the one side, and the intangible services
sector/firm at the other side. But the changing characteristics of manufacturing as
well as services make the boundaries between both groups of industries and firms
increasingly blurred. Many services firms are becoming more like manufacturing
firms as outputs are mass produced service products rather than customised
services experiences. Conversely, many manufacturing firms have been
transformed into services firms.
Further on, firms are increasingly structured around the close interaction of
“manufacturing” and “services” activities, which makes it difficult to statistically
assign firms exclusively to manufacturing or services industries. Manufacturing
firms do not only undertake pure manufacturing activities, nor do services firms
undertake only services activities. For example, jobs in manufacturing firms are no
longer associated only with the pure production process (fabrication, assembly,
etc.); instead an increasing number of employees in manufacturing are employed in
occupations that can be considered as services-related, such as management,
business, design, finance and legal professionals.
Manufacturing companies no longer sell only physical goods, but instead sell
bundles including design, development, marketing, warranties and after-sales care,
etc. Consumers are nowadays used to buying inseparable goods and services, sold
by manufacturing or services firms. Xerox for example has restructured itself into
a “document solution” company, offering technology advanced printers systems
but also services like document managing and consulting; in fact, services
represent around 40 % of Xerox’s turnover and are soon expected to represent
more than 50 %.

Assignment 6. Translate the text into English using the Active vocabulary.
Третинний сектор господарства, який надає різноманітні види послуг,
став ключовим сектором економіки у розвинених країнах. Задовольнивши
матеріальні потреби, люди все більше звертають увагу на забезпечення
комфортності життя та умов праці, свій інтелектуальний та духовний
розвиток.
У розвинутих країнах третинний сектор господарства становить
основну частину економіки як за кількістю працюючих (понад 60
% економічно активного населення), так і за часткою ВВП. Наприклад, у
більшості країн ЄС у сфері послуг працює 65-75 % економічно активного
населення. У США сфера послуг забезпечує 80 % усього приросту зайнятості
в країні. Водночас зменшується кількість робочих місць у промисловості в
зв’язку зі зростанням продуктивності праці, механізацією та автоматизацією
праці. В Україні також зростає частка сфери послуг. Нині вона забезпечує
робочі місця понад 60 % зайнятих у господарстві та перевищує 40 %
у структурі виробництва ВВП. Найбільшими секторами сфери послуг в
Україні є транспорт, торгівля, ремонт автомобілів, зв’язок, фінанси та кредит.
Швидкими темпами розвиваються готельне господарство, громадське
харчування (особливо послуги мережі швидкого харчування «фаст-фудів»),
ремонтно-будівельні послуги, індустрія розваг.
Послуги, як правило, не завершуються виробництвом матеріального
продукту, але сприяють процесу виробництва, підвищують продуктивність
праці. Хоча деякі види послуг все ж передбачають виробництво матеріальних
благ, наприклад громадське харчування (ресторани, кав’ярні, їдальні, бари),
ательє пошиття одягу.

Assignment 7. Read the following statements about manufacturing and services in

advanced countries. Which of them do you find the most convincing and why?
1. A lot of service sector jobs depend on manufacturing industry.
Manufacturing companies provide work for accountants, lawyers,
designers, salespeople, marketers, IT specialists, etc.
2. Advanced countries have expertise in higher education, R&D, ICT,
business consulting, etc. They should concentrate on these strengths,
rather than trying to make things more cheaply than less-developed
countries.
3. Manufacturing industry will inevitably decline in advanced countries and
be replaced by services, because labour costs are too high. Companies
will delocalize their manufacturing to low-cost countries.
4. Depending on service industries is dangerous; after the financial crisis in
2008, New York and London didn’t only lose financial jobs, but also lots
of jobs in all the related service industries: law firms, real estate,
expensive restaurants, etc. Big cities need factories too.
5. Service functions such as call centers, accounting, writing software, can
all be outsourced to companies in cheaper countries. Consequently,
advanced countries should concentrate on high-quality manufacturing,
which requires skills that cannot be outsourced or delocalized.

Assignment 8. Active vocabulary. Match the Ukrainian words and word

combinations with their English equivalents:
проміжні товари, товар, виробничий процес, обробна промисловість,
відповідати (складати) за значну частину промислового сектора, харчова
промисловість і виробництво напоїв (виробництво продуктів харчування і
напоїв), завдячувати, в сфері своєї діяльності, робити вклад у щось,
внутрішній валовий продукт, незамінний, створювати робочі місця,
запроваджувати новітні технології, запровадження концепції екологічно-
безпечного навколишнього середовища, стосовно, відігравати роль щита,
гарантувати (забезпечувати), оборона країни, реальні прибутки,
прискорювати, дотримуватися екологічних норм, вживати заходів,
перевезення, сприятливе становище, корисний, зовнішній ефект економічної
діяльності, трудомістке виробництво, товарно-матеріальні запаси, приріст
вартості, фінансовий рік, звітний період.

1. gross domestic product (GDP)

2. with regard to
3. shipments
4. externality
5. beneficial
6. real earnings
7. food and beverage industry
8. favourable position
9. implementation of the concept of
eco friendly environment
10. inventory
11. within one’s purview
12. intermediate goods
13. fiscal year
14. indispensable
15. increments of value
16. commodities
17. reporting period
18. production process
19. manufacturing industry
20. intensive production
21. defence of the country
22. to abide by the eco friendly norms
23. to ensure
24. to introduce latest techniques
25. to take measures
26. to account for a significant share
of the industrial sector
27. to owe to smth
28. to generate employment
29. to contribute to smth
30. to gear up
31. to act as a shield

Assignment 9. Read and translate the text:

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

Manufacturing industry refers to those industries which involve the

manufacturing and processing of items and indulge in either creation of new
commodities or in value addition. The manufacturing industry accounts for a
significant share of the industrial sector in developed countries. The final products
can either serve as finished goods for sale to customers or as intermediate goods
used in the production process.
Evolution of the manufacturing industry:
Manufacturing industries came into being with the occurrence of
technological and socio-economic transformations in the Western countries in the
18th-19th century. This was widely known as industrial revolution. It began in
Britain and replaced the labor intensive textile production with mechanization and
use of fuels.
Working of manufacturing industry:
Manufacturing industries are the chief wealth producing sectors of an
economy. These industries use various technologies and methods widely known as
manufacturing process management. Manufacturing industries are broadly
categorized into engineering industries, construction industries, electronics
industries, chemical industries, energy industries, textile industries, food and
beverage industries, metalworking industries, plastic industries, transport and
telecommunication industries. Manufacturing industries are important for an
economy as they employ a huge share of the labor force and produce materials
required by sectors of strategic importance such as national infrastructure and
defence. However, not all manufacturing industries are beneficial to the nation as
some of them generate negative externalities with huge social costs. The cost of
letting such industries flourish may even exceed the benefits generated by them.
Owing to the emerging technologies worldwide, the world manufacturing
industry has geared up and has incorporated several new technologies within its
purview. Economists consider the World manufacturing industry as a sector which
generates a lot of wealth. Generating employment, introducing latest techniques,
real earnings from shipments etc., have put the world manufacturing industry in a
favorable position.
World Manufacturing Industry:
With the implementation of the concept of eco friendly environment, world
manufacturing industry has taken several measures to ensure that the
manufacturing industries worldwide abide by the eco friendly norms. World
 manufacturing industry also plays an important role in the defence of a country. By
manufacturing aircraft which play a vital role in the country’s defence, the
aerospace manufacturing industry acts as a shield. Other industries in the
manufacturing sector manufacture products which are indispensable in our daily
lives. With regard to the GDP or gross domestic product, world manufacturing
industry contributes to the global economy as well as the global GDP.

Assignment 10. Answer the following questions:

1. What does manufacturing industry refer to?
2. When did manufacturing industry come into being?
3. What methods and technologies do manufacturing industries use?
4. What are manufacturing industries categorized into?
5. Why are manufacturing industries so important?
6. Are all manufacturing industries beneficial to the nation?

Assignment 11. Match up the words on the left with the definitions on the right
and translate them:
1. commodity a. an item that is a final-product of a process, but is also
used as an input in the production process of some other
good. (Raw materials, such as steel, which will be
transformed into another form.)
2. value addition b. a reasonably homogeneous good or material, bought
and sold freely as an article of commerce.
3. intermediate goods c. difference between the total sales revenue of an industry
and the total cost of components, materials, and services
purchased from other firms within a reporting period
(usually one year). It is the industry’s contribution to the
gross domestic product (GDP).
4. externality d. materials or products which have received the final
increments of value through manufacturing or processing
operations, and which are being held in inventory for
delivery, sale, or use.
5. gross domestic e. range of control or expertise.
product
6. finished goods f. a consequence of an economic activity that is
experienced by unrelated third parties. It can be either
positive or negative.
7. purview g. the value of a country’s overall output of goods and
services (typically during one fiscal year) at market prices,
excluding net income from abroad.

Assignment 12. Translate the text into English using the Active vocabulary.
У значній мирі загальний розвиток економіки країни в цілому залежить
від рівня розвитку промисловості. Забезпечення стабільного розвитку
промисловості дозволяє тримати на високому рівні економічну безпеку, що в
свою чергу, дає можливим протистояти впливу зовнішніх загроз від
негативних економічних чинників та мінімізувати заподіяні збитки, активно
приймати участь у світовому поділі праці для створення сприятливих умов
розвитку вітчизняного ринку, експортного потенціалу і раціоналізувати
існуючий імпорт.
Промисловість також забезпечує зайнятість у суміжних сферах,
передусім це транспорт і торгівля. За даними Єврокомісії, одне робоче місце в
переробній промисловості спонукає до створення до 2 робочих місць в інших
секторах.
Отже, промисловість є рушієм прискорення економічного розвитку,
зростання соціальних стандартів, та підвищення рівня економічної безпеки
країни.
 UNIT 3
MANAGEMENT

PART 1 MANAGEMENT – AN ART OR A SCIENCE?

Assignment 1. Active vocabulary. Match the Ukrainian words and word

combinations with their English equivalents:
встановлювати цілі, виховувати кадри, переконливий, підлеглий,
оцінювати об’єми роботи, розподіляти людські і грошові ресурси,
постачальник, реалізатор, доносити (пояснювати) цілі, виконувати роботу,
контролювати роботу підлеглих, досягати цілей, змінювати, підвищення,
голова компанії, органи державної влади, місцеві громади, мати справу з
чимось, припущення, дні злічені, втілити теорію в практику, таким чином,
призначати, оцінювати продуктивність персоналу, звільняти, враховувати
потреби майбутнього, відділ, чітка тактика, владний, рішучий, розумний.

1. distributor
2. neighbouring communities
3. in this fashion
4. authoritative
5. rational
6. decisive
7. persuasive
8. subordinate
9. public authorities
10. the days are numbered
11. proposition
12. supplier
13. promotion
14. unit
15. company chairman
16. precise tactics
17. to supervise the work of
subordinates
18. to appoint
19. to dismiss
20. to achieve / attain objectives
21. to modify
22. to put techniques into practice
23. to consider the needs of the future
24. to communicate objectives to smb
25. to allocate resources of people and
money
26. to develop people
27. to measure the performance of the
staff
28. to set objectives
29. to perform jobs
30. to deal with smth
31. to measure
Assignment 2. Answer the following questions:
1. What is management? Is it an art or a science? An instinct or a set of
skills and techniques that can be taught?

2. What do you think makes a good manager? Which four of the following
qualities do you think are the most important?

A being decisive: able to make quick decisions

B being efficient: doing things quickly, not leaving tasks unfinished, having a
tidy desk, and so on
C being friendly and sociable
D being able to communicate with people
E being logical, rational and analytical
F being able to motivate and inspire and lead people
G being authoritative: able to give orders
H being competent: knowing one’s job perfectly, as well as the work of one’s
subordinates
I being persuasive: able to convince people to do things
J having good ideas
K being highly educated and knowing a lot about the world
L being prepared to work 50 to 60 hours a week
M wanting to make a lot of money

3. Are there any qualities that you think should be added to this list?

4. Which of these qualities can be acquired? Which must you be born with?

Assignment 3. This text summarizes some of Peter Drucker’s views on

management. As you read about his description of the work of a manager, decide
whether the five different functions he mentions require the four qualities you
selected in your discussion, or others you did not choose.

WHAT IS MANAGEMENT?

Peter Drucker, the well-known American business professor and consultant,

suggests that the work of a manager can be divided into planning (setting
objectives), organizing, integrating (motivating and communicating), measuring,
and developing people.
First of all, managers (especially senior managers such as company chairmen
– and women – and directors) set objectives, and decide how their organization can
achieve them. This involves developing strategies, plans and precise tactics, and
allocating resources of people and money.
Secondly, managers organize. They analyse and classify the activities of
the organization and the relations among them. They divide the work into
manageable activities and then into individual jobs. They select people to manage
these units and perform the jobs.
Thirdly, managers practise the social skills of motivation and
communication. They also have to communicate objectives to the people
responsible for attaining them. They have to make the people who are responsible
for performing individual jobs form teams. They make decisions about pay and
promotion. As well as organizing and supervising the work of their subordinates,
they have to work with people in other areas and functions.
Fourthly, managers have to measure the performance of their staff, to see
whether the objectives set for the organization as a whole and for each individual
member of it are being achieved.
Lastly, managers develop people – both their subordinates and themselves.
Obviously, objectives occasionally have to be modified or changed. It is
generally the job of a company’s top managers to consider the needs of the future,
and to take responsibility for innovation, without which any organization can only
expect a limited life. Top managers also have to manage a business’s relations with
customers, suppliers, distributors, bankers, investors, neighbouring communities,
public authorities, and so on, as well as deal with any major crises which arise. Top
managers are appointed and supervised and advised (and dismissed) by a
company’s board of directors.
Although the tasks of a manager can be analysed and classified in this
fashion, management is not entirely scientific. It is a human skill. Business
professors obviously believe that intuition and ‘instinct’ are not enough; there are
management skills that have to be learnt. Drucker, for example, wrote nearly 30
years ago that ‘Altogether this entire book is based on the proposition that the days
of the “intuitive” manager are numbered,’ meaning that they were coming to an
end. But some people are clearly good at management, and others are not. Some
people will be unable to put management techniques into practice. Others will have
lots of technique, but few good ideas. Outstanding managers are rather rare.
Peter Drucker: An Introductory View of Management

Assignment 4. These are (apparently) genuine memos circulated by managers in

American companies:
E-mail is not to be used to pass on information or data. It should be used
only for company business.

No one will believe you solved this problem in one day! We’ve been
working on it for months. Now, go act busy for a few weeks and I’ll let you
know when it’s time to tell them.

As of tomorrow, employees will only be able to access the building using

individual security cards. Pictures will be taken next Wednesday and
employees will receive their cards in two weeks.

We know that communication is a problem in this company but we are not

going to discuss it with the employees.

This project is so important, we can’t let things that are more important
interfere with it.

What I need is a list of specific unknown problems we will encounter.

Teamwork is a lot of people doing what I say.

Assignment 5. Translate the sentences using the Active vocabulary.

1. Важливо не тільки мати теоретичні знання, а й використовувати їх на
практиці.
2. Дні компанії, яка виробляє застарілі товари, добігають кінця.
3. Крім організації та спостереження за роботою своїх підлеглих
менеджер має співпрацювати з інвесторами, постачальниками,
банкірами, місцевими громадськими організаціями, органами
державної влади та людьми з інших сфер.
4. Вона давно навчилася оцінювати продуктивність праці персоналу,
що робить її надзвичайно цінним членом нашої команди.
5. Ми повинні призначити групу ініціативних осіб, відповідальних за
зв’язок із місцевими громадами.
6. Наразі в сесійній залі відбувається нагальна зустріч ради директорів
компанії.
7. На засіданні головні менеджери та директор компанії затвердили
нову стратегію розвитку.
8. Кожен відповідає за якісне виконання роботи перед керівництвом.
9. Враховуючи майбутні потреби, рада директорів вирішила змінити
 тактику розподілу людських та фінансових ресурсів.
10. Очевидно, втілювати нову техніку управління у життя непросто.
11. Контроль роботи підлеглих здійснюється менеджерами цієї
компанії постійно.

Assignment 6. Active vocabulary. Match the Ukrainian words and word

combinations with their English equivalents:
застосовувати науковий метод, колега, висувати ідею, підбирати
робітників для посади, підвищення кваліфікації (навчання), призначати
робітників на посаду, оптимізувати і спрощувати, виникати, класти цеглу,
вести бізнес, досвід у машинобудуванні, відслідковувати, просуватися по
кар’єрних сходинках, тривале працевлаштування, здійснювати контроль за
ефективністю діяльності робітника, працювати з максимальною
ефективністю, бути зацікавленим грошима, визначати оптимальний рівень
продуктивності, здоровий глузд, впливати на продуктивність робітника,
просувати ідею, метод проб і помилок, історична довідка, стимул, надавати
вказівки і здійснювати нагляд.
1. continued employment
2. historical perspective
3. rule of thumb
4. background in mechanical
engineering
5. training
6. associate
7. common sense
8. incentive
9. to trace
10. to optimize and simplify
11. to emerge
12. to conduct business
13. to affect worker productivity
14. to advance an idea
15. to determine optimal performance
levels
16. to be motivated by money
17. to promote an idea
18. to advance one’s career
19. to apply a scientific method
20. to lay bricks
21. to assign workers to a job
22. to match workers to a job
23. to work at maximum efficiency
24. to monitor worker performance
25. to provide instructions and
supervision

Assignment 7. Read and translate the text about Scientific Management:

FREDERIC TAYLOR AND SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT

How did current management theories develop?

People have been managing work for hundreds of years, and we can trace
formal management ideas to the 1700s. But the most significant developments in
management theory emerged in the 20th century. We owe much of our
understanding of managerial practices to the many theorists of this period, who
tried to understand how best to conduct business.
Historical Perspective
One of the earliest of these theorists was Frederick Winslow Taylor. He
started the Scientific Management movement, and he and his associates were the
first people to study the work process scientifically. They studied how work was
performed, and they looked at how this affected worker productivity. Taylor’s
philosophy focused on the belief that making people work as hard as they could
was not as efficient as optimizing the way the work was done.
In 1909, Taylor published “The Principles of Scientific Management.” In
this, he proposed that by optimizing and simplifying jobs, productivity would
increase. He also advanced the idea that workers and managers needed to cooperate
with one another. This was very different from the way work was typically done in
businesses beforehand. A factory manager at that time had very little contact with
the workers, and he left them on their own to produce the necessary product. There
was no standardization, and a worker’s main motivation was often continued
employment, so there was no incentive to work as quickly or as efficiently as
possible.
Taylor believed that all workers were motivated by money, so he promoted
the idea of “a fair day’s pay for a fair day’s work.” In other words, if a worker
didn’t achieve enough in a day, he didn’t deserve to be paid as much as another
worker who was highly productive.
With a background in mechanical engineering, Taylor was very interested in
efficiency. While advancing his career at a U.S. steel manufacturer, he designed
workplace experiments to determine optimal performance levels. In one, he
experimented with shovel design until he had a design that would allow workers to
shovel for several hours straight. With bricklayers, he experimented with the
various motions required and developed an efficient way to lay bricks. And he
applied the scientific method to study the optimal way to do any type of workplace
task. As such, he found that by calculating the time needed for the various elements
of a task, he could develop the “best” way to complete that task.
These “time and motion” studies also led Taylor to conclude that certain
people could work more efficiently than others. These were the people whom
managers should seek to hire where possible. Therefore, selecting the right people
for the job was another important part of workplace efficiency. Taking what he
learned from these workplace experiments, Taylor developed four principles of
scientific management. These principles are also known simply as “Taylorism”.

Four Principles of Scientific Management

Taylor’s four principles are as follows:

1. Replace working by “rule of thumb,” or simple habit and common sense,
and instead use the scientific method to study work and determine the
most efficient way to perform specific tasks.
2. Rather than simply assign workers to just any job, match workers to their
jobs based on capability and motivation, and train them to work at
maximum efficiency.
3. Monitor worker performance, and provide instructions and supervision to
ensure that they’re using the most efficient ways of working.
4. Allocate the work between managers and workers so that the managers
spend their time planning and training, allowing the workers to perform
their tasks efficiently.

Assignment 8. Answer the questions.

1. When did the first formal management ideas appear?
2. What principles did Taylor’s philosophy focus on?
3. What ideas did Taylor advance in his work “The principles of Scientific
Management”?
4. What did Taylor mean by saying “a fair day’s pay for a fair day’s work”?
5. What experiments did Taylor carry out to determine optimal performance
level?
 6. Why is it so important to select certain people for the job?
7. Study the principles of scientific management and define whether they
are still actual nowadays?

Assignment 9. Find the words in the text with the following meaning:
1. to appear, to begin to be known or noticed
2. to find the origins of something, to study the history and development of
something
3. someone who you work or do business with
4. to make the way that something is done or used as effective as possible
5. to work together in order to achieve a result that is good for both sides
6. the process and result of making all the things of one particular type the
same as each other
7. something that encourages you to work harder, start new activities
8. to try various ideas, methods etc to see whether they will work or what
effect they will have
9. the quality of doing something well and effectively, without wasting time,
money or energy
10. to decide that something is true after considering the information you
have
11. to become larger in amount, number or degree

Assignment 10. Explain the meaning of the following words and word
combinations:
1. to manage work
2. significant developments
3. to conduct business
4. to affect productivity
5. to advance an idea
6. continued employment
7. to motivate by money
8. to promote an idea
9. highly productive
10. to advance one’s career
11. optimal performance level
12. to apply the scientific method
13. rule of thumb
14. common sense
15. to monitor performance

Assignment 11. Translate into English using the words and word combinations
from the Active vocabulary.
1. Менеджер має надати інструкції та забезпечити нагляд, щоб
впевнитися, що працівники виконують роботу у найбільш
ефективний спосіб.
2. Якщо робітник не виконав план протягом дня, він не заслуговує
на таку саму платню, як той робітник, що працював дуже
продуктивно.
3. Якщо розрахувати час, який потрібен для виконання різних
елементів завдання, можна визначити найпродуктивніший спосіб
виконання цього завдання.
4. Якщо оптимізувати та спростити робочий процес, продуктивність
зросте.
5. Для того, щоб розуміти, як найкраще вести бізнес, потрібно
вивчати, як виникли перші ідеї менеджменту, які наукові теорії
виникли у ХХ сторіччі, і як вони були застосовані на практиці.

PART 2. MEETINGS
Assignment 1. Active vocabulary. Match the Ukrainian words and word
combinations with their English equivalents:
збори по генеруванню ідей, компроміс, виражати, проводити збори,
виправдати затрати часу, врегульовувати конфлікт, звичайний, беручи до
уваги, заміна чогось, учасник, досягати результата, вираз обличчя, покривати
витрати, невербальні сигнали, дистанційні засоби комунікації.
1. facial expression
2. attendee
3. non-verbal signals
4. substitute for smth
5. brainstorming meetings
6. given
7. conventional
8. trade-off
9. remote communications methods
10. to run meetings/to hold meetings
11. to diffuse conflict
12. to convey
13. to repay the cost
14. to justify the time
15. to achieve outcomes

Assignment 2. Read and translate the text.

Here are the rules for running meetings. Meetings are vital for management
and communication. Properly run meetings save time, increase motivation,
productivity, and solve problems. Meetings create new ideas and initiatives.
Meetings diffuse conflict in a way that emails and memos cannot. Meetings are
effective because the written word only carries 7% of the true meaning and feeling.
Meetings are better than telephone conferences because only 38% of the meaning
and feeling is carried in the way that things are said. The other 55% of the meaning
and feeling is carried in facial expression and non-verbal signals. That’s why
meetings are so useful.
Hold meetings, even if it’s difficult to justify the time. Plan, run and follow
up meetings properly, and they will repay the cost many times over because there is
still no substitute for physical face-to-face meetings. Hold meetings to manage
teams and situations, and achieve your objectives quicker, easier, at less cost. Hold
effective meetings to make people happier and more productive.
Brainstorming meetings are immensely powerful for team-building,
creativity, decision-making and problem-solving.
Meetings which involve people and encourage participation and
responsibility are more constructive than meetings in which the leader tells,
instructs and makes all the decisions, which is not a particularly productive style of
leadership.
The need to run effective meetings is more intense than ever in modern
times, given ever-increasing pressures on people’s time, and the fact that people are
rarely now based in the same location, due to mobile working and progressively
“globalised” teams and organisational structures.
New technology provides several alternatives to the conventional face-to-
face meeting around a table, for example phone and video-conferencing,
increasingly mobile and web-based. These “virtual meeting” methods save time
and money, but given the advantages of physical face-to-face communications
there will always be a trade-off between the efficiencies of “virtual meetings”
(phone and video-conferencing notably) and the imperfections of remote
communications methods (notably the inability to convey body language
effectively via video conferencing, and the inability to convey body language and
facial expressions by phone communications).
Accordingly, choose meeting methods that are appropriate for the situation.
Explore other options such as telephone conferencing and video conferencing
before deciding that a physical meeting is required, and decide what sort of
meeting is appropriate for the situation. Subject to obvious adaptations and
restrictions, the main principles of running physical face-to-face meetings apply to
running virtual meetings.
Physical face-to-face meetings are the most effective type of meetings for
conveying feelings and meanings. Therefore it is not sensible or fair to hold a
virtual (phone or video-conferencing) meeting about a very serious matter.
Understand that meaning and feelings can be lost or confused when people are not
physically sitting in the same room as each other. Trying to save time and money
by holding virtual meetings for serious matters is often a false economy for the
organisation, and can actually be very unfair to staff if the matter significantly
affects their personal futures or well-being.
A meeting provides a special opportunity to achieve organisational
outcomes, and also to help the attendees in a variety of ways, so approach all
meetings keeping in mind these two different mutually supporting aims.

Assignment 3. Answer the following questions.

“One can either work or meet. One cannot do both at the same time.”
(Peter Drucker: An Introductory View of Management)

What do you think Peter Drucker means by this comment?

In your experience – at work, or doing group projects at institute – Is this
true?
How much of the working week do you think managers should spend in
meetings?

Assignment 4. Active vocabulary. Match the Ukrainian words and word

combinations with their English equivalents:
створювати дизайн продуктів, писати програмне забезпечення, мережа
безпеки, стажер, технічні знання і досвід, конкурентоспроможний, причина
остаточного краху, вносити поправки, апаратне забезпечення, виконавчий
директор.
1. executive
2. hardware
3. trainee
4. technical expertise
5. competitive
6. safety net
7. the source of the ultimate downfall
8. to design products
9. to write software
10. to amend

Assignment 5. Read the computer journalist Robert X. Cringely’s description of

the management style at IBM. Is he positive or negative about IBM’s
working culture?
Every IBM employee’s ambition is apparently to become a manager, and the
company helps them out in this area by making management the company’s single
biggest business. IBM executives don’t design products and write software; they
manage the design and writing of software. They go to meetings. So much effort,
in fact, is put into managing all the managers who are managing things that hardly
anyone is left over to do the real work. This means that most IBM hardware and
nearly all IBM software is written or designed by the lowest level of people in the
company – trainees. Everyone else is too busy going to meetings, managing, or
learning to be a manager, so there is little chance to include any of their technical
expertise in IBM products. Go back and read that last paragraph over again,
because that’s why IBM products often aren’t very competitive.
IBM has layers and layers of management to check and verify each decision
as it is made and amended. The safety net is so big at IBM that it is hard to make a
bad decision. In fact, it is hard to make any decision at all, which turns out to be the
company’s greatest problem and the source of its ultimate downfall (remember,
you read it here first).
(Robert X. Cringely: Accidental Empires)

Assignment 6. Explain in your own words exactly what Robert Cringely means in
the following sentences.
1. Every IBM employee’s ambition is apparently to become a manager.
2. IBM makes management the company’s single biggest business.
3. IBM executives manage the design and writing of software.
4. IBM products often aren’t very competitive.
5. The safety net is so big at IBM that it is hard to make a bad decision.
6. This will be the source of the company’s ultimate downfall.

Assignment 7. Find words in the text that mean the same as the words or
expressions below.
1. seemingly 6. knowledge and skill
2. computer programs 7. levels or strata
3. work, time and energy 8. to make certain that something is
true
4. computers (and other machines) 9. corrected or slightly changed
their jobs
5. young workers still learning 10. collapse or failure

Assignment 8. Translate the sentences using the active vocabulary.

1. Використання застарілого обладнання та технологій може стати
причиною остаточного краху фірми.
2. Компанія Microsoft є однією з провідних компаній в галузі
написання програмного забезпечення.
3. Щоб стати стажером компанії Xerox треба мати спеціальні знання.
4. Мережа безпеки настільки потужна, що її неможливо зламати.
5. На різних рівнях управління контроль здійснюється однаково
жорстко.
6. Для перевірки та підтвердження кожного рішення була створена
окрема комісія.
7. Стажери часто пишуть прості модулі програмного забезпечення
через брак досвіду та технічних знань про сумісність апаратних та
програмних засобів.
8. Причиною остаточного краху стали непорозуміння між генеральним
та виконавчим директорами.
9. Мережа безпеки була погано розвинена, тому частина інформації
втрачена назавжди.

PART 3. THE RETAIL SECTOR

Assignment 1. Active vocabulary. Match the Ukrainian words and word

combinations with their English equivalents:
безпосередній керівник, мати єдиний фірмовий стиль, доставляти товар
в заздалегідь визначеній кількості, передача (делегування) повноважень вниз
по ланцюжку (нижчим інстанціям), представляти товар найкращим чином,
приводити до збільшення продажів, щоденне керування магазином,
заохочувати політику, працювати в приємній атмосфері, займатися
асортиментом товарів і бухобліком, мати єдину концепцію, щоденна
діяльність, знаходити рішення, фокус група, бути відданим принципам
компанії, заохочувати підзвітність і делегування повноважень, центральні
вулиці, ставитися до когось з повагою.
1. high streets
2. delegation of responsibility down the
chain
3. day-to-day running of the store
4. immediate line manager
5. the day-to-day operation
6. focus group
7. to work in a pleasant environment
8. to provide solutions
9. to lead to increased sales
10. to encourage a policy
11. to encourage accountability and
delegation of responsibility
12. to treat with respect
13. to be committed to the company’s
principles
14. to deliver the product in
predescribed quantities
15. to do the stock and accounting
16. to have a corporate appearance
17. to have a corporate statement
18. to display merchandise to its best
advantages

Assignment 2. Here is a part of an interview with Steve Moody, the manager of

the Marks & Spencer store in Cambridge, England. What do you know about
Marks & Spencer? What do they sell?
Steve Moody So, as the store manager in Cambridge, which is probably the
fortieth largest of the 280 stores we have got, I am responsible for the day-
to-day running of the store. All the product is delivered to me in
predescribed quantities, and obviously I’m responsible for displaying that
merchandise to its best advantages, obviously I’m responsible for employing
the staff to actually sell that merchandise, and organizing the day-to-day
logistics of the operation. Much more running stores is about the day-to-day
operation, and ensuring that that’s safe, and obviously because of the two
hundred people that we would normally have working here it’s ensuring that
they are well trained, that they are well motivated, and that the environment
they work in is a pleasant one, that they are treated with respect, and that
they are committed to the company’s principles.
Interviewer How much freedom do those people have within their jobs to
make decisions themselves? How much delegation is there of responsibility
down the chain?
Steve Moody We would, as a business, like to encourage as much
accountability and delegation as possible. Of course that does depend on the
abilities of the individuals, the environment in which you’re working, and
the time of year. With 282 stores we have a corporate appearance in the
United Kingdom’s high streets. It is quite important that when customers
come into Marks & Spencer’s Cambridge they get the same appearance and
type of looking store and the same level of service that they would expect if
they went into Marks & Spencer’s Edinburgh in Scotland, for example, and
it’s very important that we have a corporate statement that customers
understand. So, there are obviously parameters and disciplines that, you
know, not only the staff but supervision and management would follow.
Within that, in terms of development and training, training is obviously an
investment for all staff. If staff are trained to do their job well and they
understand it, they will feel confident in what they’re doing, that in turn will
give a better service to the customers, obviously from Marks & Spencer’s
 point of view it could well lead to increased sales.
Interviewer Do you have meetings for members of staff where they can
express views about what’s going on in the store?
Steve Moody We have a series of meetings, management and supervisory
every week, we have something which Marks & Spencer’s call a focus
group, which is members of staff who get together regularly from all areas of
the store, so from the food section and perhaps the menswear section, from
the office who do the stock and accounting, and indeed the warehouse where
people receive goods. They have meetings, they discuss issues, they discuss
problems that they feel are going on in the store. They also discuss
suggestions of how they can improve that we run the store, and they discuss
that amongst themselves first. They will then have a meeting with members
of management and obviously myself, and we will discuss those issues and
work together to try and provide solutions. However, Marks & Spencer’s
philosophy, I suppose, is that meetings should not be a substitute for day-to-
day communication and therefore if problems do arise in terms of the
operation, or an individual has got a problem in their working environment,
or indeed their immediate line manager, or indeed if they have a problem
outside, which might be domestic or with their family, we would like to
discuss that as it arises and would like to encourage a policy that they will
come and talk to their supervisor or their manager, to see what we can do to
solve the problem.

Assignment 3. Answer the questions:

1. Steve Moody describes the role and responsibilities of a store manager.
Which of the following tasks is he responsible for?
1) designing the store and its layout
2) displaying the merchandise
3) employing the sales staff
4) ensuring the safety of staff and customers
5) establishing the company’s principles
6) getting commitment from the staff
7) increasing profits
8) maintaining a pleasant working environment
9) motivating staff
10) organizing the day-to-day logistics
11) pricing the merchandise
12) running 40 out of 280 stores
13) selecting merchandise
14) supervising the day-to-day running of the store
15) training staff

1. Why are Marks & Spencer’s store managers limited in giving

accountability to their staff and delegating responsibilities? What do they
concentrate on instead?
2. What kinds of regular meetings does Steve Moody mention? Who attends
them?
3. What kind of problems cannot be dealt with by meetings?
4. How are such problems dealt with?

Assignment 4. Explain the meaning of the following words and word

combinations:
1. to display merchandise to its best advantages
2. the day-to-day logistics
3. to be committed to the company’s principles
4. to encourage accountability and delegation down the chain
5. corporate appearance
6. level of service
7. corporate statement
8. to follow parameters and disciplines
 9. to provide solutions
10. working environment

Assignment 5. Translate the sentences using the Active vocabulary.

1. Менеджер відповідає за повсякденну роботу магазину, доставку
товарів у визначеній кількості та за те, щоб представити ці товари
найкращим чином.
2. Персонал магазину має бути добре підготовленим та добре
мотивованим, щоб працювати у цій компанії.
3. Наш магазин знаходиться на головній вулиці Токіо, а рівень
обслуговування є найвищим у світі.
4. Кожен працівник має дотримуватись принципів компанії та
прийнятих у ній норм і порядків.
5. На жаль, рівень обслуговування у цьому ресторані залишає бажати
кращого.
6. Менеджер магазину також займається щоденними завданнями,
пов’язаним з логістикою.
7. Лише добре підготовлені, вмотивовані, віддані принципам компанії
працівники складають ядро нашої корпорації.
8. Комфортне робоче середовище – ключ до швидкого знаходження
рішень.
9. Складські приміщення потребують модернізації для покращення
процесу доставки товарів в магазини, що дозволить збільшити
продажі.

TEST

Assignment 1. Write down the word or word combination corresponding to the

following definition.
1. A place where goods are stored prior to their use, distribution, sale.
2. A number of people brought together to give their opinion on a particular
issue or product often for the purpose of market research.
3. A part or number larger than half the total.
4. To provide with an incentive, move to action; impel.
5. Something worked toward or striven for, a goal.
6. Somebody under the authority or control of another person.
7. Something newly introduced.
8. A group of persons chosen to govern the affairs of a corporation or other
large institution.
9. To distribute according to the plan.
10. Advancement in rank or position.
11. A guarantee, as a professional, physical or financial security.
12. To check or determine the correctness of truth of investigation,
reference, etc.
13. Sufficiently low in price or high in quality to be successful against
commercial rivals.
14. To control, manage or direct.
15. The rate at which goods or services are produced especially output per
unit of labour.

Assignment 2. Write down the definitions for the following words.

1. Efficient
2. Downfall
3. Competent
4. Layer
5. To amend

Assignment 3. Complete the sentences using the words from the texts.
- Although the task of a manager can be analysed and classified in this
 fashion, 1. __________.
- IBM executives don’t design and write software; they 2. __________.
- Obviously I am responsible for displaying 3. __________, obviously I am
responsible for employing staff to actually 4. __________, and organizing
5. __________ of the operation.
- After a country’s people are supplied with the 6. __________, they go on
to concern about their design.

Assignment 4. Write down the principles of scientific management.

Assignment 5. Translate into English.

1. Менеджер магазину отримує товари у заздалегідь визначених
кількостях і відповідає за демонстрацію товарів найкращим чином.
2. Наші робітники добре підготовлені, віддані принципам нашої
компанії, вони завжди ставляться з повагою до клієнтів та
забезпечують високий рівень обслуговування.
3. Будь-яка компанія, що має багато рівнів управління, має заохочувати
підзвітність та розподіл обов’язків по ланцюгу.
4. Стажери часто пишуть прості модулі програмного забезпечення
через брак досвіду та технічних знань про сумісність апаратних та
програмних засобів.
5. Менеджери мають бути авторитарними, рішучими та
переконливими, щоб контролювати підлеглих, а також оцінювати і
покращувати продуктивність їх роботи.